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Academic literature on the topic 'Sentence form'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Sentence form"

1

Wulandari, Sri. "KALIMAT IMPERATIF DALAM NOVEL SELENA KARYA TERE LIYE (KAJIAN SINTAKSIS)." Jurnal PENEROKA 1, no. 01 (2021): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.30739/peneroka.v1i01.748.

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Novel as a form of literary work is expected to produce positive values for readers, so that they can be sensitive to problems related to social life and encourage good behavior. Novels usually tell about the realities of human life with the environment around them. This research focuses on the form and meaning of imperative sentences in Tere Liye's novel Selena. The purpose of this study was to determine the form and meaning of imperative sentences in Tere Liye's Selena novel. This study uses descriptive qualitative data analysis techniques. Data collection was done by observing method through note taking technique. The research results show that there are conclusions in the novel Selena by Tere Liye, namely finding the form of the imperative Intrasitive sentence and found 8 meanings, namely the imperative request sentence, and the imperative request sentence, the imperative expectation sentence, the imperative sentence for prohibition, and the imperative sentence for allowing, the imperative sentence for invitation, From the data and findings, there are 80 imperative sentences. The most common found were imperative sentences of request with as much as 48 data, while the least was the imperative sentences of leaving with 2 data.

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Jazuli, Ahmad. "MODUS KALIMAT PERINTAH DAN LARANGAN DALAM “ASBAB WURUD AL-HADITS” KARYA IMAM SUYUTHI KAJIAN PRAGMATIK." Jurnal CMES 12, no. 1 (2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.12.1.34870.

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This article aims to explain the commands and prohibitions of the prophet Muhammad in hadits by using Searle's speech act theory. The purpose of this study focused to describe the commands and prohibitions of the prophet Muhammad in seen from sentence mode. Results of this study indicate that there are several characteristics of the use of the phrase mode commands and prohibitions of the Prophet Muhammad such us declarative sentences mode with verb sentence form and noun sentence form; Imperative sentences mode with fi‘lul-amri form, ismu fi‘lil-amri form, dan la an-nahiyah form; and the interrogative sentences mode with using “َ ”أand “.”

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Plojović, Albina, Edin Nezirović, Elma Redžović, and Samir Smailović. "Sentence supplement in the form of dependent sentences and infinitive constructions." Univerzitetska misao - casopis za nauku, kulturu i umjetnost, Novi Pazar, no. 20 (2021): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/univmis2120066p.

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Syntax, as an important part of grammar, deals with the analysis of sentences and their elements. Many grammarians have paid great attention to sentence complements which, according to the dependent model of grammar, represent a very important part of a sentence. The structure or syntax of a sentence in German is probably the most complex topic in German grammar. One of the grammarians who devoted himself to this field of grammar was Ulrich Engel. Using the dependent model of grammar, Engel managed to bring the syntax of the German language closer to many Germanists in a simple way, and not only in the Germanspeaking area. Infinitive construction and dependent sentences are forms with the help of which certain sentence additions can be realized. Using the model of dependent grammar, this paper explains the process of realization of sentence addition, using examples from a specialized corpus, i.e., the first two chapters of the work Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel) by Günther Grass, and the analysis of the content led to key answers.

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Sharma, Lok Raj. "Form - Function Relations in English." Global Academic Journal of Linguistics and Literature 4, no. 1 (2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajll.2022.v04i01.002.

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English is an affluent language as it retains the flexibility of forms and the multiplicity of messages conveyed through such forms. Phrases and sentences which are the two forms of linguistic structures can serve a number of grammatical and communicative functions. A grammatical function of language refers to the role of phrasal forms in a sentence as a subject, a predicator, a complement and an adjunct. A communicative function denotes the purpose of using the forms as the sentences. The purposes may be to advise, request, order, invite, greet, warn, thank and so on. A key purpose of this article is to expose form- function relations in English. The article writer mustered some phrases and sentences as the nominal data from the books on communication in English. Phrases and sentences which are considered forms in the study are analyzed from the perspectives of their grammatical and communicative functions respectively. This article winds up with a striking remark that a phrasal form can serve a number of grammatical functions and a sentence form can serve numerous communicative functions and vice versa. Furthermore, there is not always one to one correspondence between a linguistic form and its grammatical or communicative function.

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Bella Rezkita Shelanda and Ermawati S. "Analisis Kalimat Interogatif dalam Talkshow Mata Najwa." J-LELC: Journal of Language Education, Linguistics, and Culture 1, no. 3 (2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/j-lelc.2021.7996.

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This research is motivated by the existence of interrogative sentences in the Mata Najwa Talkshow which are influencing the listeners. The problems studied in this research are (1) What is the form of interrogative sentences asking for confession in the Mata Najwa Talkshow? (2) How is the form of an interrogative sentence that asks for an answer about one element of the sentence formed with the help of a question word in the Mata Najwa Talkshow? (3) What is the form of an interrogative sentence that asks for an answer in the form of a 'reason' in the Mata Najwa Talkshow? (4) What is the form of an interrogative sentence that asks for an answer in the form of an opinion in the Mata Najwa Talkshow? (5) What is the correct form of interrogative sentences in the Mata Najwa Talkshow?. The purpose of this study is to describe, analyze, interpret, and conclude the form of interrogative sentences that ask for confessions, ask for answers from question word elements, ask for reasons, ask for opinions and present them in the Mata Najwa Talkshow. The theory used to analyze the research problem is the theory proposed by Chaer (2009), Ramlan (2005), and other supporting theories. The approach in this research is a qualitative approach using content analysis method. The type of research conducted includes satisfaction research. Based on the analysis carried out, found 40 data regarding the form of interrogative sentences that ask for confession of 6 data, ask for answers from question word elements with 24 data, ask for reasons for 2 data, and ask for opinions on 8 data. No correct interrogative sentence found. The results and conclusions of this study are (1) interrogative sentences that ask for recognition found in the Mata Najwa Talkshow include interrogative sentences that ask for answers in the form of "yes" or "no", or "yes" or "no" with questionable intonation provide detailed answers. (2) Interrogative sentences that ask for an answer regarding one element of the sentence with the help of question words found in the Mata Najwa Talkshow include interrogative sentences that ask for an answer with one of the question words "where" then add the preposition "di" namely "where". (3) Interrogative sentences that ask for answers in the form of reasons found in the Mata Najwa Talkshow include interrogative sentences that use the question word "why" and get a complete answer. (4) Interrogative sentences that ask for answers in the form of opinions found in the Mata Najwa Talkshow include using the question word how and getting answers in the form of opinions. (5) The correct interrogative sentence is not found.

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Fischer, Klaus. "Cleft Sentences: Form, Function, and Translation." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 2 (2009): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709000257.

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Although cleft sentences are possible constructions in both English and German, they are far more frequent in English texts. Durrell (2002: 479) observes in his Hammer's German Grammar and Usage that “with the exception of the type Er war es, der mich davon abhielt […], cleft sentence constructions sound unnatural in German and should be avoided.” The article discusses the form and function of cleft sentences in the context of other focusing devices. It shows that, although German and English cleft sentences have the same information structure, their stylistic value is very different. Using a short translation, Durrell's observation is confirmed: in translating cleft sentences into German, semantic equivalence is often sacrificed for stylistic appropriateness. Although structural features of both languages are the ultimate cause of the contrast, they cannot explain choices in each individual case. The article argues that structural typology should be complemented with a typology of parole: the respective frequencies of cleft sentences in both languages reflect neatly into the more verbal style, more hierarchical sentence construction and, in certain respects, greater semantic transparency of English texts (by comparison with their German counterparts).*

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Gong, Shuai, Zhenfang Zhu, Jiangtao Qi, Chunling Tong, Qiang Lu, and Wenqing Wu. "Improving extractive document summarization with sentence centrality." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (2022): e0268278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268278.

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Extractive document summarization (EDS) is usually seen as a sequence labeling task, which extracts sentences from a document one by one to form a summary. However, extracting sentences separately ignores the relationship between the sentences and documents. One solution is to use sentence position information to enhance sentence representation, but this will cause the sentence-leading bias problem, especially in news datasets. In this paper, we propose a novel sentence centrality for the EDS task to address these two problems. The sentence centrality is based on directed graphs, while reflecting the sentence-document relationship, it also reflects the sentence position information in the document. We implicitly strengthen the relevance of sentences and documents by using sentence centrality to enhance sentence representation. Notably, we replaced the sentence position information with sentence centrality to reduce sentence-leading bias without causing model performance degradation. Experiments on the CNN/Daily Mail dataset showed that EDS models with sentence centrality significantly improved compared with baseline models.

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Idrus, Muhammad, Nurhayati, M. Hum, and Gusnawaty Gusnawaty. "Personality Writer Generation Z: Psycholinguistic Study of Short Stories Angel Heart." International Journal of Religion 6, no. 1 (2025): 465–78. https://doi.org/10.61707/qzkszw93.

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Activity speak is a mental process that can describe condition soul and personality speaker or writer. Frequency choice of words used writer represent thoughts, habits and personality. Research This aims 1). Analyze form language used writer in short story Angel Heart 2). Analyze phase and form personality the author depicted in the use Language in short story Angel Heart. Type research used is descriptive qualitative, technical data collection using method listen and take notes research results show form language (words, phrases) used writer short story is happy and joyful , crying , asking , amazed , disappointed and sad , longing , wanting come on stage perfect . The sentences used writer shaped sentence single sentence compound and sentence compound complex. Type the sentence is sentence declarative imperative interrogative and sentences exclamative. Phase personality writer short story Angel Heart is phase imaginary personality form his personality is primary narcissism form behavior is amazed asking, disappointed and sad, as well miss.

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Dou, Ruifang. "Research on the Translation of Chinese Complex Sentences With Large Language Model ChatGPT-4o —Taking English Translation of Chinese Flowing Sentences as an Example." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 15, no. 5 (2025): 1541–49. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1505.19.

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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance in the field of machine translation. Many scholars have explored LLM-based translation from various perspectives, primarily focusing on the translation of routine, simple, and everyday texts. However, when it comes to the examination of specific sentence structures, especially complex sentences, the research is still somewhat insufficient. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the translation of Chinese complex sentences by ChatGPT-4o, focusing on the translation of Chinese flowing sentences, a special sentence pattern in Chinese. The study examines how ChatGPT-4o handles the subject identification and translation of zero-subject sentence segments within Chinese flowing sentences, as well as the translation of the frozen sentence segments in Chinese flowing sentences. The research results indicate that: for the ten categories of subject identification in zero-subject sentence segments, ChatGPT-4o can generally identify them all, but occasionally makes ambiguous identification; ChatGPT-4o employs two translation strategies—one is to add subjects (mostly in the form of pronouns) to translate the zero-subject sentence segments into independent clauses, the other is to translate the zero-subject sentence segments into attributive structures; the accuracy of ChatGPT-4o’s translation of frozen sentence segments is inconsistent; ChatGPT-4o may adopt the literal meaning or metaphorical meaning of the frozen sentence segment, determining the form of the frozen sentence segment based on the overall structure of the flowing sentence.

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Meijer, Paul J. A., and Jean E. Fox Tree. "Building Syntactic Structures in Speaking: A Bilingual Exploration." Experimental Psychology 50, no. 3 (2003): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//1617-3169.50.3.184.

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Abstract. In a series of three experiments we investigated syntactic priming using a sentence recall task. Participants read and memorized a target sentence for later recall. After reading a prime sentence and engaging in a distraction task, they were asked to produce the target sentence aloud. Earlier investigations have shown that this task is sensitive to a syntactic priming effect. That is, the syntactic form of the prime sentence sometimes influences the syntactic form of the recalled target. In this paper we report on a variation on this task, using Spanish-English bilingual participants. In the first two experiments we replicated the prepositional phrase priming effect using English target sentences and Spanish prime sentences. In the final experiment we investigated two additional syntactic forms, using Spanish target sentences and English prime sentences. Implications for models of syntax generation and bilingual speech production are discussed.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sentence form"

1

Bhardwaj, M. R. "The Punjabi sentence as a form-meaning complex." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378028.

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Liang, Yuan, and 梁源. "Dislocation in cantonese: sentence form, information structure, and discourse function." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244476.

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Ko, Chin-pang. "Form and function of sentence final particles in Cantonese-speaking children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207524.

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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2000.<br>"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2000." Also available in print.

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Ido, Shinji Ido. "Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/841.

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This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili cümleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik cümleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.

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Ido, Shinji Ido. "Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages." University of Sydney. European, Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Studies, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/841.

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This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili c�mleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik c�mleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.

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Smith, Jennifer M. "Sentential Cycling: Structural Layering in the Baroque Era." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1213139677.

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Yan, Shanshan. "Chinese sentence-final particles and their behaviours in English speakers' L2 Chinese." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275336.

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This study investigates how seven Chinese sentence-final particles (SFP le, ne1, ma, ne2, ba1, ba2 and a; hereafter SFP) and their features are represented in English speakers’ L2 Chinese. In this research, SFPs are analysed as heads instantiating different positions in the CP domain (Paul 2009, 2014, 2015), which are head-final, and in particular, they are considered to carry semantic, syntactic and discourse features. As there is no SFP in English, the features on Chinese SFPs are realised by a variety of syntactic means. Through a proficiency test and six experimental tasks, data from 76 participants (including 18 Chinese native speakers, 20 low-intermediate learners, 20 high-intermediate learners and 18 advanced learners) were collected. Results show that English-speaking L2 learners can easily establish the basic syntactic structure of Chinese SFPs and successfully acquire the features attached to SFPs ma, ba1 and a. However, they have significant difficulty in acquiring the features attached to SFPs le, ne1, ne2 and ba2. In general, syntactic features on Chinese SFPs are intact in L2 grammars, whereas semantic features (i.e. syntax-semantics interfaces) are very vulnerable. In addition, it is found that not all discourse features (syntax-discourse interfaces) are problematic. Findings indicate that both L1 grammar (i.e. L1 transfer) and L2 input (frequency, saliency and complexity) play important roles in affecting learners’ acquisition of the features attached to Chinese SFPs. In particular, learners seem to transfer all feature sets from their L1 English. Semantic features that have been transferred from their L1 English but that are neither confirmed nor disconfirmed by the Chinese input have become dormant in the L2 Chinese, which complements the Dormant Feature Hypothesis (Yuan 2014). Furthermore, the homomorphous SFPs which exhibit a ‘one-to-many’ form-meaning connection are believed to complicate learners’ recognition and acquisition of relevant features on SFPs. It is also demonstrated that the mapping of a feature across CP domains (i.e. from a two-CP structure to a one-CP structure) can be problematic and difficult. The discourse feature needs to be reassembled in L2 grammars, which advances the arguments of the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis (Lardiere 2008, 2009a,b).

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Laredo, Matthew P. "The Earning Gap of Criminality: Effects of Stigma, Length and Form of Incarceration." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/432.

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This paper shows that criminality causes a significant decrease in the earning potential of individuals. In addition, there is evidence to support that criminality has the same negative effect on earnings regardless of type of sentencing, whether probation or incarceration. Previous studies indicate that ex-convicts do not benefit from in-prison based programs. The purpose of this paper is to identify the short-term earning differentials between offenders and their law-abiding counter parts and offer insight as to how this can affect recidivism. Research shows that recidivists suffer the largest wage differentials, which significantly lowers their employment utility. This reduction of labor market outcomes may conversely promote the utility an individual receives from a life of crime.

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Batziou, Maria. "Measuring short and long-term effects of isolated and combined structured input and structured output on the acquisiton of the English causative form at sentence and discourse level." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2017. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/measuring-short-and-longterm-effects-of-isolated-and-combined-structured-input-and-structured-output-on-the-acquisiton-of-the-english-causative-form-at-sentence-and-discourse-level(d97b8bb1-bd27-4414-91d1-0589283a7a56).html.

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The present study was carried out to investigate the relative effects of structured input and structured output in isolation and in combination on the acquisition of the English causative forms. The effects of these pedagogical interventions were investigated on a processing strategy used by L2 learners when processing syntactic structures. The so-called First Noun Principle. Additionally, there are a number of issues addressed by this study such as measuring discourse-level and long-term effects. To provide answers to the questions formulated in the present study, two classroom studies were carried out: in the first study two parallel classroom experiments were conducted; in the second study one classroom experiment was carried out with a focus on measuring specifically discourse and long-term effects for instruction. The first study consisted of two parallel classroom experiments. In experiment one, the participants were fifty-four Chinese university students. They were randomly assigned to four groups: Structured input group (n=13); Structured Output group (n=15); Structured input and Structured Output group (n=16); Control group (n=10). In experiment two, the participants were thirty young Greek learners (aged 10-12). They were randomly assigned to three groups: Structured input group (n=10); Structured Output group (n=10); Structured input and Structured Output group (n=10). The second study focused on discourse and long-term effects. The participants were sixty-eight young Greek learners (aged 10-12). They randomly assigned to three groups: structured input only group (n=22); structured output only group (n=22); combined structured input and structured output group (n=24). In both classroom studies, only subjects who participated in all phases of all experiments and scored lower than 60% in the pretests were included in the final data collection. Instruction lasted for three hours. The control group (study one) received no instruction on the causative form. One interpretation and one production task were used in a pretest and posttest design. The design included a delayed posttest battery (three weeks after instruction, twenty-four weeks after instruction -study two only). In study one - experiment one, the assessment tasks included an interpretation and production task at sentence-level, and an interpretation task at discourse-level. In the other two experiments, only discourse-level tasks were used (one interpretation and one production). The results indicated that learners who received structured input both in isolation and in combination benefitted more than learners receiving structured output only. These two groups retained the instructional gains in all assessment measures. These specific findings from the present study indicated the following: (a) Structured input practice plays a key role. Structured input alone and/or in combination is an effective pedagogical tool that helps learners of different age (adults and school-age learners) and first language (Greek and Chinese) to interpret and produce English causative forms accurately and appropriately; (b) The effects of structured input practice are measurable in both sentence and discourse-level interpretation and production tasks; (c) The effects structured input practice are retained by learners after three weeks and six months.

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Wells, Beth Sue. "The use of the Haak Sentence Completion Measure and the Child Behavior Checklist/Teacher Report Form by school psychologists in the identification of students with serious emotional disturbance /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004400.

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Books on the topic "Sentence form"

1

Thomas, Lillard, and Yarber Robert E, eds. In phase: Sentence, structure, style : form 3. Harper & Row, 1986.

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R, Wirth Jessica, ed. Beyond the sentence: Discourse and sentential form. Karoma, 1985.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form B. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form C. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1995.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form a. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2010.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form C. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, 1988.

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John, Langan. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form B. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008.

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John, Langan. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form B. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1990.

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John, Langan. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form C. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1995.

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Ōshima, Motoo, and Osamu Hashimoto. Nihongo fukubun kōbun no kenkyū: Form and meaning in Japanese complex sentence constructions. Hitsuji Shobō, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sentence form"

1

Wang, Li. "Sentence form and predicate form." In Modern Chinese Grammar I. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003313557-7.

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Noma, Hideki. "When Words Form Sentences; Linguistic Field Theory." In Corpus-Based Approaches to Sentence Structures. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ubli.2.06nom.

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Isham, William P. "Memory for sentence form after simultaneous interpretation." In Benjamins Translation Library. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.3.15ish.

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Xing, Fuyi. "Counter-constraints of complex sentence form on semantic relationships." In Modern Chinese Complex Sentences IV. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003382034-1.

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Gécseg, Zsuzsanna, and Laure Sarda. "Chapter 6. On a continuum from categorical to thetic judgment." In Human Cognitive Processing. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hcp.76.06gec.

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This paper addresses the relationships between the existential reading of sentences with an indefinite subject and the presence of a spatial anchoring constituent. We investigated a corpus of French sentences with indefinite subjects in preverbal position and their translation into Hungarian. While French has a rather rigid word order, Hungarian is a discourse configurational language which signals the informational status of sentence constituents. Through the prism of differentiations made in the Hungarian translation, we distinguished two groups of indefinite subject sentences, one having a thetic interpretation, the other retaining a categorical – or categorical-like – interpretation despite the indefinite form of the subject. These sentences illustrate the fact that while indefinite NPs are known to be bad topics, they can nevertheless play this role to various degrees.

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Ross, Andrew. "The New Sentence and the Commodity Form: Recent American Writing." In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19059-1_27.

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Smysh, Oleh, Liliia Parashchak, and Oleksandr Zhezherun. "Ukrainian NLP: Determining the Letter Form of a Number in a Sentence." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81372-6_24.

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Mann, Graham, Beena Kishore, and Pyara Dhillon. "A Natural Language Generation Technique for Automated Psychotherapy." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72308-8_3.

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AbstractThe need for software applications that can assist with mental disorders has never been greater. Individuals suffering from mental illnesses often avoid consultation with a psychotherapist, because they do not realize the need, or because they cannot or will not face the social and economic consequences, which can be severe. Between ideal treatment by a human therapist and self-help websites lies the possibility of a helpful interaction with a language-using computer. A model of empathic response planning for sentence generation in a forthcoming automated psychotherapist is described here. The model combines emotional state tracking, contextual information from the patient’s history and continuously updated therapeutic goals to form suitable conceptual graphs that may then be realized as suitable textual sentences.

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"MEANING AND FORM." In Sentence Structure. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203481202-14.

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"Meaning and form." In Sentence Structure. Routledge, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203977378-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sentence form"

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Getahun, Mebit Kefale, Yirga Yayeh Munaye, Wasyihun Admass, and Habtamu Shiferaw Asmare. "Designing an Automatic Sentence based Parsing for Ge’ez Sentences." In 2024 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Development for Africa (ICT4DA). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ict4da62874.2024.10777123.

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AKBAR, Ali Thamer. "SENTENCE SECTIONS ACCORDING TO GRAMMARIANS AND FACILITATORS." In XII. International Research Congress of Contemporary Studies in Social Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2024. https://doi.org/10.47832/rimarcongress12-10.

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The sentence consists of two main parts: the predicate and the subject. These two parts are the backbone of speech, and according to these two parts, the type of sentence is determined by Arab grammarians and linguists, both ancient and modern. The sentence is not only nominal and verbal, but it is more than that, and its sections differ according to the division criterion . This research is based on presenting the disagreement in the types of sentences among Arab grammarians and linguists, both ancient and modern. The truth is that the disagreement in the divisions of the sentence is broad and diverse; because the division of sentences by this or that grammarian was based on different criteria, each of whom accepted a criterion suitable for him, so the difference in division stems from the difference in criteria . The sentence - according to the predicate - has two forms: a verb with a noun, or a noun with a noun, and in technical terms: a verb or a subject or its deputy, or: a subject and a predicate, such as: Zaid stood up, and Zaid is standing, and all other expressions are just another form of these two origins. The basic form of sentences whose predicate is a verb is that the predicate precedes the subject, and the subject does not precede the verb except for a reason required by the situation. The basic form of sentences whose predicate is a noun is that the subject precedes the predicate, or in other words, the subject precedes the predicate, and the predicate does not precede except for a reason required by the situation, or the nature of the speech.

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Musa qızı Xanbutayeva, Leyla. "The role of structural ambiguity in sentence comprehension." In V REPUBLICAN CONFERENCE OF SCIENTIFIC SOURCES. https://aem.az/, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/2/5.

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Being a linguistic phenomenon ambiguity has several types which are realized in speech act. Structural or syntactic ambiguity is of particular importance in the understanding of a sentence and arises through prosodic means such as stress, intonation, pause, and syntagm. The different division of the syntagm leads to the interpretation of the sentence in two or more senses. Transformative grammar also contributed to the study of ambiguity in language. The formation of the sentence, its grammatical structure and the meaning it expresses form the basis for the surface structure. Structural ambiguity has always been the focus of psycholinguists which is also called "sytactic parsing". Parsing affects the auxiliary words and various morphemes used in the sentence and at the same time leads to the deceptive syntactic analysis. Since the deep structure has more meanings and the surface structure is conditioned by the sound of the sentence, the surface and deep structure ambiguity is the V Respublika Elmi Qaynaqlar Konfransının Materialları / 02 noyabr 2021 Materials of the V Republican Conference of Scientific Sources / 02 November, 2021 DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/02/05 6 most reliable form of communication between words in a sentence. Both surfices in ambiguous sentences differ mainly in the information given and this happens when a word performs several grammatical functions in a sentence. Key words: syntactic ambiguity, parsing, syntagm, context, prepositional phrases

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Geldof, Sabine. "From context to sentence form." In the first international conference. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1118253.1118285.

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Wu, Ning, Yaobo Liang, Houxing Ren, et al. "Unsupervised Context Aware Sentence Representation Pretraining for Multi-lingual Dense Retrieval." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/612.

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Recent research demonstrates the effectiveness of using pretrained language models (PLM) to improve dense retrieval and multilingual dense retrieval. In this work, we present a simple but effective monolingual pretraining task called contrastive context prediction (CCP) to learn sentence representation by modeling sentence level contextual relation. By pushing the embedding of sentences in a local context closer and pushing random negative samples away, different languages could form isomorphic structure, then sentence pairs in two different languages will be automatically aligned. Our experiments show that model collapse and information leakage are very easy to happen during contrastive training of language model, but language-specific memory bank and asymmetric batch normalization operation play an essential role in preventing collapsing and information leakage, respectively. Besides, a post-processing for sentence embedding is also very effective to achieve better retrieval performance. On the multilingual sentence retrieval task Tatoeba, our model achieves new SOTA results among methods without using bilingual data. Our model also shows larger gain on Tatoeba when transferring between non-English pairs. On two multi-lingual query-passage retrieval tasks, XOR Retrieve and Mr.TYDI, our model even achieves two SOTA results in both zero-shot and supervised setting among all pretraining models using bilingual data.

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Zhang, Zhu, Zhou Zhao, Zhijie Lin, Baoxing Huai, and Jing Yuan. "Object-Aware Multi-Branch Relation Networks for Spatio-Temporal Video Grounding." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/149.

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Spatio-temporal video grounding aims to retrieve the spatio-temporal tube of a queried object according to the given sentence. Currently, most existing grounding methods are restricted to well-aligned segment-sentence pairs. In this paper, we explore spatio-temporal video grounding on unaligned data and multi-form sentences. This challenging task requires to capture critical object relations to identify the queried target. However, existing approaches cannot distinguish notable objects and remain in ineffective relation modeling between unnecessary objects. Thus, we propose a novel object-aware multi-branch relation network for object-aware relation discovery. Concretely, we first devise multiple branches to develop object-aware region modeling, where each branch focuses on a crucial object mentioned in the sentence. We then propose multi-branch relation reasoning to capture critical object relationships between the main branch and auxiliary branches. Moreover, we apply a diversity loss to make each branch only pay attention to its corresponding object and boost multi-branch learning. The extensive experiments show the effectiveness of our proposed method.

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Lopes, Lucelene, Magali Sanches Duran, and Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro Pardo. "Verifica-UD: a Verifier for Universal Dependencies Annotation for Portuguese." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Tecnologia da Informação e da Linguagem Humana. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/stil.2023.25485.

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This paper presents Verifica-UD, a web-based tool to detect problems in Portuguese sentences annotated using Universal Dependencies (UD) standards in the form of a CoNLL-U file. The tool performs three levels of sentence verification: structural (to assess CoNLL-U compliance), morphosyntactic (to assess the part of speech tagging), and syntactic (to assess the parsing information). Verifica-UD also provides detailed help on Portuguese UD annotation directives. The benefits of this tool for reviewing annotated corpora are illustrated with an experiment.

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Tam, Wai Lok, Namgi Han, Juan Ignacio Navarro-Horñiacek, and Yusuke Miyao. "Finding Prototypes of Answers for Improving Answer Sentence Selection." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/573.

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Answer sentence selection has been widely adopted recently for benchmarking techniques in Question Answering. Previous proposals for the task are essentially general solutions taking the form of neural networks that measure semantic similarity. In contrast, the present paper describes a simple technique to take advantage of such general-purpose tools for dealing with questions and answer sentences without changing the base system. The technique involves replacing wh-words in input questions with a word denoting the prototype of all answers. These transformed questions are passed as input to an existing neural network built for measuring semantic similarity. This technique is evaluated on two different neural network architectures over two datasets: TrecQA and WikiQA. Results of our experiments show improvement in overall accuracy across most question types we are interested in: `who', `when' and `where'-type questions.

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Macanović, Nebojša. "Resocialization and Reintegration of Convicted Individuals: Possibilities and Challenges." In International Scientific Conference “LIFE IN PRISON: Criminological, Penological, Psychological, Sociological, Legal, Security and Medical Issues”. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia, 2024. https://doi.org/10.47152/prisonlife2024.20.

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The goal of every imposed prison sentence is resocialization of a convicted individual, but its effectiveness is often questionable and opens numerous dilemmas regarding which factors and reasons disrupt its success. Regardless of its success, convicted individuals will be reintegrated into the social environment, which in the case of unsuccessful resocialization during the serving of the prison sentence creates a high level of risk of recidivism after the release. Resocialization is possible regardless of the category of convicted individuals, but in order for it to be successful, all stakeholders participating in this process must give their maximum contribution in order to change the criminogenic structure of a prisoner's personality and get him to accept the system of proper values. In the phase of reintegration of a convicted person into the social environment, post-penal treatment is important, as a form of support and continuation of efficient work within the institutional re-education programme. Only such well-rounded process can be fully effective and lead to the final resocialization that we strive for from the moment the convicted individual starts serving the prison sentence. In this paper, we deal with the dilemma of whether resocialization, as well as re-education treatment in prisons, is possible and effective, and which factors may influence effective reintegration of convicts after their prison sentences have been served. This paper reviews the possibilities of what can affect the (in)efficiency of resocialization and how to overcome these problems during and after serving a prison sentence.

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van Bremen, Timothy, and Ondrej Kuzelka. "Approximate Weighted First-Order Model Counting: Exploiting Fast Approximate Model Counters and Symmetry." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/587.

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We study the symmetric weighted first-order model counting task and present ApproxWFOMC, a novel anytime method for efficiently bounding the weighted first-order model count of a sentence given an unweighted first-order model counting oracle. The algorithm has applications to inference in a variety of first-order probabilistic representations, such as Markov logic networks and probabilistic logic programs. Crucially for many applications, no assumptions are made on the form of the input sentence. Instead, the algorithm makes use of the symmetry inherent in the problem by imposing cardinality constraints on the number of possible true groundings of a sentence's literals. Realising the first-order model counting oracle in practice using the approximate hashing-based model counter ApproxMC3, we show how our algorithm is competitive with existing approximate and exact techniques for inference in first-order probabilistic models. We additionally provide PAC guarantees on the accuracy of the bounds generated.

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Reports on the topic "Sentence form"

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Mann, Robert, and Rowena Bermingham. Non-custodial sentences. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn613.

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Non-custodial sentences are those that do not include imprisonment, such as discharges, fines and community orders. When sentencing an individual, criminal courts judge whether an offence is serious enough to impose a custodial sentence (either immediate imprisonment or a suspended sentence) or a non-custodial sentence. Criminal justice is devolved, so this POSTnote focuses on non-custodial sentences in England and Wales. In the year ending June 2019, 90% of sentences in England and Wales were non-custodial. This POSTnote presents sentencing trends and describes the non-custodial sentences currently used for adults and young people in England and Wales. It also reviews evidence on the effectiveness of non-custodial sentences and discusses policy considerations.

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Jones, Cat, and Clare Lally. Prison population growth: drivers, implications and policy considerations. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pb58.

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England and Wales have the highest per capita prison population in Western Europe. In October 2023, over 88,000 people were imprisoned, in an estate with a maximum capacity of 88,890. This was the highest number recorded. 94% of people in prison are adult men and the adult male prison estate is almost full. The prison estate is operating at 99% of its usable operational capacity and over 60% of prisons are overcrowded. Drivers of the current prison population growth include changes in sentencing policy (including increased sentence lengths). Other factors include remand, recall, reoffending and policing. The number of people given immediate custodial sentences has fallen from 98,044 in 2012, to 67,812 in 2022. This suggests that the prison population increase is not driven by more convictions. Nearing capacity can have negative implications for the safe operation of prisons, and for the health, wellbeing and rehabilitation of people in prison. Government action to avoid exceeding capacity includes expanding the prison estate and releasing some prisoners up to 18 days early. As of December 2023, three relevant bills are progressing through Parliament: the Sentencing Bill 2023, the Criminal Justice Bill 2023, and the Victims and Prisoners Bill 2023. Each contains a range of measures, with some likely to reduce the prison population and others likely to increase it. Various stakeholders have proposed additional policy options, such as the greater use of non-custodial sentences, and interventions to reduce the remand and recall populations. Some experts in this field have highlighted the role of public opinion in relation to sentencing policy and the relationship between prisons and the wider justice system. Evidence suggests that the public generally overestimate crime rates and underestimate sentence lengths, and that better-informed members of the public are less likely to view sentences as lenient. More high-quality research is needed to better understand the drivers of increased sentence length and to evaluate health and rehabilitation programmes in the prison context.

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Gates, Allison, Michelle Gates, Shannon Sim, Sarah A. Elliott, Jennifer Pillay, and Lisa Hartling. Creating Efficiencies in the Extraction of Data From Randomized Trials: A Prospective Evaluation of a Machine Learning and Text Mining Tool. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodscreatingefficiencies.

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Background. Machine learning tools that semi-automate data extraction may create efficiencies in systematic review production. We prospectively evaluated an online machine learning and text mining tool’s ability to (a) automatically extract data elements from randomized trials, and (b) save time compared with manual extraction and verification. Methods. For 75 randomized trials published in 2017, we manually extracted and verified data for 21 unique data elements. We uploaded the randomized trials to ExaCT, an online machine learning and text mining tool, and quantified performance by evaluating the tool’s ability to identify the reporting of data elements (reported or not reported), and the relevance of the extracted sentences, fragments, and overall solutions. For each randomized trial, we measured the time to complete manual extraction and verification, and to review and amend the data extracted by ExaCT (simulating semi-automated data extraction). We summarized the relevance of the extractions for each data element using counts and proportions, and calculated the median and interquartile range (IQR) across data elements. We calculated the median (IQR) time for manual and semiautomated data extraction, and overall time savings. Results. The tool identified the reporting (reported or not reported) of data elements with median (IQR) 91 percent (75% to 99%) accuracy. Performance was perfect for four data elements: eligibility criteria, enrolment end date, control arm, and primary outcome(s). Among the top five sentences for each data element at least one sentence was relevant in a median (IQR) 88 percent (83% to 99%) of cases. Performance was perfect for four data elements: funding number, registration number, enrolment start date, and route of administration. Among a median (IQR) 90 percent (86% to 96%) of relevant sentences, pertinent fragments had been highlighted by the system; exact matches were unreliable (median (IQR) 52 percent [32% to 73%]). A median 48 percent of solutions were fully correct, but performance varied greatly across data elements (IQR 21% to 71%). Using ExaCT to assist the first reviewer resulted in a modest time savings compared with manual extraction by a single reviewer (17.9 vs. 21.6 hours total extraction time across 75 randomized trials). Conclusions. Using ExaCT to assist with data extraction resulted in modest gains in efficiency compared with manual extraction. The tool was reliable for identifying the reporting of most data elements. The tool’s ability to identify at least one relevant sentence and highlight pertinent fragments was generally good, but changes to sentence selection and/or highlighting were often required.

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Magimai-Doss, M., D. Hakkani-Tur, O. Cetin, E. Shriberg, J. Fung, and N. Mirghafori. Entropy Based Classifier Combination for Sentence Segmentation. Defense Technical Information Center, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada463040.

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Thomas, Strobel. A contrastive approach to grammatical doubts in some contemporary Germanic languages (German, Dutch, Swedish). Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.72278.

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Unquestionably (or: undoubtedly), every competent speaker has already come to doubt with respect to the question of which form is correct or appropriate and should be used (in the standard language) when faced with two or more almost identical competing variants of words, word forms or sentence and phrase structure (e.g. German "Pizzas/Pizzen/Pizze" 'pizzas', Dutch "de drie mooiste/mooiste drie stranden" 'the three most beautiful/most beautiful three beaches', Swedish "större än jag/mig" 'taller than I/me'). Such linguistic uncertainties or "cases of doubt" (cf. i.a. Klein 2003, 2009, 2018; Müller & Szczepaniak 2017; Schmitt, Szczepaniak & Vieregge 2019; Stark 2019 as well as the useful collections of data of Duden vol. 9, Taaladvies.net, Språkriktighetsboken etc.) systematically occur also in native speakers and they do not necessarily coincide with the difficulties of second language learners. In present-day German, most grammatical uncertainties occur in the domains of inflection (nominal plural formation, genitive singular allomorphy of strong masc./neut. nouns, inflectional variation of weak masc. nouns, strong/weak adjectival inflection and comparison forms, strong/weak verb forms, perfect auxiliary selection) and word-formation (linking elements in compounds, separability of complex verbs). As for syntax, there are often doubts in connection with case choice (pseudo-partitive constructions, prepositional case government) and agreement (especially due to coordination or appositional structures). This contribution aims to present a contrastive approach to morphological and syntactic uncertainties in contemporary Germanic languages (mostly German, Dutch, and Swedish) in order to obtain a broader and more fine-grained typology of grammatical instabilities and their causes. As will be discussed, most doubts of competent speakers - a problem also for general linguistic theory - can be attributed to processes of language change in progress, to language or variety contact, to gaps and rule conflicts in the grammar of every language or to psycholinguistic conditions of language processing. Our main concerns will be the issues of which (kinds of) common or different critical areas there are within Germanic (and, on the other hand, in which areas there are no doubts), which of the established (cross-linguistically valid) explanatory approaches apply to which phenomena and, ultimately, the question whether the new data reveals further lines of explanation for the empirically observable (standard) variation.

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Buchanan, Ben. The AI Triad and What It Means for National Security Strategy. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200021.

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One sentence summarizes the complexities of modern artificial intelligence: Machine learning systems use computing power to execute algorithms that learn from data. This AI triad of computing power, algorithms, and data offers a framework for decision-making in national security policy.

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Rehman, Farhat. Lived Experience: Understanding Families Affected by Incarceration. The Vanier Institute of the Family, 2017. https://doi.org/10.61959/sipy1314e.

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Incarceration has an impact on thousands of families across Canada. When a person is sentenced to time in prison, their families are often profoundly affected; they are separated from a son, daughter, sibling, parent or other relative. Feelings of stigma, guilt and shame are common, and can be compounded when the sentenced family member is also living with a mental health condition – a reality for many incarcerated individuals and their families.

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Grenet, Julien, Hans Grönqvist, and Susan Niknami. Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik, Linnéuniversitetet. Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik, Linnéuniversitetet, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/ns.wp.2024.02.

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Electronic monitoring (EM) has emerged as a popular tool for curbing the growth of large prison populations. Evidence on the causal effects of EM on criminal recidivism is, however, limited and it is unclear how this alternative to incarceration affects the labor supply of offenders and the outcomes of their family members. We study the country wide expansion of EM in Sweden in 1997 where in offenders sentenced to up to three months in prison were granted the option to substitute incarceration with EM. Our difference-in-differences estimates, which compare the change in the prison inflow rate of treated offenders to that of non-treated offenders with slightly longer sentences, show that the reform significantly decreased the number of incarcerations. Our main finding is that EM not only lowers criminal recidivism but also increases labor supply. Additionally, EM improves the educational attainment and early-life earnings of the children whose parents were exposed to the reform. The primary mechanisms through which EM operates appear to involve the preservation of offenders’ ties to the labor market, by reducing the barriers to both finding a job and changing employers. Our calculations suggest that the social benefits stemming from EM are about seven times larger than the fiscal savings associated with reduced prison expenditures, implying that the welfare gains from EM could be much greater than previously acknowledged.

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Пахомова, О. В. Using Scaffolding Strategy for Teaching Creative Writing. Маріупольський державний університет, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/2145.

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The article deals with scaffolding strategy for teaching creative writing in the English classroom. The importance of using the creative writing technique, which is an effective means of optimization and intensification of the process of foreign language study, for forming students' communicative competence in writing is highlighted. It is supposed that an elaborated scaffolding strategy might help lecturers to organize the educational process with maximum capacity and successful results. A variety of techniques such as intensive usage of graphic organizers ("Plan Think Sheet", "Mind-map", "Concept Map", "Clustering", "Spider Map", "Cycle", "Chain of Events", "Web"), "Teaching by Example", "Sentence Stem Completion" / "Close procedures", “Stream of Consciousness”, Genre scaffolding techniques are recommended to empower learners' creative abilities to write and express themselves on any topic using the wide range of writing techniques with the relevant structure and vocabulary.

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Strinzel, Michaela, Gabriel Okasa, Anne Jorstad, et al. Annotation Codebook A Supervised Machine Learning Approach for Assessing Grant Peer Review Reports. Swiss National Science Foundation, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/codebook-peer-review-assessment-ml.

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The codebook is an output of the study “A Supervised Machine Learning Approach for Assessing Grant Peer Review Reports”, which combines qualitative human annotation and transformer-based machine-learning approaches to assess characteristics of grant proposal peer review reports submitted to the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The codebook includes detailed instructions and examples for the human annotators on how to label the sentences of peer review reports according to 12 categories reflecting the characteristics of grant peer review reports of interest to research funding agencies.

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