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Academic literature on the topic 'Sentence form'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Sentence form"

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Wulandari, Sri. "KALIMAT IMPERATIF DALAM NOVEL SELENA KARYA TERE LIYE (KAJIAN SINTAKSIS)." Jurnal PENEROKA 1, no. 01 (2021): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.30739/peneroka.v1i01.748.

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Novel as a form of literary work is expected to produce positive values for readers, so that they can be sensitive to problems related to social life and encourage good behavior. Novels usually tell about the realities of human life with the environment around them. This research focuses on the form and meaning of imperative sentences in Tere Liye's novel Selena. The purpose of this study was to determine the form and meaning of imperative sentences in Tere Liye's Selena novel. This study uses descriptive qualitative data analysis techniques. Data collection was done by observing method thro

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Jazuli, Ahmad. "MODUS KALIMAT PERINTAH DAN LARANGAN DALAM “ASBAB WURUD AL-HADITS” KARYA IMAM SUYUTHI KAJIAN PRAGMATIK." Jurnal CMES 12, no. 1 (2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.12.1.34870.

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This article aims to explain the commands and prohibitions of the prophet Muhammad in hadits by using Searle's speech act theory. The purpose of this study focused to describe the commands and prohibitions of the prophet Muhammad in seen from sentence mode. Results of this study indicate that there are several characteristics of the use of the phrase mode commands and prohibitions of the Prophet Muhammad such us declarative sentences mode with verb sentence form and noun sentence form; Imperative sentences mode with fi‘lul-amri form, ismu fi‘lil-amri form, dan la an-nahiyah form; and the inter

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Plojović, Albina, Edin Nezirović, Elma Redžović, and Samir Smailović. "Sentence supplement in the form of dependent sentences and infinitive constructions." Univerzitetska misao - casopis za nauku, kulturu i umjetnost, Novi Pazar, no. 20 (2021): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/univmis2120066p.

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Syntax, as an important part of grammar, deals with the analysis of sentences and their elements. Many grammarians have paid great attention to sentence complements which, according to the dependent model of grammar, represent a very important part of a sentence. The structure or syntax of a sentence in German is probably the most complex topic in German grammar. One of the grammarians who devoted himself to this field of grammar was Ulrich Engel. Using the dependent model of grammar, Engel managed to bring the syntax of the German language closer to many Germanists in a simple way, and not on

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Sharma, Lok Raj. "Form - Function Relations in English." Global Academic Journal of Linguistics and Literature 4, no. 1 (2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajll.2022.v04i01.002.

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English is an affluent language as it retains the flexibility of forms and the multiplicity of messages conveyed through such forms. Phrases and sentences which are the two forms of linguistic structures can serve a number of grammatical and communicative functions. A grammatical function of language refers to the role of phrasal forms in a sentence as a subject, a predicator, a complement and an adjunct. A communicative function denotes the purpose of using the forms as the sentences. The purposes may be to advise, request, order, invite, greet, warn, thank and so on. A key purpose of this ar

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Bella Rezkita Shelanda and Ermawati S. "Analisis Kalimat Interogatif dalam Talkshow Mata Najwa." J-LELC: Journal of Language Education, Linguistics, and Culture 1, no. 3 (2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/j-lelc.2021.7996.

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This research is motivated by the existence of interrogative sentences in the Mata Najwa Talkshow which are influencing the listeners. The problems studied in this research are (1) What is the form of interrogative sentences asking for confession in the Mata Najwa Talkshow? (2) How is the form of an interrogative sentence that asks for an answer about one element of the sentence formed with the help of a question word in the Mata Najwa Talkshow? (3) What is the form of an interrogative sentence that asks for an answer in the form of a 'reason' in the Mata Najwa Talkshow? (4) What is the form o

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Fischer, Klaus. "Cleft Sentences: Form, Function, and Translation." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 2 (2009): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709000257.

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Although cleft sentences are possible constructions in both English and German, they are far more frequent in English texts. Durrell (2002: 479) observes in his Hammer's German Grammar and Usage that “with the exception of the type Er war es, der mich davon abhielt […], cleft sentence constructions sound unnatural in German and should be avoided.” The article discusses the form and function of cleft sentences in the context of other focusing devices. It shows that, although German and English cleft sentences have the same information structure, their stylistic value is very different. Using a

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Gong, Shuai, Zhenfang Zhu, Jiangtao Qi, Chunling Tong, Qiang Lu, and Wenqing Wu. "Improving extractive document summarization with sentence centrality." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (2022): e0268278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268278.

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Extractive document summarization (EDS) is usually seen as a sequence labeling task, which extracts sentences from a document one by one to form a summary. However, extracting sentences separately ignores the relationship between the sentences and documents. One solution is to use sentence position information to enhance sentence representation, but this will cause the sentence-leading bias problem, especially in news datasets. In this paper, we propose a novel sentence centrality for the EDS task to address these two problems. The sentence centrality is based on directed graphs, while reflect

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Idrus, Muhammad, Nurhayati, M. Hum, and Gusnawaty Gusnawaty. "Personality Writer Generation Z: Psycholinguistic Study of Short Stories Angel Heart." International Journal of Religion 6, no. 1 (2025): 465–78. https://doi.org/10.61707/qzkszw93.

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Activity speak is a mental process that can describe condition soul and personality speaker or writer. Frequency choice of words used writer represent thoughts, habits and personality. Research This aims 1). Analyze form language used writer in short story Angel Heart 2). Analyze phase and form personality the author depicted in the use Language in short story Angel Heart. Type research used is descriptive qualitative, technical data collection using method listen and take notes research results show form language (words, phrases) used writer short story is happy and joyful , crying , asking ,

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Dou, Ruifang. "Research on the Translation of Chinese Complex Sentences With Large Language Model ChatGPT-4o —Taking English Translation of Chinese Flowing Sentences as an Example." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 15, no. 5 (2025): 1541–49. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1505.19.

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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance in the field of machine translation. Many scholars have explored LLM-based translation from various perspectives, primarily focusing on the translation of routine, simple, and everyday texts. However, when it comes to the examination of specific sentence structures, especially complex sentences, the research is still somewhat insufficient. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the translation of Chinese complex sentences by ChatGPT-4o, focusing on the translation of Chinese flowing sentences, a special sentence patt

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Meijer, Paul J. A., and Jean E. Fox Tree. "Building Syntactic Structures in Speaking: A Bilingual Exploration." Experimental Psychology 50, no. 3 (2003): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//1617-3169.50.3.184.

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Abstract. In a series of three experiments we investigated syntactic priming using a sentence recall task. Participants read and memorized a target sentence for later recall. After reading a prime sentence and engaging in a distraction task, they were asked to produce the target sentence aloud. Earlier investigations have shown that this task is sensitive to a syntactic priming effect. That is, the syntactic form of the prime sentence sometimes influences the syntactic form of the recalled target. In this paper we report on a variation on this task, using Spanish-English bilingual participants

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sentence form"

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Bhardwaj, M. R. "The Punjabi sentence as a form-meaning complex." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378028.

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Liang, Yuan, and 梁源. "Dislocation in cantonese: sentence form, information structure, and discourse function." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244476.

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Ko, Chin-pang. "Form and function of sentence final particles in Cantonese-speaking children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207524.

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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2000.<br>"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2000." Also available in print.

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Ido, Shinji Ido. "Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/841.

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This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili cümleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik cümleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The d

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Ido, Shinji Ido. "Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages." University of Sydney. European, Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Studies, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/841.

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This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili c�mleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik c�mleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The d

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Smith, Jennifer M. "Sentential Cycling: Structural Layering in the Baroque Era." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1213139677.

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Yan, Shanshan. "Chinese sentence-final particles and their behaviours in English speakers' L2 Chinese." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275336.

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This study investigates how seven Chinese sentence-final particles (SFP le, ne1, ma, ne2, ba1, ba2 and a; hereafter SFP) and their features are represented in English speakers’ L2 Chinese. In this research, SFPs are analysed as heads instantiating different positions in the CP domain (Paul 2009, 2014, 2015), which are head-final, and in particular, they are considered to carry semantic, syntactic and discourse features. As there is no SFP in English, the features on Chinese SFPs are realised by a variety of syntactic means. Through a proficiency test and six experimental tasks, data from 76 pa

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Laredo, Matthew P. "The Earning Gap of Criminality: Effects of Stigma, Length and Form of Incarceration." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/432.

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This paper shows that criminality causes a significant decrease in the earning potential of individuals. In addition, there is evidence to support that criminality has the same negative effect on earnings regardless of type of sentencing, whether probation or incarceration. Previous studies indicate that ex-convicts do not benefit from in-prison based programs. The purpose of this paper is to identify the short-term earning differentials between offenders and their law-abiding counter parts and offer insight as to how this can affect recidivism. Research shows that recidivists suffer the large

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Batziou, Maria. "Measuring short and long-term effects of isolated and combined structured input and structured output on the acquisiton of the English causative form at sentence and discourse level." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2017. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/measuring-short-and-longterm-effects-of-isolated-and-combined-structured-input-and-structured-output-on-the-acquisiton-of-the-english-causative-form-at-sentence-and-discourse-level(d97b8bb1-bd27-4414-91d1-0589283a7a56).html.

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The present study was carried out to investigate the relative effects of structured input and structured output in isolation and in combination on the acquisition of the English causative forms. The effects of these pedagogical interventions were investigated on a processing strategy used by L2 learners when processing syntactic structures. The so-called First Noun Principle. Additionally, there are a number of issues addressed by this study such as measuring discourse-level and long-term effects. To provide answers to the questions formulated in the present study, two classroom studies were c

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Wells, Beth Sue. "The use of the Haak Sentence Completion Measure and the Child Behavior Checklist/Teacher Report Form by school psychologists in the identification of students with serious emotional disturbance /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004400.

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Books on the topic "Sentence form"

1

Thomas, Lillard, and Yarber Robert E, eds. In phase: Sentence, structure, style : form 3. Harper & Row, 1986.

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R, Wirth Jessica, ed. Beyond the sentence: Discourse and sentential form. Karoma, 1985.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form B. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form C. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1995.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form a. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2010.

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Langan, John. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form C. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, 1988.

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John, Langan. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form B. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008.

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John, Langan. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form B. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1990.

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John, Langan. Sentence skills: A workbook for writers : form C. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1995.

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Ōshima, Motoo, and Osamu Hashimoto. Nihongo fukubun kōbun no kenkyū: Form and meaning in Japanese complex sentence constructions. Hitsuji Shobō, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sentence form"

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Wang, Li. "Sentence form and predicate form." In Modern Chinese Grammar I. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003313557-7.

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Noma, Hideki. "When Words Form Sentences; Linguistic Field Theory." In Corpus-Based Approaches to Sentence Structures. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ubli.2.06nom.

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Isham, William P. "Memory for sentence form after simultaneous interpretation." In Benjamins Translation Library. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.3.15ish.

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Xing, Fuyi. "Counter-constraints of complex sentence form on semantic relationships." In Modern Chinese Complex Sentences IV. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003382034-1.

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Gécseg, Zsuzsanna, and Laure Sarda. "Chapter 6. On a continuum from categorical to thetic judgment." In Human Cognitive Processing. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hcp.76.06gec.

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This paper addresses the relationships between the existential reading of sentences with an indefinite subject and the presence of a spatial anchoring constituent. We investigated a corpus of French sentences with indefinite subjects in preverbal position and their translation into Hungarian. While French has a rather rigid word order, Hungarian is a discourse configurational language which signals the informational status of sentence constituents. Through the prism of differentiations made in the Hungarian translation, we distinguished two groups of indefinite subject sentences, one having a

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Ross, Andrew. "The New Sentence and the Commodity Form: Recent American Writing." In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19059-1_27.

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Fafulas, Stephen, Jingyi Guo, Juan Berríos, and Kimberly L. Geeslin. "A study of lexical bases and variation of progressive constructions in the Spanish of English-speaking learners." In Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1075/ihll.43.01faf.

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Abstract We investigated allowance of five common lexical bases used to form Spanish progressive constructions: estar, andar, ir, venir, and seguir. In a written contextualized acceptability task, five identical sentences appeared after a given context, the only difference being the lexical base used. Participants evaluated each sentence as possible or not possible. There were 80 sentences (4 verbal aspectual categories × 4 adverbial types × 5 lexical bases), producing a corpus of 7,600 responses. We compared learners from four different proficiency levels (n = 75), and a first-language Spanis

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Smysh, Oleh, Liliia Parashchak, and Oleksandr Zhezherun. "Ukrainian NLP: Determining the Letter Form of a Number in a Sentence." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81372-6_24.

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Mann, Graham, Beena Kishore, and Pyara Dhillon. "A Natural Language Generation Technique for Automated Psychotherapy." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72308-8_3.

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AbstractThe need for software applications that can assist with mental disorders has never been greater. Individuals suffering from mental illnesses often avoid consultation with a psychotherapist, because they do not realize the need, or because they cannot or will not face the social and economic consequences, which can be severe. Between ideal treatment by a human therapist and self-help websites lies the possibility of a helpful interaction with a language-using computer. A model of empathic response planning for sentence generation in a forthcoming automated psychotherapist is described h

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"MEANING AND FORM." In Sentence Structure. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203481202-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sentence form"

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Getahun, Mebit Kefale, Yirga Yayeh Munaye, Wasyihun Admass, and Habtamu Shiferaw Asmare. "Designing an Automatic Sentence based Parsing for Ge’ez Sentences." In 2024 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Development for Africa (ICT4DA). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ict4da62874.2024.10777123.

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AKBAR, Ali Thamer. "SENTENCE SECTIONS ACCORDING TO GRAMMARIANS AND FACILITATORS." In XII. International Research Congress of Contemporary Studies in Social Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2024. https://doi.org/10.47832/rimarcongress12-10.

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The sentence consists of two main parts: the predicate and the subject. These two parts are the backbone of speech, and according to these two parts, the type of sentence is determined by Arab grammarians and linguists, both ancient and modern. The sentence is not only nominal and verbal, but it is more than that, and its sections differ according to the division criterion . This research is based on presenting the disagreement in the types of sentences among Arab grammarians and linguists, both ancient and modern. The truth is that the disagreement in the divisions of the sentence is broad an

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Musa qızı Xanbutayeva, Leyla. "The role of structural ambiguity in sentence comprehension." In V REPUBLICAN CONFERENCE OF SCIENTIFIC SOURCES. https://aem.az/, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2021/2/5.

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Being a linguistic phenomenon ambiguity has several types which are realized in speech act. Structural or syntactic ambiguity is of particular importance in the understanding of a sentence and arises through prosodic means such as stress, intonation, pause, and syntagm. The different division of the syntagm leads to the interpretation of the sentence in two or more senses. Transformative grammar also contributed to the study of ambiguity in language. The formation of the sentence, its grammatical structure and the meaning it expresses form the basis for the surface structure. Structural ambigu

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Geldof, Sabine. "From context to sentence form." In the first international conference. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1118253.1118285.

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Wu, Ning, Yaobo Liang, Houxing Ren, et al. "Unsupervised Context Aware Sentence Representation Pretraining for Multi-lingual Dense Retrieval." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/612.

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Recent research demonstrates the effectiveness of using pretrained language models (PLM) to improve dense retrieval and multilingual dense retrieval. In this work, we present a simple but effective monolingual pretraining task called contrastive context prediction (CCP) to learn sentence representation by modeling sentence level contextual relation. By pushing the embedding of sentences in a local context closer and pushing random negative samples away, different languages could form isomorphic structure, then sentence pairs in two different languages will be automatically aligned. Our experim

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Zhang, Zhu, Zhou Zhao, Zhijie Lin, Baoxing Huai, and Jing Yuan. "Object-Aware Multi-Branch Relation Networks for Spatio-Temporal Video Grounding." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/149.

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Spatio-temporal video grounding aims to retrieve the spatio-temporal tube of a queried object according to the given sentence. Currently, most existing grounding methods are restricted to well-aligned segment-sentence pairs. In this paper, we explore spatio-temporal video grounding on unaligned data and multi-form sentences. This challenging task requires to capture critical object relations to identify the queried target. However, existing approaches cannot distinguish notable objects and remain in ineffective relation modeling between unnecessary objects. Thus, we propose a novel object-awar

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Lopes, Lucelene, Magali Sanches Duran, and Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro Pardo. "Verifica-UD: a Verifier for Universal Dependencies Annotation for Portuguese." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Tecnologia da Informação e da Linguagem Humana. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/stil.2023.25485.

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This paper presents Verifica-UD, a web-based tool to detect problems in Portuguese sentences annotated using Universal Dependencies (UD) standards in the form of a CoNLL-U file. The tool performs three levels of sentence verification: structural (to assess CoNLL-U compliance), morphosyntactic (to assess the part of speech tagging), and syntactic (to assess the parsing information). Verifica-UD also provides detailed help on Portuguese UD annotation directives. The benefits of this tool for reviewing annotated corpora are illustrated with an experiment.

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Tam, Wai Lok, Namgi Han, Juan Ignacio Navarro-Horñiacek, and Yusuke Miyao. "Finding Prototypes of Answers for Improving Answer Sentence Selection." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/573.

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Answer sentence selection has been widely adopted recently for benchmarking techniques in Question Answering. Previous proposals for the task are essentially general solutions taking the form of neural networks that measure semantic similarity. In contrast, the present paper describes a simple technique to take advantage of such general-purpose tools for dealing with questions and answer sentences without changing the base system. The technique involves replacing wh-words in input questions with a word denoting the prototype of all answers. These transformed questions are passed as input to an

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Macanović, Nebojša. "Resocialization and Reintegration of Convicted Individuals: Possibilities and Challenges." In International Scientific Conference “LIFE IN PRISON: Criminological, Penological, Psychological, Sociological, Legal, Security and Medical Issues”. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia, 2024. https://doi.org/10.47152/prisonlife2024.20.

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The goal of every imposed prison sentence is resocialization of a convicted individual, but its effectiveness is often questionable and opens numerous dilemmas regarding which factors and reasons disrupt its success. Regardless of its success, convicted individuals will be reintegrated into the social environment, which in the case of unsuccessful resocialization during the serving of the prison sentence creates a high level of risk of recidivism after the release. Resocialization is possible regardless of the category of convicted individuals, but in order for it to be successful, all stakeho

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van Bremen, Timothy, and Ondrej Kuzelka. "Approximate Weighted First-Order Model Counting: Exploiting Fast Approximate Model Counters and Symmetry." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/587.

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We study the symmetric weighted first-order model counting task and present ApproxWFOMC, a novel anytime method for efficiently bounding the weighted first-order model count of a sentence given an unweighted first-order model counting oracle. The algorithm has applications to inference in a variety of first-order probabilistic representations, such as Markov logic networks and probabilistic logic programs. Crucially for many applications, no assumptions are made on the form of the input sentence. Instead, the algorithm makes use of the symmetry inherent in the problem by imposing cardinality c

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Reports on the topic "Sentence form"

1

Mann, Robert, and Rowena Bermingham. Non-custodial sentences. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn613.

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Non-custodial sentences are those that do not include imprisonment, such as discharges, fines and community orders. When sentencing an individual, criminal courts judge whether an offence is serious enough to impose a custodial sentence (either immediate imprisonment or a suspended sentence) or a non-custodial sentence. Criminal justice is devolved, so this POSTnote focuses on non-custodial sentences in England and Wales. In the year ending June 2019, 90% of sentences in England and Wales were non-custodial. This POSTnote presents sentencing trends and describes the non-custodial sentences cur

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Jones, Cat, and Clare Lally. Prison population growth: drivers, implications and policy considerations. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pb58.

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England and Wales have the highest per capita prison population in Western Europe. In October 2023, over 88,000 people were imprisoned, in an estate with a maximum capacity of 88,890. This was the highest number recorded. 94% of people in prison are adult men and the adult male prison estate is almost full. The prison estate is operating at 99% of its usable operational capacity and over 60% of prisons are overcrowded. Drivers of the current prison population growth include changes in sentencing policy (including increased sentence lengths). Other factors include remand, recall, reoffending an

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Gates, Allison, Michelle Gates, Shannon Sim, Sarah A. Elliott, Jennifer Pillay, and Lisa Hartling. Creating Efficiencies in the Extraction of Data From Randomized Trials: A Prospective Evaluation of a Machine Learning and Text Mining Tool. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodscreatingefficiencies.

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Background. Machine learning tools that semi-automate data extraction may create efficiencies in systematic review production. We prospectively evaluated an online machine learning and text mining tool’s ability to (a) automatically extract data elements from randomized trials, and (b) save time compared with manual extraction and verification. Methods. For 75 randomized trials published in 2017, we manually extracted and verified data for 21 unique data elements. We uploaded the randomized trials to ExaCT, an online machine learning and text mining tool, and quantified performance by evaluati

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Magimai-Doss, M., D. Hakkani-Tur, O. Cetin, E. Shriberg, J. Fung, and N. Mirghafori. Entropy Based Classifier Combination for Sentence Segmentation. Defense Technical Information Center, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada463040.

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Thomas, Strobel. A contrastive approach to grammatical doubts in some contemporary Germanic languages (German, Dutch, Swedish). Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.72278.

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Unquestionably (or: undoubtedly), every competent speaker has already come to doubt with respect to the question of which form is correct or appropriate and should be used (in the standard language) when faced with two or more almost identical competing variants of words, word forms or sentence and phrase structure (e.g. German "Pizzas/Pizzen/Pizze" 'pizzas', Dutch "de drie mooiste/mooiste drie stranden" 'the three most beautiful/most beautiful three beaches', Swedish "större än jag/mig" 'taller than I/me'). Such linguistic uncertainties or "cases of doubt" (cf. i.a. Klein 2003, 2009, 2018; Mü

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Buchanan, Ben. The AI Triad and What It Means for National Security Strategy. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200021.

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One sentence summarizes the complexities of modern artificial intelligence: Machine learning systems use computing power to execute algorithms that learn from data. This AI triad of computing power, algorithms, and data offers a framework for decision-making in national security policy.

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Rehman, Farhat. Lived Experience: Understanding Families Affected by Incarceration. The Vanier Institute of the Family, 2017. https://doi.org/10.61959/sipy1314e.

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Incarceration has an impact on thousands of families across Canada. When a person is sentenced to time in prison, their families are often profoundly affected; they are separated from a son, daughter, sibling, parent or other relative. Feelings of stigma, guilt and shame are common, and can be compounded when the sentenced family member is also living with a mental health condition – a reality for many incarcerated individuals and their families.

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Grenet, Julien, Hans Grönqvist, and Susan Niknami. Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik, Linnéuniversitetet. Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik, Linnéuniversitetet, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/ns.wp.2024.02.

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Electronic monitoring (EM) has emerged as a popular tool for curbing the growth of large prison populations. Evidence on the causal effects of EM on criminal recidivism is, however, limited and it is unclear how this alternative to incarceration affects the labor supply of offenders and the outcomes of their family members. We study the country wide expansion of EM in Sweden in 1997 where in offenders sentenced to up to three months in prison were granted the option to substitute incarceration with EM. Our difference-in-differences estimates, which compare the change in the prison inflow rate

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Пахомова, О. В. Using Scaffolding Strategy for Teaching Creative Writing. Маріупольський державний університет, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/2145.

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The article deals with scaffolding strategy for teaching creative writing in the English classroom. The importance of using the creative writing technique, which is an effective means of optimization and intensification of the process of foreign language study, for forming students' communicative competence in writing is highlighted. It is supposed that an elaborated scaffolding strategy might help lecturers to organize the educational process with maximum capacity and successful results. A variety of techniques such as intensive usage of graphic organizers ("Plan Think Sheet", "Mind-map", "Co

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Strinzel, Michaela, Gabriel Okasa, Anne Jorstad, et al. Annotation Codebook A Supervised Machine Learning Approach for Assessing Grant Peer Review Reports. Swiss National Science Foundation, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/codebook-peer-review-assessment-ml.

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The codebook is an output of the study “A Supervised Machine Learning Approach for Assessing Grant Peer Review Reports”, which combines qualitative human annotation and transformer-based machine-learning approaches to assess characteristics of grant proposal peer review reports submitted to the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The codebook includes detailed instructions and examples for the human annotators on how to label the sentences of peer review reports according to 12 categories reflecting the characteristics of grant peer review reports of interest to research funding agencies

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