To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Sentence form.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sentence form'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Sentence form.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Bhardwaj, M. R. "The Punjabi sentence as a form-meaning complex." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378028.
Full text
2
Liang, Yuan, and 梁源. "Dislocation in cantonese: sentence form, information structure, and discourse function." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244476.
Full text
3
Ko, Chin-pang. "Form and function of sentence final particles in Cantonese-speaking children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207524.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2000.<br>"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2000." Also available in print.
4
Ido, Shinji Ido. "Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/841.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili cümleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik cümleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.
5
Ido, Shinji Ido. "Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages." University of Sydney. European, Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Studies, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/841.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili c�mleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik c�mleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.
6
Smith, Jennifer M. "Sentential Cycling: Structural Layering in the Baroque Era." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1213139677.
Full text
7
Yan, Shanshan. "Chinese sentence-final particles and their behaviours in English speakers' L2 Chinese." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275336.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates how seven Chinese sentence-final particles (SFP le, ne1, ma, ne2, ba1, ba2 and a; hereafter SFP) and their features are represented in English speakers’ L2 Chinese. In this research, SFPs are analysed as heads instantiating different positions in the CP domain (Paul 2009, 2014, 2015), which are head-final, and in particular, they are considered to carry semantic, syntactic and discourse features. As there is no SFP in English, the features on Chinese SFPs are realised by a variety of syntactic means. Through a proficiency test and six experimental tasks, data from 76 participants (including 18 Chinese native speakers, 20 low-intermediate learners, 20 high-intermediate learners and 18 advanced learners) were collected. Results show that English-speaking L2 learners can easily establish the basic syntactic structure of Chinese SFPs and successfully acquire the features attached to SFPs ma, ba1 and a. However, they have significant difficulty in acquiring the features attached to SFPs le, ne1, ne2 and ba2. In general, syntactic features on Chinese SFPs are intact in L2 grammars, whereas semantic features (i.e. syntax-semantics interfaces) are very vulnerable. In addition, it is found that not all discourse features (syntax-discourse interfaces) are problematic. Findings indicate that both L1 grammar (i.e. L1 transfer) and L2 input (frequency, saliency and complexity) play important roles in affecting learners’ acquisition of the features attached to Chinese SFPs. In particular, learners seem to transfer all feature sets from their L1 English. Semantic features that have been transferred from their L1 English but that are neither confirmed nor disconfirmed by the Chinese input have become dormant in the L2 Chinese, which complements the Dormant Feature Hypothesis (Yuan 2014). Furthermore, the homomorphous SFPs which exhibit a ‘one-to-many’ form-meaning connection are believed to complicate learners’ recognition and acquisition of relevant features on SFPs. It is also demonstrated that the mapping of a feature across CP domains (i.e. from a two-CP structure to a one-CP structure) can be problematic and difficult. The discourse feature needs to be reassembled in L2 grammars, which advances the arguments of the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis (Lardiere 2008, 2009a,b).
8
Laredo, Matthew P. "The Earning Gap of Criminality: Effects of Stigma, Length and Form of Incarceration." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/432.
Full textAbstract:
This paper shows that criminality causes a significant decrease in the earning potential of individuals. In addition, there is evidence to support that criminality has the same negative effect on earnings regardless of type of sentencing, whether probation or incarceration. Previous studies indicate that ex-convicts do not benefit from in-prison based programs. The purpose of this paper is to identify the short-term earning differentials between offenders and their law-abiding counter parts and offer insight as to how this can affect recidivism. Research shows that recidivists suffer the largest wage differentials, which significantly lowers their employment utility. This reduction of labor market outcomes may conversely promote the utility an individual receives from a life of crime.
9
Batziou, Maria. "Measuring short and long-term effects of isolated and combined structured input and structured output on the acquisiton of the English causative form at sentence and discourse level." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2017. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/measuring-short-and-longterm-effects-of-isolated-and-combined-structured-input-and-structured-output-on-the-acquisiton-of-the-english-causative-form-at-sentence-and-discourse-level(d97b8bb1-bd27-4414-91d1-0589283a7a56).html.
Full textAbstract:
The present study was carried out to investigate the relative effects of structured input and structured output in isolation and in combination on the acquisition of the English causative forms. The effects of these pedagogical interventions were investigated on a processing strategy used by L2 learners when processing syntactic structures. The so-called First Noun Principle. Additionally, there are a number of issues addressed by this study such as measuring discourse-level and long-term effects. To provide answers to the questions formulated in the present study, two classroom studies were carried out: in the first study two parallel classroom experiments were conducted; in the second study one classroom experiment was carried out with a focus on measuring specifically discourse and long-term effects for instruction. The first study consisted of two parallel classroom experiments. In experiment one, the participants were fifty-four Chinese university students. They were randomly assigned to four groups: Structured input group (n=13); Structured Output group (n=15); Structured input and Structured Output group (n=16); Control group (n=10). In experiment two, the participants were thirty young Greek learners (aged 10-12). They were randomly assigned to three groups: Structured input group (n=10); Structured Output group (n=10); Structured input and Structured Output group (n=10). The second study focused on discourse and long-term effects. The participants were sixty-eight young Greek learners (aged 10-12). They randomly assigned to three groups: structured input only group (n=22); structured output only group (n=22); combined structured input and structured output group (n=24). In both classroom studies, only subjects who participated in all phases of all experiments and scored lower than 60% in the pretests were included in the final data collection. Instruction lasted for three hours. The control group (study one) received no instruction on the causative form. One interpretation and one production task were used in a pretest and posttest design. The design included a delayed posttest battery (three weeks after instruction, twenty-four weeks after instruction -study two only). In study one - experiment one, the assessment tasks included an interpretation and production task at sentence-level, and an interpretation task at discourse-level. In the other two experiments, only discourse-level tasks were used (one interpretation and one production). The results indicated that learners who received structured input both in isolation and in combination benefitted more than learners receiving structured output only. These two groups retained the instructional gains in all assessment measures. These specific findings from the present study indicated the following: (a) Structured input practice plays a key role. Structured input alone and/or in combination is an effective pedagogical tool that helps learners of different age (adults and school-age learners) and first language (Greek and Chinese) to interpret and produce English causative forms accurately and appropriately; (b) The effects of structured input practice are measurable in both sentence and discourse-level interpretation and production tasks; (c) The effects structured input practice are retained by learners after three weeks and six months.
10
Wells, Beth Sue. "The use of the Haak Sentence Completion Measure and the Child Behavior Checklist/Teacher Report Form by school psychologists in the identification of students with serious emotional disturbance /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004400.
Full text
11
East, H. "Models and mechanisms of sentence processing : accounting for distance effects in temporarily ambiguous English sentences." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598733.
Full textAbstract:
I begin by reviewing the sentence processing field and assessing the legacy of generative grammar and its associated view of the mind on proposed mechanisms of language processing. I argue that this legacy prevents many models of processing from being able to account, in principle, for recent findings within the field. A model of processing is proposed which combined insights from Cognitive Grammar and constraint-based parsing, including the principle of parsing as categorisation proposed by Langacker (2000). This model, the categorising, constraint-based parser, is tested alongside parsing models from the literature in the remainder of the thesis. A series of ten experiments is presented which look at the effect of “head distance” on temporarily ambiguous sentences of English. Head distance refers to the distance between the lexical head of an initially ambiguous part of the sentence (“soldier” in the examples below), and the disambiguating region (“reached…”). This distance is greater in (1b) than in (1a). (1a) <i>as the young woman was waking the young and bearded soldier reached for his sword. </i>(1b) <i>as the young woman was waking the soldier who was young and bearded reached for his sword.</i> Distant conditions have been found to be judged less grammatical than Close conditions (Ferreira and Henderson, 1991b). However, until very recently theoretical accounts of reanalysis incorporating this finding had been based on off-line measures rather than real-time processing. Head distance appeared to have no effect on real-time processing and to be limited to one ambiguity type. The categorising, constraint-based parser developed in this thesis provides an explanation for this effect, and predicts the types of environment in which it should occur. Investigation into this effect can also shed further light on the nature of the reanalysis process, providing data to test explanations derived from commitment- and repair-based accounts of reanalysis; and, for activation-based models, to question whether the notion of decay and re-activation is sufficient to account for processing costs. A self-paced reading methodology is used to assess the impact of head distance on reading times for a variety of ambiguity types. Grammatically judgement and comprehension data is also gathered.
12
Segler, Thomas M. "Investigating the selection of example sentences for unknown target words in ICALL reading texts for L2 German." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1750.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis considers possible criteria for the selection of example sentences for difficult or unknown words in reading texts for students of German as a Second Language (GSL). The examples are intended to be provided within the context of an Intelligent Computer-Aided Language Learning (ICALL) Vocabulary Learning System, where students can choose among several explanation options for difficult words. Some of these options (e.g. glosses) have received a good deal of attention in the ICALL/Second Language (L2) Acquisition literature; in contrast, literature on examples has been the near exclusive province of lexicographers. The selection of examples is explored from an educational, L2 teaching point of view: the thesis is intended as a first exploration of the question of what makes an example helpful to the L2 student from the perspective of L2 teachers. An important motivation for this work is that selecting examples from a dictionary or randomly from a corpus has several drawbacks: first, the number of available dictionary examples is limited; second, the examples fail to take into account the context in which the word was encountered; and third, the rationale and precise principles behind the selection of dictionary examples is usually less than clear. Central to this thesis is the hypothesis that a random selection of example sentences from a suitable corpus can be improved by a guided selection process that takes into account characteristics of helpful examples. This is investigated by an empirical study conducted with teachers of L2 German. The teacher data show that four dimensions are significant criteria amenable to analysis: (a) reduced syntactic complexity, (b) sentence similarity, provision of (c) significant co-occurrences and (d) semantically related words. Models based on these dimensions are developed using logistic regression analysis, and evaluated through two further empirical studies with teachers and students of L2 German. The results of the teacher evaluation are encouraging: for the teacher evaluation, they indicate that, for one of the models, the top-ranked selections perform on the same level as dictionary examples. In addition, the model provides a ranking of potential examples that roughly corresponds to that of experienced teachers of L2 German. The student evaluation confirms and notably improves on the teacher evaluation in that the best-performing model of the teacher evaluation significantly outperforms both random corpus selections and dictionary examples (when a penalty for missing entries is included).
13
Hall, Amanda. "Tangible Sentence Train." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21534.
Full textAbstract:
My research paper discusses the explorative design process of creating a tangible sentence construction train and the implications of tangible computing in the classroom. For inspiration I looked into learning style methods and tangible computing projects for children. I aimed to follow the methods of Participatory Design and Cooperative Inquiry as part of my design process, but found reasons to explore different methods.My final prototype uses a train to provide digital support and encourage an effective way to support task interest, information retention, and sentence structure, as well as facilitate creativity and team problem solving skills for children of different learning styles and skill strengths. By allowing children to construct their own sentences with responsive train cars, I found that children were able to discuss class material and ideas in a fun way, as well as find explorative ways to bend rules and engage in play.
14
GURGEL, MARIA ANTONIETA RIGUEIRA LEAL. "RIGHTS AND GUARANTEES FOR THE SENTENCED PEOPLE IN THE CRIMINAL LAW BY LAW DEMOCRATIC STATE: ANALYSIS OF THE METHOD APAC TO ACCOMPLISH THE FREEDOM DEPRIVATION SENTENCE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=13481@1.
Full textAbstract:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>O presente trabalho estuda o Método APAC de cumprimento da pena
privativa de liberdade, para verificar se o mesmo é capaz de dar efetividade aos
direitos e garantias do cidadão condenado, no marco da intervenção penal em um
Estado Democrático de Direito. Identifica as discussões teóricas que enfrentam o
tema da legitimação do poder punitivo estatal, sem olvidar das teorias que
pretendem exatamente o contrário: defender sua total deslegitimação. Analisa o
real papel da pena de prisão no mundo contemporâneo e investiga seus objetivos
declarados e ocultos. Traça o limite do Direito Penal e da intervenção punitiva em
um Estado Democrático de Direito e busca identificar os direitos fundamentais do
cidadão condenado na Constituição Brasileira. Uma radiografia panorâmica do
atual sistema carcerário nacional também é apresentada, inclusive com exemplos
concretos de graves violações às garantias individuais que lá se produzem, em
confronto com o modelo apaqueano, aplicado na cidade mineira de Itaúna, para
verificar se ele é uma alternativa viável ao sistema tradicional, pelo menos no que
tange aos seus pontos mais críticos.<br>The present work studies the Method APAC to accomplish the freedom
deprivation sentence, and to verify if it is capable to give rights and guarantees to
the sentenced citizen, in the criminal law by Law Democratic State. This study
identifies the theoretical discussions that face the theme of the punitive power
legitimation of the state, however, without forgetting of the contrary theories that
defends a removal of the legitimation. It analyzes prison penalty in the
contemporary world and it investigates the declared and occult objectives. The
work investigates the limit of the Penal Right and the criminal execution in Law
Democratic State, and search to identify the sentenced citizens fundamental rights
in the Brazilian Constitution. Finally, a panoramic x-ray of the current national
penitenciary system is presented, with examples of serious violations to the
individuals that came from there. Everything in confrontation with the model
apaqueano, applied in the city of Itaúna, to verify if it is a viable alternative to
the traditional system, in more critical points.
15
Tallo, Philip T. "Using Sentence Embeddings for Word Sense Induction." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613748873435158.
Full text
16
Miniard, Angela Christine. "Construction of a Scoring Manual for the Sentence Stem “A Good Boss—” for the Sentence Completion Test Integral (SCTi-MAP)." Cleveland, Ohio : Cleveland State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1242662653.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Ed.)--Cleveland State University, 2009.<br>Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 11, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-105). Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in print.
17
Zettlemoyer, Luke S. (Luke Sean) 1978. "Learning to map sentences to logical form." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54648.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-111).<br>One of the classical goals of research in artificial intelligence is to construct systems that automatically recover the meaning of natural language text. Machine learning methods hold significant potential for addressing many of the challenges involved with these systems. This thesis presents new techniques for learning to map sentences to logical form - lambda-calculus representations of their meanings. We first describe an approach to the context-independent learning problem, where sentences are analyzed in isolation. We describe a learning algorithm that takes as input a training set of sentences labeled with expressions in the lambda calculus. The algorithm induces a Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) for the problem, along with a log-linear model that represents a distribution over syntactic and semantic analyses conditioned on the input sentence. Next, we present an extension that addresses challenges that arise when learning to analyze spontaneous, unedited natural language input, as is commonly seen in natural language interface applications. A key idea is to introduce non-standard CCG combinators that relax certain parts of the grammar - for example allowing flexible word order, or insertion of lexical items - with learned costs. We also present a new, online algorithm for inducing a weighted CCG. Finally, we describe how to extend this learning approach to the context-dependent analysis setting, where the meaning of a sentence can depend on the context in which it appears. The training examples are sequences of sentences annotated with lambda-calculus meaning representations.<br>(cont.) We develop an algorithm that maintains explicit, lambda-calculus representations of discourse entities and uses a context-dependent analysis pipeline to recover logical forms. The method uses a hidden-variable variant of the perception algorithm to learn a linear model used to select the best analysis. Experiments demonstrate that the learning techniques we develop induce accurate models for semantic analysis while requiring less data annotate effort than previous approaches.<br>by Luke S. Zettlemoyer.<br>Ph.D.
18
Hillard, Dustin Lundring. "Automatic sentence structure annotation for spoken language processing /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6080.
Full text
19
Geiss, Johanna. "Latent semantic sentence clustering for multi-document summarization." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609761.
Full text
20
Vargas, Danny Suarez. "Detecting contrastive sentences for sentiment analysis." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148304.
Full textAbstract:
A análise de contradições é uma área relativamente nova, multidisciplinar e complexa que tem por objetivo principal identificar pedaços contraditórios de texto. Ela pode ser abordada a partir das perspectivas de diferentes áreas de pesquisa, tais como processamento de linguagem natural, mineração de opinioes, recuperação de informações e extração de Informações. Este trabalho foca no problema de detectar contradições em textos – mais especificamente, nas contradições que são o resultado da diversidade de sentimentos entre as sentenças de um determinado texto. Ao contrário de outros tipos de contradições, a detecção de contradições baseada em sentimentos pode ser abordada como uma etapa de pós-processamento na tarefa tradicional de análise de sentimentos. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta duas contribuições principais. A primeira é um estudo exploratório da tarefa de classificação, na qual identificamos e usamos diferentes ferramentas e recursos. A segunda contribuição é a adaptação e a extensão de um framework de análise contradição existente, filtrando seus resultados para remover os comentários erroneamente rotulados como contraditórios. O método de filtragem baseia-se em dois algoritmos simples de similaridade entre palavras. Uma avaliação experimental em comentários sobre produtos reais mostrou melhorias proporcionais de até 30 % na acurácia da classificação e 26 % na precisão da detecção de contradições.<br>Contradiction Analysis is a relatively new multidisciplinary and complex area with the main goal of identifying contradictory pieces of text. It can be addressed from the perspectives of different research areas such as Natural Language Processing, Opinion Mining, Information Retrieval, and Information Extraction. This work focuses on the problem of detecting sentiment-based contradictions which occur in the sentences of a given review text. Unlike other types of contradictions, the detection of sentiment-based contradictions can be tackled as a post-processing step in the traditional sentiment analysis task. In this context, we make two main contributions. The first is an exploratory study of the classification task, in which we identify and use different tools and resources. Our second contribution is adapting and extending an existing contradiction analysis framework by filtering its results to remove the reviews that are erroneously labeled as contradictory. The filtering method is based on two simple term similarity algorithms. An experimental evaluation on real product reviews has shown proportional improvements of up to 30% in classification accuracy and 26% in the precision of contradiction detection.
21
Schmidle, Wolfgang. "A model of neural sequence detectors for sentence processing." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439973.
Full text
22
Nunes, Tiago Santos Barata. "A sentence-based information retrieval system for biomedical corpora." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12698.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática<br>O desenvolvimento de novos métodos experimentais e tecnologias de alto
rendimento no campo biomédico despoletou um crescimento acelerado do
volume de publicações científicas na área. Inúmeros repositórios estruturados
para dados biológicos foram criados ao longo das últimas décadas, no
entanto, os utilizadores estão cada vez mais a recorrer a sistemas de recuperação
de informação, ou motores de busca, em detrimento dos primeiros.
Motores de pesquisa apresentam-se mais fáceis de usar devido à sua flexibilidade
e capacidade de interpretar os requisitos dos utilizadores, tipicamente
expressos na forma de pesquisas compostas por algumas palavras.
Sistemas de pesquisa tradicionais devolvem documentos completos, que geralmente
requerem um grande esforço de leitura para encontrar a informação
procurada, encontrando-se esta, em grande parte dos casos, descrita num
trecho de texto composto por poucas frases. Além disso, estes sistemas falham
frequentemente na tentativa de encontrar a informação pretendida porque,
apesar de a pesquisa efectuada estar normalmente alinhada semanticamente
com a linguagem usada nos documentos procurados, os termos
usados são lexicalmente diferentes.
Esta dissertação foca-se no desenvolvimento de técnicas de recuperação de
informação baseadas em frases que, para uma dada pesquisa de um utilizador,
permitam encontrar frases relevantes da literatura científica que respondam
aos requisitos do utilizador. O trabalho desenvolvido apresenta-se em
duas partes. Primeiro foi realizado trabalho de investigação exploratória para
identificação de características de frases informativas em textos biomédicos.
Para este propósito foi usado um método de aprendizagem automática. De
seguida foi desenvolvido um sistema de pesquisa de frases informativas. Este
sistema suporta pesquisas de texto livre e baseadas em conceitos, os resultados
de pesquisa apresentam-se enriquecidos com anotações de conceitos
relevantes e podem ser ordenados segundo várias estratégias de classificação.<br>Modern advances of experimental methods and high-throughput technology
in the biomedical domain are causing a fast-paced, rising growth of the volume
of published scientific literature in the field. While a myriad of structured
data repositories for biological knowledge have been sprouting over the last
decades, Information Retrieval (IR) systems are increasingly replacing them.
IR systems are easier to use due to their flexibility and ability to interpret user
needs in the form of queries, typically formed by a few words.
Traditional document retrieval systems return entire documents, which may
require a lot of subsequent reading to find the specific information sought, frequently
contained in a small passage of only a few sentences. Additionally, IR
often fails to find what is wanted because the words used in the query are lexically
different, despite semantically aligned, from the words used in relevant
sources.
This thesis focuses on the development of sentence-based information retrieval
approaches that, for a given user query, allow seeking relevant sentences
from scientific literature that answer the user information need. The
presented work is two-fold. First, exploratory research experiments were conducted
for the identification of features of informative sentences from biomedical
texts. A supervised machine learning method was used for this purpose.
Second, an information retrieval system for informative sentences was developed.
It supports free text and concept-based queries, search results are enriched
with relevant concept annotations and sentences can be ranked using
multiple configurable strategies.
23
Bycroft, Debra. "Probative value of pre-sentence reports for juvenile matters." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2291.
Full textAbstract:
The research reported in this thesis was designed to identify the methodology required for the pre-sentence evaluation of a juvenile, the skills and knowledge that inform this methodology, and the report content that should be communicated to the court.
Four sources of data were used: the available literature in the area, a Delphi study of psychologists with expertise in the area who conduct the evaluations and prepare the reports, a survey of judicial officers who receive the reports, and a reference group of psychologists to provide suggestions on how to resolve the minor discrepancies that emerged between the psychologists and the judicial officers. The results show consensus among psychologists on the skills and knowledge required for a pre-sentence report and content of a report. There was agreement on most aspects of methodology except for the need for a formal risk assessment (e.g., using scientific valid assessment tools) and the use of a model to guide the evaluation. In these areas, psychologists are out of step with recommendations in the professional literature. Judicial officers agreed that most content provided in a psychological pre-sentence report was helpful. However, they identified a number of areas where reports could be improved: methodology, transparency, relevance of content, comprehensiveness, and conciseness. Judicial officers provided clarification on a number of other areas: that scientifically based information on risk was always helpful and is mandatory for some offence types; that it was not appropriate for the court to provide feedback on the helpfulness of individual reports; that when addressing physical health or sentencing options in a report, psychologists should take care not to step outside their own competency and psychologists should make transparent the relevance to their data to the legal issue being addressed. The data highlight the need for steps to be taken to improve the standard and consistency of reports.
As the first step to improving standards and consistency, a decision-making model for pre-sentence evaluations is proposed. Having produced this model, researchers now need to test it in the field to determine if applying the model has a positive impact on the helpfulness of reports and if the model can be used in other countries to improve the validity and helpfulness of psychological reports for juvenile sentencing matters.
24
Duquenne, Paul-Ambroise. "Sentence Embeddings for Massively Multilingual Speech and Text Processing." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS039.
Full textAbstract:
L'apprentissage de représentations mathématiques des phrases, sous forme textuelle, a été largement étudié en traitement automatique des langues (TAL). Alors que de nombreuses recherches ont exploré différentes fonctions d'objectif de pré-entraînement pour créer des représentations contextuelles des mots à partir des phrases, d'autres se sont concentrées sur l'apprentissage de représentations des phrases par des vecteurs uniques, ou représentations de taille fixe (par opposition à une séquence de vecteurs dont la longueur dépend de la longueur de la phrase), pour plusieurs langues. Le but étant d'encoder par des vecteurs proches entre eux les paraphrases et les traductions d'une même phrase. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions d'abord comment étendre ces espaces de représentations de phrases à la modalité de la parole afin de construire un espace de représentation de phrases multilingue pour la parole et le texte. Ensuite, nous explorons comment utiliser cet espace de représentation de phrase multilingue et multimodal pour de la recherche de similarité sémantique entre des phrases parlées et écrites à grande échelle. Ceci nous permet de créer automatiquement des alignements entre des phrases écrites et parlées dans différentes langues. Pour des seuils de similarité élevés dans l'espace de représentation, les phrases alignées peuvent être considérées comme des traductions. Si les alignements impliquent d'un côté des phrases écrites et de l'autre des phrases parlées, il s'agit alors de potentielles traductions parole-texte. Si les alignements impliquent des deux côtés des phrases parlées, il s'agit alors de potentielles traductions parole-parole. Pour valider la qualité des données collectées automatiquement, nous entraînons des modèles de traduction de la parole vers le texte et des modèles de traduction parole vers parole. Nous montrons qu'ajouter les données alignées automatiquement améliore significativement la qualité du modèle de traduction appris, démontrant la qualité des alignements et l'utilité des données automatiquement alignées. Ensuite, nous étudions comment décoder ces représentations vectorielles de phrases en texte ou parole dans différentes langues. Nous explorons plusieurs méthodes d'apprentissage de modèles décodeurs et analysons leur robustesse pour décoder des représentations de phrases de langues/modalités non observées pendant leur apprentissage, afin de quantifier leur capacité de généralisation et le transfert entre langues et entre modalités des capacités de décodage. Nous mettons en évidence que l'on peut atteindre des résultats de traduction d'une modalité à l'autre proches de systèmes appris de manière supervisée avec un mécanisme d'attention. La compatibilité des représentations parole/texte dans différentes langues permet ces très bonnes performances, malgré une représentation intermédiaire composée d'un seul vecteur. Enfin, nous montrons comment nous avons développé un nouvel espace de représentation de phrases pour la parole et le texte qui améliore l'état de l'art nommé SONAR, grâce aux enseignements tirés de nos travaux précédents. Nous étudions différentes fonctions d'objectif pour l'apprentissage de cet espace et nous analysons leur impact sur l'organisation de l'espace ainsi que sur les capacités de décodage des représentations. Nous montrons que ce nouvel espace de représentation de phrases améliore significativement l'état de l'art pour la recherche de similarité entre langues et entre modalités ainsi que les capacités de décodage de ces représentations. Ce nouvel espace couvre 200 langues écrites et 37 langues parlées. Il offre également des résultats en traduction du texte proche du système de traduction NLLB sur lequel il se base, et en traduction de la parole compétitifs avec le système supervisé Whisper. Nous présentons également SONAR EXPRESSIVE, qui introduit une représentation supplémentaire encodant des propriétés de la parole non sémantiques telles que la voix ou l'expressivité<br>Representation learning of sentences has been widely studied in NLP. While many works have explored different pre-training objectives to create contextual representations from sentences, several others have focused on learning sentence embeddings for multiple languages with the aim of closely encoding paraphrases and translations in the sentence embedding space.In this thesis, we first study how to extend text sentence embedding spaces to the speech modality in order to build a multilingual speech/text sentence embedding space. Next, we explore how to use this multilingual and multimodal sentence embedding space for large-scale speech mining. This allows us to automatically create alignments between written and spoken sentences in different languages. For high similarity thresholds in the latent space, aligned sentences can be considered as translations. If the alignments involve written sentences on one side and spoken sentences on the other, then these are potential speech-to-text translations. If the alignments involve on both sides spoken sentences, then these are potential speech-to-speech translations. To validate the quality of the mined data, we train speech-to-text translation models and speech-to-speech translation models. We show that adding the automatically mined data significantly improves the quality of the learned translation models, demonstrating the quality of the alignments and the usefulness of the mined data.Then, we study how to decode these sentence embeddings into text or speech in different languages. We explore several methods for training decoders and analyze their robustness to modalities/languages not seen during training, to evaluate cross-lingual and cross-modal transfers. We demonstrate that we could perform zero-shot cross-modal translation in this framework, achieving translation results close to systems learned in a supervised manner with a cross-attention mechanism. The compatibility between speech/text representations from different languages enables these very good performances, despite an intermediate fixed-size representation.Finally, we develop a new state-of-the-art massively multilingual speech/text sentence embedding space, named SONAR, based on conclusions drawn from the first two projects. We study different objective functions to learn such a space and we analyze their impact on the organization of the space as well as on the capabilities to decode these representations. We show that such sentence embedding space outperform previous state-of-the-art methods for both cross-lingual and cross-modal similarity search as well as decoding capabilities. This new space covers 200 written languages and 37 spoken languages. It also offers text translation results close to the NLLB system on which it is based, and speech translation results competitive with the Whisper supervised system. We also present SONAR EXPRESSIVE, which introduces an additional representation encoding non-semantic speech properties, such as vocal style or expressivity of speech
25
Caporlingua, Vanessa Hernandez. "O revelar da consciência ambiental na sentença judicial transformadora como forma de efetividade processual." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2010. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/2850.
Full textAbstract:
Tese (doutorado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2010.<br>Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-11-28T18:53:47Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
vanessa hernandez caporlngua.pdf: 4509251 bytes, checksum: ac2b01ec895fff92f8d3a7f8b8f6b2f3 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-28T18:53:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
vanessa hernandez caporlngua.pdf: 4509251 bytes, checksum: ac2b01ec895fff92f8d3a7f8b8f6b2f3 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010<br>O revelar da consciência ambiental na sentença transformadora como forma de efetividade processual busca compreender se as sentenças que resolvem conflitos ambientais vêm amparadas ou não numa consciência ambiental do julgador. Para tanto, delimita-se, analisa-se e reflete-se sobre a relação entre processo, ato decisório e juiz, e sobre a relação entre Educação Ambiental, conflito jurídico e sentença transformadora, tomando acórdãos do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul como objeto de estudo. Usa-se o movimento recursivo, dialógico e reflexivo para a elaboração da pesquisa, que inicialmente é bibliográfica, e depois, analítica. A metodologia escolhida para analisar os julgados é a análise textual discursiva, porque possibilita a emergência da consciência ambiental do julgador. Os resultados obtidos são reveladores da consciência ambiental do julgador de forma a promover sentenças transformadoras, demonstrando a interação necessária entre o Direito e a Educação Ambiental, pois os julgados proferidos com consciência ambiental formam um repositório jurisprudencial, que pode ser usado em outros casos contextualizados, bem como servir para aprendizagem pelas mais diversas carreiras jurídicas. Portanto, as compreensões obtidas a partir da consciência ambiental dos julgadores são aspectos sugeridos na resolução dos conflitos em torno de questões ambientais como fatores reconstrutores das decisões judiciais que, ao promover a efetividade processual, possibilitam também a garantia constitucional do direito fundamental ao meio ambiental.<br>The revealing of environmental consciousness in the transforming sentence as a device for procedural effectiveness intends to find out whether the sentences that solve environmental litigations have basis or not on an environmental consciousness of the judge. For this purpose, the relation among procedure, sentence and judge, and the relation among Environmental Education, law litigation and transforming sentence, are delimited and analysed as from judgements by the Justice Court of the State of Rio Grande do Sul taken as study aims, by means of recursive, dialogic and reflective approach. The study begins as bibliographic research and afterwards becomes analytical. The method is the discursive-textual analysis, since it allows of the environmental consciousness of the judge to arise. The outcomes reveal the environmental consciousness of the judge in order to foment transforming sentences, and demonstrate the necessary interaction between Law and Environmental Education, since those sentences establish a jurisprudential repository that may be useful for further litigations in their context, and for training in several juridical careers. Therefore, the findings from the environmental consciousness of judges are suggested for solution of environmental litigations as reconstructing factors of sentences that give constitutional grant of the fundamental right of safe environment, when such sentences foment procedural effectiveness.
26
Kato, Shigeo. "Interaction between processing and storage in L2 reading : evidence for developmental changes in Japanese ESL learners." Thesis, University of Essex, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272581.
Full text
27
Achananuparp, Palakorn Hu Xiaohua. "Similarity measures and diversity rankings for query-focused sentence extraction /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3245.
Full text
28
Unaldi, Aylin. "Investigating reading for academic purposes : sentence, text and multiple texts." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/279255.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the nature of reading in academic environments and suggests ways for a more appropriate assessment of it. Research studies show that reading in academic settings is a complex knowledge management process in which information is selected, combined and organised from not a single, isolated text but from multiple information sources. This study initially gathered evidence from students studying at a British university on their perceived and observed reading purposes and processes in three studies; a large scale questionnaire, longitudinal reading diary study and finally individual interviews in order both to establish whether the prominent reading skills used by them were as put forth in the studies on academic reading, and to examine in detail the actual cognitive processes (reading operations) used in reading for academic purposes. The study draws on the reading theories that explain reading comprehension and focuses specifically on different levels of careful reading such as sentence, text and multiple texts in order to explicate that increasingly more complex cognitive processes explain higher levels of reading comprehension. Building on the findings from the three initial studies, it is suggested that reading tests of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) should involve not only local level comprehension questions but also reading tasks at text and multiple texts levels. For this aim, taking the Khalifa and Weir (2009) framework as the basis, cognitive processes extracted from the theories defining each level of reading, and contextual features extracted through the analysis of university course books were combined to form the test specifications for each level of careful reading and sample tests assessing careful reading at sentence, text and intertextuallevels were designed. Statistical findings confirmed the differential nature of the three levels of careful reading; however, the expected difficulty continuum could not be observed among the tests. Possible reasons underlying this are discussed, suggestions on reading tasks that might operationalise text level reading more efficiently and intertextual level reading more extensively are made and additional components of intertextual reading are offered for the Khalifa and Weir (2009) reading framework. The implications of the findings for the teaching and assessment of English for Academic Purposes are also discussed.
29
Clarke, James. "Global inference for sentence compression : an integer linear programming approach." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2384.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis we develop models for sentence compression. This text rewriting task has recently attracted a lot of attention due to its relevance for applications (e.g., summarisation) and simple formulation by means of word deletion. Previous models for sentence compression have been inherently local and thus fail to capture the long range dependencies and complex interactions involved in text rewriting. We present a solution by framing the task as an optimisation problem with local and global constraints and recast existing compression models into this framework. Using the constraints we instil syntactic, semantic and discourse knowledge the models otherwise fail to capture. We show that the addition of constraints allow relatively simple local models to reach state-of-the-art performance for sentence compression. The thesis provides a detailed study of sentence compression and its models. The differences between automatic and manually created compression corpora are assessed along with how compression varies across written and spoken text. We also discuss various techniques for automatically and manually evaluating compression output against a gold standard. Models are reviewed based on their assumptions, training requirements, and scalability. We introduce a general method for extending previous approaches to allow for more global models. This is achieved through the optimisation framework of Integer Linear Programming (ILP). We reformulate three compression models: an unsupervised model, a semi-supervised model and a fully supervised model as ILP problems and augment them with constraints. These constraints are intuitive for the compression task and are both syntactically and semantically motivated. We demonstrate how they improve compression quality and reduce the requirements on training material. Finally, we delve into document compression where the task is to compress every sentence of a document and use the resulting summary as a replacement for the original document. For document-based compression we investigate discourse information and its application to the compression task. Two discourse theories, Centering and lexical chains, are used to automatically annotate documents. These annotations are then used in our compression framework to impose additional constraints on the resulting document. The goal is to preserve the discourse structure of the original document and most of its content. We show how a discourse informed compression model can outperform a discourse agnostic state-of-the-art model using a question answering evaluation paradigm.
30
Bild, Jonathan Daniel. "The mandatory life sentence for murder : lessons from two neighbours." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708327.
Full text
31
Theunissen, Marianne. "Development of an Afrikaans test for sentence recognition in noise." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12152008-131712.
Full text
32
He, Tiantian. "Specificity Prediction for Sentences in Press Releases." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413515.
Full textAbstract:
Specificity is an important factor to text analysis. While much research on sentence specificity experiments upon news, very little is known about press releases. Our study is devoted to specificity in press releases, which are journalistic documents that companies share with the press and other media outlets. In this research, we analyze press releases about digital transformation written by pump companies, and develop tools for automatic measurement of sentence specificity. The goal of the research is to 1) explore the effects of data combination, 2) analyze features for specificity prediction, and 3) compare the effectiveness of classification and probability estimation. Through our experiment on various combinations of training data, we find that adding news data to the model effectively improves probability estimation, but the effects on classification are not noticeable. In terms of features, we find that the sentence length plays an essential role in specificity prediction. We remove twelve insignificant features, and this modification results in a model running faster as well as achieving comparable scores. We also find that both classification and probability estimation have drawbacks. With regard to probability estimation, models can score well by only making predictions around the threshold. Binary classification depends on the threshold, and threshold setting requires consideration. Besides, classification scores cannot sift out models that make unreliable judgement about high and low specificity sentences.
33
Wladeck, Felipe Scripes. "Meios de controle judicial da sentença arbitral nacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-08092016-162943/.
Full textAbstract:
Conforme a Lei n.º 9.307, de 23 de setembro de 1996, as sentenças arbitrais nacionais produzem os mesmos efeitos das sentenças judiciais, independentemente de homologação. A despeito disso, elas se encontram sujeitas ao controle do Poder Judiciário. A Lei de Arbitragem disciplina os limites e meios para a impugnação judicial das sentenças arbitrais nacionais basicamente em dois dispositivos, os arts. 32 e 33. Optou-se por um regramento bastante sucinto, mas que é suficiente para resolver as situações práticas que podem se verificar quando uma sentença arbitral é impugnada. Compreendido que a arbitragem é processo de origem convencional (privada) e que por força daquelas e outras regras, como os arts. 17, 18, 20, § 2º, e 31 ela se insere no círculo da teoria geral do processo (aplicando-se-lhe, por conseguinte, os respectivos princípios e conceitos) e se sujeita aos ditames essenciais do devido processo legal, torna-se possível, a partir das técnicas interpretativas existentes, chegar a soluções para as diversas questões envolvendo o controle judicial das sentenças arbitrais nacionais das quais a Lei n.º 9.307 não tratou expressamente ou de que tratou de forma imprecisa.<br>According to Law n.o 9.307, which came into effect in September 23rd, 1996, domestic arbitral awards have the same effect on the parties as a ruling by a State Court, without the need for judicial confirmation. The Brazilian Arbitration Act regulates the limits and means for the judicial challenge of domestic arbitral awards in, essentialy, two articles, art. 32 and 33. The Act opted for brief rules on the issue, but they are sufficient to resolve the practical situations that may arise when an arbitral award is challenged. Understanding that arbitration is a process of conventional origin (private) and that due to those as well as other rules, such as articles 17, 18, 20, paragraph 2, and 31 it is contained in the field of general procedural theory (so that, consequently, the same principles and concepts are applicable) and is subject to the essential dictates of due legal process, it becomes possible, due to existing techniques of interpretation, to develop solutions to the many issues involving the judicial control of domestic arbitral awards that Law n.o 9.307 either did not expressly regulate or regulated imprecisely.
34
Erasmus, Margaretha. "Pre-sentence assessment of sexual offenders for correctional supervision / Margaretha Erasmus." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/574.
Full text
35
Zajic, David Michael. "Multiple Alternative Sentence Compressions as a tool for automatic summarization tasks." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/6729.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007<br>Thesis research directed by: Computer Science. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
36
Gilchrist, Amanda L. "Decreases in working memory capacity for sentence stimuli with adult aging." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5075.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 26, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
37
Jain, Bhawna. "Model based intervention for sentence production disorders in patients with aphasia." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Communication Disorders, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6797.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis used a cognitive neuropsychological approach to analyse the effects of a model-based intervention on the production of sentences in people with aphasia. The thesis consisted of two studies, Study 1 and Study 1A.
Study 1 examined the effect of three intervention modules designed on the basis of GEM, on production of sentences in people with aphasia. Specifically, Study 1 analysed the responses of the participants to the experimental intervention by evaluating the change in the production of trained stimuli, untrained stimuli and spontaneous speech. Study 1 examined the relationship between verb retrieval and sentence production. Stimuli included verbs and nouns at three linguistic levels: word level, affix level and sentence level. Two of the six participants showed a significant improvement in the production of trained items, one in the production of verbs and the other in the production of nouns at the three levels of intervention. A consistent relationship between verb retrieval and sentence production was not found. Generalisation to spontaneous speech in terms of an improvement in the number of nouns and verbs produced was seen in two of the six participants.
Study 1A examined the effect on production of sentences of a verb argument module that involved presentation of a verb and its arguments. Three of the four participants showed a significant improvement in the production of sentences after the verb argument module. The performance patterns of the participants implied that verbs plus their arguments were important but not sufficient for sentence production.
The studies in this thesis suggest that, in order to be able to predict the generalisation pattern in people with aphasia, GEM requires a more detailed specification of the processes required for sentence production to be able to predict the generalisation patterns in people with aphasia. In addition, it is important to match the baseline abilities of an individual to the features of the intervention task for an intervention to be successful.
38
Pyszora, Natalie. "Amnesia for criminal offences in a cohort of life sentence prisoners." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429335.
Full text
39
Nelson, Miranda. "Effects of Child Age on Sentence Severity for Mothers and Fathers." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2750.
Full textAbstract:
Children are negatively affected by parental incarceration, and peoples’ discretion in sentencing determines for how long parents are taken away from their children. Although federal laws explicitly state that people should not consider family responsibilities and defendant gender when sentencing, psychological theory and research suggests that people might be sensitive to defendants’ gender and the age of their children. The novel question is whether child age influences sentencing decisions. To test these effects, the age of the defendant’s child and defendant gender were manipulated in two experiments – in a 3-sentence vignette in Study 1 and a presentence investigation report in Study 2. Study 1 tested a 2 (gender: man, woman) X 8 (age of child: 6-months, 1-year, 3-years, 5-years, 8-years, 13-years, 15-years, no child) between- subjects design, and Study 2 tested a 2 (defendant gender: man, woman) X 3 (no child, 1-year- old, 13-year-old) design. Participants in both studies were adults in the United States recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, n = 461 in Study 1 and n = 362 in Study 2.Results revealed that in Study 1, defendants with a 1-year-old received less prison time than defendants with a 13-year-old; defendants with a 1-year-old received less prison time than defendants with no children; and defendants with a 13-year-old and defendants with no children received similar prison times. Contrary to prior work, women did not receive more lenient sentences than did men. As in Study 1, Study 2 found that men and women received similar prison times. Thus, results from both studies suggest that perhaps people are becoming more egalitarian in their sentencing decisions for men and women, and thus, are not influenced by traditional gender rolesResults from Study 2 revealed that defendants with a 1-year-old child received similar sentences to defendants with a 13-year-old child. Further, defendants without children received similar sentences to defendants with children. Thus, Study 1 and Study 2 found inconsistent results of whether child age influenced sentencing decisions. Therefore, results from both studies suggests that child age might influence sentencing decisions when little information is given. However, when more information is given (e.g., criminal history and details about the crime), child age does not influence sentencing decisions.Another important component of the present research was to determine why people might sentence defendants differently based on child age and defendant gender. Results from Study 2 revealed that people’s general concern for the child did not mediate the relationship between child age and prison time, and perceptions of the defendant’s moral character did not mediate the relationship between parental status and prison time. However, people’s general concern for the child and defendants’ moral character predicted prison time for the defendant, suggesting that people are influenced by their concern for the child and their perceptions of the defendants’ moral character when making sentencing decisions. Considering the defendant’s moral character when sentencing is a biased decision that impacts defendants’ outcomes, creating a disparity between defendants who are perceived to be more moral than others. However, considering the concern of the child when making sentencing decisions is desirable because children of parents who offend are less likely to be separated from their parents, thus protecting them from a whole host of negative outcomes (e.g., future delinquency, internalizing and externalizing problems).
40
Villard, Sarah Noelle. "A comparison of two treatments for sentence comprehension deficits in aphasia." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12663.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University<br>Background: Several types of assessment measures have been used to examine sentence comprehension deficits in individuals with aphasia, including Sentence-to-Picture Matching (SPM) and Object Manipulation (OM). Each of these assessment tasks was adapted into a corresponding treatment method by Kiran et al. (2012). One focus of the current study was to compare the SPM treatment method to the OM treatment method. An additional goal was to investigate the cognitive and linguistic demands of each of these tasks, as well as how these demands may be altered when the tasks are adapted as treatment methods and used intensively with patients during therapy over a period of weeks.
Data Analysis: Participants in Kiran et al.'s study were assigned to receive language therapy focusing on one of four syntactic structures and were assigned to one of two treatment groups (SPM or OM). The current study examined participant improvement on sentence comprehension screening batteries from pre- to post-treatment, paying particular attention to the respective gains made by participants in the SPM treatment group vs. the OM treatment group. [TRUNCATED]
41
Braun, Felix 1973. "Cultural diversity in international standards for criminal sentences." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32797.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the debate about cultural relativism of human rights in the concrete context of the prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment as applied to criminal sentences. A study of the jurisprudence concerning the prohibition reveals that traditional legal methodology is unable to decide this debate unequivocally. It is argued that both an extreme uniformity in its interpretation as well as a complete lack of common standards are indefensible in the contemporary system of international law. Therefore, any modern interpretation of the prohibition has to strike a balance between these two extremes. Yet, this balance can not be established unilaterally once and for all. It has to be the result of an ongoing universal debate within the preexisting legal framework. Thus, the compromise that is found will shift over time to reflect the evolving consensus of the international community.
42
林碧 and Bik Lum. "A rule-based analysis system for Chinese sentences." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31208769.
Full text
43
Lum, Bik. "A rule-based analysis system for Chinese sentences /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1240231X.
Full text
44
Svensson, Filip. "Breaking down the wall of difficulty : Adapting a translation for new readers." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12578.
Full textAbstract:
This study is an analysis of a translation of the text ”A Lotta Night Music: The Sound of Film Noir” written by Richard R. Ness. The study focuses on the adaption of film and music terminology as well as complex sentence structures for a new and broader target audience. The analysis was accomplished with the help of Marianne Lederer’s theory of deverbalization and re-expression. Furthermore, Vinay and Darbelnet’s methodology for translation was utilized along with Andrew Chesterman’s syntactic strategies in order to help clarify the restructuring. First of all, concerning film and music terminology, the main issue of interest was how to best adapt the terms for the target readers. From the analysis of various examples of difficult terminology it was concluded that the strategy best used for the different terms depends on the presupposed knowledge of the target reader. Whether you borrow, translate literally or adapt is a matter of how much the target reader knows beforehand. Secondly, as for the complex sentence structures of this highly academic text, the extensive, highly hypotactic sentences were extracted and broken down into shorter sentences while keeping the author’s message intact. In this way, the readability was increased and hence the text was adapted for a wider target audience. Moreover, the fact that readability increased was proven with the aid of LIX, a means of measuring the degree of difficulty of a specific text. Finally, it has been determined in this study that, although this particular text is still highly academic, breaking down overly long sentences generally helps to increase readability without compromising the author’s intended message.
45
Groefsema, Marjolein. "Processing for relevance : a pragmatically based account of how we process natural language." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317957/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents an account of some of the mental mechanisms and processes that take the addressee from a linguistic input to the interpretation of that input. Because on-line interpretation involves our knowledge of language, the relation between input processing and grammar is evaluated. The full interpretation of a linguistic input also involves pragmatic, i.e. central cognitive processes, but these processes are the least well understood within psycholinguistics. Relevance theory (Sperber & Wilson, 1986) gives us a way of making our understanding of these processes more explicit. However, Relevance theory claims turn out to be incompatible with psycholinguistic models which postulate an autonomous syntactic parser, such as the 'Garden-path' model. A review of the experimental literature reveals that the findings claimed to support the 'Garden-path' model do not in fact support it. Likewise, the principle of Lexical Preference, proposed to account for how verb subcategorization frames are accessed, turns out not to be supported by the experimental evidence. Full interpretation involves computing a conceptual representation, and an account is given of what constitutes conceptual structure. This leads to the proposal that verbs are represented as structured concepts. This view of verb representation together with Relevance theory can account for when arguments of verbs can be left implicit. Finally, an account is given of how the addressee computes the propositional form communicated by an utterance, by building hypotheses about the conceptual structure of the proposition on-line. These hypotheses are based on structural information stored under the concepts referred to by the utterance. This proposal can account for psycholinguistic research findings, with pragmatics playing an integral role in the explanations: it is no longer grafted onto the model as a psycholinguistic afterthought.
46
Hwang, Jung-Taik. "A fragmentation technique for parsing complex sentences for machine translation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10204.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-111).<br>by Jung-Taik Hwang.<br>M.Eng.
47
Ono, Mieko. "From sentence to discourse : integrated explanations for certain linguistic phenomena in Japanese." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31077.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines those aspects of language in which syntax and extra-syntactic factors interface.
There are three major approaches to discourse study (interpretation of a sentence in discourse):
i) Discourse Study without Syntax: Any linguistic phenomena can be explained through discourse; syntax is dissolved into discourse study.
ii) Discourse Study Interacting with Syntax: Syntactic rules and discourse functions interact or intermingle with each other.
iii) Modular Approach to Discourse Study: Syntax is autonomous,
but can feed information into other extra-syntactic components to obtain the final interpretation of a sentence in context.
Approach (iii) is adopted here, where a "Government and Binding" (Chomsky (1981)) type of generative grammar is assumed as the syntactic framework.
Four linguistic phenomena in Japanese are chosen for case studies of the mode of interaction between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
Chapter 2 examines the Japanese reflexive zibun. The co-reference problem is solved through syntactic rules for the anaphoric use and discourse rules for the referential use.
Chapter 3 examines demonstratives. Since they are originally used as deixis, the problem is mainly discussed in semantic and discourse arenas. The comparison between pronoun and demonstrative is also discussed. Both Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 deal with the problem of coreference, which is one disambiguation mechanism in the comprehension of discourse.
Chapter 4 examines quantifier interpretation. This problem involves another type of disambiguation mechanism. The scope interpretation being represented in LF, why a certain reading is obtained in the actual discourse environment is explained from the viewpoint of the human attention system (conscious and unconscious).
Chapter 5 examines the particle wa, which is most commonly considered a topic marker or an old information marker. Wa marks a certain semantic structure in syntactic representation and such a wa-sentence has an important function in discourse organization. The nature of the contrastiveness associated with a wa sentence is explained in this light.
In this modular type of approach, the phenomena which were formerly explained by fairly complex sets of rules have become more transparent, and some seemingly conflicting analyses done in the past
are now considered as analyses of different aspects of a single phenomenon.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Asian Studies, Department of<br>Graduate
48
Fulda, Nancy Ellen. "Semantically Aligned Sentence-Level Embeddings for Agent Autonomy and Natural Language Understanding." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7550.
Full textAbstract:
Many applications of neural linguistic models rely on their use as pre-trained features for downstream tasks such as dialog modeling, machine translation, and question answering. This work presents an alternate paradigm: Rather than treating linguistic embeddings as input features, we treat them as common sense knowledge repositories that can be queried using simple mathematical operations within the embedding space, without the need for additional training. Because current state-of-the-art embedding models were not optimized for this purpose, this work presents a novel embedding model designed and trained specifically for the purpose of "reasoning in the linguistic domain".Our model jointly represents single words, multi-word phrases, and complex sentences in a unified embedding space. To facilitate common-sense reasoning beyond straightforward semantic associations, the embeddings produced by our model exhibit carefully curated properties including analogical coherence and polarity displacement. In other words, rather than training the model on a smorgaspord of tasks and hoping that the resulting embeddings will serve our purposes, we have instead crafted training tasks and placed constraints on the system that are explicitly designed to induce the properties we seek. The resulting embeddings perform competitively on the SemEval 2013 benchmark and outperform state-of- the-art models on two key semantic discernment tasks introduced in Chapter 8.The ultimate goal of this research is to empower agents to reason about low level behaviors in order to fulfill abstract natural language instructions in an autonomous fashion. An agent equipped with an embedding space of sucient caliber could potentially reason about new situations based on their similarity to past experience, facilitating knowledge transfer and one-shot learning. As our embedding model continues to improve, we hope to see these and other abilities become a reality.
49
Kaldenberg, Erica Rochelle. "Efficacy of a sentence writing strategy for postsecondary students with special needs." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1654.
Full textAbstract:
Students with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) struggle with writing. Writing is an important skill for everyday life; therefore, it is essential that students with ID receive effective writing instruction. Explicit writing instruction adhering to the Strategic Instruction Model (SIM) has shown to be an effective writing strategy for postsecondary students with ID. However, the impact of simple sentence writing instruction has not been studied for this population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of part I of the Proficiency in Sentence Writing Strategy (Sheldon & Schumaker, 1999). Results indicate that students were able to learn and apply the vocabulary concepts needed to use the strategy (ES = 0.808), but that the simple sentence writing intervention had no effect on students overall writing quality.
50
Alvarez, Mouravskaia Kevin. "Metaphor identification for Spanish sentences using recurrent neural networks." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/16531.
Full textAbstract:
Metaphors are an important literary figure that is
found in books or and daily use. Nowadays it is an essential task
for Natural Language Processing (NLP), but the dependence of
the context and the lack corpus in other languages make it a
bottleneck for some tasks such as translation or interpretation of
texts. We present a classification model using recurrent neural
networks for metaphor identification in Spanish sentences. We
tested our model and his variants on a new corpus in Spanish and
compared it with the current baseline using an English corpus.
Our best model reports an F-score of 52.5% for Spanish and
60.4% for English.<br>Trabajo académico