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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sentences'
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Lai, Siu-ming, and 黎少銘. "A study of compound sentences, complex sentences and sentence groups of modern Chinese language =." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44570028.
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Seal, Amy. "Scoring sentences developmentally : an analog of developmental sentence scoring /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access:, 2001. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd12.pdf.
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Seal, Amy. "Scoring Sentences Developmentally: An Analog of Developmental Sentence Scoring." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1141.
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A variety of tools have been developed to assist in the quantification and analysis of naturalistic language samples. In recent years, computer technology has been employed in language sample analysis. This study compares a new automated index, Scoring Sentences Developmentally (SSD), to two existing measures. Eighty samples from three corpora were manually analyzed using DSS and MLU and the processed by the automated software. Results show all three indices to be highly correlated, with correlations ranging from .62 to .98. The high correlations among scores support further investigation of the psychometric characteristics of the SSD software to determine its clinical validity and reliability. Results of this study suggest that SSD has the potential to compliment other analysis procedures in assessing the language development of young children.
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Robb, Simon. "Fictocritical sentences." 2001, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr631.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-168). CD-ROMs comprise: Appendix A. Family values: fictocritical sentences -- appendix C. Reforming the boy: fictocritical sentences Primarily enacts a fictocritical mapping of local cultural events essentially concerned with crime and trauma in Adelaide. The fictocritical treatment of these events simulates their unresolved or traumatised condition. A secondary concern is the relationship between electronic writing (hypertext) and fictocriticism.
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Thesen, Jo-Ann. "Between sentences." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1021215.
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My stories explore different forms, including flash fiction. Some use the fairy tale form to combine fiction and non-fiction in order to reach the essence of the story. In this I am influenced by Kate Bernheimer, who speaks of the “flatness, abstraction, intuitive logic and normalized magic” of traditional fairy tales. A number of stories are set in the places I worked as a newspaper reporter. Here I use my old press reports as starting points for the real or imagined story behind the news – often involving miscommunication, dominance, exploitation, the tension between isolation and belonging, and the nuances of family relationships.
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Souldatos, Ioannis Athanasios. "Infinitary logic, cardinals characterizable by Scott Sentences, and Independent sets of sentences." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1581476171&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Bassaganyas-Bars, Toni. "Have- sentences in discourse." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462970.
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Aquesta tesi investiga la interpretació de les frases amb el verb have en anglès. Aquest verb ha generat una gran quantitat de literatura en tots els àmbits de la lingüística, sense que s'hagi arribat a cap consens sobre com cal analitzar-lo. Dos dels motius que expliquen aquesta situació són la dificultat per determinar quin significat aporta have en tots els seus usos, i la restricció de definitud que presenta quan el seu objecte conté un nom relacional. En aquesta tesi analitzo com s'han tractat aquests dos problemes en la literatura semàntica, i proposo una nova anàlisi que qüestiona alguns supòsits de què parteix aquesta literatura: la visió transitiva dels noms relacionals, la naturalesa i l'abast de l'efecte de definitud, i una oposició simple entre sintagmes nominals indefinits i definits/quantificacionals. Així mateix, apunto una possible via per integrar en aquesta anàlisi alguns dels usos funcionals de have.This dissertation looks into the interpretation of have-sentences in English. The verb have has given rise to a great amount of literature in all the subfields of linguistics; no consensus, however, has emerged on how it should be analyzed. Two of the reasons explaining this situation are the difficulty of determining what meaning have contributes to a sentence across its uses, and the definiteness effect it shows when its object contains a relational noun. In this thesis I analyze how these two problems have been tackled in the semantic literature, and I propose a new analysis that calls into question some of the assumptions this literature is built on: the transitive view of relational nouns, the nature and the scope of the definiteness effect, and a simple opposition between `weak' and `strong' NPs. Furthermore, I point at a possible way to integrate some of the functional uses of have into this analysis.
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Féry, Caroline, and Heiner Drenhaus. "Single prosodic phrase sentences." Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1937/.
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A series of production and perception experiments investigating the prosody and well-formedness of special sentences, called Wide Focus Partial Fronting (WFPF), which consist of only one prosodic phrase and a unique initial accented argument, are reported on here. The results help us to decide between different
models of German prosody. The absence of pitch height difference on the accent of the sentence speaks in favor of a relative model of prosody, in which accents are scaled relative to each other, and against models in which pitch accents are scaled in an absolute way. The results also speak for a model in which syntax, but not information structure, influences the prosodic phrasing. Finally, perception experiments show that the prosodic structure of sentences with a marked word order needs to be presented for grammaticality judgments. Presentation of written material only is not enough, and falsifies the results.
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Swampillai, Kumutha. "Information extraction across sentences." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.575468.
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Most relation extraction systems identify relations by searching within- sentences (within-sentence relations). Such an approach excludes finding any relations that cross sentence boundaries (cross-sentence relations). This thesis quantifies the cross-sentence relations in two major information ex- traction corpora: ACE03 (9.4%) and MUC6 (27.4%), revealing the extent of this limitation. In response. a composite kernel approach to cross-sentence relation extraction is proposed which models relations using parse tree and fiat surface features. Support vector machine classifiers are trained using cross-sentential relations from the !vIUC6 corpus to determine the effective- ness of this approach. It was shown .that composite kernels are able to extract cross-sentential relations with f-measure scores of 0.512, 0.116 and 0.633 for PerOrg. PerPost and PostOrg models. respectively. Moreover. combining within-sentence and cross-sentence extraction models increases the number of relations correctly identified by 24% over within-sentence relation extraction alone.
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Bousbouras, Spiros. "Finite spectra of sentences." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435789.
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Narayan, Shashi. "Generating and simplifying sentences." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0166/document.
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Selon la représentation d’entrée, cette thèse étudie ces deux types : la génération de texte à partir de représentation de sens et à partir de texte. En la première partie (Génération des phrases), nous étudions comment effectuer la réalisation de surface symbolique à l’aide d’une grammaire robuste et efficace. Cette approche s’appuie sur une grammaire FB-LTAG et prend en entrée des arbres de dépendance peu profondes. La structure d’entrée est utilisée pour filtrer l’espace de recherche initial à l’aide d’un concept de filtrage local par polarité afin de paralléliser les processus. Afin nous proposons deux algorithmes de fouille d’erreur: le premier, un algorithme qui exploite les arbres de dépendance plutôt que des données séquentielles et le second, un algorithme qui structure la sortie de la fouille d’erreur au sein d’un arbre afin de représenter les erreurs de façon plus pertinente. Nous montrons que nos réalisateurs combinés à ces algorithmes de fouille d’erreur améliorent leur couverture significativement. En la seconde partie (Simplification des phrases), nous proposons l’utilisation d’une forme de représentations sémantiques (contre à approches basées la syntaxe ou SMT) afin d’améliorer la tâche de simplification de phrase. Nous utilisons les structures de représentation du discours pour la représentation sémantique profonde. Nous proposons alors deux méthodes de simplification de phrase: une première approche supervisée hybride qui combine une sémantique profonde à de la traduction automatique, et une seconde approche non-supervisée qui s’appuie sur un corpus comparable de WikipediaDepending on the input representation, this dissertation investigates issues from two classes: meaning representation (MR) to text and text-to-text generation. In the first class (MR-to-text generation, "Generating Sentences"), we investigate how to make symbolic grammar based surface realisation robust and efficient. We propose an efficient approach to surface realisation using a FB-LTAG and taking as input shallow dependency trees. Our algorithm combines techniques and ideas from the head-driven and lexicalist approaches. In addition, the input structure is used to filter the initial search space using a concept called local polarity filtering; and to parallelise processes. To further improve our robustness, we propose two error mining algorithms: one, an algorithm for mining dependency trees rather than sequential data and two, an algorithm that structures the output of error mining into a tree to represent them in a more meaningful way. We show that our realisers together with these error mining algorithms improves on both efficiency and coverage by a wide margin. In the second class (text-to-text generation, "Simplifying Sentences"), we argue for using deep semantic representations (compared to syntax or SMT based approaches) to improve the sentence simplification task. We use the Discourse Representation Structures for the deep semantic representation of the input. We propose two methods: a supervised approach (with state-of-the-art results) to hybrid simplification using deep semantics and SMT, and an unsupervised approach (with competitive results to the state-of-the-art systems) to simplification using the comparable Wikipedia corpus
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Narayan, Shashi. "Generating and simplifying sentences." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0166.
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Selon la représentation d’entrée, cette thèse étudie ces deux types : la génération de texte à partir de représentation de sens et à partir de texte. En la première partie (Génération des phrases), nous étudions comment effectuer la réalisation de surface symbolique à l’aide d’une grammaire robuste et efficace. Cette approche s’appuie sur une grammaire FB-LTAG et prend en entrée des arbres de dépendance peu profondes. La structure d’entrée est utilisée pour filtrer l’espace de recherche initial à l’aide d’un concept de filtrage local par polarité afin de paralléliser les processus. Afin nous proposons deux algorithmes de fouille d’erreur: le premier, un algorithme qui exploite les arbres de dépendance plutôt que des données séquentielles et le second, un algorithme qui structure la sortie de la fouille d’erreur au sein d’un arbre afin de représenter les erreurs de façon plus pertinente. Nous montrons que nos réalisateurs combinés à ces algorithmes de fouille d’erreur améliorent leur couverture significativement. En la seconde partie (Simplification des phrases), nous proposons l’utilisation d’une forme de représentations sémantiques (contre à approches basées la syntaxe ou SMT) afin d’améliorer la tâche de simplification de phrase. Nous utilisons les structures de représentation du discours pour la représentation sémantique profonde. Nous proposons alors deux méthodes de simplification de phrase: une première approche supervisée hybride qui combine une sémantique profonde à de la traduction automatique, et une seconde approche non-supervisée qui s’appuie sur un corpus comparable de WikipediaDepending on the input representation, this dissertation investigates issues from two classes: meaning representation (MR) to text and text-to-text generation. In the first class (MR-to-text generation, "Generating Sentences"), we investigate how to make symbolic grammar based surface realisation robust and efficient. We propose an efficient approach to surface realisation using a FB-LTAG and taking as input shallow dependency trees. Our algorithm combines techniques and ideas from the head-driven and lexicalist approaches. In addition, the input structure is used to filter the initial search space using a concept called local polarity filtering; and to parallelise processes. To further improve our robustness, we propose two error mining algorithms: one, an algorithm for mining dependency trees rather than sequential data and two, an algorithm that structures the output of error mining into a tree to represent them in a more meaningful way. We show that our realisers together with these error mining algorithms improves on both efficiency and coverage by a wide margin. In the second class (text-to-text generation, "Simplifying Sentences"), we argue for using deep semantic representations (compared to syntax or SMT based approaches) to improve the sentence simplification task. We use the Discourse Representation Structures for the deep semantic representation of the input. We propose two methods: a supervised approach (with state-of-the-art results) to hybrid simplification using deep semantics and SMT, and an unsupervised approach (with competitive results to the state-of-the-art systems) to simplification using the comparable Wikipedia corpus
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East, H. "Models and mechanisms of sentence processing : accounting for distance effects in temporarily ambiguous English sentences." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598733.
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I begin by reviewing the sentence processing field and assessing the legacy of generative grammar and its associated view of the mind on proposed mechanisms of language processing. I argue that this legacy prevents many models of processing from being able to account, in principle, for recent findings within the field. A model of processing is proposed which combined insights from Cognitive Grammar and constraint-based parsing, including the principle of parsing as categorisation proposed by Langacker (2000). This model, the categorising, constraint-based parser, is tested alongside parsing models from the literature in the remainder of the thesis. A series of ten experiments is presented which look at the effect of “head distance” on temporarily ambiguous sentences of English. Head distance refers to the distance between the lexical head of an initially ambiguous part of the sentence (“soldier” in the examples below), and the disambiguating region (“reached…”). This distance is greater in (1b) than in (1a). (1a) as the young woman was waking the young and bearded soldier reached for his sword. (1b) as the young woman was waking the soldier who was young and bearded reached for his sword. Distant conditions have been found to be judged less grammatical than Close conditions (Ferreira and Henderson, 1991b). However, until very recently theoretical accounts of reanalysis incorporating this finding had been based on off-line measures rather than real-time processing. Head distance appeared to have no effect on real-time processing and to be limited to one ambiguity type. The categorising, constraint-based parser developed in this thesis provides an explanation for this effect, and predicts the types of environment in which it should occur. Investigation into this effect can also shed further light on the nature of the reanalysis process, providing data to test explanations derived from commitment- and repair-based accounts of reanalysis; and, for activation-based models, to question whether the notion of decay and re-activation is sufficient to account for processing costs. A self-paced reading methodology is used to assess the impact of head distance on reading times for a variety of ambiguity types. Grammatically judgement and comprehension data is also gathered.
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Hartshorne, Joshua. "Pronoun Interpretation in Explanatory Sentences." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10239.
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While the referent of a non-reflexive pronoun clearly depends on context, the nature of these contextual restrictions is controversial. The present study seeks to characterize one representation that guides pronoun resolution. In causal dependant clauses, the preferred referent of a pronoun varies systematically with the verb in the main clause (contrast Sally frightened Mary because she... with Sally feared Mary because she...), a phenomenon known as "implicit causality". A number of researchers have tried to explain and predict such biases with reference to semantic classes of verbs and linguistic structure. However, the classes and representations invoked have been partly ad hoc and fitted to the phenomenon itself. In this dissertation, evidence is presented that an independently-motivated semantic theory accounts for many known and new phenomena in implicit causality. In the first study, it is shown that verbs within syntactically-defined classes show similar implicit causality biases. In the second study, it is shown that information about the participants in an event (such as their relative social status) do not affect pronoun biases, even when they do affect event representations. In the third study, it is shown that two syntactically-defined verb classes show the same pronoun biases in eight different languages. In combination, these results suggest that implicit causality biases derive primarily from the same underlying semantic representations that determine syntactic behavior and not from general, non-linguistic event representations.Psychology
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Scourfield, Jolanda. "Development of an Afrikaans sentence perception test based on the CUNY topic-related sentences – phase 1 : sentence perception in noise." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6584.
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Thesis (MAud)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Speech audiometry for diagnostic purposes is widely used by audiologists around the world, but its application is starting to shift more towards rehabilitative purposes for people with hearing impairment. This has created the need for the development of appropriate test materials, including speech-in-noise tests, in the first language of the person undergoing rehabilitation. This document describes a study entailing the first phase in the development of an Afrikaans sentence perception test in noise based on the City University of New York (CUNY) topic-related sentences (Boothroyd, Hanin & Hnath, 1985). The test is called Sinslyste in Afrikaans vir Volwassenes in Lawaai [Sentence lists in Afrikaans for Adults in Noise] (SAV-L). Twenty-seven sentence lists containing 12 sentences each were compiled and evaluated by eight speakers of Afrikaans for their naturalness before they were recorded together with three-talker babble as masking noise. The recorded material was then presented to six groups of ten participants each (with the exception of nine participants in one of the rounds) and adjusted in intensity to improve inter-list reliability. Two scorers were used at intervals to determine inter-rater reliability. Test conditions were also replicated after an interval of six months or more to establish test-retest reliability. In a last round of testing, the test was administered at the intended presentation level to assess the appropriateness of the chosen level. Through adjustment of list intensities, inter-list reliability was improved to a 13.87% variance between list scores. Test-retest reliability showed a bias with an intra-class correlation agreement of 0.859. This was thought to be due to participants’ improved familiarity with the clinical environment over time, however longer term measures of test-retest reliability remains to be done. Inter-rater reliability was very high with an intra-class agreement of 0.999. The intended test level of 50dBHL with a signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio of +5dB, was found to be an acceptable fixed SNR. The test can be used in its current form for assessment of amplification candidacy as well as monitoring of progress during rehabilitation. Further research is indicated for the establishment of the sensitivity of the test. It is concluded that just as a clinician is expected to select the most suitable diagnostic test based on the patient’s history, signs and symptoms, so should the audiologist be expected to select the most appropriate rehabilitative measure based on the patient’s communication needs and established treatment goals. The SAV-L is a valuable contribution to the pool of speech perception tests available as rehabilitative measures, and is specifically suitable for adults with well-developed spoken language.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Spraakoudiometrie vir diagnostiese doeleindes word algemeen gebruik deur oudioloë regoor die wêreld, maar die toepassing daarvan is besig om te skuif na rehabilitasie van mense met gehoorgestremdheid. Die behoefte vir die ontwikkeling van geskikte toetsmateriaal, insluitend spraak-in-geraastoetse, in die eerste taal van die persoon wat rehabilitasie ondergaan, het dus begin ontwikkel. Hierdie dokument beskryf ‘n studie wat die eerste fase van die ontwikkeling van a Afrikaanse spraakpersepsietoets in geraas behels. Dit is gebaseer op die City University of New York (CUNY) onderwerp-verwante sinne (Boothroyd, Hanin & Hnath, 1985). Die ontwikkelde toets is benoem Sinslyste in Afrikaans vir Volwassenes in Lawaai (SAV-L). Sewe-en-twintig sinslyste met twaalf sinne per lys is saamgestel en geëvalueer deur ag Afrikaans-sprekende persone om hulle natuurlikheid te bepaal voordat dit opgeneem is tesame met drie-spreker babbel as maskeringsgeraas. Die opgeneemde materiaal is aan ses groepe van tien deelnemers elk aangebied (met die uitsondering van slegs nege deelnemers in een van die rondtes) en aangepas in intensiteit om inter-lys betroubaarheid to verbeter. Twee tellers is van tyd tot tyd gebruik om inter-beoordelaar betroubaarheid te bepaal. Toetskondisies was ook ná ‘n periode van ses maande gereplikeer om toets-hertoets betroubaarheid to bepaal. In ‘n laaste rondte van toetsing was die toets geadministreer teen die beoogde toetsvlak om die geskiktheid van hierdie toetsvlak te bepaal. Inter-lys betroubaarheid is verbeter na ‘n 13.87% variase tussen sinslystellings deur die aanpassing van die intensiteite van die lyste. Toets-hertoets betroubaarheid het ‘n voorkeur met ‘n intra-klas korrelasie ooreenstemming van 0.859 getoon. Hierdie voorkeur was vermoedelik weens die deelnemers se toenemende bekendheid met die kliniese omgewing, alhoewel langer termyn metings nog gedoen moet word om hierdie tendens verder te ondersoek. Inter-beoordelaar betroubaarheid was goed met ‘n intra-klas korrelasie van 0.999. Die beoogde toetsvlak van 50dBGP met ‘n sein-tot-ruis ratio van +5dB is as ‘n geskikte ratio bevind. Die huidige vorm van die toets kan gebruik word vir die evaluasie van kandidaatskap van klankversterking sowel as monitering van vordering tydens rehabilitasie. Verdere navorsing is aangedui vir die bepaling van die toets se sensitiwiteit. Daar is afgelei dat net soos daar van ‘n klinikus verwag word om die mees geskikte diagnostiese toets te kies gebaseer op die pasiënt se geskiedenis, tekens en simptome, net so moet daar van die die oudioloog verwag word om die mees geskikte rehabilitasiemeting te selekteer, gebaseer op die pasiënt se kommunikasiebehoeftes en vasgestelde behandelingsdoelwitte. Die SAV-L is ‘n waardevolle hulpmiddel in die versameling spraakpersepsietoetse wat beskikbaar is vir rehabilitasiemetings en is spesifiek geskik vir volwassenes met goed-ontwikkelde gesproke taal.
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Miner-Romanoff, Karen. "Incarcerated adults sentenced in adult criminal court while juveniles: Knowledge, understanding, and perceptions of their sentences." ScholarWorks, 2010. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/794.
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An estimated 200,000 juveniles are tried as adults yearly and receive punitive sentences intended to deter juvenile crime and increase public safety. Few qualitative studies on juveniles sentenced as adults and contradictory results indicate a need for further research. This study used a qualitative, phenomenological interpretive design, with the conceptual frameworks of general and specific deterrence and rational choice theories. In-depth interviews took place with 12 incarcerated adults serving sentences (24--540 months) for juvenile crimes. The research questions explored their knowledge of transfer laws and adult sentencing and perceptions of deterrence from future criminal activity. Coding of transcripts and audio files was distilled into meaning units following the hermeneutical tradition, and triangulation was used to identify overarching themes and patterns. Findings revealed that no participants understood application of transfer to adult court to them, and 10 (83%) revealed ignorance of juvenile transfer laws. Thus, they did not weigh costs or benefits prior to offending (general deterrence) or exercise rational decision making; however, 11 (92%) would have reconsidered offending if they were aware of adult sentences. Half admitted the impacts of incarceration would not deter them from future offending (no specific deterrence), and half believed negative factors would prevent recidivism. Study results can prompt further research in juvenile offenders' knowledge and decisions regarding adult sentencing. Implications for social change include dissemination of findings to deter adolescents from criminal behavior. Findings may also aid policymakers' reevaluation and revision of sentencing policies for juvenile offenders to help prevent juvenile crime and recidivism and increase public safety.
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Ren, Hulin Marvin. "Individual differences in L2 sentence processing : The processing of complex noun phrase/tough movement sentences and parasitic gap/WH-movement sentences by Chinese-speaking learners of English as a L2." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531721.
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Ishihara, Shinichiro. "Intonation of sentences with an NPI." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2449/.
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This paper presents the results of a production experiment on the intonation of sentences containing a negative polarity item (NPI) in Tokyo Japanese. The results show that NPI sentences exhibit a focus intonation: the F₀-peak of the word to which an NPI is attached is raised, while the pitch contour after the NPI-attached word is compressed until the negation. This intonation pattern is parallel to that of wh-question, in which the F₀ of the wh-phrase is raised while the post-wh-contour is compressed until the question particle.
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Patten, Amanda L. "Cleft sentences, construction grammar and grammaticalization." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27175.
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This thesis examines the structure and function of the English it-cleft configuration within the framework of construction grammar. My analysis begins with the claim that it-clefts are a subtype of specificational copular sentence. After identifying problems with previous accounts, I outline my own, original analysis of specificational NP be NP sentences. I argue that specificational meaning involves an asymmetric predication relation and is dependent upon the inherent semantics of definite noun phrases (rather than syntactic movement). I treat nominal predication set theoretically, as a semantic relation between members and sets. I claim that specificational meaning is brought about by a reinterpretation of the class-membership relation involving definite NP predicates, whereby the referent is identified as the unique member of a restricted and existentially presupposed set. As a member of the family of specificational copular sentences, the it-cleft inherits properties from the more basic construction. From this, it follows that it-clefts should also involve a nominal predication relation, containing a definite NP predicate. This leads me to argue in favour of a non-derivational extraposition-from-NP analysis of it-clefts, in which the pronoun it and the cleft clause (analysed here as a restrictive relative) function together as a discontinuous definite description. My analysis improves on similar accounts of this type in two ways. First, since my analysis explains the role that definite descriptions play in the creation of specificational meaning, I am able to explain, rather than simply identify, the numerous similarities between it-clefts and definite noun phrases. Second, my analysis of specificational sentences as involving a nominal predication relation allows for a straightforward account of the relationship between specificational and predicational it-clefts. The thesis also examines the historical development of the it-cleft construction. I show that (a) much of the it-cleft's structure is reminiscent of an earlier stage of the language and (b) the construction has become increasingly schematic and productive over time, sanctioning instances which override inheritance from the more basic specificational schema. In this way, the historical evidence provides an explanation for the it-cleft's idiosyncratic properties. Together, my synchronic and diachronic analyses add up to a maximally explanatory account of the it-cleft construction.
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Choi, Wing-yung, and 蔡穎鏞. "Processing of topicalized sentences in Cantonese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44519382.
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Hiranuma, So. "The syntactic difficulty of Japanese sentences." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268461.
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Woodard, Andrew. "Predication and identity in copular sentences." Thesis, Durham University, 2018. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12890/.
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There are different types of copular sentence. \textit{Cicero is tall} does not mean the same thing as \textit{Cicero is Tully}. The former is typically called a predication and the latter an identity. But where does this difference come from (and the difference between these sentences and \textit{Cicero is a Roman statesman}, \textit{This is Cicero}, and \textit{The culprit was Cicero} for that matter)? This thesis is an attempt to bring the combined forces of modern linguistics and philosophy together to understand how we make meaningfully distinct sentences. It is useful to focus on copular sentences for this task because they are the minimally-sized sentences in many of the world's languages. A debate in linguistics has persisted for some years about the status of sentences like \textit{The culprit was Cicero}, in particular, in terms of whether they should be aligned with predications or identities. The linguistic evidence points in different directions. I think there are conceptual clarifications that could elucidate the terms of this debate. I start by investigating the obvious logical starting point: logic. Can copular sentences really be exhaustively specified as logical predications or identities in the first place? What about syntax? Does it have a problem-free definition of predication that might serve as a way of distinguishing meanings? I answer in the negative in both cases. From there the copula itself is studied, and I argue that it isn't any kind of real lexical verb that can be semantically ambiguous (like the verb \textit{bank} can in \textit{I'm going down a driveway banked by boulders and wildflowers} vs.\ \textit{I banked the cheque then went for lunch}). I then give some examples of the sort of thing linguists have shown copulas actually can do. I argue that distinguishing copular sentence meanings is not something that can be truly \textit{explained} in logical or syntactic terms; the best we can hope for is to \textit{describe} the different uses of the biological capacity for language, to talk of `functions' of copular sentences and their components. I argue for an approach to a full description of copular sentences that is based mainly on use and information structure properties of the flankers of the copula. Different permutations of these give rise to different sentence types, and thus to a more pluralistic copular taxonomy. Syntax has a foundational role, but it does not serve to discriminate copular sentence meanings. Copular sentences are argued to be \textit{uniformly} syntactic predications. Overall, then, I argue that the taxonomy of copular sentences cannot be explained in terms of logical predication or logical identity. Rather, we can describe (not explain) the distinct meaning types of copular sentences in terms of the number of different licit permutations of flanker properties, where these are mainly use and information structure properties.
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Alfraidi, Tareq Rubaye Khalaf. "Conditional sentences in modern written Arabic." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/29279.
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This study is concerned with the semantic and the functional aspects of Arabic conditional sentences. The motivation behind the study is the existing gaps in previous studies. The framework applied in this study is influenced by some Western linguistic analyses which mainly targeted English conditionals. Additionally, based on the findings, some comparisons between Arabic and English are drawn in order to determine the similarities and the differences between the two languages. This study particularly adopts a certain number of parameters; namely: Modality meanings and their temporal interpretations, the relationship between the two clauses, discourse functional roles and the interaction between conditional particles and other conjunctions and particles. Methodologically, the data included in this study is drawn from a range of Modern Written Arabic sources; hence, the results are proved by empirical evidence based on real texts. This research conducts a qualitative and detailed investigation for the actual use of Modern Written Arabic conditionals with relation to the parameters adopted. As a result, a number of classifications have been identified. These are sometimes supplemented with statistical descriptions. Additionally, this study shows how conditional sentences semantically and functionally act in real Modern Written Arabic texts. i.e. how they denote a variety of meanings and perform functional and textual roles. Finally, the broader contribution of this study is that it provides new insights and a deeper understanding of Arabic conditionals.
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Vargas, Danny Suarez. "Detecting contrastive sentences for sentiment analysis." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148304.
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A análise de contradições é uma área relativamente nova, multidisciplinar e complexa que tem por objetivo principal identificar pedaços contraditórios de texto. Ela pode ser abordada a partir das perspectivas de diferentes áreas de pesquisa, tais como processamento de linguagem natural, mineração de opinioes, recuperação de informações e extração de Informações. Este trabalho foca no problema de detectar contradições em textos – mais especificamente, nas contradições que são o resultado da diversidade de sentimentos entre as sentenças de um determinado texto. Ao contrário de outros tipos de contradições, a detecção de contradições baseada em sentimentos pode ser abordada como uma etapa de pós-processamento na tarefa tradicional de análise de sentimentos. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta duas contribuições principais. A primeira é um estudo exploratório da tarefa de classificação, na qual identificamos e usamos diferentes ferramentas e recursos. A segunda contribuição é a adaptação e a extensão de um framework de análise contradição existente, filtrando seus resultados para remover os comentários erroneamente rotulados como contraditórios. O método de filtragem baseia-se em dois algoritmos simples de similaridade entre palavras. Uma avaliação experimental em comentários sobre produtos reais mostrou melhorias proporcionais de até 30 % na acurácia da classificação e 26 % na precisão da detecção de contradições.Contradiction Analysis is a relatively new multidisciplinary and complex area with the main goal of identifying contradictory pieces of text. It can be addressed from the perspectives of different research areas such as Natural Language Processing, Opinion Mining, Information Retrieval, and Information Extraction. This work focuses on the problem of detecting sentiment-based contradictions which occur in the sentences of a given review text. Unlike other types of contradictions, the detection of sentiment-based contradictions can be tackled as a post-processing step in the traditional sentiment analysis task. In this context, we make two main contributions. The first is an exploratory study of the classification task, in which we identify and use different tools and resources. Our second contribution is adapting and extending an existing contradiction analysis framework by filtering its results to remove the reviews that are erroneously labeled as contradictory. The filtering method is based on two simple term similarity algorithms. An experimental evaluation on real product reviews has shown proportional improvements of up to 30% in classification accuracy and 26% in the precision of contradiction detection.
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Preslar, Raymond Mark. "The syntax of Russian impersonal sentences /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7170.
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McAuliffe, Daniel M. "Conformity of sentences conclusion yet conundrum /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Gillen, Kathryn. "The comprehension of doubly quantified sentences." Thesis, Online version, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.306175.
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Carvalho, Janayna Maria da Rocha. "A morfossintaxe do português brasileiro e sua estrutura argumental: uma investigação sobre anticausativas, médias, impessoais e a alternância agentiva." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-26082016-142257/.
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Esta tese estuda quatro construções que tiveram/estão tendo mudanças em sua sintaxe no português brasileiro (PB). São elas: anticausativas, como em (1) O prato (se) quebrou: médias, como em (2) Essa roupa (se) lava fácil, o membro inacusativo da alternância agentiva, (3) Essa roupa lavou (*se) ontem e impessoais, como (4) Nesse lugar (se) vende bota. Afirmo que as mudanças nas estruturas desses eventos possuem uma origem em comum: a perda de SE que nucleia um tipo de projeção Voice específica. Essa projeção de Voice pode ou não projetar um especificador em que um argumento implícito pro é alocado. Quando essa projeção de Voice tem o especificador projetado, origina-se a interpretação de que um humano é responsável pelo evento. Essa é a interpretação em médias e impessoais com SE. Nos casos em que a projeção de Voice não tem o especificador projetado, a leitura que se tem é de um evento espontâneo que aconteceu sem que um Agente o promovesse, como em anticausativas. Em relação a esse argumento implícito em alguns dos eventos tratados, no Capítulo 2, demonstro que uma série de diferenças dos eventos estudados em relação a outras línguas românicas está relacionada ao tipo de argumento implícito projetado em Voice. O argumento implícito em PB é forte, comportando-se como um DP e funcionando como um interventor em função da sua constituição. Em contraste, o argumento implícito em espanhol, por exemplo, é fraco e não é um interventor em relações de Agree de uma sonda com mais de um argumento (nos casos em que essas relações são lícitas). Essa característica é responsável por diferenças significativas entre os eventos com SE do PB e de outras línguas românicas, algumas das quais foram exploradas nesta tese. Um caminho analítico empregado em vários dos capítulos desta tese é cotejo das variantes marcadas e não marcadas dos eventos estudados acima. No Capítulo 3, lido com anticausativas marcadas e suas contrapartes não marcadas e demonstro que nada mudou na estrutura desse evento com a perda de SE. Isso é esperado, já que anticausativas só possuem um argumento e SE tem o único papel de nuclear Voice. No Capítulo 4, estudo médias marcadas e não-marcadas e demonstro que houve uma alteração substancial na sintaxe desses eventos. Médias não-marcadas não possuem nenhum argumento implícito e são inacusativas para todos os testes relevantes. Isso mostra que as médias não-marcadas em PB se distanciam de médias não-marcadas do inglês, por exemplo, que são descritas como sentenças transitivas. Nesse caso, a perda de SE levou à perda de Voice. No Capítulo 5, estudo o membro inacusativo da alternância agentiva, exemplo em (4), e mostro que, apesar de esse tipo de evento não se combinar com SE, o que aponta que não há Voice nucleada por SE nas sentenças que expressam esse tipo de evento, elas são um subproduto da existência de médias inacusativas não-marcadas no PB. Isto é, sentenças como Essa roupa lavou ontem são uma generalização dos contextos em que uma estrutura como Essa roupa lava fácil pode entrar. Nesse sentido, essas sentenças também estão relacionadas com a perda de um tipo de Voice específico no PB, mas de uma forma indireta. Por último, no Capítulo 6, estudo sentenças impessoais e mostro que a variante não-marcada é talvez um dos eventos estudados nesta tese em que mais houve mudanças, porque essas sentenças sinalizam também uma mudança em TP. Ao contrário de médias e o membro inacusativo da alternância agentiva, todavia, sentenças impessoais necessitam de um argumento externo. Em sentenças como Nesse lugar (se) vende bota, o locativo é o especificador de Voice. Esse elemento é usado nesse tipo de sentença locativa justamente porque locativos geram leituras existenciais. Em suma, este estudo descreve uma série de mudanças em eventos do PB que acontecem, em última análise, em virtude da perda de morfologia nessa língua. O estudo contribui, assim, para dois debates maiores: i) de que forma mudanças de parâmetro podem afetar os eventos da gramática; ii) se eventos são melhor descritos por abordagens lexicais ou sintáticas. Os resultados aqui reportados mostram que mudanças de parâmetros podem afetar eventos, embora não essa não seja uma característica definidora do parâmetro pro-drop, por exemplo. Além disso, os dados do PB mostram que eventos concebidos como fruto de alternâncias lexicais em muitas abordagens atuais, como anticausativas e médias, mudam de acordo com tendências sintáticas da língua e são melhor tratadas em abordagens sintáticas em virtude disso.In this thesis, I study four constructions that have changed in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), namely anticausatives, as in (1) The plate (se) broke; middles, as in (2) These clothes (se) wash easily; the unaccusative member of the agentive alternation, (3) This cloth (*se) washed yesterday and impersonals, as in (4) In this place (se) sell boots. I argue that all these changes are related to the loss of a Voice projection whose nucleus is the clitic SE. The said projection can or cannot project a specifier, in which pro is merged. When pro is present, the interpretation of an entity responsible for the event originates. This is found in middles and impersonal sentences with SE. As anticausatives are spontaneous events, in this particular case, this type of Voice does not project a specifier. In respect to the implicit argument in some of these events, in Chapter 2, I show that several contrasts among these events in Romance languages can be accounted for if there are different types of implicit arguments. Whereas the implicit argument in BP is strong, i.e. it behaves as a regular DP and intervenes in Agree relations, in Spanish it is a weak implicit argument and does not intervene when the probe enters in a relationship with more than one goal. These constituency differences are responsible for the differences between events with SE in BP and other languages, some of them are treated in this thesis. Throughout the analysis, I compare the SE-variant with its alternative realization without the clitic. In Chapter 3, I deal with marked anticausatives and their unmarked counterparts. I claim that nothing really changed in this case despite the loss of SE. This is expected, since Voiced anticausatives do not project an implicit argument. In Chapter 4, I deal with marked and unmarked middles, showing a substantial change in their structure. There is no implicit argument in unmarked middles and they behave as generic unaccusative for all relevant tests. This shows that unmarked middles in BP differ from English middles, which are normally analyzed as transitive or unergatives. In this case, the loss of SE led to the loss of Voice. In Chapter 5, I study the unaccusative member of the agentive alternation, exemplified by (3). I argue that, although SE is not licensed in this type of event, which shows that there is no Voice in it, they are a byproduct of unmarked middles in BP. In other words, sentences like This cloth washed yesterday (lit.) are a generalization over the contexts in which This cloth washes easily is licensed. For this reason, these sentences are also related to the loss of a specific type of Voice in BP, albeit in an indirect way. Finally, in Chapter 6, I study impersonal sentences. The unmarked variant of this type of event is perhaps the most affected one, since the changes do not affect only Voice, but also T. Unlike middles and the unaccusative member of the agentive alternation, however, impersonal sentences need an external argument. In sentences such as (4), the locative is the specifier of Voice. This element is used because locatives generate existential readings. To sum up, this study describes a series of changes in BP events that happened ultimately due to the loss of morphology in this language. This study contributes to two major debates: i) in which way changes of parameter can affect events; ii) if events are better described by lexical or syntactic approaches. The results reported in this thesis indicate that parametrical changes can affect events, even though this is not a defining property of the pro-drop parameter. In respect to (ii), BP data shows that events traditionally treated by lexical approaches, as anticausatives and middles, are tied in with general morphossyntactic changes in the language and are thus better explained by syntactic approaches.
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Green, Matthew James. "On repairing sentences : an experimental and computational analysis of recovery from unexpected syntactic disambiguation in sentence parsing." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14761.
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This thesis contends that the human parser has a repair mechanism. It is further contended that the human parser uses this mechanism to alter previously built structure in the case of unexpected disambiguation of temporary syntactic ambiguity. This position stands in opposition to the claim that unexpected disambiguation of temporary syntactic ambiguity is accomplished by the usual first pass parsing routines, a claim that arises from the relatively extraordinary capabilities of computational parsers, capabilities which have recently been extended by hypothesis to be available to the human sentence processing mechanism. The thesis argues that, while these capabilities have been demonstrated in computational parsers, the human parser is best explained in the terms of a repair based framework, and that this argument is demonstrated by examining eye movement behaviour in reading. In support of the thesis, evidence is provided from a set of eye tracking studies of reading. It is argued that these studies show that eye movement behaviours at disambiguation include purposeful visual search for linguistically relevant material, and that the form and structure of these searches vary reliably according to the nature of the repairs that the sentences necessitate.
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Ido, Shinji Ido. "Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/841.
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This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili cümleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik cümleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.
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Ido, Shinji Ido. "Towards an Alternative Description of Incomplete Sentences in Agglutinative Languages." University of Sydney. European, Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Studies, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/841.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili c�mleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik c�mleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.
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Baima, John K. "Making valid conclusions from Greek conditional sentences." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1986. http://www.tren.com.
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England, Marion. "The comprehension of sentences containing temporal connectives." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6601/.
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This thesis brings together ideas from psychology (particularly the work of Sever and Townsend 1979) and from linguistics (particularly the work of Partee, 1983 and Moens and Steedman 1986) about the nature of temporal representation, especially with regard to the effect of different temporal connectives on language processing. Experiments in the second chapter looked at memory for temporal information and order and results indicated that information about temporal order is less well remembered that information about spatial order. The third chapter examines the role of before as introducing sentences that can be either factive or non-facrive and concluded mat there is no clear divide between these two types of sentence, the difference depends on knowledge of regularities in the world, and it is only with clearly non-factive before sentences that readers have definite expectations . about factivity. This theme is continued in the fourth chapter which looks at SALIENCE, by examining continuations from sentences with temporal connectives and notes that a tendency to continue text from the main clause is modified by an effect of continuing from the las: occurring event, irrespective of order in the text. The fifth chapter examines the effect of context for sentence processing and concludes that context consistent with the main clause of a sentence is preferred. It also shows that similar processes are involved in building up a model containing temporal information to those involved in building a model of a spatial array. The last experiment demonstrates that lack of a clear temporal referent disrupts language processing in the same way as lack of a clear antecedent for a pronoun does. The results are discussed in terms of a possible model for representation which would include events being represented in a form similar to a "nucleus".
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Zettlemoyer, Luke S. (Luke Sean) 1978. "Learning to map sentences to logical form." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54648.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-111).
One of the classical goals of research in artificial intelligence is to construct systems that automatically recover the meaning of natural language text. Machine learning methods hold significant potential for addressing many of the challenges involved with these systems. This thesis presents new techniques for learning to map sentences to logical form - lambda-calculus representations of their meanings. We first describe an approach to the context-independent learning problem, where sentences are analyzed in isolation. We describe a learning algorithm that takes as input a training set of sentences labeled with expressions in the lambda calculus. The algorithm induces a Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) for the problem, along with a log-linear model that represents a distribution over syntactic and semantic analyses conditioned on the input sentence. Next, we present an extension that addresses challenges that arise when learning to analyze spontaneous, unedited natural language input, as is commonly seen in natural language interface applications. A key idea is to introduce non-standard CCG combinators that relax certain parts of the grammar - for example allowing flexible word order, or insertion of lexical items - with learned costs. We also present a new, online algorithm for inducing a weighted CCG. Finally, we describe how to extend this learning approach to the context-dependent analysis setting, where the meaning of a sentence can depend on the context in which it appears. The training examples are sequences of sentences annotated with lambda-calculus meaning representations.
(cont.) We develop an algorithm that maintains explicit, lambda-calculus representations of discourse entities and uses a context-dependent analysis pipeline to recover logical forms. The method uses a hidden-variable variant of the perception algorithm to learn a linear model used to select the best analysis. Experiments demonstrate that the learning techniques we develop induce accurate models for semantic analysis while requiring less data annotate effort than previous approaches.
by Luke S. Zettlemoyer.
Ph.D.
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Kassim, Magdy, and Faïza Indja-Kassim. "L'annulation des sentences arbitrales internes et internationales." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010131.
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He, Tiantian. "Specificity Prediction for Sentences in Press Releases." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413515.
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Specificity is an important factor to text analysis. While much research on sentence specificity experiments upon news, very little is known about press releases. Our study is devoted to specificity in press releases, which are journalistic documents that companies share with the press and other media outlets. In this research, we analyze press releases about digital transformation written by pump companies, and develop tools for automatic measurement of sentence specificity. The goal of the research is to 1) explore the effects of data combination, 2) analyze features for specificity prediction, and 3) compare the effectiveness of classification and probability estimation. Through our experiment on various combinations of training data, we find that adding news data to the model effectively improves probability estimation, but the effects on classification are not noticeable. In terms of features, we find that the sentence length plays an essential role in specificity prediction. We remove twelve insignificant features, and this modification results in a model running faster as well as achieving comparable scores. We also find that both classification and probability estimation have drawbacks. With regard to probability estimation, models can score well by only making predictions around the threshold. Binary classification depends on the threshold, and threshold setting requires consideration. Besides, classification scores cannot sift out models that make unreliable judgement about high and low specificity sentences.
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Diaz, Alex, and Daniel Peng. "Using Word Embedding to Generate Cloze Sentences." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280111.
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Creating cloze sentences—contextual fill-in-the-blanks questions—can be time consuming and challenging. While research has been done on automatic question generation, a problem within this area is the high complexity of processing text and constructing relevant questions. word2vec is a new word embedding toolkit, which allows for vectorisation of words. For instance, by creating a vector space from a paragraph, distances between words may be found. This report investigates the use of word2vec in cloze sentence generation by constructing a bare-bones program and comparing the results to MEK questions of the SweSAT. Of 20 survey respondents, 39.6% identified computer generated questions as SweSAT questions. In contrast, 56.8% correctly identified the computer generated questions, and 70% correctly identified the control SweSAT questions. However, due to the low number of candidates partaking in the survey, the results were inconclusive.Att skapa kontextuella meningskompletteringsfrågor kan vara både tidskrävande och utmanande. Medan forskning har gjorts inom automatisk frågegenerering, är ett problem inom detta område den höga komplexiteten av att bearbeta text och konstruera relevanta frågor. word2vec är ett nytt verktyg inom ordinbäddning och kan användas för att vektorisera ord. Genom att skapa ett vektorrum kan, exempelvis, avståndet mellan två ord hittas. Denna uppsats undersöker användningen av word2vec inom generering av kontextuella meningskompletteringsfrågor genom att konstruera ett enkelt program och sedan jämföra resultaten mot MEK-frågor från Högskoleprovet. Av 20 enkätsrespondenter identifierade 39,6 % datorgenererade frågor som högskoleprovsfrågor. I kontrast var det 56,8 % som korrekt identifierade de datorgenererade frågorna, och 70 % som korrekt identifierade kontrollfrågorna från högskoleprovet. På grund av det låga antalet som deltog i studien var resultaten dock oavgörbara.
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Jourdan-Marques, Jérémy. "Le contrôle étatique des sentences arbitrales internationales." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS025S.
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Par un étonnant paradoxe, le contrôle étatique des sentences arbitrales internationales conduit à réintroduire la justice étatique là où les parties avaient voulu l’exclure. Mais ce paradoxe pourrait n’être qu’apparent. Une approche fondée sur la distinction entre les intérêts publics et les intérêts privés ouvre de nouvelles perspectives. L’examen réalisé par le juge étatique l’invite à s’assurer, d’une part, du respect par les arbitres des intérêts privés des parties et, d’autre part, à contrôler la compatibilité de la sentence avec ses intérêts publics. Aussi paraît-il concevable que l’intérêt en cause puisse modifier directement la nature du contrôle exercé. Parallèlement, le juge compétent est tantôt indirectement désigné par les parties, tantôt déterminé par le lieu d’exécution de la sentence. Par conséquent, il est légitime d’assigner aux juges de l’annulation et de l’exequatur une mission distincte, mais complémentaire. Le juge de l’annulation examinerait les intérêts privés et le juge de l’exequatur garantirait la conformité de la sentence aux intérêts publics. En définitive, la distinction des intérêts privés et des intérêts publics pourrait devenir un instrument de redéfinition du contrôle étatique des sentences arbitrales internationales. À la fois plus respectueux de la volonté des parties, plus protecteur des intérêts étatiques et offrant une solution au désordre actuel du contrôle des sentences arbitrales, ce nouveau paradigme concourrait à l’efficacité de l’arbitrageState control of international arbitral awards leads to a clear paradox, as it involves State court intervention to a procedure where the parties intended to exclude it. However, this paradox might only be a mirage. An approach based on the distinction between public interests and private interests opens up new perspectives. The review by the national judge invites him, on the one hand, to ensure the arbitrators’ compliance with the private interests of the parties, and, on the other hand, to control the compatibility of the award with public interests. Also, it seems conceivable that the interest in question could directly influence the nature of such control. At the same time, the competent judge is sometimes indirectly appointed by the parties, and sometimes determined by the place of enforcement of the award. It is therefore legitimate to give a separate, yet complementary, role to the annulment judge and to the enforcement judge. The annulment judge would consider the private interests whereas the enforcement judge would ensure the award's compliance with the public interests. Ultimately, the distinction between private interests and public interests could constitute the basis of redefining State control over international arbitral awards. More respectful of the will of the parties, more protective of State interests, this new paradigm would contribute to the effectiveness of arbitration
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Jensen, Sara Lyn. "Learning Russian Case Endings Through Model Sentences." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2000.pdf.
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Mathew, Thomas A. "Supervised categorization of habitual versus episodic sentences." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/456291172/viewonline.
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Nandur, Vuday. "Performance of "GALE" using semantically neutral sentences." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000756.
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Tabei, Keiko. "The meaning of passive sentences in Japanese." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/132971.
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It has often been noted that, in Japanese passive sentences, not only
transitive but also intransitive verbs can occur. Since the time
linguists first began to compare Japanese with other languages, they
have tried to analyse the properties of Japanese passives.
The linguists of the last two decades paid attention primarily to the
syntax of Japanese passive sentences and divided them into two groups,
on syntactic grounds, to explain their derivations. However, these
classifications are not adequate when it comes to explaining the
semantic differences between passive sentences, and there remains a
considerable number of exceptions to their definitions.
The purpose of this paper is to bring to light the confusions of the
previous semantic and syntactic explanations and propose new
definitions of the two passive groups. We shall also examine the
meanings of passive sentences in real situations and attempt to
pinpoint the basic purpose behind use of the passive construction in
Japanese.
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Khalak, Osman. "L'élaboration des sentences arbitrales dans l'arbitrage international." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32041.
Full textAbstract:
La question de l'élaboration des sentences arbitrales revêt une très grande importance en matière d'arbitrage interne et international. Car, après avoir rendu la sentence arbitrale en faveur de l'une des parties, il peut arriver que l'adversaire perdant tente d'exercer un recours à l'encontre de la sentence rendue afin d'échapper aux obligations que celle-ci lui impose. C'est pour cela que les opérateurs du commerce international sont toujours soucieux de savoir par qui et selon quelles règles ils seront jugés. Ils se préoccuprent des méthodes suivies par les arbitres internationaux chargés d'élaborer leurs sentences arbitrales. Aussi, ils se demandent si la procédure d'arbitrage en matière internationale requiert-elle les mêmes conditions que celles imposées dans le cadre de l'arbitrage interne? L'arbitre international, qui essaie de trancher le litige qui lui est soumis, doit prendre en compte la multiplicité des destinataires. Sa sentence ne s'adresse pas seulement aux parties, mais elle s'adresse aussi à leurs avocats, à l'institution d'arbitrage ou à la juridiction étatique responsables du contrôle et aux juristes internationaux en général. Donc, la décision arbitrale rendue par l'arbitre doit, pour produire les effets espérés et atteindre son objectif, répondre à des conditions dans sa forme et en son fond de façon à la rendre invulnérable. Dans toute relation commerciale à caractère international se pose, également, la question du choix de la loi applicable au fond du litige, qui, en dehors des cas où les parties peuvent la choisir et l'ont choisie, est désignée par les règles de conflits de lois du juge saisi. La spécificité d'un litige international exige qu'il soit traité de façon indirecte, par le recours à la méthode conflictuelle afin de déterminer le droit applicable. Mais, la pratique arbitrale a révélé l'utilité d'une autre méthode nommée "la voie directe" qui permet aux arbitres internationaux de procéder au choix de la loi applicable sans passer pour autant par l'intermédiaire d'une règle de conflitThe issue of the development of arbitral awards is of great importance in the fields of internal and international arbitration. In fact, when the arbitral award is made in favor of one of the parties, it may happen that the opponent loser try toexercise recourse against this award in order not to comply with the obligations imposed to him. This is the reason why the operators of international trade are always concerned in knowing by whom and according to what rules they will be judged. They are concerned about methods followed by international arbitrators responsible of developing arbitral awards and if the procedure of arbitration in international matters requires the same conditions as those imposed in the framework of internal arbitration. The international arbitrator, trying to resolve the submitted dispute, must take into account the multiplicity of recipients. His arbitral award are meant not only to the parties, but also to their lawyers, institution of arbitration or to the court responsible for the control and international lawyers in general. Therefore, the arbitration award rendered by the arbitrator shall, to produce the expected effects and to reach its objective, respond to the conditions in its merits. Any commercial relationship in an international environment also raises the question of the choise of the applicable law to the substance of the dispute which, outside of the cases where the parties have selected one, is designated by the rules of conflict of laws of the judge. The characteristics of an international dispute, requires that the case is treated in an indirect way, by recourse to the confrontational method to determine the applicable law. But, the practice of international arbitration revealed the usefulness of another method named "the direct route" which allows the international arbitrators to make the choice of the applicable law without going through the intermediary of a conflict rule
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Tiede, Lydia Brashear. "The politics of criminal law reform a comparative analysis of lower court decision-making /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3307373.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed August 13, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Segler, Thomas M. "Investigating the selection of example sentences for unknown target words in ICALL reading texts for L2 German." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1750.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis considers possible criteria for the selection of example sentences for difficult or unknown words in reading texts for students of German as a Second Language (GSL). The examples are intended to be provided within the context of an Intelligent Computer-Aided Language Learning (ICALL) Vocabulary Learning System, where students can choose among several explanation options for difficult words. Some of these options (e.g. glosses) have received a good deal of attention in the ICALL/Second Language (L2) Acquisition literature; in contrast, literature on examples has been the near exclusive province of lexicographers. The selection of examples is explored from an educational, L2 teaching point of view: the thesis is intended as a first exploration of the question of what makes an example helpful to the L2 student from the perspective of L2 teachers. An important motivation for this work is that selecting examples from a dictionary or randomly from a corpus has several drawbacks: first, the number of available dictionary examples is limited; second, the examples fail to take into account the context in which the word was encountered; and third, the rationale and precise principles behind the selection of dictionary examples is usually less than clear. Central to this thesis is the hypothesis that a random selection of example sentences from a suitable corpus can be improved by a guided selection process that takes into account characteristics of helpful examples. This is investigated by an empirical study conducted with teachers of L2 German. The teacher data show that four dimensions are significant criteria amenable to analysis: (a) reduced syntactic complexity, (b) sentence similarity, provision of (c) significant co-occurrences and (d) semantically related words. Models based on these dimensions are developed using logistic regression analysis, and evaluated through two further empirical studies with teachers and students of L2 German. The results of the teacher evaluation are encouraging: for the teacher evaluation, they indicate that, for one of the models, the top-ranked selections perform on the same level as dictionary examples. In addition, the model provides a ranking of potential examples that roughly corresponds to that of experienced teachers of L2 German. The student evaluation confirms and notably improves on the teacher evaluation in that the best-performing model of the teacher evaluation significantly outperforms both random corpus selections and dictionary examples (when a penalty for missing entries is included).
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Wong, Kim-lai Peggy. "Comprehension of bitransitive sentences by Cantonese-speaking children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3620934X.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 1996."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 29, 1996." Also available in print.
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Braun, Felix 1973. "Cultural diversity in international standards for criminal sentences." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32797.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the debate about cultural relativism of human rights in the concrete context of the prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment as applied to criminal sentences. A study of the jurisprudence concerning the prohibition reveals that traditional legal methodology is unable to decide this debate unequivocally. It is argued that both an extreme uniformity in its interpretation as well as a complete lack of common standards are indefensible in the contemporary system of international law. Therefore, any modern interpretation of the prohibition has to strike a balance between these two extremes. Yet, this balance can not be established unilaterally once and for all. It has to be the result of an ongoing universal debate within the preexisting legal framework. Thus, the compromise that is found will shift over time to reflect the evolving consensus of the international community.
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Gervas, Gomez-Navarro Pablo. "Logical considerations in the interpretation of presuppositional sentences." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244767.
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Jaszczolt, Katarzyna. "Belief sentences and the semantics of propositional attitudes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334264.
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Kwiatkowski, Thomas Mieczyslaw. "Probabilistic grammar induction from sentences and structured meanings." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6190.
Full textAbstract:
The meanings of natural language sentences may be represented as compositional logical-forms. Each word or lexicalised multiword-element has an associated logicalform representing its meaning. Full sentential logical-forms are then composed from these word logical-forms via a syntactic parse of the sentence. This thesis develops two computational systems that learn both the word-meanings and parsing model required to map sentences onto logical-forms from an example corpus of (sentence, logical-form) pairs. One of these systems is designed to provide a general purpose method of inducing semantic parsers for multiple languages and logical meaning representations. Semantic parsers map sentences onto logical representations of their meanings and may form an important part of any computational task that needs to interpret the meanings of sentences. The other system is designed to model the way in which a child learns the semantics and syntax of their first language. Here, logical-forms are used to represent the potentially ambiguous context in which childdirected utterances are spoken and a psycholinguistically plausible training algorithm learns a probabilistic grammar that describes the target language. This computational modelling task is important as it can provide evidence for or against competing theories of how children learn their first language. Both of the systems presented here are based upon two working hypotheses. First, that the correct parse of any sentence in any language is contained in a set of possible parses defined in terms of the sentence itself, the sentence’s logical-form and a small set of combinatory rule schemata. The second working hypothesis is that, given a corpus of (sentence, logical-form) pairs that each support a large number of possible parses according to the schemata mentioned above, it is possible to learn a probabilistic parsing model that accurately describes the target language. The algorithm for semantic parser induction learns Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) lexicons and discriminative probabilistic parsing models from corpora of (sentence, logical-form) pairs. This system is shown to achieve at or near state of the art performance across multiple languages, logical meaning representations and domains. As the approach is not tied to any single natural or logical language, this system represents an important step towards widely applicable black-box methods for semantic parser induction. This thesis also develops an efficient representation of the CCG lexicon that separately stores language specific syntactic regularities and domain specific semantic knowledge. This factorised lexical representation improves the performance of CCG based semantic parsers in sparse domains and also provides a potential basis for lexical expansion and domain adaptation for semantic parsers. The algorithm for modelling child language acquisition learns a generative probabilistic model of CCG parses from sentences paired with a context set of potential logical-forms containing one correct entry and a number of distractors. The online learning algorithm used is intended to be psycholinguistically plausible and to assume as little information specific to the task of language learning as is possible. It is shown that this algorithm learns an accurate parsing model despite making very few initial assumptions. It is also shown that the manner in which both word-meanings and syntactic rules are learnt is in accordance with observations of both of these learning tasks in children, supporting a theory of language acquisition that builds upon the two working hypotheses stated above.