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Journal articles on the topic 'Sentences'
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Lewis, Edith P. "A Sentence of Sentences." Image: the Journal of Nursing Scholarship 18, no. 1 (March 1986): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1986.tb00536.x.
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Yin, Wenpeng, Hinrich Schütze, Bing Xiang, and Bowen Zhou. "ABCNN: Attention-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Modeling Sentence Pairs." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 4 (December 2016): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00097.
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How to model a pair of sentences is a critical issue in many NLP tasks such as answer selection (AS), paraphrase identification (PI) and textual entailment (TE). Most prior work (i) deals with one individual task by fine-tuning a specific system; (ii) models each sentence’s representation separately, rarely considering the impact of the other sentence; or (iii) relies fully on manually designed, task-specific linguistic features. This work presents a general Attention Based Convolutional Neural Network (ABCNN) for modeling a pair of sentences. We make three contributions. (i) The ABCNN can be applied to a wide variety of tasks that require modeling of sentence pairs. (ii) We propose three attention schemes that integrate mutual influence between sentences into CNNs; thus, the representation of each sentence takes into consideration its counterpart. These interdependent sentence pair representations are more powerful than isolated sentence representations. (iii) ABCNNs achieve state-of-the-art performance on AS, PI and TE tasks. We release code at: https://github.com/yinwenpeng/Answer_Selection .
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Suweta, I. Made. "Balinese sentences." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S4 (November 1, 2021): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns4.1652.
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The syntactic subsystem discusses the arrangement and arrangement of words into larger units, which are called syntactic units, namely words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and discourses. This study talks about Balinese sentences, especially about single sentences and compound sentences in Balinese. A single sentence is a sentence that has only one pattern (clause), which consists of a subject and a predicate. A compound sentence is a combination of two or more single sentences, so that the new sentence contains two or more clauses.
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Matthews, Nestor, and Folly Folivi. "Omit needless words: Sentence length perception." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 24, 2023): e0282146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282146.
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Short sentences improve readability. Short sentences also promote social justice through accessibility and inclusiveness. Despite this, much remains unknown about sentence length perception—an important factor in producing readable writing. Accordingly, we conducted a psychophysical study using procedures from Signal Detection Theory to examine sentence length perception in naive adults. Participants viewed real-world full-page text samples and judged whether a bolded target sentence contained more or fewer than 17 words. The experiment yielded four findings. First, naïve adults perceived sentence length in real-world text samples quickly (median = 300–400 ms) and precisely (median = ~90% correct). Second, flipping real-world text samples upside-down generated no reaction-time cost and nearly no loss in the precision of sentence length perception. This differs from the large inversion effects that characterize other highly practiced, real-world perceptual tasks involving canonically oriented stimuli, most notably face perception and reading. Third, participants significantly underestimated the length of mirror-reversed sentences—but not upside-down, nor standard sentences. This finding parallels participants’ familiarity with commonly occurring left-justified right-ragged text, and suggests a novel demonstration of left-lateralized anchoring in scene syntax. Fourth, error patterns demonstrated that participants achieved their high speed, high precision sentence-length judgments by heuristically counting text lines, not by explicitly counting words. This suggests practical advice for writing instructors to offer students. When copy editing, students can quickly and precisely identify their long sentences via a line-counting heuristic, e.g., “a 17-word sentence spans about 1.5 text lines”. Students can subsequently improve a long sentence’s readability and inclusiveness by omitting needless words.
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MƏMMƏDOVA, G. T., and S. Ş. XANKİŞİYEVA. "MÜASİR İNGİLİS VƏ AZƏRBAYCAN DİLLƏRİNDƏ VOKATİV CÜMLƏLƏR." Actual Problems of study of humanities 1, no. 2024 (April 15, 2024): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.62021/0026-0028.2024.1.085.
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Vocative Sentences in Modern English and Azerbaijani Languages Summary Sentence-words and vocative sentences are the kinds of sentences which are mostly used both in the English and Azerbaijani languages. A vocative sentence is from Latin word “vocativus”. Such kinds of sentences express appeal, challenge and pampering. A lot of vocative words and sentences are used both in the English and Azerbaijani languages. There are some similiarities and differences between the vocative sentences and direct address, interjection and nominal sentences. This article deals with the allomorphic and izomorphic features between vocative sentences and direct address, interjections and nominal sentences using in both languages. Key words: sentence-words, a vocative sentence, a direct address, interjection, a nominal sentence, appeal
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Sher, G. Y. "Did Tarski commit “Tarski's fallacy”?" Journal of Symbolic Logic 61, no. 2 (June 1996): 653–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275681.
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In his 1936 paper, On the Concept of Logical Consequence, Tarski introduced the celebrated definition of logical consequence: “The sentenceσ follows logically from the sentences of the class Γ if and only if every model of the class Γ is also a model of the sentence σ.” [55, p. 417] This definition, Tarski said, is based on two very basic intuitions, “essential for the proper concept of consequence” [55, p. 415] and reflecting common linguistic usage: “Consider any class Γ of sentences and a sentence which follows from the sentences of this class. From an intuitive standpoint it can never happen that both the class Γ consists only of true sentences and the sentence σ is false. Moreover, … we are concerned here with the concept of logical, i.e., formal, consequence.” [55, p. 414] Tarski believed his definition of logical consequence captured the intuitive notion: “It seems to me that everyone who understands the content of the above definition must admit that it agrees quite well with common usage. … In particular, it can be proved, on the basis of this definition, that every consequence of true sentences must be true.” [55, p. 417] The formality of Tarskian consequences can also be proven. Tarski's definition of logical consequence had a key role in the development of the model-theoretic semantics of modern logic and has stayed at its center ever since.
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Saragih, Dhea, Tiara Indah Sari Simangunsong, Desy Natalia Simanjuntak, Roma Rezeki Nami Saragih, and Kristiani Siagian. "Analysis of Types of English Sentences in English Folklore “Jack and the Beanstalk” from American Literature Website." International Journal Corner of Educational Research 2, no. 2 (September 5, 2023): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54012/ijcer.v2i2.205.
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The purpose of this research is to examine the types of English sentences based on function consisting of declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, exclamatory sentence, and imperative sentence found in the folklore “Jack and The Beanstalk”. The method in this research was descriptive qualitative with research source obtained from the American Literature website. The results of this research showed that in the folklore “Jack and The Beanstalk” there were four types of English sentences based on function. Type of sentence that appeared most frequently in the folklore “Jack and The Beanstalk” was declarative sentences (46 times), followed by the exclamatory sentences (13 times). Meanwhile, the types of sentences that appeared the least were interrogative sentences (2 times) and imperative sentences (2 times). Or in percentage form, as many as 73% of the sentences in the folkore “Jack and The Beanstalk” were declarative sentences, as many as 21% were exclamatory sentences, as many as 3% were an interrogative sentences, and as many as 3% were imperative sentences.
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Tsukagoshi, Hayato, Ryohei Sasano, and Koichi Takeda. "Sentence Embeddings using Definition Sentences." Journal of Natural Language Processing 30, no. 1 (2023): 125–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5715/jnlp.30.125.
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Abdullah, Moch Zawaruddin, and Chastine Fatichah. "Feature-based POS tagging and sentence relevance for news multi-document summarization in Bahasa Indonesia." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i1.3275.
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Sentence extraction in news document summarization determines representative sentences primarily by employing the news feature known as news feature score (NeFS). NeFS can achieve meaningful sentences by analyzing the frequency and similarity of phrases while neglecting grammatical information and sentence relevance to the title. The presence of instructive content is indicated by grammatical information carried by part of speech (POS). POS tagging is the process of giving a meaningful tag to each term based on qualified data and even surrounding words. Sentence relevance to the title is intended to determine the sentence's level of connectivity to the title in terms of both word-based and meaning-based similarity, primarily for news documents in Bahasa Indonesia. In this study, we present an alternative sentence weighting method by incorporating news features, POS tagging, and sentence relevance to the title. Sentence extraction based on news features, POS tagging, and sentence relevance is introduced to extract the representative sentences. The experiment results on the 11 groups of Indonesian news documents are compared with the news features scores with the grammatical information approach method (NeFGIS). The proposed method achieved better results. The increasing f-score rate of ROUGE-1, ROUGE-2, ROUGE-L, and ROUGE-SU4 sequentially are 1.84%, 3.03%, 3.85%, 2.08%.
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Azkiyyah, Hany Nur, and Yessy Purnamasari. "INVESTIGATING TYPES OF SENTENCES ON SHORT STORIES FROM THE STORY WEAVER WEBSITE." Jurnal JOEPALLT (Journal of English Pedagogy, Linguistics, Literature, and Teaching) 11, no. 2 (September 25, 2023): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.35194/jj.v11i2.3627.
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Most English students are still confused about the types of sentences and how to identify them. Also, most English students are not aware of the types of sentences. This study identifies what types of sentences are found in some short stories on the Story Weaver website and what type of sentence is mostly used. The qualitative method is applied, and a simple calculation is used to identify the frequency of each type of sentence. There are 12 stories with different levels based on most read by people. The data taken from the Story Weaver website and divided into four short stories with levels 1, 2, 3, and 4 based on the sorts of sentences: simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound-complex sentence. The data is selected by the most read people for each level. The data referring to sentences were identified and selected based on their types. The sentences were analyzed by their structure and types sentences based on the theory of Loberger and Shoup (2009). The result shows that the stories consist of 563 sentences. There are 374 of simple sentences, 35 compound sentences, 137 complex sentences, and 17 compound-complex sentences. From the result, it can be concluded that the most used type of sentence is simple sentence. The reason underlying the finding is that a simple sentence is suitable for beginners with easy words to help the reader quickly grasp the main point being made. Also, they convey a clear idea concisely and straightforwardly. In addition, simple sentences are commonly used because they are easier to read and understand, particularly for non-native speakers or those with limited language skills.
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Latif, Abdul, Muhammad Afif Amrulloh, Hanik Mahliatussikah, Intan Muflihah, and Yeni Lailatul Wahidah. "Al-Asrâr fî Tikrâr Hiwâr al-Nabi Musa wa al-‘Abd fî Sûrah al-Kahfi: Tahlîl al-Îjâz wa al-Ithnâb." Arabiyat : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab dan Kebahasaaraban 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/a.v9i2.28892.
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The problem in this study it is the reason why Prophet Khidr repeated his words -You will not patient with me - to the prophet Moses, even though the prophet Moses was known as the intelligent prophet. This research uses the theory of ijaz and ithnab (brevity and redundancy) in the science of rhetoric. This theory finds abbreviated word types and extended word types. This research uses a qualitative approach that is descriptive through a literature review. Researcher found there are sixteen ijaz sentences including sentences by removing related sentences, five sentences by removing adjectives, one sentence by removing letters, one sentence by removing dispersed words, one sentence by removing the divine predicate, one sentence miracle of delivering sentences. The four ithnab sentences that the researcher found are as follows. First, the expressive sentences by mentioning special sentences after mentioning general sentences that serve to emphasize specific sentences. Secondly, the redundancy sentence is the appendix by bringing up the second sentence which is similar to the first sentence that intends to emphasize the idea of the sentence. Third, verbosity sentences that use the inclusion allowance that serve to explain the previous sentence and which are not yet clear. Fourth, verbosity and repetition sentences that work to persuade the other person to accept the advice. The reason why ‘Abd’ repeated his words to the prophet Moses was not because Moses was stupid, but because of Prophet Moses' spirit in seeking knowledge and allowing him to continue searching for guidance with the ‘Abd’.Keywords: Advice, Repetition, Spirit.
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "Analysing the Irish Supreme Court judgement of Sweeney v Governor of Loughan House Open Centre and Others in the light of the European Court of Human Rights’ Jurisprudence on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 23, no. 1 (February 18, 2015): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-23012059.
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The majority of Irish nationals transferred from abroad to serve their sentences in Ireland are transferred from the United Kingdom. Likewise, the majority of foreign nationals transferred from Ireland to serve their sentences in their countries of nationality are transferred to the United Kingdom. This means that the United Kingdom is Ireland’s major prisoner receiving and sending country. In July 2014 the Supreme Court of Ireland held that an offender who had been sentenced to 16 years’ imprisonment in the United Kingdom and transferred to serve his sentence in Ireland must be released after serving in Ireland the custodial sentence he would have served had he not been transferred to serve his sentence in Ireland. To reach this conclusion, the Supreme Court referred to the Transfer of Sentenced Persons Act, the Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons Act and to the relevant English law. This article highlights the implications of this judgement for the transfer of offenders between Ireland and the United Kingdom in particular and other countries in general. In order to put the discussion in context, the article first deals with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on the transfer of offenders.
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Chaturvedi, Nikhil, and Jigyasu Dubey. "Contextual Sentence Similarity from News Articles." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology 10, no. 2 (March 14, 2024): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/cseit2390628.
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An important topic in the field of natural language processing is the measurement of sentence similarity. It's important to precisely gauge how similar two sentences are. Existing methods for determining sentence similarity challenge two problems Because sentence level semantics are not explicitly modelled at training, labelled datasets are typically small, making them insufficient for training supervised neural models; and there is a training-test gap for unsupervised language modelling (LM) based models to compute semantic scores between sentences. As a result, this task is performed at a lower level. In this paper, we suggest a novel paradigm to handle these two concerns by robotics method framework. The suggested robotics framework is built on the essential premise that a sentence's meaning is determined by its context and that sentence similarity may be determined by comparing the probabilities of forming two phrases given the same context. In an unsupervised way, the proposed approach can create high-quality, large-scale datasets with semantic similarity scores between two sentences, bridging the train-test gap to a great extent. Extensive testing shows that the proposed framework does better than existing baselines on a wide range of datasets.
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Zultiyanti, Zultiyanti. "KESALAHAN KALIMAT PADA PEMAKAIAN BAHASA PROPOSAL PENELITIAN MAHASISWA PBSI 2019 UNIVERSITAS AHMAD DAHLAN YOGYAKARTA." Jurnal Nusantara Raya 1, no. 2 (September 20, 2022): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/jnr.v1i2.6673.
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Student semester VII of the University PBSI Study Program Ahmad Dahlan class 2015/2016 experienced barriers in writing thesis proposal. A frequent obstacle is the error in the manufacture of sentences. Fenonema is quite interesting that the implementation of this study. The purpose of this study was for mendeskripikan the error in the use of sentences. The research proposal owned 46 student manuscripts belonging to the PBSI Study program in 2019 became a research subject. The research object is a sentence found on student research proposal semester VII Study program 2019. Data collection is carried out in an observation way. The data collected are then analyzed using a method at reference and distribusional method with technique for direct elements. Intra-rater and inter-rater were chosen to examine the validity of the data. The conclusion of the results of the analysis that the error of sentence usage only consists of the subject was only 96 sentences, sentences without the subject of 62 sentences. Mistake sentences without a subject and without predicated as many as 62 sentences. Sentence mistakes without predicated as many as 10 sentences. Meanwhile, errors in the subject use of the subject say in front as many as 16 sentences, the error in the use of the object said in front as many as 19 sentences. At the use of conjunction with a compound sentence, equivalent to conjunction with conjunction, while at the beginning of the sentence of 21 sentences, the use of conjunction and at the beginning of 9 sentences, the use of conjunction with conjunction and at the beginning of the sentence was 4 sentences, and the use of conjunction or at the beginning of the sentence. Furthermore, mistakes are found to use of conjunctions, if they have 13 sentences, conjunctions but 5 sentences, use for as many as 3 sentences, use of conjunctions, the use of conjunction with a number of sentences and use of conjunctions and serve as many as one sentence.
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Freiburger, Tina L., Kareem L. Jordan, and Carly M. Hilinski-Rosick. "A Multivariate Analysis of Incarceration and Sentence Length Decisions for Older Defendants." Criminal Justice Policy Review 30, no. 7 (April 10, 2018): 1064–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403418765911.
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This study examines sentencing decisions for older defendants, and how legal and extralegal variables differently affect older defendants. Using data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing, the results indicate that defendants above the age of 50 are less likely to be sentenced to prison and jail and are more likely to be sentenced to a community sanction. For sentence length, however, those aged 50 and above receive significant longer jail sentences than those aged 18 to 29 and longer prison sentences than both those aged 30 to 49 and 18 to 29. The results also indicate that offense severity and prior record have a more negative effect on older defendants during the incarceration decision. During the sentence length decision, however, the opposite is found for the effect of offense severity. These findings are discussed and are used to make suggestions for future research and policy implications.
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Yibing, Ding, Haji Mohammad Seman, and Yan Mei Suo. "Comparison of Four Types of Interrogative Sentences in Chinese and Arabic Language (A Grammatical Study) Grammar." Al-Dad Journal 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/aldad.vol7no2.4.
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An interrogative sentence is a common sentence used in daily life and communication. The main purpose of an interrogative sentence is to ask questions that the inquirer does not yet know and expects to be answered. There are many types of interrogative sentences in Chinese, mainly categorized into four types, namely general interrogative sentences, special interrogative sentences, selective interrogative sentences, and repeated interrogative sentences. While each type of interrogative sentence has its unique grammatical form and way of answering, there exist similarities among them. Question marks should be added at the end of interrogative sentences, and the tone at the end of the sentence should also go high in pitch. The topic of Arabic and Chinese interrogative sentences has been discussed and studied by many linguistic experts and researchers with many rare research results achieved. Based on previous articles on interrogative sentences, as well as the researchers’ in-depth study of Arabic and Chinese interrogative sentences, but there are very few comparative studies on Chinese and Arabic interrogative sentences. Therefore, to analyze and compare interrogative sentences in these two different languages more comprehensively, researchers will summarize, compare and analyze interrogative sentences in Chinese and Arabic. This paper first adopts a descriptive method to collect information and articles about Chinese and Arabic interrogative sentences, thus laying the quantitative foundation for the research content. The information collected in this article is mainly from grammar textbooks and books written by prominent linguists in Chinese and Arabic, journals published by linguists and researchers, and doctoral and master's theses. The paper then studies various types of interrogative sentences in Chinese and Arabic as the focus, with special attention paid to the similarities and differences presented by the two languages. Keywords: Arabic interrogative sentence, Chinese interrogative sentence, interrogative tool, comparative interrogative sentence, question type.
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Fritsch, Eric J., Tory J. Caeti, and Craig Hemmens. "Spare the Needle but Not the Punishment: The Incarceration of Waived Youth in Texas Prisons." Crime & Delinquency 42, no. 4 (October 1996): 593–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128796042004006.
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The primary purpose of judicial waiver is to impose more severe sanctions on offenders than are available in juvenile court. This article explores two dimensions of sanction severity, sentence length and actual time served, to determine if juveniles waived to adult court do receive more severe sanctions. Data were collected on all youth waived to adult court from 1981-1993 and sentenced to prison (n = 946). Juveniles in this population consistently received longer sentences than are available in juvenile court. When actual time served was taken into consideration, however, these youth rarely served more lengthy sentences than are available in juvenile court, serving an average of only 27% of their original sentence.
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Babashova, Khalida Alabbas gizi. "Inter-phrase valence and text relativity." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 3 (May 2023): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.3-23.011.
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The article examines the formal and semantic relationship of sentences with each other in the structure of the text. Here we consider the concept of inter-sentence valence, that is, the ability of sentences within the text to connect with each other. The semantic completeness of this or that sentence makes the connection of sentences more clear. Between sentences valence is conditioned by the presence of language tools that indicate logical connections between sentences. In the sentence, the word and word combinations that do not belong to the means of communication between sentences, such as elements that require the formation of valence, are interpreted. In the text, the inter-sentence valence of question sentences and meta-sentences is analyzed from a semantic functional point of view. Between sentences, the characteristic features of valence that distinguish it from valence formed at other language levels are determined. Inter-sentence valence has the sign of determining the realizable structural properties of the text. Left-sided and right-sided interjections are described as valence, depending on whether they are in the previous and next text. Close and distant sentences between valence, active and passive sentences between valence, necessary and optional sentences between valence is studied. Inter-sentence valence performs the function of the text from the text, providing the meaning and structural relations of the text.
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Smith, Jake J. "Why Are Federal Meth Sentences Getting Longer?" Federal Sentencing Reporter 34, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2021.34.1.44.
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While sentence lengths for most federal drug trafficking offenses have decreased in recent years, methamphetamine sentences are moving in the opposite direction, lengthening by 12% between FY2015 and FY2019. Using data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission and other sources, I consider several possible reasons for this increase. I conclude that four recent trends have jointly produced longer meth sentences: (1) drug volumes have increased, (2) the criminal history of the average offender has become more extensive, (3) weapon enhancements and charges have become more common, and (4) cases have grown increasingly likely to be sentenced as high-purity “ice” or by “actual” meth content, which carry much more punitive mandatory and guideline minimums than meth mixture. How much of the increase in sentence lengths has been attributable to shifting case characteristics (e.g., growing drug volumes, changing criminal histories, and increased weapons use) versus efforts to charge and pursue offenses that carry greater penalties? I use USSC data to conduct several simulations estimating how sentence lengths would have evolved if all meth cases were sentenced as the same meth type. I predict that the average meth trafficking sentence would have lengthened by 27–33% less, or 3.3–4.0 fewer months, if all cases were sentenced as the same meth type but all other case attributes remained unchanged. The remainder of the growth is attributable to case and offender characteristics. However, this prediction assumes that relief and leniency decisions would not change if statutory and guideline minimums were altered; to allow for this possibility, I run another set of simulations, taking these possible offsetting effects into account. My latter simulations predict that trafficking sentences might have increased 13–16% less than they did in reality, a smaller magnitude than my initial estimates. I briefly consider the underlying reasons for these trends. Some, but not all, of the changing offense characteristics may be linked to the recent shift to Mexican methamphetamine production. The timing of the shift in meth type charged suggests it may largely be the result of a change in Justice Department charging policy enacted in 2017; this shift cannot be attributed to any change in drug purity.
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Toyota, Hiroshi. "The Bizarreness Effect and Individual Differences in Imaging Ability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 2 (April 2002): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.2.533.
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The bizarreness effect refers to the superior performance in recall of bizarre sentences as compared to common sentences. The subjects studied each target word and in Exp. 1 rated its congruity with its sentence frame. In Exp. 2 they rated the vividness of the image for each sentence frame in which it was included. Four types of sentence frames were provided: bizarre image sentences, bizarre nonimage sentences, common image sentences, and common nonimage sentences. Good imagers and poor imagers were assessed on the Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery. Both experiments showed that good imagers recalled target words in bizarre image sentences better than target words in common image sentences A difference between the two sentence types was not observed for poor imagers. The differences between bizarre nonimage sentences and common nonimage sentences were not found for both type of imagers. The results were interpreted as showing that a difference in imaging ability was critical for the occurrence of a bizarreness effect.
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Fitriani, Silpia, and Emidar Emidar. "KETIDAKEFEKTIFAN KALIMAT DALAM TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 2 KOTO XI TARUSAN." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 8, no. 3 (February 19, 2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/108223-019883.
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ABSTRACT This research was conducted to describe the ineffectiveness of sentences in the text of the report on the observation of seventh grade students of State Middle School 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on sentence structure. to describe the ineffectiveness of sentences in the report text of the observation of class VII students of State Middle School 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on word choice. to describe the ineffectiveness of the sentence in the text of the report on the observations of class VII students of SMP Negeri 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on the spelling used (EBI). This type of research is qualitative with descriptive method. The data of this study are the sentences contained in the text of student observation reports. Data were analyzed by steps, namely (1) researchers investigating data sources, (2) investigating effective sentences, (3) analyzing collected data based on indicators of effective sentence assessment, (4) data analysis results examined by triangulation informants, (5 ) draw a conclusion. Based on the sentence obtained from 30 text reports on student observations. The researcher found that 182 sentences contained 115 ineffective sentences and 67 effective sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence caused by the sentence structure of 31 sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence is caused by the choice of 73 sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence caused by 88 sentences of using the EBI spelling. Kata Kunci: Ketidakefektifan Kalimat, Teks Laporan Hasil Observasi
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Hatchard, John. "Delay and the Death Sentence: The Zimbabwean Approach." Journal of African Law 37, no. 2 (1993): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011244.
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In March 1993 it was reported in a national newspaper in Zimbabwe that four men convicted of murder and under sentence of death were to be executed shortly. They were all sentenced between 1987 and 1988 although in all but one case their appeals were not heard and dismissed by the Supreme Court until 1991. The Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (CCJP) obtained a provisional order from the Supreme Court interdicting the respondents from carrying out the sentences, pending a decision as to whether to (i) declare that the delay in carrying out the sentences of death constituted a contravention of section 15(1) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe; and (ii) order that such sentences be permanently stayed. Section 15(1) provides that:
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Stefany, Puronami Sarah, Made Sri Satyawati, and Anak Agung Putu Putra. "Konstruksi Kalimat pada Dialog Film Hafalan Shalat Delisa Karya Tere Liye." Stilistika : Journal of Indonesian Language and Literature 1, no. 1 (October 17, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/stil.2021.v01.i01.p01.
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This research is entitled “Konstruksi Kalimat Pada Dialog Film Hafalan Shalat Delisa Karya Tere Liye”. This study aims to describe (a) the structure of the sentence and (b) what types of sentences are used in the dialogue. The data collection methods and techniques used are the note-taking method, data analysis methods and techniques using the agih method with basic techniques for direct elements, while the methods and techniques for presenting the results of data analysis are formal methods with descriptive techniques. The results of this study include the structure of sentences in the dialogue of the film Hafalan Shalat Delisa which is divided into two groups, namely the structure of single sentences and compound sentences. The single sentence structure consists of eight sentence patterns, namely (1) SP, (2) SPO, (3) SPK, (4) SP-Pel, (5) SPOK, (6) SPO-Pel, (7) PK, and (8) PO. In compound sentences there are five sentence patterns, namely (1) SP+SP, (2) SP+PO, (3) SP+PK, (4) Konj+SPO+KSP and (5) SPPel+SPO. The types of sentences in the film dialogue Hafalan Shalat Delisa are divided into three types, namely (a) types of sentences based on the number of clauses, namely single sentences, equivalent compound sentences, multilevel compound sentences and mixed compound sentences, (b) types of sentences based on syntactic classification in the form of declarative sentences, imperative sentences, interrogative sentences, and exclamatory sentences, and (c) types of sentences based on the completeness of their elements in the form of major sentences and minor sentences.
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Suhendra, Erwin, Shinta Ayu Pertiwi, and Novian Zaini. "Syntactic Analysis of Sentence Structure in “The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey”." Humanitatis : Journal of Language and Literature 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30812/humanitatis.v8i2.1635.
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Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey” movies also to describe sentence structures through tree-diagram. This study used a mix method research strategy on sentence structure that answers the types of sentences used in stages of plot and tree diagram portrayal in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey movie, aiming at finding the types of sentences in stages of plot and portrayal in tree diagram. Data of this research are qualitative in type and the sentences are taken from The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey movie. The data is obtained through listening and note-taking method. It examines the structure of sentences using a syntactic approach in stages of plot depicted in the tree diagram. Data collected in the movie is then calculated using Bungin’s formula to find out the percentage of each sentence. In this analysis all types of sentence structures are found in the movie were simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey movie has 1298 sentences in the film. The one that dominate the film are simple sentences which amount to 809 or 62% of the total data obtain ed, followed by compound sentences totaling 308 or 24%, then there are complex sentences totaling 125 or 10% and the last are compound-complex sentences amounting to 56 or 4% of the total data. And the tree diagram shows that the sentence has a really various phrases such as noun, verb, preposition, adjective and adverb phrase.
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Putrayasa, Ida Bagus. "Syntactical analysis of essays." International journal of social sciences and humanities 3, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v3n2.307.
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The main purpose of this research is to describe: (1) sentence type; (2) Unity sentence; and (3) sentence structure found in the class VI students elementary school in Buleleng Regency, Bali Province. The data source used to be the subject in this study is a class VI elementary school student in Buleleng Regency, Bali province. Meanwhile, the object is (1) sentence type; (2) unity sentence; and (3) sentence structure found in the class VI students elementary School in Buleleng Regency, Bali Province. The method used in collecting data is a document recording method. Collected data is analyzed with descriptive analysis. The results showed that: (1) The type of sentence found in the class VI elementary school students in Buleleng Regency, Bali Province can be divided according to (a) the contents, there are 219 sentences; (b) The number of the clauses, there are 74 single sentences, 145 compound sentences; (c) The predicate of the establishment, there are 216 verbal sentences and 3 nominal sentences; and (d) the nature of the actor's relationship, there are 201 active sentences and 18 passive sentences.
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Russell, Sarah French. "Second Looks at Sentences under the First Step Act." Federal Sentencing Reporter 32, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2019.32.2.76.
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Under the First Step Act of 2018, federal prisoners may now petition courts directly for reduction of their sentences, and judges may grant such requests if “extraordinary and compelling reasons” support reduction. Judges are also in the process of imposing reduced sentences in thousands of cases where the First Step Act has retroactively reduced statutory penalties. Not only does the First Step Act offer prisoners new opportunities for sentence reduction, but the law also may change how federal judges understand the impact of their sentencing decisions. Before now, in federal cases, judges rarely had the chance to take a second look at the prison sentences they (or their colleagues) imposed. Encounters between judges and the people they sentenced typically occurred only if a person violated the terms of supervised release after leaving prison. Now, judges can reassess sentence length while someone is still in prison and evaluate whether a reduction in the sentence is warranted. This newfound power allows judges to see their sentencing decisions in a new light and may influence how they conceive of the prison time they impose in future cases.
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Wang, Zhongjian, and Ling Wang. "Research of Paraphrasing for Chinese Complex Sentences Based on Templates." Modern Electronic Technology 6, no. 1 (June 23, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/met.v6i1.11421.
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Based on the paraphrasing of Chinese simple sentences, the complex sentence paraphrasing by using templates are studied. Through the classification of complex sentences, syntactic analysis and structural analysis, the proposed methods construct complex sentence paraphrasing templates that the associated words are as the core. The part of speech tagging is used in the calculation of the similarity between the paraphrasing sentences and the paraphrasing template. The joint complex sentence can be divided into parallel relationship, sequence relationship, selection relationship, progressive relationship, and interpretive relationship’s complex sentences. The subordinate complex sentence can be divided into transition relationship, conditional relationship, hypothesis relationship, causal relationship and objective relationship’s complex sentences. Joint complex sentence and subordinate complex sentence are divided to associated words. By using pretreated sentences, the preliminary experiment is carried out to decide the threshold between the paraphrasing sentence and the template. A small scale paraphrase experiment shows the method is availability, acquire the coverage rate of paraphrasing template 40.20% and the paraphrase correct rate 62.61%.
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Mumrikoh, Liana, Eka Agustina, and Hastuti Retno Kuspiyah. "A Syntactic Analysis on Sentences Found in the English Textbook for the Tenth Grade Students Entitled “Bahasa Inggris Kelas X” (2017 revised edition) Published by Ministry of Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia." Channing: Journal of English Language Education and Literature 4, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30599/channing.v4i2.743.
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This study is an analysis of sentence structure by using a syntactic approach that portrayed in the tree diagram. This study focused only on the discussion covering the identification of types of sentence and sentence structure. It was found that there are 191 sentences from the six selected text in the textbook consisting of the simple sentence which has 53 sentences (27,75%), the compound sentence has 79 sentences (41,36%), the complex sentence has 33 sentences (17,27% ) and the compound-complex sentence has 26 sentences (13,61%) from the total number of the data. The finding of the analysis shows that the English textbook has all types of sentences, based on both several clauses and their syntactic properties. A drawing tree diagram is a fundamental skill in the study of syntactic structure; it is a common practice to provide a visual representation of the internal structure of phrase and clause. Tree diagrams are a clear way of representing syntactic structure graphically.
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Manossoh, Jeniver R., Nurmin Samola, and Sanerita T. Olii. "A SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS ON SENTENCE PATTERNS USED IN BARACK OBAMA SPEECH." Journal of English Culture, Language, Literature and Education 10, no. 1 (June 10, 2022): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53682/eclue.v10i1.4172.
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This study focuses on 9 basic sentence patterns that used in Barack Obama speech which he delivered when visited Universitas Indonesia Jakarta. The aim of the study is to find out how many sentence patterns that used in Barack Obama Speech. This study used qualitative research which the researcher analyzed through the script. The results of the study showed that there were 8 sentence patterns in the speech as follows, they were pattern 1 (9 sentences), pattern 2 (2 sentences), pattern 3 (26 sentences), pattern 4 (1 sentence), pattern 6 (20 sentences), pattern 7 (103 sentences), pattern 8 (1 sentence), pattern 9 (2 sentences). Based on the result, it can be concluded that the pattern 7 were most dominant of the other pattern, then there was 1 pattern was not found, pattern 5. In this research there were various kinds of sentences pattern in 1 speech that can be used to help you improve writing skill, for English learners especially for the future researchers
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Rachman, Anita Kurnia. "KETIDAKEFEKTIFAN KALIMAT DALAM ACARA TALK SHOW ROSI EPISODE POLITIK KEBOHONGAN DAN POLITISI SONTOLOYO DI KOMPAS TV." SASTRANESIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32682/sastranesia.v7i3.1275.
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The study entitles Ineffectiveness of Sentences in Rosi’s Talk Show for episode of Lies Politics and Sontoloyo Politician on Kompas TV has two research focuses, the first focus is to discuss ineffective sentence that are limited to the form of unity and efficiency. The second focus is concerning to the causes of the ineffectiveness on sentences which are limited to contaminant factors, pleonasms and cognitive errors. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive method because the researcher thoroughly describes ineffective sentences forms and cause factors on ineffectiveness sentences. The object selected in the study is the Rosi’s Talk Show in Politics of Lies and Sontoloyo Politicians’ Episode on Kompas TV. The researcher takes the research data in ineffective sentences through transcripts of conversations between speakers and host. The result of study shows that in Rosi’s Talk Show in Politics of Lies and Sontoloyo Politicians’ Episode in Kompas TV found ineffective sentences in the form unity and effeciency. Unity is shown by the data with no subject and predicates. Effeciency sentences are indicated by finding data of sentences with double subjects. Based on the cause factors of ineffectiveness sentences, it was found a sentence containing contamination, pleonasms, and cognitive errors. The contamination in the sentence is indicated by the data finding of a sentence that has an irregular and chaotic structure. The pleonasm in a sentence is indicated by the data finding of a sentence with excessive words. The cognitive errors in sentences are indicated by finding data of sentences that do not show a logical meaning relationship.
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Fitri, Rika, and Ellya Ratna. "KARAKTERISTIK KALIMAT DALAM TEKS EKSPOSISI SISWA KELAS X SMA ADABIAH PADANG." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/108279-019883.
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ABSTRACT This article expressed the characteristics of the sentences in the exposition text of X grade students of Adabiah Padang High School. Two purposes of this study, the first one was to describe the sentence structure (subject, predicate, object, and description) contained in the text of exposition written by X grade. The second aim was to describe the type of sentence based on the number of clauses in the sentence (single and compound sentences) contained in the text of exposition of X grade. The type of this research was a qualitative using descriptive methods. This research was conducted at Adabiah Padang High School, especially in the X grade which the total was 124 students. The entry of this study was the writing of exposition text by X grade in terms of sentence characteristics (sentence structure and type of sentence). Data discussed was qualitative. The data analyzed in the form of sentence characteristics (structure and types of sentences) contained in the exposition text of the work of X grade. Source of the data in this research was the text of exposition written by X grade. There were two research findings which the first was the sentence structure that was widely used by X grade was S + P + O pattern, the total was 88 sentences from 152 sentences studied. Second, the type of sentences used by X grade were single sentence types, which the amount was 140 sentences from 152 sentences studied. Kata kunci: Karakteristik, Kalimat, Teks Eksposisi
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Astuti, Diana, and Utami Dewi Pramesti. "KEEFEKTIFAN KALIMAT DALAM TEKS EKSPOSISI SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 1 PADANG PANJANG." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 8, no. 3 (December 23, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/107462-019883.
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ABSTRACT This article reveals effective sentences in the exposition text of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Padang Panjang. The purpose of this study is three. First, describe the effectiveness of the sentence in the exposition text of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Padang Panjang in terms of the accuracy of sentence structure. Second, describe the effectiveness of the sentence in the exposition text of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Padang Panjang in terms of the accuracy of word choice. Third, describe the effectiveness of sentences in the exposition text of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Padang Panjang in terms of spelling accuracy. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive method. The source of this research data is the task of students in writing exposition text class VIII Padang Panjang Middle School 1 which was registered in 2018/2019. The sample in this study was determined by proportional random sampling, which is 30 students' work. The results of the study are three. First, the effectiveness in terms of sentence structure is 344 effective sentences and 121 sentences are not effective. Second, the effectiveness of sentences in terms of word choices have 21 effective sentences and 444 sentences not effective. Third, the effectiveness of the sentence in terms of spelling found 253 effective sentences and 212 sentences were not effective. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that of the 465 sentences studied there were 81 effective sentences and 370 sentences not effective. Kata kunci:Kalimat Efektif, Teks Eksposisi
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Syafira, Dela, and Zulfikarni Zulfikarni. "KEEFEKTIFAN KALIMAT DALAM TEKS BERITA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP PEMBANGUNAN LABORATORIUM UNP." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 8, no. 4 (November 20, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/106905-019883.
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to describe the sentences in the student explanation text in terms of four things. First, the effectiveness of sentences in terms of language accuracy, there are 175 (62.94%) errors. Ineffectiveness of the sentence based on elements of syntactic functions (28 errors), missing sentence elements (13 errors), redundant sentence elements (134 errors). Second, the effectiveness of sentences in terms of word accuracy has 18 (06.47%) errors. Ineffectiveness of the sentence lies in the accuracy of the concept (5 errors) and the accuracy of the usage context (13 errors). Third, the effectiveness of sentences in terms of spelling accuracy is 165 (58.63%) errors. The ineffectiveness of the sentence is in the use of capital letters (72 errors), the use of periods (5 errors), the use of commas (40 errors), and writing words (46 errors). Based on these results it can be concluded that the sentences in the news text of class VIII students at SMP Pembangunan Laboratory Laboratory are not effective. This is evidenced from the 278 sentences studied, there were 76 (27.33%) effective sentences and 202 (72.66%) ineffective sentences with 356 errors. Kata kunci: Keefektifan Kalimat, Teks Berita
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Irmen, Lisa, and Nadja Roßberg. "How Formal Versus Semantic Gender Influences the Interpretation of Person Denotations." Swiss Journal of Psychology 65, no. 3 (September 2006): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.65.3.157.
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Two studies assessed how gender-marked person denotations in German are interpreted in contrast to their unmarked counterparts in English. Participants read sentences about national groups denoted by nouns of masculine gender in German (Experiment 1) and by gender-unmarked nouns in English (Experiment 2). These statements were followed by a sentence that contained a reference to the subject of the first sentence and expressed either stereotypically feminine, stereotypically masculine, or gender-neutral content. Reading times for the second sentences indicate the ease of reference resolution which depends on the fit between the first sentence’s subject and the gender relatedness of the second sentence. Results show that grammatical gender in German slowed down the reading of information that was mismatched as to gender. No effect occurred in the English study. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical framework of scenario mapping and focus ( Sanford & Garrod, 1981 , 1998 ).
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Kozuev, Durus, and Nazgul Dzharkinbaeva. "Structural and semantic characteristics of English complex sentences with object clauses." XLinguae 14, no. 2 (April 2021): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2021.14.02.15.
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In modern linguistics, the functional and communicative side phenomena are growing towards the pragmatic aspect of the language. However, the problem of the relationship between meaning and its expression still remains in the focus of linguists’ attention. The problem of characterizing sentences in linguistics has not yet been analyzed. This research is the first instance of a systematic study of syntactic structures and ways of expressing in the language. In this case, the main emphasis is on communicative, formal, and functional-semantic statements. The article is devoted to the structural-semantic description of complex English sentences with object clauses. It focuses on the fact that these sentences are characterized by a full subjectpredicate structure in its constituent parts: at the main sentence and subordinate clause. Note that complex sentences follow the English two-part sentence’s rigorous principle: both the subject and the predicate. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the fact that the study of structural and semantic features of syntactic units of various levels in linguistics has a unique scientific and theoretical significance. Learning Sentences in Linguistics began quite a long time ago; however, a comparative analysis of a simple one-compound English sentence has not become the object of special research up until now. The proposal is understood as a central object, and a comprehensive revealing of its essence is one of the difficult problems that need to be solved.
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Liu, Xinmiao. "Effects of Working Memory Load and Age on the Comprehension of Passive Sentences." International Journal of Psychological Studies 10, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v10n3p13.
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The ability of older adults to comprehend sentences may decline due to the cognitive changes in working memory. Therefore, an increase in working memory demands during sentence comprehension would result in poorer performance among older adults. To test this hypothesis, the present study explored sentence comprehension as a result of manipulations of age and working memory loads using a sentence-picture matching task. 35 older adults and 35 younger adults were required to match Mandarin passive sentences (high working memory load) and active sentences (low working memory load) with pictures. Passive sentences were found to be more difficult than active sentences for all participants. Older adults responded to passive sentences more slowly than younger adults. However, no significant age difference was found in accuracy of responses. Accuracy on passive sentence comprehension was marginally correlated with syntactic complexity effect among older adults. Compared with younger adults, older adults seem to be more disrupted by the increased WM load in passive sentence comprehension, but they can compensate for the decline in the accuracy of comprehension by spending extra time on sentences with high WM load.
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Campbell, Thomas F., and Malcolm R. McNeil. "Effects of Presentation Rate and Divided Attention on Auditory Comprehension in Children with an Acquired Language Disorder." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 28, no. 4 (December 1985): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2804.513.
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We examined why auditory comprehension in language-disordered children improves when the rate of presentation of speech is slowed. Seven children with an acquired language disorder associated with a convulsive disorder participated in two divided-attention tasks in which pairs of sentences were presented simultaneously. Subjects were instructed to respond first to the sentence produced by a male speaker (primary sentence) and then to the sentence produced by a female speaker (secondary sentence). In the first condition, both sentences were presented at a normal rate of speech. In the second condition, primary sentences were time expanded 75%, and secondary sentences were presented at a normal rate. We hypothesized that when the primary sentences were presented slowly, spare attention would be available for processing the secondary sentences. Results showed that slowing the presentation rate of the primary sentences significantly improved performance on the secondary sentences, even though secondary sentences were presented at a normal rate of speech. Hypotheses of generally slowed processing of auditory information in language-disordered individuals cannot account for these results. They are consistent, however, with a model of defective attention allocation.
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Kristianingsih, Diah Ayu, Akhmad Haqiqi Ma’mun, and Zuhad Ahmad. "A Syntactic Analysis of the Sentence Structure in Motivational Quotes using Tree Diagram for English Learning." Edunesia: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan 4, no. 3 (July 15, 2023): 1447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51276/edu.v4i3.602.
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Syntax is a branch of linguistics that explains sentence structure. This study aims to discover what types of sentences are used in motivational quotes, which frequently emerge in motivational quotes, and describe sentence structure utilizing a tree diagram. This research employs the descriptive qualitative technique. The study involved multiple processes in data collection, including; reading the novel's text, choosing sentences of motivational quotes contained in the novel Atomic Habits, and writing down all the sentences of motivational quotes selected for analysis. The data were analyzed using Noam Chomsky’s theory “Transformational Generative Grammar”. The result of the study shows that the motivational quotes from the novel Atomic Habits have all types of sentences. In addition, the researcher also found the types of sentences that frequently emerge in motivational quotes from the novel, namely 22 simple sentences, 2 compound sentences, five complex sentences, and one compound-complex sentence. So, the dominant motivational quote is a simple sentence. This study has various types of sentences in motivational quotes that can be used to help English learners and improve writing skills in a text or essay according to grammatical rules.
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Luyen, Nguyen Thi, and Phan Thanh Hoang. "Analysis Methods of Vietnamese Sentence and Culture in Vietnamese Sentences." World Journal of English Language 13, no. 5 (May 12, 2023): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n5p501.
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In this article, the researchers will apply Shen Xiaolong's (申小龙) theory of sentence culture and combine accumlated knowledge to analyze Vietnamese sentences with the function of expressing and commenting. The results indicate that using SVO structure to analyze Vietnamese sentences has many disadvantages and no longer appropriate. Hence, it must come from the fact that the characteristics of Vietnamese sentences themselves, based on culture and ideology of Vietnamese people, not from any other nation. The article will introduce a new analysis method on Vietnamese sentences and culture in Vietnamese sentences. We applied Shen Xiaolong's （申小龙）theory of sentence cultureand combined Vietnamese grammar and accumulated knowledge to analyze Vietnamese sentences. The results show that using Shen Xiaolong's theory of sentence culture to analyze performance sentences and topic - comment sentences in is completely appropriate. However, within the scope of this article, we have only applied that theoretical framework to analyze the above two types of sentences, but have not tried it with all types of sentences.
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Stemen, Don, and Andres F. Rengifo. "Reconciling the Multiple Objectives of Prison Diversion Programs for Drug Offenders: Evidence From Kansas’ Senate Bill 123." Evaluation Review 35, no. 6 (December 2011): 642–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x12439194.
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Background: In recent years, several states have created mandatory prison-diversion programs for felony drug possessors. These programs have both individual-level goals of reducing recidivism rates and system-level goals of reducing prison populations. Objective: This study examines the individual level and system level impact of Kansas’ Senate Bill 123 (SB 123), which created mandatory probation/treatment sentences for felony drug possessors. Research Design: A nonrandomized quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the recidivism rates of drug possessors sentenced to SB 123 relative to drug possessors sentenced to standard probation, intensive probation, or prison. Propensity score matching techniques were used to identify comparison groups. Changes in probabilities of prison sentences preimplementation and postimplementation were used to assess changes in prison admissions and prison populations. Subjects: The treatment group included all eligible drug possessors sentenced to SB 123 between November 1, 2003, and October 31, 2006. The comparison groups included all eligible drug possessors sentenced to standard probation, intensive probation, or prison during the same time period. Measures: Arrests, violations, revocation resulting in a prison sentence, and reconviction resulting in a prison sentence within 24 months of risk in the community served as the key individual-level outcome measures. Prison admissions and bed days served as the key system-level outcome measures. Results: At the individual level, SB 123 increased likelihood of recidivism compared to standard probation and had no significant effect compared to intensive probation or prison. At the system level, SB 123 diverted offenders from prison at sentencing but only marginally reduced prison admissions or saved bed days. Conclusions: Conflicting impacts are a consequence of program design—eligibility requirements diverting probation-bound offenders, mandatory sentencing requiring the same diversion sentence for all offenders, and diversion sentences longer than those imposed preimplementation. Results cast doubt on the effectiveness of mandatory diversion programs to achieve both individual-level and system-level impacts.
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Gass, Susan M. "Sentence matching: a re-examination." Second Language Research 17, no. 4 (October 2001): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765830101700407.
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This article examines sentence matching, a methodology frequently used in the second language (L2) literature to determine notions of grammaticality of nonnative speakers (NNS). Native speakers (NS) of French and L2 learners of French performed a sentence-matching task focusing on three areas of French grammar: adverb placement, subject-verb agreement and clitic-pronoun placement. In sentence-matching tasks participants respond to two sentences on a computer screen indicating whether the two sentences are identical or not. In general, grammatical sentences are responded to faster than ungrammatical sentences and have been used in the L2 literature as a way of determining grammatical knowledge. The results from the NSs of French show that when there is a high degree of difficulty in interpretation of ungrammatical sentences, sentence matching is a useful tool for determining grammaticality. For NNSs there is little evidence that sentence matching predicts grammaticality. A traditional acceptability judgement task was administered to NNSs. Sentence-matching did not correlate with NNS’s individual notions of grammaticality. Issues of proficiency level and the nature of ungrammatical sentences are important determinants when considering the validity of sentence-matching as a research tool.
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Atygaev, Bakyt Isaevich. "ОКУМУШТУУ М.МУРАТАЛИЕВ ЖАНА КЫРГЫЗ ТИЛ ИЛИМИНИН СИНТАКСИС МАСЕЛЕЛЕРИ." Alatoo Academic Studies 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2021.212.22.
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The problems of studying complex sentences, considered in the field of traditional syntax of Kyrgyz linguistics, are studied from different points of view and are not fully scientifically justified, which can be traced in general textbooks, scientific and theoretical works. Therefore, the relevance of the article is due to the need to study the issues of complex sentences in the framework of the syntax of the Kyrgyz language. In addition, some scientists note that the issue we are considering is still controversial among scientists. For example, the scientist M. V. Muratalieva, in her scientific work on “Complex Sentences in the Kyrgyz language”, published in the 1980s, identifies the main types of complex sentences and examines the differences between them. The paper describes the relationship between equal simple sentences that have independent semantic meanings as part of a compound sentence, and also considers the relationship between the main sentence and one or more subordinate clauses. The author sets the main goal of the study to study the possibility of using a simple sentence as part of a complex sentence separately, the presence of simple sentences in their structure and structure of features that distinguish them from complex sentences, and as a result, comes to the conclusion that it is unacceptable to separate individual parts of a complex sentence, thereby excluding the possibility of using and considering them outside of complex sentences. Thus, simple sentences in a compound sentence are closely interrelated with each other, forming a unity not only in semantic terms, but also in structural terms.
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Griffin, Diarmuid, and Deirdre Healy. "The pains of parole for life sentence prisoners in Ireland: Risk, rehabilitation and re-entry." European Journal of Probation 11, no. 3 (December 2019): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2066220319891522.
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The number of people serving life sentences in Irish prisons has increased substantially in recent years, such that one in nine sentenced prisoners is now serving a life sentence. Critical attention on the release of life sentence prisoners in Ireland has tended to focus on the political and informal nature of parole decision-making. Yet little is known about the experiences of those navigating the release process. This article begins to address the gap by offering a critical reflection on the parole process, focusing on the potential ‘pains’ experienced by life sentence prisoners when seeking parole. The analysis is organised into three themes that broadly fall under the umbrella of risk management: dealing with a serious criminal past, engaging with in-prison rehabilitation services, and reintegrating into society after release from custody. An analysis of this kind is timely given the growing concerns both nationally and internationally regarding the administration of life sentences and the appropriate mechanism of release.
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Ni Putu Meri Dewi Pendit. "AN ANLAYSIS OF ENGLISH PASSIVE SENTENCE TRANSLATION INTO INDONESIAN." Jurnal Santiaji Pendidikan (JSP) 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/jsp.v11i3.2550.
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Active and passive sentence constructions are commonly used both in English and in Indonesian. The passive sentence is a form of sentence which emphasizes on the person or object that experiences the action rather than the person or object that performs the action. The passive sentence in English is formed by to be + past participle. And the others passive sentences are formed with infinitive and gerund. The Indonesian passive sentences are caractherized by the use of prefix di-, ter-, and ke- -an in the predicate. The objectives of this study are 1) to identify the translation of English passive sentences in Indonesian, and 2) to find the translation shift that occurs from the English passive sentences into Indonesian.This research uses qualitative method. The data is taken from a novel written by Stephenie Meyer (2008) entitled Breaking Dawn and its translation in Indonesian. The result shows that not all of the English passive sentences are translated into Indonesian passive sentences. Some of them are translated into Indonesian active sentences.
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Mukminin, Amir, and Ahmad Bashori. "Kalimat Transitif-Intransitif: Analisis Kontrastif antara Bahasa Arab dan Bahasa Indonesia." Aphorisme: Journal of Arabic Language, Literature, and Education 3, no. 2 (October 19, 2022): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/aphorisme.v3i2.1502.
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This study aims to examine more deeply the division of transitive-intransitive sentences in Arabic and Indonesian, as well as the similarities and differences between the two. The research method used is a qualitative method with the type of library research. This study's results indicate similarities and differences in transitive-intransitive sentences between Arabic and Indonesian. In terms of the similarities, the writer considers it in terms of the position of transitive-intransitive sentences, which are types of sentences that are seen from the need for the object of the sentence, and in terms of the division of the sentence, as well as in terms of how to change intransitive sentences into transitive sentences. In terms of the writer's difference in terms of the different sentence structure patterns between Arabic and Indonesian, there are unique signs of transitive-intransitive sentences in Arabic that do not exist. It exists in Indonesian, and there is a specification in the meaning of an intransitive sentence in Arabic which does not exist in Indonesian.
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Surista, Ade, and Wawan Setiawan. "The Anaysis of Using Verbs in Descriptive Paragraph in Semester II STBA JIA in Academic Year 2022/2023." Jurnal Bahasa Asing 16, no. 2 (December 24, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.58220/jba.v16i2.62.
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This research aimed to describe how the student’s constructing sentences in their writing descriptive paragraph. The sample uses are the students of semester II class A, B and evening class with the total number of students are 41 students. The instrument uses in this research are test and interview. The researcher limits the sentences constructing are simple, compound and complex sentences. It assumed that the students are able to construct and use simple sentences, compound sentences and complex sentence in developing descriptive writing. The result show that from the first test, the average is 79. In the second test, from 41 students, there are 12 students do all correct sentences. There are 9 students made mistakes in simple sentence, with 10 mistakes. For compound sentence, there are 18 students who made 35 mistakes. and complex sentences, there are 18 students who made 41 mistakes.
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Guo, Yinuo, Tao Ge, and Furu Wei. "Fact-Aware Sentence Split and Rephrase with Permutation Invariant Training." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 7855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6291.
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Sentence Split and Rephrase aims to break down a complex sentence into several simple sentences with its meaning preserved. Previous studies tend to address the issue by seq2seq learning from parallel sentence pairs, which takes a complex sentence as input and sequentially generates a series of simple sentences. However, the conventional seq2seq learning has two limitations for this task: (1) it does not take into account the facts stated in the long sentence; As a result, the generated simple sentences may miss or inaccurately state the facts in the original sentence. (2) The order variance of the simple sentences to be generated may confuse the seq2seq model during training because the simple sentences derived from the long source sentence could be in any order.To overcome the challenges, we first propose the Fact-aware Sentence Encoding, which enables the model to learn facts from the long sentence and thus improves the precision of sentence split; then we introduce Permutation Invariant Training to alleviate the effects of order variance in seq2seq learning for this task. Experiments on the WebSplit-v1.0 benchmark dataset show that our approaches can largely improve the performance over the previous seq2seq learning approaches. Moreover, an extrinsic evaluation on oie-benchmark verifies the effectiveness of our approaches by an observation that splitting long sentences with our state-of-the-art model as preprocessing is helpful for improving OpenIE performance.
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Mahfuzoh, Mala. "The Use of Effective Sentences on Procedure Text for Class VII Students of Terpadu Islamic Junior High School, Batujaya." EDUCTUM: Journal Research 1, no. 1 (November 8, 2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56495/ejr.v1i1.249.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to analyze the use of effective sentences in procedural texts for seventh grade students of SMP Islam Terpadu Batujaya. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method which aims to describe objectively the use of effective sentences in students' procedural texts. The research technique used is documentation. The results showed that the students in using effective sentences were quite good. After the writer analyzed the procedural text of students in using effective sentences, the writer concluded that in the procedural text of the seventh-grade students of SMP Islam Terpadu Batujaya it was said to be quite good in the use of effective sentences. However, there are still some students who still do not understand effective sentences and there are still many students who use ambiguous sentences. The author found the use of effective sentences as many as 60 sentences. The characteristics of the effective sentence are 28 sentences (46.67%) of unity, 21 sentences (35%), 2 sentences (3.33%), 8 sentences of variation (13.33%), and parallelism. 1 sentence (1.67%).
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Nurwansah, Illam, Yayat Sudaryat, and Ruhaliah Ruhaliah. "KALIMAT BAHASA SUNDA DALAM TEKS PROSA SUNDA KUNO ABAD KE-16 (Analisis Struktur dan Semantis)." LOKABASA 8, no. 2 (May 23, 2018): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jlb.v8i2.14199.
Full textAbstract:
Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisis struktur kalimat dengan menggunakan pendekatan tagmémik. Sumber data diambil dari transliterasi teks Carita Parahiyangan yang memakai berbahasa Sunda kuno. Penelitian ini dilakukan karena belum ada analisis mengenai struktur kalimat bahasa Sunda kuno secara mendalam, sebagai informasi linguistik bahasa Sunda temporal. Metode yang dipakai yaitu analisis deskriptif. Bentuk kalimat yang terdapat dalam bahasa Sunda kuno berupa kalimat lengkap dan kalimat ringkasan. Kalimat tunggal sederhana yang ditemukan memiliki tiga pola yaitu (1) S-P, (2) S-P-O, (3) S-P-Pel, sedangkan kalimat tunggal perluasan terdapat empat pola yaitu (1) S-P-K, (2) K-S-P-K, (3) S-P-O-K, dan (4) S-P-Pel-K. Kalimat majemuk setara yang ditemukan berupa kalimat asindetis dan sindetis. Kalimat majemuk asindetis tersusun dari dua klausa, tiga klausa dan empat klausa, sedangkan kalimat sindetis tersusun dari dua klausa. Pola kalimat majemuk bertingkat yaitu berupa kalimat majemuk bertingkat subjektif dan adverbial. Hubungan makna unsur kalimat yang ditemukan yaitu berdasarkan peran semantis subjek, predikat, objek, pelengkap dan keterangan. Hubungan makna antarklausa dalam kalimat majemuk setara terdapat dua jenis yaitu (1) kalimat pertentangan, dan (2) kalimat lanjutan. Hubungan makna antarklausa kalimat majemuk bertingkat terdapat enam jenis, yaitu (1) kalimat waktu, (2) kalimat syarat, (3) kalimat penyebab, (4) kalimat akibat, (5) kalimat pernyataan, dan (6) kalimat guna.AbstractThis research has purpose to analyze sentence structure by using tagmémik approach. Sources of data are taken from Carita Parahiyangan transliteration text that uses ancient Sundanese. This research is conducted because there is no analysis about ancient Sundanese sentence structure deeply, as temporal linguistic information of Sundanese. The method used is descriptive analysis. The sentence forms contained in ancient Sundanese consists of complete sentences and summary sentences. Simple sentences found have three patterns i.e. (1) S-P, (2) S-P-O, (3) S-P-C, while single sentences extension have four patterns i.e. (1) S-P-A, (2) A-S-P-A, (3) S-P-O-A, and (4) S-P-C-A. Compound sentences are found in the form of asindetis and syndetic sentences. Asindetis compound sentences are composed of two clauses, three clauses, and four clauses, while the syndetic sentences are composed of two clauses. Multilevel compound sentence pattern that is in the form of compound sentences with subjective and adverbial level. Relation of the sentence meaning found is based on the role of semantic subject, predicate, object, complement and adverb. The meaning relation between clauses in equal compound sentences consist two types i.e. (1) conflicting sentences, and (2) advanced sentences. The meaning relation between clauses in different degree compound sentences consist of six types i.e. (1) temporal sentence, (2) requirement sentence, (3) causal sentence, (4) effect sentence, (5) statement sentence, and (6) order sentence.
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Cowart, Wayne. "Anchoring and Grammar Effects in Judgments of Sentence Acceptability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 3 (December 1994): 1171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.3.1171.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the relation between anchoring effects, as demonstrated in 1992 by Nagata, and grammar-based effects in judgments of sentence acceptability. 35 subjects judged the acceptability of target sentences representing six different syntactic types. There were highly robust differences among these sentence types arising from differences in sentence structure. For one group of subjects the target sentences were mingled with a long list of highly acceptable sentences (High Anchor Set). A second group saw the same target sentences with an Anchor Set in which one-third of the sentences were of very low acceptability (Mixed Anchor Set). Target sentences seen in the context of the Mixed Anchor Set were judged more acceptable (an anchoring effect); however, the effect of Anchor Set did not interact with other factors. The relative acceptability of the six target types was unchanged in the two anchor conditions. Implications for the psychological theory of sentence judgments are considered. In particular, it is argued that anchoring effects do not arise in the cognitive mechanisms that evaluate sentence structure.