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1
Sa, Ngo Duy. "COMPARISON OF ETHANOL YIELD BETWEEN SEPARATE AND SIMULTANEOUS HYDROLYSIS AND ETHANOL FERMENTATION OF FORMIC- FRACTIONATED SUGARCANE BAGASSE." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 2A (March 19, 2018): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/2a/11934.
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The fractionation of sugarcane bagasse using formic acid allowed removing lignin and hemicellulose, obtaining a material containing up to 90 % cellulose. The material can be easily hydrolyzed into glucose to serve as materials to produce high value added products such as biofuel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food additives, and the likes. The hydrolysate of fractionated bagasse was easily fermented with a (ethanol) fermentation yield attained 91.08 ± 2.02 %, showing no significant inhibition to the yeast in the hydrolysate. In this study, a process of simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation (SSF) was performed to convert fractionated sugarcane bagasse at 20 % consistency to ethanol. The process with 6h pre-hydrolysis at 50 0C then SSF at 37 0C could attain a high ethanol concentration of 82.46 ± 3.42 g/L in the fermentation with the ethanol recovery yield of 81.66±1.88%; which was15.37 ± 1.06 % higher than that of the separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) process (70.78 ± 0.25 %). In addition, in the SSF, the process time was shorten to 4 days instead of 7 days in the SHF.
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Kongkeitkajorn, Mallika Boonmee, Chanpim Sae-Kuay, and Alissara Reungsang. "Evaluation of Napier Grass for Bioethanol Production through a Fermentation Process." Processes 8, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050567.
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Ethanol is one of the widely used liquid biofuels in the world. The move from sugar-based production into the second-generation, lignocellulosic-based production has been of interest due to an abundance of these non-edible raw materials. This study interested in the use of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach), a common fodder in tropical regions and is considered an energy crop, for ethanol production. In this study, we aim to evaluate the ethanol production potential from the grass and to suggest a production process based on the results obtained from the study. Pretreatments of the grass by alkali, dilute acid, and their combination prepared the grass for further hydrolysis by commercial cellulase (Cellic® CTec2). Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) techniques were investigated in ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Scheffersomyces shehatae, a xylose-fermenting yeast. Pretreating 15% w/v Napier grass with 1.99 M NaOH at 95.7 °C for 116 min was the best condition to prepare the grass for further enzymatic hydrolysis using the enzyme dosage of 40 Filter Paper Unit (FPU)/g for 117 h. Fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysate by S. cerevisiae via SHF resulted in the best ethanol production of 187.4 g/kg of Napier grass at 44.7 g/L ethanol concentration. The results indicated that Napier grass is a promising lignocellulosic raw material that could serve a fermentation with high ethanol concentration.
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Siti Aisyah, Mohd Saman, Pacharakamol Petchpradab, Yoshimitsu Uemura, Suzana Yusup, Machi Kanna, and Yoshimitsu Matsumura. "Ethanol Production from Hydrothermal Pretreated Empty Fruit Bunches." Advanced Materials Research 917 (June 2014): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.917.80.
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Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) is the common process in producing ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. Nowadays, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process has been seen as potential process for producing ethanol with shortens process time with higher yield of ethanol. Hence, in the current work, the utilization of empty fruit bunches (EFB) in SSF process was studied. In order to improve saccharification reactivity of EFB, hydrothermal pretreatment at 180 and 220 °C was used to pretreat EFB. The findings showed that SSF has the potential in producing ethanol from EFB.
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Fehér, Anikó, Soma Bedő, and Csaba Fehér. "Comparison of Enzymatic and Acidic Fractionation of Corn Fiber for Glucose-rich Hydrolysate and Bioethanol Production by Candida boidinii." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 65, no. 3 (May 18, 2021): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.17431.
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Corn fiber is a by-product of the corn wet milling process and a promising raw material to produce bioethanol in a bio-refinery process. In this study, enzymatic and acidic fractionations of corn fiber were compared with particular attention to produce glucose-rich hydrolyzates. The acidic fractionation contained two, sequential, sulphuric acid-catalyzed, hydrolysis steps based on our previous study. In the enzymatic fractionation process, corn fiber was pre-treated by soaking in aqueous ammonia (18.5 % (w/w) dry matter, 15 % (w/w) ammonia solution, 24 hours) and then hydrolyzed by using Hemicellulase (NS 22002) enzyme cocktail. The cellulose part of the solid residues obtained after the acidic and enzymatic fractionation processes was enzymatically hydrolyzed by using Cellic Ctec2 and Novozymes 188 (12.5 % (w/w) dry matter, 50 °C, 72 hours). Cellulose hydrolysis after the acidic and enzymatic fractionation resulted in a supernatant containing 64 g/L and 25 g/L glucose, respectively. Therefore, ethanol fermentation experiments were performed in Separated Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) configurations after the acidic fractionation of corn fiber. SHF configuration was found to be more advantageous regarding the achievable ethanol yield. Although the fermentation with Candida boidinii NCAIM Y.01308 was accomplished within longer time (43 hours) compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5 hours), the achieved ethanol yields were similar (79%) during the SHF process. It was concluded that acidic fractionation is more efficient to produce glucose-rich hydrolyzate from corn fiber compared to enzymatic fractionation, and Candida boidinii is suitable for ethanol fermentation on the glucose-rich hydrolyzate.
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Sharma*, Nisha, and Nivedita Sharma. "Bioethanol production from alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreated Populus deltoides wood using hydrolytic enzymes of Bacillus stratosphericus N12(M) and Bacillus altitudinis Kd1(M) under different modes of separate hydrolysis and fermentation by monoculture and co-culture combinations of ethanologens." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 02 (January 31, 2016): 4810. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.02.008.
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An integrated approach was studied for in-house cellulase and xylanase production, from novel hyper hydrolytic enzyme producers and enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated Populus deltoides wood into bioethanol. A xylanase producer Bacillus altitudinis Kd1 (M) and cellulase producerBacillus stratosphericus N12 (M) was isolated from soil. Optimization of process parameters led to an optimal xylanase activity of 96.25 IU at 300C and pH 5.5 and cellulase activity of 5.98 IU at 300C and pH 8.0. The NaOH+H2O2 pretreated biomass was hydrolysed using cellulase and xylanase producing 12.45 mg/g of reducing sugars. Further fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysate was performed using different yeasts viz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae I, Saccharomyces cerevisiae II, Pichia stipitis, Candida shehatae and Zymomonas mobilis and maximum 11.10 g/l ethanol yield achieved with co-culture of S. cerevisiae II + P. stipitis with fermentation efficiency of 43.52% under method IV of SHF. The results have significant implications and further applications regarding production of fuel ethanol from agricultural lignocellulosic waste.
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Mejia-Barajas, Jorge A., Melchor Arellano Plaza, Belem Vargas Ochoa, Rafael Salgado Garciglia, Jesús Campos García, and Alfredo Saavedra Molina. "Organic Compounds Generated in Bioethanol Production from Agave Bagasse." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 7, no. 1 (May 3, 2018): 999–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v7i1.7338.
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In bioethanol production through lignocellulosic residues fermentations are generated by-products such as organic compounds (OCs). The organic compounds (OCs) had been well studied in wine and beer industry, but little is known about their presence in bioethanol industry, even when these affect yeasts physiologic state, and are considered as economically desirable in the chemical industry. In this work was evaluated the production of OCs in bioethanol production processes through separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of different agave bagasse residue (ABR). Fermentations were carried out by the Kluyveromyces marxianusSLP1, K. marxianus OFF1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiaeEthanol Red yeasts strains. The main OCs detected were ethyl acetate, methanol, 1-propanol, isobutanol, butanol, isoamyl-alcohol, ethyl-lactate, furfuryl-alcohol, phenyl-acetate, and 2-phenyl ethanol. A higher number of OCs was found in the SSF process when were used the K. marxianusOFF1 and SLP1 yeasts. This study provides better knowledge of the kind and concentrations of OCs produced by fermentation of the lignocellulosic ABR, which allow propose bioethanol by-products as potential source of economically desirable compounds.
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Antonopoulou, Georgia. "Designing Efficient Processes for Sustainable Bioethanol and Bio-Hydrogen Production from Grass Lawn Waste." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 2889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122889.
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The effect of thermal, acid and alkali pretreatment methods on biological hydrogen (BHP) and bioethanol production (BP) from grass lawn (GL) waste was investigated, under different process schemes. BHP from the whole pretreatment slurry of GL was performed through mixed microbial cultures in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) mode, while BP was carried out through the C5yeast Pichia stipitis, in SSF mode. From these experiments, the best pretreatment conditions were determined and the efficiencies for each process were assessed and compared, when using either the whole pretreatment slurry or the separated fractions (solid and liquid), the separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) or SSF mode, and especially for BP, the use of other yeasts such as Pachysolen tannophilus or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The experimental results showed that pretreatment with 10 gH2SO4/100 g total solids (TS) was the optimum for both BHP and BP. Separation of solid and liquid pretreated fractions led to the highest BHP (270.1 mL H2/g TS, corresponding to 3.4 MJ/kg TS) and also BP (108.8 mg ethanol/g TS, corresponding to 2.9 MJ/kg TS) yields. The latter was achieved by using P. stipitis for the fermentation of the hydrolysate and S. serevisiae for the solid fraction fermentation, at SSF.
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Morales-Martínez, Thelma K., Deniss I. Díaz-Blanco, José A. Rodríguez-de la Garza, Jesús Morlett-Chávez, Agustín J. Castro-Montoya, Julián Quintero, Germán Aroca, and Leopoldo J. Rios-González. "Assessment of different saccharification and fermentation configurations for ethanol production from Agave lechuguilla." BioResources 12, no. 4 (September 15, 2017): 8093–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.8093-8105.
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Different strategies were assessed for the production of ethanol from Agave lechuguilla that was pretreated by autohydrolysis. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) was compared against simultaneous processes including simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and prehydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) using different solids (15%, 20%, and 25% w/w) and enzyme loadings (15 FPU/g, 20 FPU/g, and 25 FPU/g glucan). The results showed that the maximum ethanol concentration (53.7 g/L) and productivity (1.49 g/L h-1) was obtained at 36 h in the SHF configuration at the highest solids and enzyme loadings (25% w/v and 25 FPU/g glucan, respectively). The ethanol concentration and productivity obtained in the PSSF configuration at the same time were 45 g/L and 1.25 g/L h-1, respectively. The SSF configuration exhibited the lowest ethanol concentration and productivity (10.4 g/L and 0.29 g/L h-1, respectively) at 36 h. The enzyme used, Cellic CTec3, allowed for high glucose yields at the lower enzyme dosage assessed. The SHF configuration exhibited the best results. However, the PSSF configuration can be considered an attractive alternative because it eliminated the need for solid-liquid separation devices, which simplifies the industrial implementation of the process.
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Nguyen, Thanh Yen, Charles M. Cai, Rajeev Kumar, and Charles E. Wyman. "Overcoming factors limiting high-solids fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 44 (October 16, 2017): 11673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704652114.
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Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of solid biomass can reduce the complexity and improve the economics of lignocellulosic ethanol production by consolidating process steps and reducing end-product inhibition of enzymes compared with separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). However, a long-standing limitation of SSF has been too low ethanol yields at the high-solids loading of biomass needed during fermentation to realize sufficiently high ethanol titers favorable for more economical ethanol recovery. Here, we illustrate how competing factors that limit ethanol yields during high-solids fermentations are overcome by integrating newly developed cosolvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) pretreatment with SSF. First, fed-batch glucose fermentations by Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5A revealed that this strain, which has been favored for SSF, can produce ethanol at titers of up to 86 g⋅L−1. Then, optimizing SSF of CELF-pretreated corn stover achieved unprecedented ethanol titers of 79.2, 81.3, and 85.6 g⋅L−1 in batch shake flask, corresponding to ethanol yields of 90.5%, 86.1%, and 80.8% at solids loadings of 20.0 wt %, 21.5 wt %, and 23.0 wt %, respectively. Ethanol yields remained at over 90% despite reducing enzyme loading to only 10 mg protein⋅g glucan−1 [∼6.5 filter paper units (FPU)], revealing that the enduring factors limiting further ethanol production were reduced cell viability and glucose uptake by D5A and not loss of enzyme activity or mixing issues, thereby demonstrating an SSF-based process that was limited by a strain’s metabolic capabilities and tolerance to ethanol.
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Kusmiyati, Duwi Maryanto, Ringga Sonifa, Sabda Aji Kurniawan, and H. Hadiyanto. "Pretreatment of Starch-Free Sugar Palm Trunk (Arenga pinnata) to Enhance Saccharification in Bioethanol Production." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815601003.
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Starch-Free Sugar Palm Trunk (Arenga pinnata) can be utilized to produce bioethanol because of their high lignocellulosic contents. Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials consist of pre-treatment, saccharification and fermentation processes. In this work, conversion of starch-free sugar palm trunk (Arenga pinnata) to fermentable sugar and bioethanol was carried out through g pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation processes. The pretreatment was carried out by addition of 1% (v/v) HNO3 and NH4OH for 30 min and 60 min, respectively. The saccharification was carried out at enzyme celullase loadings of 10 and 20 FPU/g and substrate loadings of 10 and 20 g for NH4OH pretreated samples. Fermentation was carried out using two methods i.e. separated hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) techniques. The results showed that pretreatment using NH4OH was more effective than HNO3 for 60 minutes. IFurthermore, the results also presented the reduction of the lignin content of 9.44% and the increase of cellulose content to 18.56% for 1% (v/v) NH4OH 60 min of pretreatment. The increase of enzyme cellulase (20 FPU/g substrate) and substrate loading (20 g) could produce more reducing sugar (17.423 g/L and 19.233 g/L) than that at 10 FPU/g substrate and 10 g substrate (11.423 g/L and 17.423 g/L), respectively. The comparison of SHF and SSF showed that SHF process yielded higher ethanol (8.11 g/L) as compared to SSF (3.95 g/L) and nontreatment process (0.507 g/L) for 72 h..
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Álvarez, Cristina, Felicia Sáez, Alberto González, Ignacio Ballesteros, José Miguel Oliva, and María José Negro. "Production of xylooligosaccharides and cellulosic ethanol from steam-exploded barley straw." Holzforschung 73, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0101.
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AbstractAgricultural residues, such as barley straw (BS), are attractive sources for the production of chemicals and fuels based on the biorefinery principle. In the present paper, BS was steam exploded at 180°C/30 min and then 90% of the cellulose and 60% of the hemicellulose were recovered in solid and liquid fractions respectively, which were used for ethanol and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production. In the course of enzymatic hydrolysis (EH), different solid loading (SL) (10–20% w/v) and enzyme doses (15 and 30 FPU g−1glucan) were applied to optimize the yield of glucose concentrations, while 92 g l−1glucose was released at 20% SL and 30 FPU g−1glucan enzyme dosage. For ethanol production, two different process configurations were compared: separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) or prehydrolysis with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF). To transform the soluble hemicellulose into xylooligomers, two glycoside hydrolases (GH) families 10 and 11 endoxylanases were used. Reaction times, enzyme dose and several combinations of enzymes were optimized to maximize the conversion into XOS. Under the pretreatment conditions indicated above, 14 g of ethanol was obtained via the PSSF approach and 11.1 g of XOS (with DP2–DP6) was obtained per 100 g of raw material.
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Boonchuay, Pinpanit, Charin Techapun, Noppol Leksawasdi, Phisit Seesuriyachan, Prasert Hanmoungjai, Masanori Watanabe, Siraprapa Srisupa, and Thanongsak Chaiyaso. "Bioethanol Production from Cellulose-Rich Corncob Residue by the Thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae TC-5." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070547.
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This study aimed to select thermotolerant yeast for bioethanol production from cellulose-rich corncob (CRC) residue. An effective yeast strain was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae TC-5. Bioethanol production from CRC residue via separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), and prehydrolysis-SSF (pre-SSF) using this strain were examined at 35–42 °C compared with the use of commercial S. cerevisiae. Temperatures up to 40 °C did not affect ethanol production by TC-5. The ethanol concentration obtained via the commercial S. cerevisiae decreased with increasing temperatures. The highest bioethanol concentrations obtained via SHF, SSF, and pre-SSF at 35–40 °C of strain TC-5 were not significantly different (20.13–21.64 g/L). The SSF process, with the highest ethanol productivity (0.291 g/L/h), was chosen to study the effect of solid loading at 40 °C. A CRC level of 12.5% (w/v) via fed-batch SSF resulted in the highest ethanol concentrations of 38.23 g/L. Thereafter, bioethanol production via fed-batch SSF with 12.5% (w/v) CRC was performed in 5-L bioreactor. The maximum ethanol concentration and ethanol productivity values were 31.96 g/L and 0.222 g/L/h, respectively. The thermotolerant S. cerevisiae TC-5 is promising yeast for bioethanol production under elevated temperatures via SSF and the use of second-generation substrates.
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ALLOUACHE, AMINA, AZIZA MAJDA, AHMED ZAID TOUDERT, ABDELTIF AMRANE, and MERCEDES BALLESTEROS. "CELLULOSIC BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM ULVA LACTUCA MACROALGAE." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 55, no. 5-6 (June 30, 2021): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2021.55.51.
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Nowadays, the use of biofuels has become an unavoidable solution to the depletion of fossil fuels and global warming. The controversy over the use of food crops for the production of the first-generation biofuels and deforestation caused by the second-generation ones has forced the transition to the third generation of biofuels, which avoids the use of arable land and edible products, and does not threaten biodiversity. This generation is based on the marine and freshwater biomass, which has the advantages of being abundant or even invasive, easy to cultivate and having a good energetic potential. Bioethanol production from Ulva lactuca, a local marine macroalgae collected from the west coast of Algiers, was examined in this study. Ulva lactuca showed a good energetic potential due to its carbohydrate-rich content: 9.57% of cellulose, 6.9% of hemicellulose and low lignin content of 5.11%. Ethanol was produced following the separate hydrolysis and fermentation process (SHF), preceded by a thermal acid pretreatment at 120 °C during 15 min. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using a commercial cellulase (Celluclast 1.5 L), which saccharified the cellulose contained in the green seaweed, releasing about 85.01% of the total glucose, corresponding to 7.21 g/L after 96 h of enzymatic hydrolysis at pH 5 and 45 °C. About 3.52 g/L of ethanol was produced after 48 h of fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30 °C and pH 5, leading to a high ethanol yield of 0.41 g of ethanol/g of glucose.
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Tu, Wei-Lin, Tien-Yang Ma, Chung-Mao Ou, Gia-Luen Guo, and Yu Chao. "Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation with a thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol from sugarcane bagasse under high temperature conditions." BioResources 16, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 1358–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.1358-1372.
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Lignocellulosic ethanol production at high temperature offers advantages such as the decrease of contamination risk and cooling cost. Recombinant xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been considered a promising strain for ethanol production from lignocellulose for its high inhibitor tolerance and superior capability to ferment glucose and xylose into ethanol. To improve the ethanolic fermentation by xylose at high temperature, the strain YY5A was subjected to the ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. A mutant strain T5 was selected from the EMS-treated cultures to produce ethanol. However, the xylose uptake by T5 was severely inhibited by the high ethanol concentration during the co-fermentation in defined YPDX medium at 40 °C. In this study, the simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) and the separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation (SHCF) processes of sugarcane bagasse were assessed to solve this problem. The xylose utilization by T5 was remarkably improved using the SSCF process compared to the SHCF process. For the SHCF and SSCF processes, 48% and 99% of the xylose in the hydrolysate was consumed at 40 °C, respectively. The ethanol yield was enhanced by the SSCF process. The ethanol production can reach to 36.0 g/L using this process under high-temperature conditions.
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Mehri, Dilara, N. Altinay Perendeci, and Yekta Goksungur. "Utilization of Whey for Red Pigment Production by Monascus purpureus in Submerged Fermentation." Fermentation 7, no. 2 (May 10, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7020075.
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Various biotechnological approaches have been employed to convert food waste into value-added bioproducts through fermentation processes. Whey, a major waste generated by dairy industries, is considered an important environmental pollutant due to its massive production and high organic content. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different fermentation parameters in simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) of whey for pigment production with Monascus purpureus. The submerged culture fermentation parameters optimized were type and pretreatment of whey, pH, inoculation ratio, substrate concentration and monosodium glutamate (MSG) concentration. Demineralized (DM), deproteinized (DP), and raw whey (W) powders were used as a substrate for pigment production by simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). The maximum red pigment production was obtained as 38.4 UA510 nm (absorbance units) at the optimized condition of SHF. Optimal conditions of SHF were 2% (v/v) inoculation ratio, 75 g/L of lactose as carbon source, 25 g/L of MSG as nitrogen source, and fermentation medium pH of 7.0. The specific growth rate of M. purpureus on whey and the maximum pigment production yield values were 0.023 h−1 and 4.55 UAd−1, respectively. This study is the first in the literature to show that DM whey is a sustainable substrate in the fermentation process of the M. purpureus red pigment.
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Offei, Felix, Moses Mensah, Anders Thygesen, and Francis Kemausuor. "Seaweed Bioethanol Production: A Process Selection Review on Hydrolysis and Fermentation." Fermentation 4, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4040099.
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The rapid depletion and environmental concerns associated with the use of fossil fuels has led to extensive development of biofuels such as bioethanol from seaweeds. The long-term prospect of seaweed bioethanol production however, depends on the selection of processes in the hydrolysis and fermentation stages due to their limiting effect on ethanol yield. This review explored the factors influencing the hydrolysis and fermentation stages of seaweed bioethanol production with emphasis on process efficiency and sustainable application. Seaweed carbohydrate contents which are most critical for ethanol production substrate selection were 52 ± 6%, 55 ± 12% and 57 ± 13% for green, brown and red seaweeds, respectively. Inhibitor formation and polysaccharide selectivity were found to be the major bottlenecks influencing the efficiency of dilute acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. Current enzyme preparations used, were developed for starch-based and lignocellulosic biomass but not seaweeds, which differs in polysaccharide composition and structure. Also, the identification of fermenting organisms capable of converting the heterogeneous monomeric sugars in seaweeds is the major factor limiting ethanol yield during the fermentation stage and not the SHF or SSF pathway selection. This has resulted in variations in bioethanol yields, ranging from 0.04 g/g DM to 0.43 g/g DM.
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Kurniawan, Edy Wibowo. "Proses Optimasi Produksi Bioetanol dari Limbah Serat Buah Sawit dengan Metode SHF." Buletin Loupe 16, no. 01 (August 14, 2020): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51967/buletinloupe.v16i01.77.
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The Indonesian government is trying to equalize development including the energy sector. The government launched the use of alternative energy starting in 2008 with a blueprint for searching and utilizing new renewable energy sources in Indonesia through biofuels, one of the alternative energy developed is bioethanol. The research objective is the optimization of the SHF method bioethanol production process from palm fruit fiber waste.
The experimental design uses central composite design with variable H2SO4 concentration and fermentation time. The first stage in the study was by saccharifying the palm oil fiber waste by the hydrolysis method using H2SO4 (concentrations of 1 M, 2 M, and 3 M). Then the next stage is fermentation process (fermentation time is 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days and 5 days). Sugar content analysis was carried out in the fermen solution and analysis of bioethanol levels in each running experiment. Then the optimization is done with the response surface method (RSM).
Based on the research, the optimum condition of the bioethanol production process is H2SO4 concentration of 2.76 M with a fermentation time of 4.64 days which will produce bioethanol levels of 28.6027 g/L.
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Wawro, Aleksandra, Jolanta Batog, and Weronika Gieparda. "Chemical and Enzymatic Treatment of Hemp Biomass for Bioethanol Production." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 5348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245348.
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In this study chemical and enzymatic treatment of hemp biomass were optimized to obtain maximum ethanol production. In the first stage, physical and chemical pretreatment of hemp biomass was carried out. It was found that the Tygra variety is susceptible to alkaline treatment at an optimum concentration of 2% NaOH. Next, the effect of NaOH on the value of reducing sugars and the chemical composition of the solid fraction before and after the treatment was determined. Hemp biomass before and after the chemical treatment was analysed by FTIR spectra and SEM. The effect of enzymatic hydrolysis, i.e., substrate content, temperature, time, pH and dose of enzyme by means of Response Surface Methodology on glucose content was determined. The highest glucose value was observed at 50 °C, in time process between 48 and 72 h, and the dose of enzyme was not less than 20 FPU·g−1. After the optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis two processes of ethanol fermentation from hemp biomass, SHF and SSF, were carried out. In the SHF process a 40% higher concentration of ethanol was obtained (10.51 g/L). In conclusion, hemp biomass was found to be an interesting and promising source to be used for bioethanol production.
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Viéitez, E. R., J. Mosquera, and S. Ghosh. "Kinetics of accelerated solid-state fermentation of organic-rich municipal solid waste." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0076.
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Biotransformation of landfill solid wastes is a slow process requiring decades for completion. Accelerated anaerobic fermentation in modulated landfill environments may alleviate or eliminate pollution of land, water and air. This research was undertaken to demonstrate the application of biphasic fermentation to a simulated laboratory-scale landfill to effect rapid biomethanation of biodegradable solids. The biphasic process consisted of solid-state, acidogenic fermentation of the organic fraction of MSW followed by biomethanation of acidic hydrolysates in a separate methane fermenter. Solid-state fermentation of the MSW with effluent recirculation resulted in rapid hydrolysis, acidification and denitrification, with soluble COD and VFA concentrations accumulating to inhibitory levels of 60,000 mg/l and 13,000 mg/l, respectively, at a pH of 4.5. The landfill gas methane concentration reached a maximum of 55 mol.%. By comparison, the methanogenic reactor produced high methane-content (70–85 mol.%) gases. The biphasic process effected carbohydrate, lipid, and protein conversion efficiencies of 90%, 49%, and 37%, respectively. Development of a Monod-type product-formation model was undertaken to predict methane formation and to determine kinetic parameters for the methanogenic processes in the simulated landfill and separate methane reactors. A first-order solids hydrolysis rate constant of 0.017 day−1 was evaluated to show that landfill solids hydrolysis was slower than the inhibited methanogenesis rate.
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LAI, LISA X., and RENATA BURA. "The sulfite mill as a sugar-flexible future biorefinery." August 2012 11, no. 8 (September 1, 2012): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.8.27.
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The production of single- and mixed-sugar streams and their conversion to bioproducts were studied, using sulfite pulping streams as feedstocks. Sulfite pulp, sludge, and spent sulfite liquor are concurrently generated alongside of bleached pulp, and the pulping process renders pretreatment of solid streams unnecessary. Streams were converted separately; however, due to their low production volume, solid and liquid streams were also combined as a means to increase the quantity of starting feedstock. Spent sulfite liquor, comprising mostly monomeric hexose and pentose sugars, was directly fermented to ethanol and xylitol with Candida guilliermondii. Single-sugar streams were generated through hydrolysis of pulp and sludge in water, followed by fermentation to ethanol with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mixed-sugar streams were generated through both separate hydrolysis and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pulp and sludge in spent sulfite liquor using S. cerevisiae. The best single-sugar source was obtained by hydrolysis of pulp in water, which produced 78.8 g/L of glucose after 96 h. The glucose concentration from hydrolysis of sludge in water was lower (33.5 g/L). Both of these streams were easily converted to ethanol, with yields of 77.8% and 76.2%, respectively. Hydrolyzability of solids was the limiting factor in separate hydrolysis and fermentation conversion of pulp and sludge in water, but hydrolyzability of sludge was not affected when mixed with spent sulfite liquor.
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Chow, Te-Jin, Hsiang-Yen Su, Tsung-Yu Tsai, Hsiang-Hui Chou, Tse-Min Lee, and Jo-Shu Chang. "Using recombinant cyanobacterium ( Synechococcus elongatus ) with increased carbohydrate productivity as feedstock for bioethanol production via separate hydrolysis and fermentation process." Bioresource Technology 184 (May 2015): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.065.
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Jeyaseelan, S. "A simple mathematical model for anaerobic digestion process." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 8 (April 1, 1997): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0312.
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Six different conversion processes have been identified in the anaerobic digestion of particulate organic material to methane. Hydrolysis followed by intermediate acids formation and fermentation to produce methane by five different groups of microorganisms. These may be largely grouped into two major groups, namely the acid producing microorganisms and methane producing microorganisms. Monod kinetic rate equation applies to a strain of bacteria growing on a single rate-limiting substrate. By identifying the kinetic coefficients of the Monod kinetic rate equation for every single component of the solids in wastewater an improved prediction of the anaerobic digestion process can be made using Monod kinetic rate equation. Separate kinetic coefficients for acid formation and methane formation must be identified from the literature or determined through laboratory analysis. Municipal wastewater may be considered as a mixture of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and a very small proportion of other materials. By an extensive literature review, many Monod kinetic coefficients for the above said components were selected and a very few assumed. Several loading conditions for different proportions of influent wastewater characteristics simulating actual operations were tested using this model. The model can be used to set operating parameters such as BOD loadings, retention times and temperatures that will produce desired efficiency in the systems within practical limits.
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Wilkowska, Agnieszka, Joanna Berlowska, Adriana Nowak, Ilona Motyl, Aneta Antczak-Chrobot, Maciej Wojtczak, Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska, Michał Binczarski, and Piotr Dziugan. "Combined Yeast Cultivation and Pectin Hydrolysis as an Effective Method of Producing Prebiotic Animal Feed from Sugar Beet Pulp." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050724.
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An effective and ecological method for liberation of pectin-derived oligosaccharides (POS) from sugar beet pulp (SBP) was developed using enzymatic and microorganism-mediated biomass conversion. The POS may be applied in the production of prebiotic feed additives. Various yeast strains were screened for their capacity for protein synthesis and monosaccharide assimilation. Combined yeast cultivation and pectin hydrolysis were found to be an effective method of producing prebiotics. Separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of SBP resulted in the release of 3.6 g of POS per 100 g d.w., whereas the yield of POS acquired after the combined process was 17.9% higher, giving 4.2 g of POS per 100 g d.w. Introducing the yeast into the process improved hydrolysis performance due to lower enzyme inhibition by mono- and disaccharides. The prebiotic effect of the POS was assessed by in vitro fermentation using individual cultures of gastrointestinal bacteria. The POS in the SBP hydrolysate effectively promoted the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. A large increase in adherence to Caco-2 cells in the presence of POS was noted for beneficial Lactobacillus brevis strains, whereas pathogenic bacteria and yeast (C. albicans, C. lusitanie, C. pelliculosa), responsible for infections in breeding animals, showed much weaker adhesion.
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Lu, Jie, XueZhi Li, Jian Zhao, and Yinbo Qu. "Enzymatic Saccharification and Ethanol Fermentation of Reed Pretreated with Liquid Hot Water." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/276278.
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Reed is a widespread-growing, inexpensive, and readily available lignocellulosic material source in northeast China. The objective of this study is to evaluate the liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment efficiency of reed based on the enzymatic digestibility and ethanol fermentability of water-insoluble solids (WISs) from reed after the LHW pretreatment. Several variables in the LHW pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis process were optimized. The conversion of glucan to glucose and glucose concentrations are considered as response variables in different conditions. The optimum conditions for the LHW pretreatment of reed area temperature of 180°C for 20min and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 10. These optimum conditions for the LHW pretreatment of reed resulted in a cellulose conversion rate of 82.59% in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis at 50°C for 72 h with a cellulase loading of 30 filter paper unit per gram of oven-dried WIS. Increasing the pretreatment temperature resulted in a higher enzymatic digestibility of the WIS from reed. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation of WIS showed that the conversion of glucan to ethanol reached 99.5% of the theoretical yield. The LHW pretreatment of reed is a suitable method to acquire a high recovery of fermentable sugars and high ethanol conversion yield.
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& et al., Kklaif. "PRODUCTION OF XYLOSE REDUCTASE AND XYLITOL BY Candida guilliermondii USING WHEAT STRAW HYDROLYSATES." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 51, no. 6 (December 23, 2020): 1653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i6.1192.
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The objective of this study is to evaluate the production of Xylose reductase (XR) and Xylitol by Candida guilliermondii using wheat straw hydrolysates (WSH) supplemented with 2.0 g/l of (NH4)2SO4 and 0.1 g/l of CaCl2.2H2O as fermentation media . Wheat straw hydrolysis run at 121°C for 15 min. by diluted sulfuric acid . The fermentation process was conducted on a shaker bath (150 rpm) at 30C for 20 h in three separate flasks using different concentration of Xylose being , 30% Xylose , WSH(27.13 g/l Xylose)and WSH plus 30 g/l Xylose. The best concentration( WSH plus 30 g/l Xylose ) was chosen to run the fermentation process for XR production at different incubation temperature ( 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 C, different pH values (5, 5.5, 6, 6.5 and 7) and different fermentation period (5 , 10 , 15,20 ,25 ,30 h ). The results indicated that the optimum condition for XR production was using 30%Xylose plus WSH at pH 6 over 20h incubation at 30 C. The crude extract of Xylose reductase was used to reduce Xylose into Xylitol with simultaneous oxidation of NADPH. The crude extract of XR was able to convert about 90 % 0f the Xylose to Xylitol through 24 h. incubation at 30°C.According to these findings WSH can be used as a promising source for Xylose to produce Xylose reductase enzyme by Candida guilliermondii and the crude extract could be used successfully in conversion of Xylose to Xylitol.
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Qureshi, N., X. Lin, S. Liu, B. C. Saha, A. P. Mariano, J. Polaina, T. C. Ezeji, et al. "Global View of Biofuel Butanol and Economics of Its Production by Fermentation from Sweet Sorghum Bagasse, Food Waste, and Yellow Top Presscake: Application of Novel Technologies." Fermentation 6, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6020058.
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Worldwide, there are various feedstocks such as straws, corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB), grasses, leaves, whey permeate, household organic waste, and food waste (FW) that can be converted to valuable biofuels such as butanol. For the present studies, an economic analysis was performed to compare butanol production from three feedstocks (SSB; FW; and yellow top presscake, YTP or YT) using a standard process and an advanced integrated process design. The total plant capacity was set at 170,000–171,000 metric tons of total acetone butanol ethanol (ABE) per year (99,300 tons of just butanol per year). Butanol production from SSB typically requires pretreatment, separate hydrolysis, fermentation, and product recovery (SHFR). An advanced process was developed in which the last three steps were combined into a single unit operation for simultaneous saccharification, fermentation, and recovery (SSFR). For the SHFR and SSFR plants, the total capital investments were estimated as $213.72 × 106 and $198.16 × 106, respectively. It was further estimated that the minimum butanol selling price (using SSB as a feedstock) for the two processes were $1.14/kg and $1.05/kg. Therefore, SSFR lowered the production cost markedly compared to that of the base case. Butanol made using FW had an estimated minimum selling price of only $0.42/kg. This low selling price is because the FW to butanol process does not require pretreatment, hydrolysis, and cellulolytic enzymes. For this plant, the total capital investment was projected to be $107.26 × 106. The butanol selling price using YTP as a feedstock was at $0.73/kg and $0.79/kg with total capital investments for SSFR and SHFR of $122.58 × 106 and $132.21 × 106, respectively. In the Results and Discussion section, the availability of different feedstocks in various countries such as Brazil, the European Union, New Zealand, Denmark, and the United States are discussed. Additionally, the use of various microbial strains and product recovery technologies are also discussed.
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Ratkevich, Ekaterina A., Oleg V. Manaenkov, Valentina G. Matveeva, Olga V. Kislitsa, and Esther M. Sulman. "HYDROLYTIC HYDROGENATION OF INULIN WITH USE MAGNETIC-SEPARATE Ru-CONTAINING CATALYST." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 7 (June 18, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20186107.5679.
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The combined hydrolysis and hydrogenation of inulin was studied on Ru-containing magnetically recoverable catalyst, using subcritical water as solvent. The Ru−Fe3O4−SiO2 catalysts are synthesized by incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) in mesoporous silica pores followed by formation of 2 nm Ru NPs. The latter was obtained by thermal decomposition of ruthenium acetylacetonate in the pores. Magnetic properties of Fe3O4−SiO2 are typical for superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs of comparable size and allow to make a fast magnetic separation of the catalyst. The results of liquid nitrogen adsorption measurements are typical for mesoporous materials. The BET surface area of catalyst is 280 m2/g, what is allowed for mesoporous catalytic materials. The XPS spectra of Ru-Fe3O4-SiO2 demonstrate a good homogeneity of the sample. The catalyst was tested in hydrolytic hydrogenation of inulin. Inulin is hydrolyzed with formation of fructose and a small amount of glucose. There is a hydrogenation of fructose and glucose in hydrogen with receiving a mannitol and sorbitol, respectively. Mannitol is widely used in production of medicines and pharmaceutics, liquid fuel, the chemical and food industry, biotechnology and production of cosmetics. Mannitol presents in many plants and seaweeds. However, the extraction of mannitol from these raw materials is not a profitable process. Instead, fermentation and catalytic hydrogenation processes are used industrially. Nowadays, mannitol can be obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of monosaccharides like fructose or from glucose-fructose mixtures, using heterogeneous catalyst. During the researches key parameters of process, such as temperature and time of reaction, partial pressure of hydrogen are varied. At optimum reaction conditions: temperature of 150 °C, partial pressure of hydrogen of 60 bars in 45 min, – conversion of inulin was achieved of 100 %, a mannitol yield was 44.3 %. The used catalyst has shown high activity and stability in hydrothermal conditions. Stable magnetic properties of the catalyst cause his easy separation from reactionary mixture by means of external magnetic field.Forcitation:Ratkevich E.A., Manaenkov O.V., Matveeva V.G., Kislitza O.V., Sulman E.M. The hydrolytic hydrogenation of inulin catalyzed by Ru-containing magnetically recoverable catalyst. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 4-5. P. 76-81
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Banks, C. J., and Z. Wang. "Development of a two phase anaerobic digester for the treatment of mixed abattoir wastes." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0016.
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A two phase anaerobic digestion system was developed for the treatment of mixed abattoir wastes composed of mixtures of cattle blood and cattle gut fill (rumen paunch contents). The reactor system, and its mode of operation, overcame the problems associated with a single pass anaerobic digestion process by alleviating toxicity problems associated with the accumulation of volatile fermentation intermediates and high ammonia concentrations. The principle of operation of the two phase system was to separate the hydrolysis reactions from those of methanogenesis and, by introducing a hydraulic flush regime, to prevent accumulation of intermediate products in the first phase of the process. The hydraulic flush operates in such a manner whereby the liquid retention time in the first reactor was significantly shorter than the solids retention of the fibrous components of the feedstock. The first phase reactor was run in this mode using solids retention times of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days with a liquid retention time of 2 days. Up to 87% solids reductions were achieved compared to a maximum 50% when control reactors were operated in a single pass mode with solids and liquid retention times of equal duration. The performance of the first phase hydrolysis reactor was also monitored in terms of volatile fatty acid production, COD removal efficiency and ammonia accumulation potential. The liquefied effluent from the hydraulic flush reactor was found to be a suitable substrate for a second phase high rate methanogenic reactor operated over a range of retention times of between 2 - 10 days; this gave equivalent process loadings of 1.4 - 7.0 kg COD/m3/day. Methane conversion efficiencies of around 0.3 m3 CH4/kg COD removed were achieved. By use of the two phase system it was possible to operate at a loading to the first phase of 7.22 kgTS/m3/day with a resultant effluent from the second phase with a COD of 4270 mgl−1. The overall performance of the system showed a process loading of 3.6 kgTS/m3/day was achievable with a methane production rate of 0.27 m3CH4/kgTS added and 63% TS destruction. The results suggest that further optimisation of the two phases might further improve this overall performance.
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Raje, M., K. Asghari, S. Vossoughi, D. W. Green, and G. P. Willhite. "Gel Systems for Controlling CO2 Mobility in Carbon Dioxide Miscible Flooding." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 02 (April 1, 1999): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/55965-pa.
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Summary Conformance control for carbon dioxide miscible flooding using gel has not been widely attempted. Laboratory research efforts at the University of Kansas have produced promising in-situ gelation techniques aimed at this application. Three in-situ gel systems were developed and tested in laboratory cores. Two systems are based on a new biopolymer, termed KUSP1, and the third gel system uses the reaction of sulfomethylated resorcinol and formaldehyde to form a gel. KUSP1 gel systems were studied using two different methods of inducing in-situ gelation. In the first method, gelation was accomplished by injecting CO2 at low pressure into the Berea sandstone core saturated by alkaline polymer solution. Permeability reduction to the brine and CO2 in the range of 80% was achieved. Stability of the gel was tested in the presence of supercritical CO2 When supercritical CO2 was used to induce in-situ gelation, the same degree of permeability reduction was achieved. The gel remained stable after the injection of many pore volumes of supercritical CO2The second method of initiating in-situ gelation involved the use of an ester. Hydrolysis of the ester, monoethylphthalate, in the alkaline polymer solution caused the pH to drop to levels where in-situ gelation occurred. The permeability of the treated core to supercritical carbon dioxide was about 1 md which was equivalent to a permeability reduction of 95%-97% of the initial brine permeability. The third gel system, based on the reaction of sulfomethylated resorcinol and formaldehyde (SMRF), was gelled in situ and contacted with both brine and supercritical CO2. Permeabilities to carbon dioxide on the order of 1 md or less were observed. This permeability is equivalent to a reduction of about 99% in the initial brine permeability. Reduced permeabilities were maintained after injecting many pore volumes of supercritical CO2 and brine. Introduction Carbon dioxide miscible flooding is one of the most important tertiary oil recovery techniques employed in the United States. However, the process experiences major difficulties in field application because of reservoir heterogeneity due to high permeability contrast. CO2 tends to finger through the high permeability zones and bypass the oil. Early CO2 production occurs with increased recycling and other operating costs. Different methods have been investigated for improving the overall efficiency of the CO2 flooding process. In almost all these methods, attempts have been made to achieve a favorable mobility ratio by affecting the CO2 relative permeability. Examples of these methods are:water alternating gas (WAG) process,1carbon dioxide-foam process,2 andviscosified carbon dioxide process.3 Another technology which is under study is permeability reduction by in-depth placement of polymer gels. The objective of this research is to reduce the permeability in permeable zones of the reservoir. Reduction of matrix permeability in the CO2 process has been studied by other investigators.4,5 No systems were found that gave satisfactory permeability reduction when exposed to prolonged injection of CO2. Three new in-situ gel systems developed and tested in our laboratory are described in this paper. Two of these systems are based on a biopolymer termed KUSP1.6,7 The third system is based on a modification of a previously reported organic crosslinking system. Experiment The experimental program consisted of gelling each polymer system in a 1 ft Berea core which was mounted in a core holder and determining the permeability of the treated rock to brine and carbon dioxide at supercritical conditions. Five separate tests were conducted. Dispersion tests were run in some tests to estimate the pore volume contacted by the injected fluids after treatment with a gelled polymer system. Equipment and Materials Experimental Apparatus. Fig. 1 is a schematic presentation of the experimental apparatus used in this work. An ISCO syringe pump was used for injecting CO2 brine, and gel solutions into the core. All the experiments were conducted at constant rate. The effluent of the core was collected by a fraction sample collector for further analysis. A TEMCO high-pressure core holder equipped with pressure ports was used. The rubber sleeve was filled with water and the injection pressure was kept at 500 psi below the sleeve pressure because higher sleeve pressures caused the rubber sleeve around the pressure taps to deform and seal off the pressure ports. One ft Berea cores, 2 in. in diameter, were used in all experiments. Pressure ports were located such that the core was divided into four sections. The first and fourth sections were 5 cm in length and sections two and three were 10 cm long. The pressure difference for each section and the overall pressure difference were measured by pressure transducers and recorded via a computer-based data gathering system. The apparatus was placed in an air bath in which the temperature of the core and the injected fluids was kept constant. The pressure of the core was maintained by a TEMCO back-pressure regulator connected to a cylinder containing nitrogen at high pressure. The back pressure was maintained at 1200 psi. Details of the experimental setup are presented elsewhere.8 Gels Produced from KUSP1. KUSP1 is an acronym for a biopolymer developed at the University of Kansas. The polymer is a ?-1,3-polyglucan and is produced by fermentation of a bacterium known as Alcaligenes faecalis and certain species of Agrobacterium.6 The polymer grows on the surface of the bacteria. During the fermentation process, the polymer laden bacteria aggregate and settle out from the growth medium. Polymer is extracted from the bacteria by suspension in dilute alkali. Neutralization of the alkaline polymer solution produces a hydrogel. The gelation process is reversible and the hydrogels are stable at high temperatures in neutral solutions. The polymer degrades in alkaline solution with time and at elevated temperatures.
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Gago, František, Viera Horváthová, Vladimír Ondáš, and Ernest Šturdík. "Assessment of waxy and non-waxy corn and wheat cultivars as starch substrates for ethanol fermentation." Chemical Papers 68, no. 3 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0454-1.
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AbstractThe amylose/amylopectin ratio in cereal substrates is one of the parameters affecting starch hydrolysis and fermentation process. Waxy (less than 1 mass % of amylose) starch seems to be suitable for improving the fuel ethanol production. The main aim of this paper was to characterize the fermentation performance of corn and wheat waxy and non-waxy cultivars in terms of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) as well as of the separated hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) type. Two corn (waxy and non-waxy) and two wheat (waxy and non-waxy) cultivars were used for the comparison applying separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. In the SHF process, the glucose content was higher after saccharification in the waxy corn and wheat compared to that in non-waxy corn and wheat. In the SSF of waxy varieties, the glucose content after the pre-saccharification was also higher than in the non-waxy ones. Although the starch content did not vary significantly, differences in the glucose content after saccharification were observed. The ethanol yield obtained after the distillation of mash varied from 229.2–262.3 L per ton for the SHF fermentation, while it was in the range of 311.5–347.9 L per ton for the SSF process.
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Fernandes, Maria C., Ivone Torrado, Florbela Carvalheiro, Vânia Dores, Vera Guerra, Pedro M. L. Lourenço, and Luís C. Duarte. "Bioethanol production from extracted olive pomace: dilute acid hydrolysis." Bioethanol 2, no. 1 (January 11, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bioeth-2016-0007.
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AbstractResidues from olive oil industry such as Extracted Olive Pomace (EOP) are potential substrates for bioethanol production. In this work, enzymatic hydrolysis of EOP pretreated by dilute acid hydrolysis (DAH) was assessed, and the enzymatic hydrolysis and bioconversion were carried out both by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and pre-saccharification followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF). DAH led to a significant removal hemicellulose, but the subsequent enzymatic treatments showed that the resulting residue was still partially recalcitrant to cellulase hydrolysis. Size reduction and further treatment of EOP-DAH with an alkaline solution were also tested. Alkaline post-treatment allowed a decrease in lignin content, but had little effect on enzymatic saccharification comparing to size reduction. Hence fermentation study was performed with ground EOP-DAH. The PSSF process showed a relatively higher bioethanol fermentation yield (0.46 gg-1) when compared to the SHF process.
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López-Domínguez, Cindy Mariel, Manuel Octavio Ramírez-Sucre, and Ingrid Mayanín Rodríguez-Buenfil. "Different schemas of saccharification and fermentation for bioethanol production from Opuntia ficus-indica cladode flour with wild strains." CIBB-ESPOL 01, Bionatura Conference Serie (November 17, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/cs/2018.01.01.10.
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In the present work, two wild microorganisms were studied for saccharification and fermentation. A wild Acinetobacter pittii isolated from decaying cladodes (Opuntia ficus-indica) was capable of producing extracellular cellulases and a wild yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus isolated from termite was capable of producing alcohol. In Mexico, there are surpluses of cladode production and where it is essential to take advantage and use this carbon source for alcohol production due to currently fossil fuels depletion. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF) for cellulase and alcohol production using Opuntia ficus-indica cladode as a unique carbon source was evaluated. In SHF process the best conditions for FPase activity (Filter paper activity for total cellulases) were 37 °C and pH 6.5 obtaining 0.67±0.02 U/ml and 0.61±0.03 U/ml for Acinetobacter pittii and Kluyveromyces marxianus, respectively. For alcohol production, the best conditions were 40 °C and pH 5.5 obtaining 12.95±0.3 g/L with K. marxianus while A. pittii did not produce significant alcohol concentration. Both processes were made with agitation (200 rpm). The SSF process was made with both microorganisms inoculated at the same time at 37 °C and without agitation. The maximum FPase activity of 0.28±0.004 U/ml and the maximum alcohol concentration was 7.5±0.27 g/L. Finally, an SSSF was performed, initially with A. pittii at 37 °C and after 8 h K. marxianus was then inoculated with temperature switched to 40 °C, the all process was performed without agitation. The maximum FPase activity was 0.45±0.001 U/ml, and the maximum alcohol concentration was 11.7±0.02 g/L. There was a significant difference (ANOVA) between SHF and SSSF in alcohol production. The best process for FPase activity and alcohol production is separate hydrolysis and fermentation using only yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus.
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SOPHANODORN, KARN, YUWALEE UNPAPROM, NIGRAN HOMDOUNG, NATTHAWUD DUSSADEE, and RAMESHPRABU RAMARAJ. "THERMOCHEMICAL PRETREATMENT METHOD FOLLOWED BY ENZYME HYDROLYSIS OF TOBACCO STALKS FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION." Global Journal of Science & Engineering, February 23, 2021, 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37516/global.j.mater.sci.eng.2021.0026.
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Energy use from fossil fuels increases, causing an energy crisis, increasing greenhouse gases, and other environmental issues. In this study, obtaining renewable energy sources from biomass to replace fossil fuels is vital for future energy supply. Ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials was gain more attention recently. It is an interesting process and an alternative way countries with agricultural waste can be recycled as energy. To convert such waste biomass source into energy in ethanol needed to adjust cellulose conversion to different suitability. Therefore, to obtain the fermentable sugars for bioethanol production, the pretreatment process involved a vital role. In this experimental study, 4% of calcium oxide (CaO) was applied. Moreover, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) distinguished the characteristics of untreated and pretreated samples. In this study, the separated hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) method was used for bioethanol production. Total and reducing sugars yield confirmed that tobacco stalks are suitable feedstock for bioethanol production.
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El-Mekkawi, Samar A., Sayeda M. Abdo, Farag A. Samhan, and Gamila H. Ali. "Optimization of some fermentation conditions for bioethanol production from microalgae using response surface method." Bulletin of the National Research Centre 43, no. 1 (November 28, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0205-8.
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Abstract Background Algal biomass fermentation is one of the promising alternatives for bioethanol production. The bioethanol yield relies on fermentation conditions as the algal biomass amount, the yeast volume (% v/v), and the fermentation time. In this work, algal biomass harvested from a pilot-scale high rate algal pond (HRAP) was fermented anaerobically using immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 4126). The HRAP was constructed at the Zenin wastewater treatment plant (WTP), Giza, Egypt. A separate hydrolysis fermentation process (SHF) was applied for algal biomass. The effect of the algal biomass amount, the yeast volume (% v/v), and the time of fermentation as three independent variables were studied simultaneously and analyzed statistically using Design-Expert software V6.0.8. Results The harvested algal biomass from HRAP contains 45% carbohydrates and was dominated by Microcystis sp. The results revealed that optimum bioethanol yield 18.57 g/L is achieved by fermenting 98.7 g/L algae using 15.09% of the volume immobilized yeast for 43.6 h with a 95% confidence interval. Conclusion Microalgae grown on wastewater are a promising source of bioethanol production. Maximizing the ethanol production is achieved by optimizing the fermentation parameters as algal biomass, fermentation time, and yeast volume percent. The simultaneous optimization of the parameters using a statistical program is an effective way to maximize the production and predict a model that describes the relationship between these parameters and their response. The prospective research is going to study the effect of these predicted parameters on continuous fermentation on the semi-pilot scale.
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Novy, Vera, Karin Longus, and Bernd Nidetzky. "From wheat straw to bioethanol: integrative analysis of a separate hydrolysis and co-fermentation process with implemented enzyme production." Biotechnology for Biofuels 8, no. 1 (March 18, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0232-0.
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Vishnu Prasad, J., Tridweep K. Sahoo, S. Naveen, and Guhan Jayaraman. "Evolutionary engineering of Lactobacillus bulgaricus reduces enzyme usage and enhances conversion of lignocellulosics to D-lactic acid by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation." Biotechnology for Biofuels 13, no. 1 (October 16, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-020-01812-x.
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Abstract Background Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of pre-treated lignocellulosics to biofuels and other platform chemicals has long been a promising alternative to separate hydrolysis and fermentation processes. However, the disparity between the optimum conditions (temperature, pH) for fermentation and enzyme hydrolysis leads to execution of the SSF process at sub-optimal conditions, which can affect the rate of hydrolysis and cellulose conversion. The fermentation conditions could be synchronized with hydrolysis optima by carrying out the SSF at a higher temperature, but this would require a thermo-tolerant organism. Economically viable production of platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has long been stymied because of the significantly higher cost of hydrolytic enzymes. The major objective of this work is to develop an SSF strategy for D-lactic acid (D-LA) production by a thermo-tolerant organism, in which the enzyme loading could significantly be reduced without compromising on the overall conversion. Results A thermo-tolerant strain of Lactobacillus bulgaricus was developed by adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) which enabled the SSF to be performed at 45 °C with reduced enzyme usage. Despite the reduction of enzyme loading from 15 Filter Paper Unit/gLCB (FPU/gLCB) to 5 FPU/gLCB, we could still achieve ~ 8% higher cellulose to D-LA conversion in batch SSF, in comparison to the conversion by separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes at 45 °C and pH 5.5. Extending the batch SSF to SSF with pulse-feeding of 5% pre-treated biomass and 5 FPU/gLCB, at 12-h intervals (36th–96th h), resulted in a titer of 108 g/L D-LA and 60% conversion of cellulose to D-LA. This is one among the highest reported D-LA titers achieved from LCB. Conclusions We have demonstrated that the SSF strategy, in conjunction with evolutionary engineering, could drastically reduce enzyme requirement and be the way forward for economical production of platform chemicals from lignocellulosics. We have shown that fed-batch SSF processes, designed with multiple pulse-feedings of the pre-treated biomass and enzyme, can be an effective way of enhancing the product concentrations.
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Gautam, Amit K., and Todd J. Menkhaus. "Surface Modified Reverse Osmosis and Nano-Filtration Membranes for the Production of Biorenewable Fuels and Chemicals." MRS Proceedings 1502 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.347.
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ABSTRACTThe Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) and Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) mandated that 36 billion gallons of biofuels should be blended into transportation fuel by 2022. Implementing this will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce petroleum imports and encourage the development and expansion of US renewable fuels sector within rural America. Of the 36 billion gallons of biofuels, 16 billion gallons is expected to be from lignocellulosic biomass such as trees and grasses. The Black Hills of South Dakota is rich in ponderosa pine. This feedstock for bioethanol production, which is widely available due to recent pine beetle infestation, will not only add to the RFS requirement, it will also have a positive impact on rural economies in South Dakota. From the wood chips of pine, after acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, the fermentable sugars obtained are relatively dilute in concentration (∼20-30 g/L). Hence, within a biorefinery, to increase the fermentation efficiency and decrease downstream processing cost of the biofuels, concentrating the sugars can be beneficial. In this study, Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) membranes were tested with complex lignocellulosic hydrolysate samples for their ability to concentrate sugars prior to fermentation. Fouling analysis and membrane characterization for both RO and NF membranes were performed by SEM, AFM, BET, contact angle and FTIR spectroscopy. Efficiency of membranes for their ability to separate fermentation inhibitors (e.g., organic and mineral acids, furans and phenolic compounds) from sugars, while simultaneously concentrating the sugars was studied to make the bio-ethanol production process cost and energy efficient. Three commercial nanofiltration membranes GE-R, TS40 and SR100 showed very promising results. GE-R concentrated sugars to more than 2.5 fold in the retentate, and simultaneously separated more than 50% of the inhibitory components into permeate. These results will increase the fermentation efficiency and reduce downstream purification costs of the produced fuel.
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Schlembach, Ivan, Hamed Hosseinpour Tehrani, Lars M. Blank, Jochen Büchs, Nick Wierckx, Lars Regestein, and Miriam A. Rosenbaum. "Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulose to itaconic acid by a co-culture of Trichoderma reesei and Ustilago maydis." Biotechnology for Biofuels 13, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-020-01835-4.
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Abstract Background Itaconic acid is a bio-derived platform chemical with uses ranging from polymer synthesis to biofuel production. The efficient conversion of cellulosic waste streams into itaconic acid could thus enable the sustainable production of a variety of substitutes for fossil oil based products. However, the realization of such a process is currently hindered by an expensive conversion of cellulose into fermentable sugars. Here, we present the stepwise development of a fully consolidated bioprocess (CBP), which is capable of directly converting recalcitrant cellulose into itaconic acid without the need for separate cellulose hydrolysis including the application of commercial cellulases. The process is based on a synthetic microbial consortium of the cellulase producer Trichoderma reesei and the itaconic acid producing yeast Ustilago maydis. A method for process monitoring was developed to estimate cellulose consumption, itaconic acid formation as well as the actual itaconic acid production yield online during co-cultivation. Results The efficiency of the process was compared to a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation setup (SSF). Because of the additional substrate consumption of T. reesei in the CBP, the itaconic acid yield was significantly lower in the CBP than in the SSF. In order to increase yield and productivity of itaconic acid in the CBP, the population dynamics was manipulated by varying the inoculation delay between T. reesei and U. maydis. Surprisingly, neither inoculation delay nor inoculation density significantly affected the population development or the CBP performance. Instead, the substrate availability was the most important parameter. U. maydis was only able to grow and to produce itaconic acid when the cellulose concentration and thus, the sugar supply rate, was high. Finally, the metabolic processes during fed-batch CBP were analyzed in depth by online respiration measurements. Thereby, substrate availability was again identified as key factor also controlling itaconic acid yield. In summary, an itaconic acid titer of 34 g/L with a total productivity of up to 0.07 g/L/h and a yield of 0.16 g/g could be reached during fed-batch cultivation. Conclusion This study demonstrates the feasibility of consortium-based CBP for itaconic acid production and also lays the fundamentals for the development and improvement of similar microbial consortia for cellulose-based organic acid production.