Academic literature on the topic 'Separate spheres ideology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Separate spheres ideology"
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Oksun Kang. "British Women’s Subordination and The Ideology of “Separate Spheres” in the 19th Century." Studies in English Language & Literature 38, no. 3 (August 2012): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21559/aellk.2012.38.3.008.
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Ledezma, Ana María. "‘Mijita Rica’: The female body as a subject in the public space." Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies 6, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/generos.2017.2042.
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The politeness system is one of the most subtle and everyday forms of gender violence.Harassment in public is a socially accepted practice in Chile, where the ideological background crosses the various social spheres and remains rooted in the national and Latin American ethos.This article questions its bases, revealing the symbolic violence, gender hierarchization, and the reproduction of the ideology of separate spheres infused in street "flattery".
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August, Andrew. "How Separate a Sphere? Poor Women and Paid Work in Late-Victorian London." Journal of Family History 19, no. 3 (September 1994): 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909401900305.
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The essay traces patterns of poor women's employment in late-nineteenth-century London. It shows that employment was common among single, married and widowed women, except among mothers of young children. Unpaid domestic work and paid employment dovetailed into a constant burden of work facing poor women. This challenges the prevalent argument that married women earned wages only at moments of severe crisis in the household economy. It reveals a culture of women's work among the poor that contrasts sharply with the ideology of separate spheres that excluded middle-class women from employment.
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Wilson, Linda. "‘She succeeds with cloudless brow …’ How Active was the Spirituality of Nonconformist Women in the Home during the Period 1825–75?" Studies in Church History 34 (1998): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400013747.
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He role and place of women in the nineteenth century has been the subject of much recent debate. In their influential book, Family Fortunes, Davidoff and Hall traced the development of separate spheres, which, they argued, was linked to the process of industrialization and the emergence of the middle class during the period 1780–1850. They emphasised that both nonconformists and evangelical Anglicans had played a determining role in this development. Amanda Vickery, amongst others, has questioned this thesis. She believes that the premises are flawed, and that early modern studies have shown that neither industrialization, nor the development of separate spheres, can be located at the end of the eighteenth century. Additionally, Helsinger and others have pointed out that there was a contemporary debate over the issue of women, with several varieties of ideology under discussion. Whilst these criticisms of Davidoff and Hall need to be recognized, nevertheless, as Helsinger acknowledges, the ideal of the passive, home-based woman was a major influence in mid-nineteenth-century society.
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Khan, Muhammad Moiz, and Erum Ali Warduk. "THE MYTH OF ALLAHABAD." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 56, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v56i1.58.
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Since the creation of Pakistan the foundation of the Idea of Pakistan has been a matter of academic and political debate. There is a difference between the two spheres. The academic debate allows a room to discuss popular and unpopular ideas and respect the contrary views. The ideology of Pakistan, political system of Pakistan and the constitution of Pakistan have always been discussed and debated amongst scholars. The purpose of this research is to explore the famous presidential address of Allama Iqbal at the annual session of Muslim League in 1930. There are many perceptions about the address delivered by Iqbal, such as he demanded a separate homeland for Muslims of India or not. This research will explore the facts of Iqbal’s speech of Allahabad and will attempt to do justice to his words which have been misinterpreted by some spheres.
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Rubio-Marín, Ruth. "Women and participatory constitutionalism." International Journal of Constitutional Law 18, no. 1 (January 2020): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moaa005.
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Abstract This article underscores the foundational exclusion of women from constitution-making as an expression of the ideology of separate and gendered spheres dominant at the birth of written constitutionalism. It traces the incorporation of women into constitution-making within a broader gender equality participatory turn taking place, since the late 1980s and especially 1990s, coinciding in time with the rise of popular constitutionalism more broadly speaking. By looking at a variety of examples drawn from multiple jurisdictions across the world, it explores the forms of participation of women in constitution-making both through their gradual (though yet insufficient) incorporation into official constitution-making bodies and institutions and, more importantly, through civil society mobilization. It claims that without taking into account the structural dimension of women’s traditional exclusion from the public sphere and constitution-making it is not possible to have an adequate comprehension of the strategies, challenges, meaning, and impact of women joining constitution-making, all of which I briefly describe.
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Kulagina-Stadnichenko, Hanna. "Sources of religious syncretism of Christianity." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 20 (October 30, 2001): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2001.20.1180.
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Christianity - a phenomenon historically and territorially limited. This is an ideology inherent in a certain time and a separate territory. At the same time, for its time and territory, it became the norm and sign system: any thought was translated into the images of the Christian myth, in the traditional phraseology of the Holy Scripture and the works of the Fathers of the Church. Like other religions, Christianity tended to shift the terrestrial problems to unearthly spheres, but its specificity does not manifest itself in what it did, but in how it did it. In other words, it is not enough to say that Christianity is a religion with all the peculiarities of thinking, it is important to find out what exactly Christianity is distinguished among other religions. To clarify this we will proceed from the ratio of Christianity with the main ideological movements of late antiquity, the era of formation of the basic principles of Christian doctrine.
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Masud, Muhammad Khalid. "Religion and State Are Twin Brothers: Classical Muslim Political Theory." ICR Journal 9, no. 1 (September 22, 2020): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v9i1.135.
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The current reluctance for democratic transition in Muslim societies is mostly attributed to Islamic political theories that do not allow a separation between religion and politics. Extremist views often reject democracy because it is perceived to be anti-religion. This paper examines the thread of classical Islamic political theory that considers religion and state to be inseparable twin brothers. Exploring the origins of this thread in Sassanid and tenth century Islamic thought, analysis of the doctrine reveals that Muslim political thought more generally has traditionally been more pragmatic on political issues (siyasah), with Muslim jurists continuously marking boundaries between religion and culture in their fatawa, particularly concerning bid’ah (innovation) and tashabbuh bi’l kuffar (imitation of the infidels). Indeed, all definitions of religion that make it inseparable from the state are seen to be a modern phenomenon, in which religion is defined in terms of the ideology of political power, with secularism perceived as its rival. Analysing diverse interpretations of the doctrine from the Abbasid period to the twenty-first century, the paper finds that, like twin brothers, religion and politics are separate in Islam albeit united in their origin. This perspective becomes more meaningful in modern times if we recognise the role of social consensus (ijma’), besides the political and the religious spheres.
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Siber, Mouloud. "Ellen M. Rogers as a Feminist and Orientalist Travel Writer: A Study of her A Winter in Algeria: 1863-4 (1865)." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 29 (November 15, 2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2016.29.12.
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This article studies the Orientalist and Feminist discourses that underlay Ellen M. Rogers’s A Winter in Algeria: 1863-4 (1865). Her conception of Algeria reproduces the Victorian imperialist attitude toward the Algerian as inferior to the European in order to celebrate British imperial power. Underneath this colonial discourse, the writer proclaims her feminist point of view about empire and juxtaposes feminist attitudes in Victorian Britain with the degraded condition of the Oriental woman. To contribute to Victorian feminist struggle for gender equality, she identifies with the suffering of Muslim Algerian women under male domination and compares their confinement to the harem and their veiling to Victorian “separate spheres” ideology. From this perspective, Rogers presents the profiles of the Orientalist as defined by Edward Said (1978) and the feminist as defined by Antoinette Burton (1994). Said limits his discussion of Orientalism to male writers and travelers who construct imperialist views about the colonial world and its people. However, Burton argues that many Victorian travel writers were women who not only circulated Orientalist ideas but also constructed a feminist discourse. Women writers found in the colonial world ways to cross the boundaries of gender and power in order to criticize male writers who insisted on women’s inferior status. In sum, the major claim made in this article is that Ellen M. Rogers projects a feminist-Orientalist view in her travel account about French Algeria.
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Parkhomenko, Nataliia, and Tetiana Podorozhna. "Legal reform as an instrument of constitutionalization of the legal order." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.03.
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The article examines the problems of constitutionalization of the legal order in the light of legal reform. It is noted that the currentsituation in the legal sphere (in the state of constitutionalization of law) is characterized by the following negative features: the lack ofrational legal policy and of systematic decisions of public authorities; the lack of optimal economic and political conditions for the developmentof the legal system as a whole and its individual elements; the low level of legal awareness of subjects of law and the high levelof legal nihilism; conservatism and inertness of individual subjects of the legal system. All these circumstances are a serious obstacle tothe legal order. Reforming is closely related to the change of power, political system, state policy, ideology, political course. In such situations,there is a need for systematic improvement of existing legislation. And it is necessary to make amendments not to separate laws,but to the whole legal field which needs systematic updating. It is emphasized that legal reform should be divided into three main areas:constitutional, legislative and judicial. These are, first of all, the reform of public administration, administrative and territorial reform,judicial and legal reform, the reform of criminal justice, and the reform of local self-government in Ukraine. All these areas are interconnected.At the same time, taking into account the fundamental importance of constitutional law (in relation to other branches of law),there is a need to substantiate the possibility of implementing constitutional principles into the fields of current legislation in order to furtherconstitutionalize the legal order. In view of this, an important step for the legal enforcement of reforms is the constitutional reform,the implementation of which is part of the problem of the development of statehood, improving the legal system of Ukraine.It is concluded that in the implementation of legal reform it is important to strictly adhere to the principles of the rule of law, oflegal certainty, and of proportionality, with the latter formed in the legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights. These legalmechanisms will contribute to more effective constitutional development of Ukraine, improvement and harmonization of all spheres ofpublic life, including legal one, renewal, constructive mechanism for protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, which is themain goal of constitutionalization of the legal order.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Separate spheres ideology"
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Piatt, Patricia Angela. "The relevance of the ideology of separate spheres in nineteenth-century British travel literature." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490909.
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The purpose of this thesis is to assess whether the ideology of separate spheres should continue to be used in the analysis of nineteenth-century travel literature, and to detennine whether there is any justification in assuming male travellers were primarily concerned with 'public' issues and female travellers were primarily concerned with 'private' issues. To answer these questions this thesis examines a number of areas traditionally associated with each gender, and analyzes how both sexes coped with a variety of discursive pressures. It incorporates travel literature produced by both genders covering the whole of the nineteenth century, and includes travel texts from a wide range of countries. The thesis is divided into two parts, each with two chapters. The first part focuses on areas traditionally associated with male expertise and 'public' issues. Chapter One investigates the inclusion of 'technical' subjects and finds, contrary to popular belief, that both sexes addressed these subjects in similar ways, and that there is a considerable weight of material to prove that women writers were interested in a much wider range of subjects than has been appreciated. Chapter Two explores the use of the 'Action Hero Narrator' and similarly finds that, rather than being modest and reserved, many women writers were also able to employ the use of a strong narrative voice in their travel texts. \Vhat is particularly striking regarding these 'masculine' issues is not that women were able to discuss a wide range of topics, and often do so in an authoritative manner, but that the work of many male writers was not dominated by 'technical' detail, and that they did not feel the need to portray themselves as dynamic and in control at all times. The second part of this investigation focuses on areas traditionally associated with female expertise and 'private' issues. Chapter Three examines how sexual relationships were dealt with in travel literature and finds, unlike female writers who were generally rather circumspect when they addressed matters of a sexual nature, male writers were able to be much more open and direct. Chapter Four investigates how other areas of relationships, such as children, family life and the position of women, were discussed by travel writers, and finds that male travel literature often demonstrated a greater interest in these issues than travel accounts produced by female writers. This thesis offers considerable evidence to prove that, in regard to male and female travel writing, there was much more commonality in subject matter than has been assumed. It demonstrates that there was a significant degree of movement between 'public' and 'private', and that assessing material primarily from the perspective of gender can be very misleading. It emphasises the importance of examining texts produced by both sexes before any assumptions are made about gender. Based on the evidence it concludes that it is difficult to justify the application of the ideology of separate spheres in the analysis of nineteenth-century travel literature. Supplied by The British Library - 'The world's knowledge'
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Kim, Koeun. "Going beyond the domestic sphere : women's literature for children, 1856-1902." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18802.
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My thesis explores how female writers of the Golden Age of children’s literature used their domestic stories to convey their visions of a more desirable society to their child readers, and thus to widen their influence beyond the homely sphere. My first chapter reconsiders the nineteenth-century historical circumstances wherein the woman and the child came to be constructed and enshrined as the domestic woman and the Romantic child within the home, and excluded from the public discourses. I then consider how in domestic stories women writers tried to overcome this shared deprivation of autonomy with the child, focusing on the works of Charlotte Yonge, Juliana Ewing, and Mary Louisa Molesworth. It emerges that these women writers were all keen to encourage their young readers to question the boundaries that separate home from the public realm, and to imagine a society wherein these dividing lines would be mitigated and even be extinguished. The thesis argues that these female writers’ literary efforts to exhaust the potential of the domestic story, and that their motivation to provide their child readers a sense of agency were integral in the development of Golden Age children’s literature. Charlotte Yonge’s technique of evoking sympathy for the child characters forged a more intimate relationship between adult author and young reader, and initiated the unsettling of the hierarchy between old and young, and author and reader. Juliana Ewing’s experiments with child narrators and her mingling of adventure and fantasy stories with domestic stories showed successive writers the various directions the domestic story could go. Mary Louisa Molesworth’s nursery stories realized the purpose of Ewing’s literary experiments, as her stories’ natural interweaving of quotidian nursery and fairy tale elements not only alleviated the hierarchy between fantasy and domestic realism, but also opened an era in which the blending of these two modes would become one of the most popular genres in children’s literature.
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Leaver, Elizabeth Bridget. "The Priceless treasure at the bottom of the well : rereading Anne Brontë." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/33158.
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Anne Brontë died in 1848, having written two novels, Agnes Grey (1847) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848). Although these novels, especially The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, initially received a favourable critical response, the unsympathetic remarks of Charlotte Brontë and Elizabeth Gaskell initiated a dismissive attitude towards Anne Brontë’s work. For over a hundred years, she was marginalized and silenced by a critical world that admired and respected the work of her two sisters, Charlotte and Emily, but that refused to acknowledge the substantial merits of her own fiction. However, in 1959 revisionist scholars such as Derek Stanford, Ada Harrison and Winifred Gérin, offered important, more enlightened readings that helped to liberate Brontë scholarship from the old conservatisms and to direct it into new directions. Since then, her fiction has been the focus of a robust, but still incomplete, revisionist critical scholarship. My work too is revisionist in orientation, and seeks to position itself within this revisionist approach. It has a double focus that appraises both Brontë’s social commentary and her narratology. It thus integrates two principal areas of enquiry: firstly, an investigation into how Brontë interrogates the position of middle class women in their society, and secondly, an examination of how that interrogation is conveyed by her creative deployment of narrative techniques, especially by her awareness of the rich potential of the first person narrative voice. Chapter 1 looks at the critical response to Brontë’s fiction from 1847 to the present, and shows how the revisionist readings of 1959 were pivotal in re-invigorating the critical approach to her work. Chapter 2 contextualizes the key legal, social, and economic consequences of Victorian patriarchy that so angered and frustrated feminist thinkers and writers such as Brontë. The chapter also demonstrates the extent to which a number of her core concerns relating to Victorian society and the status of women are reflected in her work. In Chapter 3 I discuss three important biographical influences on Brontë: her family, her painful experiences as a governess, and her reading history. Chapter 4 contains a detailed analysis of Agnes Grey, which includes an exploration of the narrative devices that help to reinforce its core concerns. Chapter 5 focuses on The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, showing how the novel offers a richer and more sophisticated analysis of feminist concerns than those that are explored in Agnes Grey. These are broadened to include an investigation of the lives of married women, particularly those trapped in abusive marriages. The chapter also stresses Brontë’s skilful deployment of an intricate and layered narrative technique. The conclusion points to the ways in which my study participates in and extends the current revisionist trend and suggests some aspects of Brontë’s work that would reward further critical attention.Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
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Khan, Scheherazade. "Weathering Challenges to the Separate Sphere Ideology: The Persistence of Convention in Victorian Novels, 1850-1901." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42671.
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The separate sphere ideology, dominant but never hegemonic in Victorian Britain, dictated that women’s natural vocation was to be wives and mothers. Between the years 1850 to 1901, the surplus woman problem and a nascent feminist movement challenged the separate sphere ideology. It was also reinforced by imperialist ideologies that held the British family as a sign of Britain’s superiority, and eugenics which placed great importance on heterosexual marriage and reproduction.
How did novelists, especially women novelists, respond to the challenges against the separate sphere ideology? How did they depict unconventional women such as surplus women, women who behaved in transgressive ways, feminist women, lesbians, and women who were in interracial relationships? The conventional narrative stressed the importance of marriage, and unconventional characters either reformed themselves or met tragic fates. This remained consistent throughout the second half of the 19th century. At mid-century, unconventional women were the ones who rejected marriage, had an affair, etc. As women began to gain rights in education, work, and civic rights, the temptations that drew middle class women away from conventional life shifted to wanting to work or becoming feminists. Novels also depicted alien others, such as lesbians and non-white people, as menaces and threats to conventional marriage. Acceptable unconventionalities were limited: it was acceptable for women to be unconventional if they were exceptional or they broke one convention but upheld another, such as motherhood. At the end of the century, New Women novelists and other novelists that sympathetically depicted unconventional women critiqued the separate sphere ideology, but were overwhelmingly pessimistic about the possibility that women could escape convention.
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Ihmels, Melanie. "The mischiefmakers: woman’s movement development in Victoria, British Columbia 1850-1910." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5178.
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This thesis examines the beginning of Victoria, British Columbia’s, women’s movement, stretching its ‘start’ date to the late 1850s while arguing that, to some extent, the local movement criss-crossed racial, ethnic, religious, and gender boundaries. It also highlights how the people involved with the women’s movement in Victoria challenged traditional beliefs, like separate sphere ideology, about women’s position in society and contributed to the introduction of new more egalitarian views of women in a process that continues to the present day. Chapter One challenges current understandings of First Wave Feminism, stretching its limitations regarding time and persons involved with social reform and women’s rights goals, while showing that the issue of ‘suffrage’ alone did not make a ‘women’s movement’. Chapter 2 focuses on how the local ‘women’s movement’ coalesced and expanded in the late 1890s to embrace various social reform causes and demands for women’s rights and recognition, it reflected a unique spirit that emanated from Victorian traditionalism, skewed gender ratios, and a frontier mentality. Chapter 3 argues that an examination of Victoria’s movement, like any other ‘women’s movement’, must take into consideration the ethnic and racialized ‘other’, in this thesis the Indigenous, African Canadian, and Chinese. The Conclusion discusses areas for future research, deeper research questions, and raises the question about whether the women’s movement in Victoria was successful.Graduate
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Books on the topic "Separate spheres ideology"
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Speck, W. A. Social Structure, Class, and Gender, 1770–1832. Edited by Alan Downie. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566747.013.014.
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This essay deals with the perceived emergence of a three-class social structure in the period. Between the aristocracy and the working class contemporaries observed the growth of a middle class especially in the rapidly expanding towns where urbanization gave rise to an urban bourgeoisie. These developments also affected the role of women in society, though the thesis that they created ‘separate spheres’ has been exaggerated. The creation of a bourgeois ideology of respectability was assisted by the Evangelical Revival. Increasing industrialization, though not as revolutionary as was once thought, affected the relative standards of living of the different classes. It also had an impact on the birth rate and relations between the sexes.
Book chapters on the topic "Separate spheres ideology"
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Foster, Thomas. "What Comes after the Ideology of Separate Spheres? Women Writers and Modernism." In Transformations of Domesticity in Modern Women’s Writing, 1–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510005_1.
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Turner, Frank M. "The Ideology of Separate Gender Spheres." In European Intellectual History from Rousseau to Nietzsche, edited by Richard A. Lofthouse, 208–25. Yale University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300207293.003.0013.
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"Introduction: The Studio, the Domestic Interior, and the Ideology of Separate Spheres." In Redefining Gender in American Impressionist Studio Paintings, 1–21. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315089065-1.
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O’Malley, Tom. "Women and the Welsh Newspaper Press: The Cambrian News and the Western Mail, 1870–1895." In Women, Periodicals and Print Culture in Britain, 1830s-1900s, 84–96. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433907.003.0007.
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Newspapers were an important space for imagining women’s domestic lives. Women’s pages, columns, and advertisements were designed to reach a growing female readership. As Tom O’Malley notes in this chapter, newspapers contributed to separate spheres ideology by depicting women as subordinate to men and by highlighting their roles as wives, daughters, mothers, and consumers in the home. Yet, O’Malley notes, such ‘ideological convention was always under pressure from the heterogeneous content papers were obliged to contain if they were to appeal to the men and women in the locality on whom they depended as purchasers, readers, and advertisers’ (95). Consequently, at the same time that newspapers constructed the angel in the house they also imagined women as litigants, entertainers, labourers, and charity workers—identities that defined women as participants in world outside the home. Newspapers, then, by virtue of their differentiated readerships, dismantled separate spheres ideology at the same time they seemed to confirm it.
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"Chapter One. Separate (Hemi)Spheres: John Quincy Adams, Lydia Maria Child, and the Domestic Ideology of the Monroe Doctrine." In Hemispheric Imaginings, 32–61. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822386728-003.
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Eichner, Maxine. "Insulating Families from Market Forces—The Rise of the Welfare State." In The Free-Market Family, 159–75. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055479.003.0008.
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This chapter shows that the constant in America’s relationship with markets hasn’t been the acceptance of a free-market economy, but rather the belief that the economy should serve the interests of families. The nineteenth-century rise of the market economy in the United States, it demonstrates, was accompanied by the rise of a set of beliefs that historians call the “ideology of separate spheres.” This ideology sold Americans on the market economy by claiming that it would help families thrive. By the end of the nineteenth century, though, it became clear that the market was failing to deliver on this promise for working-class families. Reformers then called for the government to step in to use regulation to support the promise that the market would protect families. The New Deal arose out of that view of the government’s role. For much of the twentieth century, the government’s responsibility to safeguard the well-being of families against harmful market forces was a fundamental part of our nation’s social contract.
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Thomas, Tracy A. "Raising “Our Girls”." In Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Feminist Foundations of Family Law. NYU Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814783047.003.0006.
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This chapter addresses Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s feminist views on maternal custody and parenting. She advocated granting legal rights of child custody to mothers in the event of separation or divorce. Stanton challenged the separate spheres ideology and argued for women to work in paid employment as well as to have pecuniary and social power in the home. To bring about this transformation of gender roles, Stanton articulated feminist parenting ideals of reconstructing gender by raising the next generation of boys and girls in equal moral, educational, and social ways. She took this message to the populace in speeches on the Lyceum tour over eleven years. Ultimately, as this chapter concludes, Stanton argued that religious doctrine must be reformed in order to transform the gendered social roles of women and men, as she articulated in the feminist theology of her Woman’s Bible.
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Marshall, Tim. "Planning expertise and planning law: autonomy from politics and ideology?" In The Politics and Ideology of Planning, 81–100. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447337201.003.0005.
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Not all activity in planning is political or ideological, evidently. This chapter explores two of the areas which may be thought less subject to political and ideological influences. One is the technical dimension of planning work, which includes a range of skills, from the “harder” aspects like design or regulations to the softer sides of negotiation and participatory techniques. This is seen as indeed having some autonomy, but also as in part tied into the political work of planners. A second aspect is the central importance of law in planning. This has been especially under-analysed, and a survey of approaches to this area is given, including the valuable analysis of Pierre Bourdieu. It is argued that there is again a separate sphere of legal discourse and power which is central to planning, but that this too has a strong ideological grounding. It is problematic for many people involved in planning that law complexifies and to an extent mystifies even simple planning matters.
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Rosochacka-Gmitrzak, Magdalena. "Transformacje męskości. Od doktryn i ideologii ku nieopresyjnym aktualizacjom." In ZMIANA SPOŁECZNA, PANDEMIA, KRYZYS Konteksty empiryczne i teoretyczne, 199–222. Wydawnictwo Instytutu Filozofii i Socjologii PAN, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37240/9788376831985.9.
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The purpose of the text is to depict masculinity evolution via two perspectives that led to describing masculinity as toxic and men – as obsolete. The first perspective presents the doctrine of separate spheres. The second is based on Men Box. Both have been a certain drive for neomasculinity or manosphere. Also, both the doctrine and the Men Box are ascribed to traditional masculinity, which was found harmful to men by American Psychological Association in 2018. Its harmfulness does not reach men solely, yet also their families and all of us as society. Initiatives directed to improve the situation meet some resistance, and plural masculinities do not find recognition among conservative milieus. Actual masculinities, free of oppressive doctrines or boxes, are important social capital. However, in order to be implemented, they need integrated actions.