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Relevant bibliographies by topics / September 11 Terrorist Attacks

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Academic literature on the topic 'September 11 Terrorist Attacks'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "September 11 Terrorist Attacks"

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Khalif Al-naeemi, Zeena Younis, and Faisal Abdul-Wahhab Hayder Al-Doori. "September 11 as a Terrorist Atack in Lawrence Ferlinghetti's "History of the Airplane"." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 5, no. 1 (January 23, 2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.5.1.2.

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The September 11 attacks, also called the 9/11 attacks, the series of plane hijackings and suicide attacks perpetrated in 2001 by 19 militants connected with the Islamic extremist organizations Al-Qaeda against goals in the United States, are the deadliest terrorist attacks and an extraordinary event on American soil. The attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. caused widespread death and destruction and sparked a massive United States counter-terrorism efforts. This study aims to explore the main trend of contemporary American poetry that deals with the topic of the September 11 attacks and to show the impact of September 11, 2001, on contemporary American poets. Many contemporary American poets in the period following the attack on the Twin Towers were influenced by the September 11 attacks. Many of the American poets consider the September 11 attacks a terrorist attack, and these poets are the ones who believe in the theory of terrorism, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti is one of them.

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Heger, Martin. "Terrorist Attacks Against the Natural Environment: A Phantom or a Real Danger." German Law Journal 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 1066–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018058.

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During the last few decades scholars have discussed various different scenarios of modern terrorism. One of these scenarios –– Islamic motivated terrorism –– came to light with the attacks on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001. Another scenario discussed involves terrorist attacks against the natural environment as part of so-called “eco-terrorism”. These attacks are either carried out using traditional weapons or the often-discussed “bioterrorism”, where biological weapons are manufactured and misused by terrorists.

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Hanson, Michael. "State Sponsorship: An Impediment to the Global Fight against Terrorism." Groningen Journal of International Law 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.7.2.132-144.

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Following the terrorist attack on the United States of America on 11 September 2001, global efforts against terrorism have increased. Notwithstanding these efforts, terrorist attacks continue across the globe amidst accusations that some States provide support for terrorists. This work examines the State sponsorship of terrorist groups in light of the global fight against terrorism. The methodology used here is doctrinal. This work finds that the continuous provision of resources to terrorist groups by some States against the dictates of relevant existing international legal setups operates as an impediment to the global fight against terrorism. It concludes that cutting off State support for terrorists remains the sine qua non for achieving success in the global war against terror. To do this requires the strengthening of international laws on terrorism, increasing diplomatic relations to expose involved States, imposing and enforcing strong sanctions against supporting States, reduction of such States’meddling in activities of other countries, increased assistance to failed States and decreased assistance to involved States.

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Lyon, David. "Surveillance after September 11." Sociological Research Online 6, no. 3 (November 2001): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.643.

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The aftermath of terrorist attacks on September 11 2001 includes widespread tightening of surveillance. The responses are a prism that puts several things in perspective. One, it is premature to see decentralised and commercial surveillance simply supplanting nation-state power. Rather, the nation-state now draws upon an augmented surveillant assemblage for its own purposes. Two, reliance on high tech surveillance methods is undaunted by the low-tech attacks or the failure of high tech security systems already in place. While they may not work to curb terrorism they are likely to impede civil rights for citizens who will be even more profiled and screened. Three, the struggle to make mushrooming surveillance systems more democratically accountable and amenable to ethical scrutiny is being set back by panic regimes following September 11.

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Davies, Chris. "From Munich to Christchurch: International Sport and the Threat of Terrorism." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 52, no. 3 (May 23, 2022): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v52i3.7581.

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The 1972 Munich Olympic Games is remembered for the terrorist attack which resulted in 11 members of the Israeli team being killed. It highlighted that sporting events and teams can be targeted by terrorists due to the high media profile that major sporting events attract. Since this time, high level security has been an important organising consideration for the Olympic Games, something that has increased since the September 11 attacks in the United States in 2001. Other sporting teams, namely the Togo national football team and the Sri Lanka national cricket team, have likewise been targeted. The international aspect of many sports requires extensive touring to other countries, and this has resulted in various touring teams being in places that have been terrorist targets, as the New Zealand national cricket team experienced in Pakistan. New Zealand is not a region of the world prone to terrorism problems, but the March 15 attack on a Christchurch mosque could have led to loss of life amongst the touring Bangladesh national cricket team. No region or country is free from potential terrorist attacks involving sporting teams.

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Stenvall, Maija. "An actor or an undefined threat?" Studying Identity: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges 2, no. 2 (November 18, 2003): 361–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.2.2.10ste.

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The paper studies the use of the word terrorist in the dispatches of two major international news agencies, AP and Reuters. It can be assumed that the attacks on September 11, 2001, have changed the role of terrorist and affected the meaning of the word. While terrorists have been traditionally construed as violent actors, they are now, more and more, seen as a static threat. The paper examines three collocations — terrorist attack, terrorist threat and terrorist suspect — as grammatical metaphors (cf. Halliday 1994); the collocation terrorist network is analysed as a conceptual metaphor (cf. Lakoff and Johnson 1980). Linguistic strategies manifested in the data form a pattern that I call “anti-terrorism discourse”. Modality and general vagueness of the language are conspicuous features in the news agency dispatches on terrorism; the reports focus on what may happen or may have happened. This can be argued to undermine the factuality of news agency discourse.

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Cohan, Catherine L., Steve W. Cole, and Robert Schoen. "Divorce following the September 11 terrorist attacks." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 26, no. 4 (June 2009): 512–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407509351043.

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Farag, Wael Zakaria. "American security strategy towards terrorism after September 11 attacks." Review of Economics and Political Science 5, no. 4 (May 18, 2020): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/reps-10-2018-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine evolution of the American strategy toward terrorism in the aftermath of the events of September 11, 2001. In other words, this study revolves around a key question: How and why the American security strategy toward terrorism evolved in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001? Based on the neorealist approach in international relations, this paper attempted to answer that question: first, through defining the concept of terrorism and how the Americans perceive it; second, via pinpointing the characteristic of the American counter-terrorism strategy before September 11 attacks; and third, through examining the effects of those terrorist attacks on that strategy. Design/methodology/approach The nature of the subject of this study calls for reliance on the analytical descriptive approach to highlight the role and strategy of the USA in the fight against terrorism following the events of September 11, in addition to the use of the system analysis methodology, which can identify the inputs and outputs of the system that had an impact in formulating the US counter-terrorism strategy. Findings This study has come up with seven findings. The first finding was that the 9/11 attacks served as a turning point of the US counter-terrorism strategy and restructured its agenda. Confronting the communist threat had been its primary objective, until terrorism came to the fore and became its first and foremost priority. The USA vowed that terrorism is its enemy and waged the war on terror to thwart its risk as a global threat. The second finding revolves around the idea of double standards in the American foreign policy. True to its long-standing tradition of favoring its own interests, in complete disregard of the interests of any other party, the USA continued to uphold the double-standards policy. Originality/value This study adds a new study to the Arab Library in the field of counter-terrorism studies, national security strategies and American foreign policy. In addition, the researcher seeks to complete the scientific effort to study the US strategy against terrorism, with a clear impact on the development of the situation in the region. This study contributes to the study of how one of the great powers in the international system, the USA, deals with the terrorist organizations that have become widespread in the Arab region.

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CARROLL, HAMILTON. "September 11 as Heist." Journal of American Studies 45, no. 4 (November 2011): 835–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875811000983.

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This article examines two films, James Marsh's Man on Wire and Spike Lee's Inside Man in relation to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It looks at both films as examples of the heist genre and explores the ways in which genre conventions enable the production of meaning about the terrorist attacks. The conventions of the heist film, it argues, help make sense of September 11 by producing a different set of relations to time and space that draw on the uncanny, rather than the traumatic, nature of the events. Narrating stories of transgression, both films place the horrors of September 11 in another context. Through the genre conventions of the heist, each film offers a view of New York in which the events of September 11 and the destruction of the World Trade Center stand as the center. Not yet complete in one, already destroyed in the other, the Twin Towers haunt these films. As Man on Wire and Inside Man each attempt to make sense of the world in which the city of New York is marked most powerfully by a profound absence, it is in their uses of the heist genre that they find a representational space in which to mourn the World Trade Center and the victims of the attacks.

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Solis, Mariah Talia, Jessica Pearson, Deirdre P. Dixon, Abigail Blanco, and Raymond Papp. "Terrorism Effects on Businesses Post 9/11." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2020010102.

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Discussions regarding terrorism are more relevant today than ever before. Terror threats can take on many forms from physical violence against military forces, individual companies, and ordinary citizens, to actions against infrastructure, to cyber terrorism. These forms of terror and others, in a number of ways, threaten the physical and financial safety of people around the world. The purpose of this qualitative research study is to evaluate the effects of terrorism—particularly the attacks on September 11, 2001—on U.S. enterprises in the period since the attacks. Utilizing interviews with representatives from various industries, the authors found that employees with long company histories believe their companies have implemented changes regarding their security measures as a safeguard against possible future terrorist attacks. The research findings revealed that while businesses have made changes in their use of technology to change their (1) cybersecurity, (2) training methods, and (3) hiring processes, there remains a gap in understanding the efficacy and efficiency of these changes. Though the September 11 attacks raised the concerns regarding terrorism overall and formed the genesis for thinking about the effects of terrorism, the authors found that interviewees had limited knowledge of how terrorist activities truly affected their business, and identified a strong need to empirically study the technology changes implemented in the past two decades as a response to terrorism, and a need for a thorough sharing of knowledge within the cybersecurity industry to other businesses.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "September 11 Terrorist Attacks"

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Curry, Jennifer. "A study of the impact of 9/11 on content in travel magazines /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1422919.

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Kouzmanov, Krassi. "NATO's response to the 11 September 2001 terrorism : lessons learned." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Mar%5FKouzmanov.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in International Security and Civil-Military Relations)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): Maria Rasmussen, David Yost. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

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Epstein, Daren Adam. "The impact of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on U.S.-China relations." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Mar%5FEpstein.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): H. Lyman Miller, Peter R. Lavoy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-62). Also available online.

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Pelser, Waldimar. "September 11, 2001 : framing the attacks in America's press." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53051.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The attacks on New York and Washington on September 11 2001 constituted a singular media event. On the front pages of America's newspapers and in its pre-eminent news magazines unfolded, in the immediate wake of the blitz, a portrayal that uncontroversially legitimised claims to American innocence, fomented moral certitude through parallels with previous wars and anticipated retaliation that would soon enough engulf Afghanistan. Showing, first, that accounts of reality are always social constructions, the "framing" of September 11 in America's press will be evaluated with reference to 122 newspaper front pages, most from September 12, some from the day of the attacks, and two American news magazines. The emergence of a discourse of war will be considered, as well as the perpetuation within and without of the press of dominant views on America's role in the conflict. The extent to which this "popular frame" selectively excluded inconvenient truths is illustrated in critiques of john Pilger and Noam Chomsky, and an assessment of the politics of defining "terror". The analysis is placed within the normative framework of orthodox joumalism ethics, particularly the values of impartiality and objectivity, concluding that, in democracy, a responsible media better serves the public interest through sustained criticism than compliant patriotism.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aanvalle op New York en Washington op 11 September 2001 was 'n uitsonderlike mediagebeurtenis. Direk daarna het 'n uitbeelding op die voorblaaie van Amerika se koerante en in twee voorste nuustydskrifte ontvou wat aansprake op Amerikaanse onskuld sonder omhaal sou legitimeer, parallelle met vorige oorloë in die diens van morele daadkragtigheid sou oproep, en wraakaanvalle sou antisipeer wat kort daarna in Afghanistan sou woed. Met as vertrekpunt die argument dat enige weergawe van realiteit 'n sosiale konstruksie is, word die uitbeelding ("framing") van die aanvalle in die Amerikaanse pers op 122 koerantvoorblaaie, hoofsaaklik van 12 September maar insluitend enkeles van die aanvalsdag self, en in twee Amerikaanse nuustydskrifte hier geevalueer. Die ontluiking van 'n oorlogsdiskoers word bekyk, asook die voortsetting binne en buite die media van heersende sienings oor Amerika se rol in die konflik. Die mate waarin hierdie "populêre omraming" ("framing") ongemaklike waarhede selektief uitgesluit het, word aangetoon in critiques van John Pilger en Noam Chomsky, en 'n oorweging van die politiek agter 'n definisie van "terreur". Die analise voltrek in die normatiewe raamwerk van joernalistieke etiek, veral die waardes van onpartydigheid en objektiviteit, en kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, in demokrasie, 'n verantwoordelike media die openbare belang beter dien deur volgehou kritiek as deur onderdanige patriotisme.

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Wild, Robert Mason. "Terrorism and college students a generation's response to September 11, 2001 /." Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2005. http://etd.umsl.edu/r1021.

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Kaproth, Carissa. "A study of the effects of September 11, 2001 on third and eleventh grade students." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003kaprothc.pdf.

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Olk, Erin E. "The perceived effects of September 11, 2001 on student career choices." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003olke.pdf.

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Polk, Thomas H. "The rupture of symbolic immortality Don DeLillo and 9/11 /." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-1/polkt/thomaspolk.pdf.

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Torres, Manuel Roberto. "Privilege and 9/11 risk perception, terrorist acts and the White male effect /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.08 Mb., 49 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1163267181&Fmt=7&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Feeney, Shannon. "The effects of September 11, 2001 on air travel and tourism." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003feeneys.pdf.

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Books on the topic "September 11 Terrorist Attacks"

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Hillstrom, Laurie Collier. The September 11 terrorist attacks. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2012.

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Schier, Helga. September 11, 2001. Edina, Min: ABDO Pub. Co., 2007.

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illustrator, Ichiyama Dennis Y., and Hamilton Wood Type & Printing Museum (Two Rivers, Wis.), eds. Nine 11: September 11, 2001. Two Rivers, Wisconsin: Printed at the Hamilton Wood Type & Printing Museum, 2002.

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Santella, Andrew. September 11, 2001. New York: Children's Press, 2002.

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Reisegger, Gerhoch. Die Bildbeweise: 11. September. Tübingen: Hohenrain, 2004.

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Fridman, Viktor. 11 senti︠a︡bri︠a︡: Vid na ubiĭstvo. Moskva: ĖNAS, 2009.

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1963-, Logevall Fredrik, ed. Terrorism and 9/11: A reader. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.

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Misha, Klein, and McIntyre Adrian Lee, eds. September 11, contexts and consequences: An anthology. Berkeley, Calif: Copy Central, 2001.

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Mara, Miller. Remembering September 11, 2001: What we know now. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow, 2010.

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Bodden, Valerie. The 9/11 terror attacks: Odysseys. Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "September 11 Terrorist Attacks"

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Thorun, Christian. "Russia’s Response to the 11 September 2001 Terrorist Attacks." In Explaining Change in Russian Foreign Policy, 111–33. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230589964_6.

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DeLisi, Lynn E. "The New York Experience: Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001." In Disasters and Mental Health, 167–78. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/047002125x.ch11.

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Shane, J. M. "September 11 Terrorist Attacks Against the United States and the Law Enforcement Response." In A New Understanding of Terrorism, 99–142. New York, NY: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0115-6_7.

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Cohan, Catherine L. "Family Transitions Following Natural and Terrorist Disaster: Hurricane Hugo and the September 11 Terrorist Attack." In Handbook of Stressful Transitions Across the Lifespan, 149–64. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0748-6_8.

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Rudenstine, Sasha, and Sandro Galea. "Two Models, One Disaster New York City Terrorist Attacks on the World Trade Center – September 11, 2001." In The Causes and Behavioral Consequences of Disasters, 133–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0317-3_20.

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Gigerenzer, Gerd. "Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire." In Rationality for Mortals, 92–98. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195328981.003.0006.

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Abstract The 9/11 Commission’s report unfolded the chronology of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, which cost the lives of some three thousand people and billions of dollars in property damage (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, 2004). It focused on how al-Qaeda terrorism evolved, the possible failures of intelligence agencies to detect and avoid the attack, and potential diplomatic, legal, and technological measures to prevent future attacks. The report concerned the origins and prevention of what I refer to as direct damage, that is, the immediate consequences of terrorist action.

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"September 11 attacks." In Contemporary Terrorism Studies, 92–130. Routledge, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203889787.ch6.

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"THE TERRORIST ATTACKS OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001." In Constructing Cassandra, 192–233. Stanford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvqsdvd5.11.

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Jones, Milo, and Philippe Silberzahn. "The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001." In Constructing Cassandra, 192–233. Stanford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9780804785808.003.0007.

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Beirman, David. "United States: September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks." In Restoring Tourism Destinations in Crisis, 43–68. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003117148-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "September 11 Terrorist Attacks"

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Uslu, Kamil. "Strategic Resource Oil and Terror Relationship." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02428.

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The September 11 events provided an opportunity for the US administration, initiating strong policies to better understand the region. It also reminded the world of America's political-military control capacity. The terrorist attacks on September 11 were not a real surprise. Indeed, 9/11 looked like the wild fantasies they needed to justify a new military role developed by American strategic analysts and military and intelligence planners. Terrorism is intended to intimidate or coerce individuals, societies or governments by a person or an organized group with the threat of threat or use of force. Terrorism is an illegal act, usually for ideological or political reasons. Oil is not an object, but also contains many positives and negatives. Turkey is a neighbor with its geopolitical position as the world's proven oil and natural gas reserves, with three-quarters of the country. It takes part in many important projects, including a natural "Energy Center" between the energy-rich Caspian, Central Asian, Middle Eastern countries and consumer markets in Europe. It supports these projects. As long as the strategic resource, oil and scarce brand are available, terrorism will not end. political instability in the oil belt of countries in the immediate vicinity of Turkey brings many disadvantages. This situation also adversely affect the Turkish economy, itself non-threatening terrorism and conflict of interest due to the large states to support terrorism in Turkey has led to more cautious.

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Butcher, E. J., and J. W. Roe. "Practical Approaches to Addressing the Evolving Perception of Terrorist Threats to Nuclear Power Plants." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22761.

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The September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and subsequent events has effected perceptions of the terrorist threat to the U.S. in general, and nuclear power plants in particular. These concerns have given rise to calls by government and private orga nizations for reevaluations of both the nature of the threat and protection against it. This paper suggests a general framework for a balanced approach to these reevaluations and highlights some practical and cost effective approaches for improving nuclear power plant safeguards protection.

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Batrova, Tatiana, and Vladimir Zaitsev. "Insurance as a way of protection against terrorist risks." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.nakt8713.

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The risks of property losses caused by terrorist activities have not been isolated by insurers for a very long time. The situation has changed dramatically due to the events of September 11, 2001, which demonstrated the need to form a new approach to solving the problem of insurance coverage of damage caused by terrorist attacks. Accordingly, the purpose of this particular study was to determine the optimal model of insurance against terrorist risks. Therefore, several approaches, based on the analysis of Russian and foreign legislation, to solving this problem have been identified. At the same time, reinsurance has become a common mechanism aimed at protecting the interests of insurers, which in most cases is carried out with the participation of the state. However, state resources are formed for these purposes and are used in such cases in different ways. The targeted use of funds is ensured through the use of special funds, the funds of which in some states (France, Israel) are formed at the expense of targeted tax deductions. In addition, differences can be traced in the scope and procedure of State participation in covering the damage caused. In some countries (for example, in Belgium), this obligation arises only if the problem cannot be solved through a reinsurance system.

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Tamaro, Mark J., and Scott G. Nacheman. "Role of the Structures Specialist during the FEMA Urban Search and Rescue (US&R) Deployments to the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks." In Third Forensic Engineering Congress. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40692(241)39.

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Romero Faz, David, and Alberto Camarero Orive. "Security assessment in harbours: parameters to be considered." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3181.

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The ports are the main node in the supply chain and freight transportation. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 marked a turning point in global security. Following this event, and from then on, there is a widespread fear of an attack on commercial ports. The development of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the implementation of the measures derived from it, have significantly improved security at port facilities. However, the experience in recent decades indicates the need for adjustments in the security assessment, in order to improve risk assessment, which is sometimes either underestimated or overestimated. As a first result of the investigation, new parameters for assessing security are proposed considering new aspects on the basis of an analysis of the main methodologies specific to port facilities, the analysis of surveys of the responsible managers for the security of the Spanish port system, and the analysis of the security statistics obtained through security forces.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3181

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Iliev, Andrej, Lazar Gjurov, and Zoran Cikarski. "HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP IN WARFARE." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.5.21.p19.

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The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century had a profound effect on the way the wars were fought. Historians often refer to the American Civil War (1861-65) as the first genuine modern war. History has shown that the effects of technological advances in industry are processes which follow the revolution in the history of war. Napoleon's military campaigns formed the basis of formal military education and lidership in the Western world. Wars as a social phenomenon were more effective through the use of the first modern railways, roads, and warships, which in most military operations changed the doctrine and tactics of warfare and the deployment of military forces on the battlefield. The first and second generation of modern warfare was dominated by the massive use of military force, and numerous armies. This generation of warfare culminates in the Renaissance with the wars of the french emperor and one of the famoust strategic military leaders in that time, Napoleon Bonaparte. The third generation of warfare was a product of the First World War and was generally developed by the German army and was better known as “Blitzkrieg” or maneuver warfare. The strategic military leader in this generation of warfare was Adolf Hitler. The fourth generation of warfare is an evolved form of rebellion that uses all available networks: political, economic, social, and military, in order to create an imaginary image of the adversary. Also, the fifth generation of warfare is defined as contactless warfare, which states and destroys a specific goal without the physical presence of a human. This generation of warfare begins with long-range artillery and naval firearms and longrange missile systems and has been studied since the US terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Strategic leadership in the fourth and fifth generation of warfare have been most developed by US military strategic leaders especially after the US terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. World-class warriors are strategic leaders which have moved beyond tactical and operational competence in the employment of the future force. They understand and implement a full spectrum of operations at the strategic level to include theater and campaign strategy, joint force, interagency in multinational operations. At the end, the military strategic leaders are using all spectrum of military elements of national political 208 power and technology in the execution of the national security strategy. The aim of this paper is to analyze the historical development of strategic lidership in warfare throughout history, taking into account the comprehensive social changes that have taken place in the world over the last two centuries. Keywords: historical development, strategic lidership, generations of warfare, strategy, tactics

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Wieser, Gu¨nter, and Linan Qiao. "FEM Simulation of Extreme Thermal and Mechanical Accident Loads on Screwed Spent Fuel Cask Lid Structures." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93393.

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The complex analysis of screwed spent fuel cask lid structures under extreme thermal and mechanical loads is very important for the evaluation of cask integrity and leak tightness under such conditions. The interest of such problems has been increasing since the terrorist attacks from September 11, 2001. Due to extension experiences of BAM in calculation and experimental testing of transport and storage casks for radioactive materials, BAM in this context has developed new methods to estimate the safety margins of transport and storage spent fuel and high-level waste casks under extreme thermal and mechanical loads resulting from aircraft crashes. In case of thermal loads, a thermal heat transfer analysis has to be made, which gives the time-dependent temperature distribution of the casks. But this is not enough, while the extreme kerosene fire scenario creates a strong transient heating of the cask body and its lid system. This causes elastic and plastic deformation of the cask body, the decrease of screw forces and especially great relative displacements between the seals and its contacting flanges. This results in an elevated leak rate. To cover this case so-called thermo-mechanical analyses had been carried out. One of the most critical mechanical loads on the cask is a central impact onto the lid-seal-system. This can be caused by direct aircraft crash or its engine as well as by a following impact of building structures of a nuclear facility like a storage hall. In this situation dynamical analyses had been carried out. Although it is currently not possible to calculate the leakage rates from deformation analysis directly, for the present it is possible to estimate the behaviour of the seal based on the calculated relative displacements at its place and the behaviour of the lid bolts under the thermal and mechanical impact loads respectively, in combination with experiments where the leakage rate of the seals had been measured after radial and axial shifting of the flanges. Except of the lid bolts, the geometry of the cask and the thermal/mechanical loads are axial-symmetric, which simplified the analysis considerably by using two dimensional finite element models and parameter studies are possible. The lid bolts had been “smeared” with a special technique as two-dimensional plane-stress bolt model, which has been verified with three dimensional bolt calculations. Experiments and calculation studies show that the German transport and storage casks for radioactive material have sufficient safety margins even by extreme thermal/mechanical loads. This paper will present the methodologies developed for the studies. Some of the calculation results will be presented.

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Haydaroğlu, Ceyhun, and Çağdaş Zarplı. "Is Eurasia Energy Association Possible?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00140.

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The end of the Soviet hegemony over the Eurasia region after the dissolution of Soviet Union and the terrorist attacks targeting the USA in 11 September 2001, posed a threat for energy transfer. In addition to these, the instable situation in the Middle East brings forward the search for the alternate energy sources. The interest in the energy issue was directed to Eurasia from Middle East. The integration attempts such as energy association between the countries in the Eurasia region, lead up to utilize the resources they have more productively and economic development by promoting the trade within the region. The solution seeking of the countries in Eurasia to the problems in the region and the survival attempts in the growing global competition gave cause for the necessity to make regional cooperation agreements between countries in the region. Considering the fact that the nations in the Eurasia should utilize the resources in the Eurasia in spite of the fact that the USA uses force, the local constituent of Eurasia began to respond. In this context, the object of the study is to develop a point of view for establishing Eurasia Energy Association by discussing the possibility of the integration attempts in the region in a political and economic sense. Solutions will be offered in the following steps with a situation analysis of political and economic conditions necessary for establishing a Eurasia Energy Association, obstacles to establish the desired energy association in the Eurasia region and the encouraging facts.

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Childs, Frederick R., and Radomir Bulayev. "PATH’s Downtown Restoration Program." In ASME/IEEE 2004 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtd2004-66039.

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On September 11, 2001, the terrorist attacks that destroyed the World Trade Center (WTC) in Lower Manhattan, New York City, also damaged the Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corp.’s (PATH’s) busiest terminal serving the heart of the thriving downtown financial, commercial, and residential district. The aftermath of the attacks also forced the closure of PATH’s key station at Exchange Place that serves Jersey City, New Jersey’s expanding “Gold Coast” business and residential area. PATH’s more than 260,000 average weekday commuters between New Jersey and New York were affected in some way by these tragic events, and PATH ridership fell sharply during the following months. Among the PATH facilities that were damaged or destroyed at WTC, and in the two Hudson River tubes, and at Exchange Place Station were all of the electrical, power, signal, and communications systems. Recovery and restoration work began immediately, but was hampered by the extensive rescue, recovery, removal, and demolition work at the World Trade site. Broken water lines and fire fighting efforts flooded both river tubes, which were later sealed at Exchange Place to prevent additional potential damage to PATH’s New Jersey facilities. This paper describes PATH’s recovery program to replace the electrical, power, signal, and communications facilities from Exchange Place to the WTC Terminal. A temporary WTC terminal has been built to restore direct service to Lower Manhattan’s financial, business, and residential center as of November 23, 2003. As part of this program, new trackwork was installed to enhance operational flexibility and provide temporary interim service to Exchange Place Station, which reopened June 29, 2003. Capacity expansion provisions were included to allow for future 10-car train operations when a new rail car fleet is procured. Facilities replaced include a new traction power and auxiliary services substation, new cables, ductbanks, new signals and central control system, wayside phones, emergency power removal switches, tunnel lighting, radio antenna, and fiber optics. An accelerated design and construction schedule was followed, using a broad combination of in-house, consulting, and contractor forces.

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Moreira, Ana Camila, Bárbara Thaís Pinheiro Silva, Camila Venturim Ribeiro dos Santos, Haya Jabbour, Júlia Cuozzo Appel, Nicole Ribeiro Neves, Nicolle Francine Bigochinski Lima, and Tatiana Polycarpo S. Ibarra. "War on terror and the application of international humanitarian law." In III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-217.

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It is difficult to pinpoint where terrorism begins in history, not least because there is no general consensus on the term, as mentioned above. This leaves room for different interpretations of what terrorism is. What we can say is that even though this practice predates the September 11 attack, after this event, the word "terrorism" became known to the general population.

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Reports on the topic "September 11 Terrorist Attacks"

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Rosand, Eric. 20 Years After 9/11: Why Cities Matter More Than Ever When It Comes to Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism. RESOLVE Network, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.20.

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With the 20th anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks upon us there is no shortage of reflections on two decades of global counterterrorism practice. Much of the commentary is focusing on the situation in Afghanistan and the Taliban’s return to power. While understandable, this potentially obscures some of the important developments that have taken place during the period, including those related to our understanding of the threat and how best to counter and prevent it. Three important ones point to the growing relevance of cities in preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE).

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Ameri, Samuel, and Patrick Szary. PB2006105744 Needs for Oil and Gas Pipeline Safety and Security. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012127.

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Pipelines are by far the most important mode of petroleum transportation in the United States because of their remarkable efficiency and low transportation cost. Pipelines carry two-thirds of the energy consumed by our nation and are recognized as the safest and most economical way to distribute vast quantities of oil and gas from production fields to refineries to consumers for a foreseeable future. This sophisticated network of gathering and distribution systems comprises 2.3 million miles of pipelines-varying in size from 2 inches to 60 inches in diameter. Pipelines are vital to a nation's economy and are a significant part of national critical infrastructure. The pipeline infrastructure and the volume of products transported have continued to grow as demand for energy has increased. Over the next two decades, the demand for energy is projected to reach record levels. This increased demand for energy combined with the expansion of the cities and suburban areas will require the pipeline infrastructure not only to expand but to reliably and safely deliver energy services in support of the nation's economy. The United States has a well-developed system for the protection of the public and the environment from the dangers of oil and gas pipeline failures. However, there is always a chance that a pipeline can leak. Pipeline leaks can be dangerous to people, to the natural environment, to public land, and to private property. Furthermore, the tragic events of the September 11 t terrorist attacks have focused the attention on the security of the nation's energy sources and the critical energy and transportation infrastructure systems. Therefore, pipeline security and safety has become a high-profile, national concern.

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Iffat, Idris. Effectiveness of Different Methods to the Counter Financing of Terrorism. Institute of Development Studies, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.091.

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Countering financing of terrorism (CFT) has been a core component of counter terrorism strategies since the 9/11 attacks on the US in 2001. Key CFT measures are criminalisation of terrorism financing; sanctions and assets freezing/seizure; and use of financial intelligence. CFT assessments focus on implementation of these measures, rather than on impact in terms of preventing terrorist activity. This rapid review therefore looks at the effectiveness of different CFT measures. It draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, including policy papers and reports from agencies involved in CFT implementation. While there is available literature on terrorism financing (how groups raise funds), and on the various approaches to CFT as well as implementation assessment, the review found very little on the impact of CFT in preventing terrorism. Reflecting this, it was also difficult to identify specific examples of CFT impact and effectiveness. The limited literature on the latter suggests that, while CFT measures can hamper terrorists/terrorist groups, they cannot stop them entirely. Despite this, CFT remains a useful tool for governments in the fight against terrorism/their efforts to counter terrorism. However, the current CFT model needs to be reformed to address significant changes in both the terrorist threat and terrorism financing environment.

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Mehra, Tanya, and Julie Coleman. The Role of the UN Security Council in Countering Terrorism & Violent Extremism: The Limits of Criminalization? RESOLVE Network, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/sfi2022.4.

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After the 9/11 attacks, a united global community entered an era which saw the proliferation of United Nations entities and organs focused on responding to terrorism. These bodies were created, at least in part, in response to the recognized need for a comprehensive multilateral counter-terrorism architecture to ensure international peace and security in the face of the growing specter of violent extremism. This response has notably also included an array of UN Security Council resolutions (UNSCRs) adopted to counter the threat of terrorism. A little over 20 years after the adoption of Resolution 1373 (2001), 52 terrorism related resolutions now exist, creating an elaborate set of measures for Member States to implement. Despite this, however, terrorism was arguably more prevalent in 2021 than in 2001. A myriad of factors have led to the continued spread of terrorism, including the increasingly transnational nature of terrorists and terrorist networks, as well as the failure to adequately address the structural factors and underlying conditions that are conducive to the spread of violent extremism. In order to explain its persistence, one must not only examine the continued appeal of terrorist groups and violent extremist ideology and propaganda, but also reflect upon where, how, and why counter-terrorism responses have often failed to reduce the threat or, in some cases, even exacerbated the factors which give rise to terrorism in the first place. This includes the response of the Security Council, whose resolutions have created the obligation or expectation for Member States to continuously expand the criminalization of terrorism, without evidence that such an approach will lead to less terrorism. This brief focuses on how some UNSCRs include measures that require Member States to criminalize conduct that has historically fallen within the pre-crime space and lacks a clear link to terrorist activities, and examines the subsequent impact this has on human rights and the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. At the same time, it explores the role that States themselves have played in the exceptionalization of terrorism in terms of criminal justice responses. Finally, it offers recommendations for both the UNSC and Members States on how to ensure that counter-terrorism architecture can both be human-rights based and simultaneously conducive to promoting peace and security.

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World Trade Center Health Program: providing healthcare to people affected by the September 11th terrorist attacks. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2017141.

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