Journal articles: 'September 11 Terrorist Attacks'

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Khalif Al-naeemi, Zeena Younis, and Faisal Abdul-Wahhab Hayder Al-Doori. "September 11 as a Terrorist Atack in Lawrence Ferlinghetti's "History of the Airplane"." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 5, no. 1 (January 23, 2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.5.1.2.

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The September 11 attacks, also called the 9/11 attacks, the series of plane hijackings and suicide attacks perpetrated in 2001 by 19 militants connected with the Islamic extremist organizations Al-Qaeda against goals in the United States, are the deadliest terrorist attacks and an extraordinary event on American soil. The attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. caused widespread death and destruction and sparked a massive United States counter-terrorism efforts. This study aims to explore the main trend of contemporary American poetry that deals with the topic of the September 11 attacks and to show the impact of September 11, 2001, on contemporary American poets. Many contemporary American poets in the period following the attack on the Twin Towers were influenced by the September 11 attacks. Many of the American poets consider the September 11 attacks a terrorist attack, and these poets are the ones who believe in the theory of terrorism, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti is one of them.

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Heger, Martin. "Terrorist Attacks Against the Natural Environment: A Phantom or a Real Danger." German Law Journal 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 1066–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018058.

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During the last few decades scholars have discussed various different scenarios of modern terrorism. One of these scenarios –– Islamic motivated terrorism –– came to light with the attacks on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001. Another scenario discussed involves terrorist attacks against the natural environment as part of so-called “eco-terrorism”. These attacks are either carried out using traditional weapons or the often-discussed “bioterrorism”, where biological weapons are manufactured and misused by terrorists.

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Hanson, Michael. "State Sponsorship: An Impediment to the Global Fight against Terrorism." Groningen Journal of International Law 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.7.2.132-144.

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Following the terrorist attack on the United States of America on 11 September 2001, global efforts against terrorism have increased. Notwithstanding these efforts, terrorist attacks continue across the globe amidst accusations that some States provide support for terrorists. This work examines the State sponsorship of terrorist groups in light of the global fight against terrorism. The methodology used here is doctrinal. This work finds that the continuous provision of resources to terrorist groups by some States against the dictates of relevant existing international legal setups operates as an impediment to the global fight against terrorism. It concludes that cutting off State support for terrorists remains the sine qua non for achieving success in the global war against terror. To do this requires the strengthening of international laws on terrorism, increasing diplomatic relations to expose involved States, imposing and enforcing strong sanctions against supporting States, reduction of such States’meddling in activities of other countries, increased assistance to failed States and decreased assistance to involved States.

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Lyon, David. "Surveillance after September 11." Sociological Research Online 6, no. 3 (November 2001): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.643.

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The aftermath of terrorist attacks on September 11 2001 includes widespread tightening of surveillance. The responses are a prism that puts several things in perspective. One, it is premature to see decentralised and commercial surveillance simply supplanting nation-state power. Rather, the nation-state now draws upon an augmented surveillant assemblage for its own purposes. Two, reliance on high tech surveillance methods is undaunted by the low-tech attacks or the failure of high tech security systems already in place. While they may not work to curb terrorism they are likely to impede civil rights for citizens who will be even more profiled and screened. Three, the struggle to make mushrooming surveillance systems more democratically accountable and amenable to ethical scrutiny is being set back by panic regimes following September 11.

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Davies, Chris. "From Munich to Christchurch: International Sport and the Threat of Terrorism." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 52, no. 3 (May 23, 2022): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v52i3.7581.

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The 1972 Munich Olympic Games is remembered for the terrorist attack which resulted in 11 members of the Israeli team being killed. It highlighted that sporting events and teams can be targeted by terrorists due to the high media profile that major sporting events attract. Since this time, high level security has been an important organising consideration for the Olympic Games, something that has increased since the September 11 attacks in the United States in 2001. Other sporting teams, namely the Togo national football team and the Sri Lanka national cricket team, have likewise been targeted. The international aspect of many sports requires extensive touring to other countries, and this has resulted in various touring teams being in places that have been terrorist targets, as the New Zealand national cricket team experienced in Pakistan. New Zealand is not a region of the world prone to terrorism problems, but the March 15 attack on a Christchurch mosque could have led to loss of life amongst the touring Bangladesh national cricket team. No region or country is free from potential terrorist attacks involving sporting teams.

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Stenvall, Maija. "An actor or an undefined threat?" Studying Identity: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges 2, no. 2 (November 18, 2003): 361–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.2.2.10ste.

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The paper studies the use of the word terrorist in the dispatches of two major international news agencies, AP and Reuters. It can be assumed that the attacks on September 11, 2001, have changed the role of terrorist and affected the meaning of the word. While terrorists have been traditionally construed as violent actors, they are now, more and more, seen as a static threat. The paper examines three collocations — terrorist attack, terrorist threat and terrorist suspect — as grammatical metaphors (cf. Halliday 1994); the collocation terrorist network is analysed as a conceptual metaphor (cf. Lakoff and Johnson 1980). Linguistic strategies manifested in the data form a pattern that I call “anti-terrorism discourse”. Modality and general vagueness of the language are conspicuous features in the news agency dispatches on terrorism; the reports focus on what may happen or may have happened. This can be argued to undermine the factuality of news agency discourse.

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Cohan, Catherine L., Steve W. Cole, and Robert Schoen. "Divorce following the September 11 terrorist attacks." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 26, no. 4 (June 2009): 512–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407509351043.

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Farag, Wael Zakaria. "American security strategy towards terrorism after September 11 attacks." Review of Economics and Political Science 5, no. 4 (May 18, 2020): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/reps-10-2018-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine evolution of the American strategy toward terrorism in the aftermath of the events of September 11, 2001. In other words, this study revolves around a key question: How and why the American security strategy toward terrorism evolved in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001? Based on the neorealist approach in international relations, this paper attempted to answer that question: first, through defining the concept of terrorism and how the Americans perceive it; second, via pinpointing the characteristic of the American counter-terrorism strategy before September 11 attacks; and third, through examining the effects of those terrorist attacks on that strategy. Design/methodology/approach The nature of the subject of this study calls for reliance on the analytical descriptive approach to highlight the role and strategy of the USA in the fight against terrorism following the events of September 11, in addition to the use of the system analysis methodology, which can identify the inputs and outputs of the system that had an impact in formulating the US counter-terrorism strategy. Findings This study has come up with seven findings. The first finding was that the 9/11 attacks served as a turning point of the US counter-terrorism strategy and restructured its agenda. Confronting the communist threat had been its primary objective, until terrorism came to the fore and became its first and foremost priority. The USA vowed that terrorism is its enemy and waged the war on terror to thwart its risk as a global threat. The second finding revolves around the idea of double standards in the American foreign policy. True to its long-standing tradition of favoring its own interests, in complete disregard of the interests of any other party, the USA continued to uphold the double-standards policy. Originality/value This study adds a new study to the Arab Library in the field of counter-terrorism studies, national security strategies and American foreign policy. In addition, the researcher seeks to complete the scientific effort to study the US strategy against terrorism, with a clear impact on the development of the situation in the region. This study contributes to the study of how one of the great powers in the international system, the USA, deals with the terrorist organizations that have become widespread in the Arab region.

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CARROLL, HAMILTON. "September 11 as Heist." Journal of American Studies 45, no. 4 (November 2011): 835–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875811000983.

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This article examines two films, James Marsh's Man on Wire and Spike Lee's Inside Man in relation to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It looks at both films as examples of the heist genre and explores the ways in which genre conventions enable the production of meaning about the terrorist attacks. The conventions of the heist film, it argues, help make sense of September 11 by producing a different set of relations to time and space that draw on the uncanny, rather than the traumatic, nature of the events. Narrating stories of transgression, both films place the horrors of September 11 in another context. Through the genre conventions of the heist, each film offers a view of New York in which the events of September 11 and the destruction of the World Trade Center stand as the center. Not yet complete in one, already destroyed in the other, the Twin Towers haunt these films. As Man on Wire and Inside Man each attempt to make sense of the world in which the city of New York is marked most powerfully by a profound absence, it is in their uses of the heist genre that they find a representational space in which to mourn the World Trade Center and the victims of the attacks.

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Solis, Mariah Talia, Jessica Pearson, Deirdre P. Dixon, Abigail Blanco, and Raymond Papp. "Terrorism Effects on Businesses Post 9/11." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2020010102.

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Discussions regarding terrorism are more relevant today than ever before. Terror threats can take on many forms from physical violence against military forces, individual companies, and ordinary citizens, to actions against infrastructure, to cyber terrorism. These forms of terror and others, in a number of ways, threaten the physical and financial safety of people around the world. The purpose of this qualitative research study is to evaluate the effects of terrorism—particularly the attacks on September 11, 2001—on U.S. enterprises in the period since the attacks. Utilizing interviews with representatives from various industries, the authors found that employees with long company histories believe their companies have implemented changes regarding their security measures as a safeguard against possible future terrorist attacks. The research findings revealed that while businesses have made changes in their use of technology to change their (1) cybersecurity, (2) training methods, and (3) hiring processes, there remains a gap in understanding the efficacy and efficiency of these changes. Though the September 11 attacks raised the concerns regarding terrorism overall and formed the genesis for thinking about the effects of terrorism, the authors found that interviewees had limited knowledge of how terrorist activities truly affected their business, and identified a strong need to empirically study the technology changes implemented in the past two decades as a response to terrorism, and a need for a thorough sharing of knowledge within the cybersecurity industry to other businesses.

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Wedgwood, Ruth. "The Law's Response to September 11." Ethics & International Affairs 16, no. 1 (March 2002): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2002.tb00369.x.

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It is hard to watch a society's political virtues mocked as weakness by an uncomprehending foe. The fireball attacks of September 11 against the World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon consumed the lives of more than 3,000 ordinary people—Americans and foreign visitors , business people, secretaries, schoolchildren visiting the Pentagon, travelers flying home. Like Joseph Conrad's terrorist who wished to destroy pure mathematics and settled for the Greenwich clock tower, this was an attack on civil society and global economy, and worst of all, on the innocence of noncombatants.

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Mueller, John, and Mark G. Stewart. "The Terrorism Delusion: America's Overwrought Response to September 11." International Security 37, no. 1 (July 2012): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00089.

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The reaction of Americans to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been massively disproportionate to the actual threat posed by al-Qaida either as an international menace or as an inspiration or model for homegrown amateurs. An examination of the activities of international and domestic terrorist “adversaries” reveals that exaggerations and distortions of the threat have inspired a determined and expensive quest to ferret out, and even to create, the nearly nonexistent. The result has been an ill-conceived and remarkably unreflective effort to react to an event that, however tragic and dramatic in the first instance, should have been seen to be of only limited significance at least after a few years. Not only has the terrorism delusion had significant costs, but the initial alarmed perspective has been so internalized that anxieties about terrorism have persisted for more than a decade despite exceedingly limited evidence that much fear is justified.

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Austin, Peter C., Muhammad M. Mamdani, Benjamin TB Chan, and Elizabeth Lin. "Anxiety-Related Visits to Ontario Physicians following September 11, 2001." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 6 (July 2003): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370304800609.

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Objective: To determine whether the climate of increased anxiety following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent anthrax cases led to increased anxiety-related physician visits. Method: We undertook a retrospective, population-based study of all Ontario residents. We identified physician visits using Ontario's universal health care insurance program. Interventional autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series models were used to examine the impact of the terrorist attacks and anthrax infections on the rate of anxiety-related physician visits. Results: Neither the terrorist attacks of September 11 ( P ≥ 0.40) nor the anthrax infections in October and November ( P ≥ 0.14) had a statistically significant impact on the rate of anxiety-related visits to physicians. Conclusions: The climate of heightened anxiety did not result in increased demand for mental health services.

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Eder, Aaron. "After September 11, 2001." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1927, no. 1 (January 2005): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192700111.

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On September 11, 2001 (9/11), terrorists turned commercial aircraft into missiles and directed them toward high-rise and federal buildings, striking the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. After this tragic event, Congress's attention was naturally focused on airport security, and for good reason: the attacks happened via the aviation system. Yet an equivalent amount of attention was not given to the nation's public transportation system. To address this issue, the FTA, an organization within the U.S. Department of Transportation, began an ambitious five-part security initiative to improve the security of America's public transportation systems and assist their oversight agencies in addressing these new threats. The objectives of this paper are to reveal the vulnerability of America's transit system, identify typical pre–9/11 security planning, and show how the terrorist attacks that occurred on 9/11 have changed the way in which government and transit agencies address security concerns. An analysis of post–9/11 security measures adopted by the FTA; New York City Transit, New York; Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, D.C.; and the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit, California, is provided. A case study of the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon is included to reveal how this agency in particular has responded to the threats that public transportation agencies face.

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Cameron, Fraser. "Utilitarian Multilateralism: The Implications of 11 September 2001 for US Foreign Policy." Politics 22, no. 2 (May 2002): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00161.

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The 11 September terrorist attacks have led the United States to reassess its foreign policy. The overwhelming priority is the defeat of terrorism and to further this end the United States is prepared to engage with states, regardless of their democratic credentials, willing and able to help the United States on the terrorist front. There is little sign, however, that the new-found interest in promoting multilateral co-operation to deal with terrorism is spilling over into other policy areas. The United States shows no sign of modifying its opposition to a number of international treaties and agreements – such as Kyoto, CTBT or the ICC – all of which its closest allies support. The US approach may be described as ‘utilitarian multilateralism’.

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DiMaggio, Charles, Sandro Galea, and Paula A. Madrid. "Population Psychiatric Medication Prescription Rates following a Terrorist Attack." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22, no. 6 (December 2007): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0000529x.

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AbstractIntroduction:While several population-based studies have documented behavioral health disturbances following terrorist attacks, a number of mental health service utilization analyses present conflicting conclusions.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine if mental health service utilization increased following a terrorist attack by assessing changes in psychoactive drug prescription rates.Methods:The rate of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) prescriptions was measured among New York State Medicaid enrollees before and after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. The association between geographic proximity to the events and changes in the rate of SSRI prescriptions around 11 September 2001 was assessed.Results:From September to December 2001, among individuals residing within three miles of the World Trade Center site, there was an 18.2% increase in the SSRI prescription rate compared to the previous eight-month period (p = 0.0011). While there was a 9.3% increase for non-New York City residents, this change was not statistically significant (p = 0.74).Conclusions:There was a quantifiable increase in the dispensing of psychoactive drugs following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, and this effect varied by geographic proximity to the events. These findings build on the growing body of knowledge on the pervasive effects of disasters and terrorist events for population health, and demonstrate the need to include mental and behavioral health as key components of surge capacity and public health response to mass traumas.

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Bennett, Elizabeth. "Terrorist Attacks & Presidential Approval Rating." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 22 (April 15, 2014): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.22.4.

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After the attacks of September 11th the U.S. focused much of its foreign policy efforts on the War on Terror and prevention of another attack on U.S. soil. This paper will look at terrorist attacks dating back to 1970 in order to fully understand the impact of terrorist attacks on U.S. presidential approval ratings and the existence of the ‘rally around the flag’ effect during different administrations. Location, lethality, style, and political affiliation of the president will be variables focused on in a pre and post 9/11 context. This paper will give special consideration to 9/11, excluding the attacks in many cases, in order to view if there is a significant stable impact on approval ratings from terrorist attacks over time.

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Torabi, Mohammad R., and Dong-Chul Seo. "National Study of Behavioral and Life Changes Since September 11." Health Education & Behavior 31, no. 2 (April 2004): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198103259183.

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Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9-11), terrorism poses a continuous threat to those living in the United States. A substantial number of people may have experienced behavioral and life changes since the attacks, with possible implications for public health. This study investigated behavioral and life changes American people have experienced since the attacks. Using random-digit dialing that included unpublished numbers and new listings, a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of 807 U.S. adults ages 18 or older was interviewed. Logistic regression analyses indicated that gender, age, race/ethnicity, and employment status were significant predictors for experiencing different outcome variables. The qualitative data obtained from an open-ended question regarding life changes were analyzed and synthesized. The 9-11 events have considerably affected Americans’ lifestyles and behavior, which may have various implications for public health policy makers and educators.

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Grossman, Robert, and Rachel Yehuda. "Treating Survivors of the World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001." CNS Spectrums 7, no. 8 (August 2002): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900018228.

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ABSTRACTAs part of an established traumatic stress research and treatment program located in New York City, we experienced the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center first as New Yorkers, but also as professionals with an interest in both treating the survivors and furthering scientific knowledge regarding the neurobiology and treatment of traumatic stress. This paper gives vignettes of calls to our program and the treatment of World Trade Center terrorist attack survivors.

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Piazza, James A., and James Igoe Walsh. "Physical Integrity Rights and Terrorism." PS: Political Science & Politics 43, no. 03 (June 30, 2010): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096510000648.

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Can states afford to protect human rights when facing a terrorist threat? Contemporary academic literature suggests that the answer to this question is no, concluding that states that afford their citizens basic political rights and civil liberties leave themselves more exposed to terrorist attacks (Piazza 2008; Wade and Reiter 2007; Pape 2003; Eubank and Weinberg 1994). American policymakers seem to agree. Both the Bush and Obama administrations regard the curtailment of physical integrity rights as a necessary element of effective counterterrorism policy. The Bush administration responded to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, with policies permitting indefinite detention, extraordinary rendition, use of physically abusive interrogation practices, and increased and largely unchecked surveillance and wiretapping of suspected terrorists. Although it banned abusive interrogation and announced plans to close the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, the Obama administration has maintained the practice of wiretapping, reserved the option of rendition, and dramatically increased unmanned drone attacks against suspected terrorists in Pakistan, which often results in civilian casualties. Both presidents have claimed that these policies are necessary to keep Americans safe from terrorism (Hosenball 2009; “Bush Defends Policy on Terror Detainees” 2005).

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Waldron, Jonathan K., and Jeanne M. Grasso. "Security and the Law in the Wake of September 11, 2001." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-467.

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ABSTRACT Everything has changed since the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. With more than 360 ports and 3,700 terminals handling passengers and cargo, the U.S. government quickly realized that the maritime industry was vulnerable and that the apparent gaping hole in our national security must be fixed. Numerous initiatives, including legislative, regulatory, and ad hoc actions, are being implemented to ensure the maritime industry is ready in case it is the “next target.” Concomitant with these efforts, come changes in existing standards and liabilities, including reduced rights and enhanced enforcement. This paper discusses the maritime-related implications of the emerging security regime in the United States post-September 11 including: (1) new and proposed legislation affecting vessel and facility owners and operators, (2) how increased security inspections may be used to enhance enforcement efforts, and (3) how the terrorist attacks have “raised the bar” with regard to owner and operator liability. Pollution preparedness and liability implications are also explored, including changes in liability and response actions resulting from a terrorist attack. Lastly, recommendations on appropriate preventive measures are provided.

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Pietrzak, Nicole. "Polityka Unii Europejskiej w zakresie zwalczania terroryzmu." Świat Idei i Polityki 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/siip201804.

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The subject of this dissertation is the European Union policies in the area of combating terrorism. The fact that terrorism is regarded as being one of the biggest threats to European Security determined the choice of the subject. The author has tried to explain the terminology applying to terrorism, the history of terrorism, and present methods of fight against it. The objective of the article is the analysis of the European Union main actions taken and decisions made in this respect. One of many determinants that influenced tightening of this policy were the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the USA on 11 September 2001. Also, frequent terrorist attacks forced the European Union member states constant cooperation and continued efforts regarding actions to counter terrorism which is both social and political phenomenon.

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Eva Aimable, Eva Aimable, and Jaume Rosselló. "The short-term impact of 9/11 on European airlines demand." European Journal of Tourism Research 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2009): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v2i2.34.

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This paper assesses the short-term impact of the US September 11 terrorist attacks and its after-effects on European Airline Demand. Using monthly data for ten time series from the Association of European Airlines (AEA), different univariate methods are estimated in order to evaluate the airlines traffic in terms of revenue passenger kilometres by comparing the fitted values resulting from the univariate methods employed for one year against the actuals. The results suggest that th September 11 impacted all of the European airline routes under study to a varying degree. The effects of the terrorism attack did not fully dissipate in most of the time series understudy by the end of October 2002.

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Schlenger, William E. "Psychological Impact of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 9, no. 1-2 (April 4, 2004): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j146v09n01_13.

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Blackman, Paul H. "Coding the Deaths from the September 11 Terrorist Attacks." Homicide Studies 6, no. 4 (November 2002): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108876702237346.

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Weiss, Daniel S. "The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: Ten years after." Journal of Traumatic Stress 24, no. 5 (August 31, 2011): 495–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20675.

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Utomo, Ario Bimo. "The 11 September Attacks and the Fourth Wave 2.0 of International Terrorism." SHAHIH: Journal of Islamicate Multidisciplinary 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/shahih.v4i1.1546.

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The 11 September attacks in 2001 were one of the most shocking incidents within the post-Cold War era. Moreover, its location which happened in the United States can also be translated as a symbolic warning for the liberal world order, signifying that security remains a salient topic even after the â€œEnd of Historyâ€ postulated by Fukuyama. This article examines whether the 11 September attacks has changed the course of international relations. In so doing, I attempt to use â€œthe waves of terrorismâ€ as a framework to understand the development of different stages of terrorism. The method that I used was desk research based on sources such as official reports, previous studies on terrorism, and classic literature on international security. This article finds that the 11 September attack serves as a game-changer in international relations as it unveils the new face of the religious wave of. First, the attacks ignited a refined version of the religious wave by employing information technology, making it even more sporadic and unpredictable. Second, it reshapes international security by shifting away from the state-centric narrative, putting the terrorists as new international actors. Third, it has altered the security relations of the United States with other countries, creating new global polarisations.

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Houser, Ryan. "Democratization of Terrorism: An Analysis of Vehicle-based Terrorist Events." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 38, S1 (May 2023): s6—s7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x2300064x.

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Introduction:The COVID-19 pandemic inspired social changes that promote outdoor activities including eating at restaurants, which may linger in a world hyperfocused on disease transmission prevention, increasing the vulnerabilities to vehicle-based terrorism. Vehicle ramming attacks started to transition from a relatively rare method of attack to one of the most lethal forms of terrorism prior to the emergence of COVID-19.Method:This study aims to provide a historical analysis of the terrorism-based attacks using vehicles between 1970 and 2019 by retrospectively searching the Global Terrorism Database for terror events that used a vehicle as a means of attack–a methodology suggested by Tin et al.Results:257 recorded terror attacks involved some type of vehicle between 1970 and 2019. The attacks resulted in 808 fatalities and 1715 injuries when excluding the September 11 attacks. 76 events occurred in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, 25 in the USA, 16 in Israel, and 14 in the UK. Of the 257 terror incidents, 71% (183) occurred within the last 6-year span of inquiry.Conclusion:By 2016, vehicle attacks were the most lethal form of attack comprising just over half of all terrorism-related deaths in that year. Large gatherings such as festivals, sporting events, and now outdoor seating at restaurants, leave a number of people highly vulnerable to vehicle ramming attacks depending on established countermeasures. The increased prevalence of outdoor activities and gatherings in a post-COVID-19 world will further expose large numbers of people to the potential vulnerabilities of vehicle-based terrorism. The scale of the casualties from a vehicle-based terror attack can overwhelm traditional resources and strain the abilities of the healthcare sector. Counterterrorism and disaster medicine specialists are crucial players in educating first responders and emergency medicine providers, allowing them to adequately prepare for an evolving threat in a world devastated by COVID-19.

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HEALY, ALICE F., ALISON G. AYLWARD, LYLE E. BOURNE, and FRANCIS A. BEER. "Terrorism after 9/11: Reactions to simulated news reports." American Journal of Psychology 122, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27784388.

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Abstract Two experiments examined participants’ responses to simulated news reports of terrorist attacks. Participants were told that a nondemocratic nation had sponsored strikes on military and cultural or educational sites in the United States. Participants in both experiments reacted more conflictually to terrorist attacks on military sites than to those on cultural or educational sites. Their conflictual responses on a thermometer scale escalated after repeated attacks. When tested in 2002 and 2004, 1 and 3 years after the real World Trade Center attacks, participants’ reactions were more conflictual than those of participants examined before September 11, 2001. Furthermore, current participants’ fear and anger increased, and forgiveness decreased, over repeated simulated attacks. Participants lower in masculinity showed more fear and less anger than did those higher in masculinity. This study shows that terrorist attacks produce more than simple terror.

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Robinson, Matthew. "THE 9/11 TERRORIST ATTACKS: 20 YEARS LATER." JOURNAL OF CRIME AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 2, no. 1 (2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/jccb.2022.v02i01.01.

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In this paper, the author lays out significant but apparently little known facts related to the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. Using information from the official investigations into the attacks, the author first establishes important realities of what happened on that day and leading up to it, including who carried out and funded the attacks. He then examines public opinion data to show what Americans believe about the attacks and US action afterword. The major purposes of the paper are to examine how much of the truth of the 9/11 attacks is known to the public and the degree to which Americans believe in conspiracy theories related to the attacks.

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Rukavisnjikov, Vladimir. "The Russians and the American 'war on terrorism': Lessons learned after September 11." Medjunarodni problemi 54, no. 4 (2002): 379–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0204379r.

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Paper deals with the Russian perception of the American 'war against terrorism' started after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon. It shows how the Russian attitudes towards the American foreign policy have changed during the first year of this war - from September 11, 2001 to September 11, 2002. The American 'global war on terrorism' is reviving and crystallizing deep-seated cultural and ideological differences between the United States and Russia and becoming a factor jeopardizing global stability. The analysis is based on data of opinion surveys, official documents and messages conveyed to the public by the national electronic and printed media.

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Peterson, Christopher, and Martin E. P. Seligman. "Character Strengths Before and After September 11." Psychological Science 14, no. 4 (July 2003): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.24482.

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Did Americans change following the September 11 terrorist attacks? We provide a tentative answer with respect to the positive traits included in the Values in Action Classification of Strengths and measured with a self-report questionnaire available on-line and completed by 4,817 respondents. When scores for individuals completing the survey in the 2 months immediately after September 11 were compared with scores for those individuals who completed the survey before September 11, seven character strengths showed increases: gratitude, hope, kindness, leadership, love, spirituality, and teamwork. Ten months after September 11, these character strengths were still elevated, although to a somewhat lesser degree than immediately following the attacks.

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Gaissmaier, Wolfgang, and Gerd Gigerenzer. "9/11, Act II." Psychological Science 23, no. 12 (November 15, 2012): 1449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612447804.

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Terrorists can strike twice—first, by directly killing people, and second, through dangerous behaviors induced by fear in people’s minds. Previous research identified a substantial increase in U.S. traffic fatalities subsequent to the September 11 terrorist attacks, which were accounted for as due to a substitution of driving for flying, induced by fear of dread risks. Here, we show that this increase in fatalities varied widely by region, a fact that was best explained by regional variations in increased driving. Two factors, in turn, explained these variations in increased driving. The weaker factor was proximity to New York City, where stress reactions to the attacks were previously shown to be greatest. The stronger factor was driving opportunity, which was operationalized both as number of highway miles and as number of car registrations per inhabitant. Thus, terrorists’ second strike exploited both fear of dread risks and, paradoxically, an environmental structure conducive to generating increased driving, which ultimately increased fatalities.

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Mueller, John, and Mark G. Stewart. "Evaluating Counterterrorism Spending." Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.3.237.

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In this article, we present a simple back-of-the-envelope approach for evaluating whether counterterrorism security measures reduce risk sufficiently to justify their costs. The approach uses only four variables: the consequences of a successful attack, the likelihood of a successful attack, the degree to which the security measure reduces risk, and the cost of the security measure. After measuring the cost of a counterterrorism measure, we explore a range of outcomes for the costs of terrorist attacks and a range of possible estimates for how much risk might be reduced by the measure. Then working from this mix of information and assumptions, we can calculate how many terrorist attacks (and of what size) would need to be averted to justify the cost of the counterterrorism measure in narrow cost–benefit terms. To illustrate this approach, we first apply it to the overall increases in domestic counterterrorism expenditures that have taken place since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and alternatively we apply it to just the FBI's counterterrorism efforts. We then evaluate evidence on the number and size of terrorist attacks that have actually been averted or might have been averted since 9/11.

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Ilić, Aleksandra. "Discourse on modern terrorism." Crimen 12, no. 3 (2021): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/crimen2103309i.

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In this paper author discusses the characteristics of discourse on modern terrorism. When it comes to the terrorism ordinary people gain knowledge mostly through media. The influence of specific image of terrorism is not limited to citizens who live in countries which faced with a terrorist threat or concrete attack but goes further to the different part of the world, some of them very far from the possibility of terrorist attack. Demystification of discourse on modern terrorism begins with analysis of the phenomenological dimension of modern terrorism, in terms of being defined and assigned. We can talk about two different approaches: older and newer, in understanding the terrorism. The new approach gains momentum with the events of 11 September and took shape after similar events on European continent. At the core of understanding of modern terrorism is the discourse on religious-based Islamic terrorism. Specific discourse on modern terrorism affects how it is understood by the general public, and it influences, in particular, the creation of stereotypes about a modern terrorists and the spread of fear of terrorism. The formation and maintenance of stereotypes about modern terrorism, which emphasizes the role of Islam and members of the Islamic community in planning and carrying out terrorist actions, creates a growing gap among people, especially in countries affected by terrorist attacks. The discourse on modern terrorism also implies an appropriate perception of the risk of terrorism all over the world. From that point of view risk of terrorism is real and constant. Similar situation is in Serbia and in that sense the results of limited research about perception of terrorism in Serbia presented in work show to a certain extant the existence of such global influence.

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Brooks, Risa A. "Muslim “Homegrown” Terrorism in the United States: How Serious Is the Threat?" International Security 36, no. 2 (October 2011): 7–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00055.

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Since the September 11 attacks, analysts and public officials have expressed growing concern about the potential of Muslim citizens and residents of the United States to plot attacks within the country's borders—a phenomenon sometimes referred to as “homegrown” terrorism. To assess this apparent threat, it is necessary to examine what is known about the willingness and capacity of Muslim Americans to execute deadly attacks in the United States. Three conditions, either alone or together, could contribute to an increasing threat of homegrown terrorism. The first concerns what is known about the radicalization of Muslim Americans and whether a surge in arrests in 2009 indicates a growing trend in Muslim American terrorism. The second relates to the capacity of aspiring militants to avoid detection as they prepare attacks. The third depends on the skills of aspiring terrorists and therefore their capacities to execute increasingly sophisticated attacks. The analysis should be generally reassuring to those concerned about Muslim homegrown terrorism. On both analytical and empirical grounds, there is not a significant basis for anticipating that Muslim Americans are increasingly motivated or capable of successfully engaging in lethal terrorist attacks in the United States.

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Romeu, Pilar Ferré. "Memories of the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001: A Study of the Consistency and Phenomenal Characteristics of Flashbulb Memories." Spanish Journal of Psychology 9, no. 1 (May 2006): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600005977.

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In this study, I investigated students' memories of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, carried out by Al Qaeda terrorists against the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington. Participants completed on two occasions (2 weeks and 8 months after the events took place) a memory questionnaire that included an assessment of the phenomenal richness of their memories. The results showed that the participants remembered very well the circumstances in which they first heard about the terrorist attacks, that they were very confident about this information, and that these memories were characterized by a high phenomenal richness. Over time, there was a decrease in all of these variables, but people's ratings of phenomenology and confidence were still very high.

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Hitlan, Robert T., Kimberly Carrillo, Michael A. Zárate, and Shelley N. Aikman. "Attitudes toward immigrant groups and the September 11 terrorist attacks." Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 13, no. 2 (2007): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10781910701270970.

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Lachlan, Kenneth A., Patric R. Spence, and Matthew Seeger. "Terrorist attacks and uncertainty reduction: media use after September 11." Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 1, no. 2 (May 2009): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19434470902771683.

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Allen, Priscilla D., and Kristin A. Gansle. "Global Implications of the Terrorist Attacks Of September 11, 2001." New Global Development 19, no. 1 (January 2003): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486830308412640.

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Catalano, Ralph A., Eric R. Kessell, William McConnell, and Erin Pirkle. "Psychiatric Emergencies After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001." Psychiatric Services 55, no. 2 (February 2004): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.2.163.

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Starkman, Monica N. "The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, as Psychological Toxin." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, no. 7 (July 2006): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000224905.61388.39.

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Virgo, John M. "Economic impact of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001." Atlantic Economic Journal 29, no. 4 (December 2001): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02299323.

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Feng, Jianwei, Daniel J. Lenihanx, Marcella M. Johnson, Vandana Karri, and C. V. R. Reddy. "Cardiac sequelae in Brooklyn after the September 11 terrorist attacks." Clinical Cardiology 29, no. 1 (January 2006): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960290105.

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Drumbl, Mark A. "Judging the 11 September Terrorist Attack." Human Rights Quarterly 24, no. 2 (2002): 323–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2002.0020.

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Koh, Harold Hongju. "The Case Against Military Commissions." American Journal of International Law 96, no. 2 (April 2002): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2693928.

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In January 2002, Zacarias Moussaoui, a French national of Moroccan descent, pleaded not guilty in Virginia federal court to six counts of conspiring to commit acts of international terrorism in connection with the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center. In other times, it would have seemed unremarkable for someone charged with conspiring to murder American citizens and destroy American property on American soil to be tried in a U.S. civilian court. More than two centuries ago, Article I, Section 8, Clause 10 of the United States Constitution granted Congress the power to "define and punish Piracies, Felonies committed on the High Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations," a power that Congress immediately exercised by criminalizing piracy, the eighteenth-century version of modern terrorism. Since then, Congress has criminalized numerous other international offenses. In recent decades, United States courts have decided criminal cases convicting international hijackers, terrorists, and drug smugglers, as well as a string of well-publicized civil lawsuits adjudicating gross human rights violations. Most pertinent, federal prosecutors have successfully tried and convicted in U.S. courts numerous members of Al Qaeda, the very terrorist group charged with planning the September 11 attacks, for earlier attacks on the World Trade Center and the U.S. embassies in Tanzania and Kenya.

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Roach, Ashley. "Container and Port Security: A Bilateral Perspective." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 18, no. 3 (2003): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092735203770223576.

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AbstractAs a follow-up to the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001 and due to the threat that such attacks may be reiterated in different forms, the United States has taken several measures with the view to forestall terrorist attacks from the sea. The measures include the Container Security Initiative and measures to enhance port security. This presentation describes the content of such measures and the reaction of states and international organisations thereto. The question is raised whether such measures may be taken unilaterally or rather through international force.

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Watkins, Jelena. "Peer-support groups for cross-border victims of terrorism: Lessons learnt in the UK after the 9/11 and Paris attacks." Temida 20, no. 1 (2017): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1701065w.

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When people become victims of terrorism in a country other than their own, they often face diverse legal, financial, cultural and political difficulties. This paper addresses peer support groups in their various forms (e.g. therapeutic support groups, victim association gatherings, online forums, etc.), as an effective way of helping people affected by cross-border terrorist attacks to deal with the complex problems they face, thus alleviating some of their suffering. It focuses on two major international incidents affecting British nationals: the attacks of 11 September 2001 and the Paris attacks of 13 November 2015. The author was an initiator of peer-support systems for the UK-based bereaved and survivors following both atrocities. Here, she draws on her experience to highlight the benefits and identify potential challenges of such peer-support groups in tackling some of the complex problems individuals affected by cross-border terrorist attacks encounter.

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Gosling, Samuel D., and Sanjay Srivastava. "Changes in Perceptions of George W. Bush’s Personality in the Wake of the September 11 2001 World Trade Center Attacks." Acta de Investigación Psicológica 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2011.3.202.

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Using data gathered just before and just after the September 11th terrorist attacks, we examine how perceptions of Bush’s personality changed in the following two weeks. Fifty participants provided ratings of Bush using the California Q-sort at various times before (including immediately before) and after the attacks. At each time interjudge agreement was strong. There was general consistency between the pre- and post-attack assessments, but the common view of Bush shifted in several important ways. Consistent with his soaring popularity, the changes were toward more positive perceptions, even for characteristics unrelated to the attacks. Findings are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms driving the changes in perception. These findings, which are based on careful assessments conducted shortly before the emergence of any hint of what was to come, provide a unique perspective on changes in Bush’s image as they unfolded in the immediate wake of the terrorist attacks.

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Fink, Camille N. Y. "Antiterrorism Security and Surface Transportation Systems: Review of Case Studies and Current Tactics." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1822, no. 1 (January 2003): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1822-02.

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The events of September 11, 2001, brought the issue of transportation security and terrorism to the forefront of policy and government. Public surface transportation systems are especially vulnerable because they are by nature open and accessible. They also serve large numbers of people in extensive networks. Case studies of transit systems and terrorist incidents offer examples of effective planning and response as well as gaps in security systems. Systems in London and Paris have experienced bombing attacks. Tokyo was the site of a chemical attack. Preparation against terrorist attacks involves assessments of vulnerabilities, mitigation of weaknesses in the system, and the development of effective response and emergency plans. Cost factors are a particular concern for transit officials. The use of design elements, closed-circuit television, training, and exercises, together with the establishment of close relationships with other local, state, and federal agencies, appears to be the most cost-effective security option.

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Journal articles on the topic 'September 11 Terrorist Attacks'

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