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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sequence identity'

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1

Li, Jinliang. "Mechanical unfolding and folding studies on proteins with high sequence identity but different conformations." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54795.

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Although a few mutations can radically shift the equilibrium between denatured state and native state of a protein, it is surprising that one mutation can switch one fold into another completely different fold. Two Streptococcus binding domains GA and GB could be mutated so that ultimately two completely different folds had only one different amino acid in their sequences. This experiment established a mutational pathway to switch a protein’s fold and function. In order to further understand the mechanism underlying this pathway, single molecule force spectroscopy was carried out using optical
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2

Hitchen, Yvette. "Development of a multiplex Sequence Specific Primer (SSP)-PCR system to identify forensically relevant calliphoride." University of Western Australia. Centre for Forensic Science, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0032.

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From the entomological evidence occurring on and around a corpse it is possible to determine an estimated post-mortem interval (PMI). The critical step in this examination is the accurate identification of specimens collected ensuring the application of appropriate species-specific developmental data. Current molecular techniques in the identification of forensically important Calliphoridae species from the Australian region have been explored and found to be a highly significant and valuable area of research. The cytochrome oxidase genes in the mitochondrial genome have been shown to have suf
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Koo, Hyun Jo, Eric McDowell, Xiaoqiang Ma, et al. "Ginger and turmeric expressed sequence tags identify signature genes for rhizome identity and development and the biosynthesis of curcuminoids, gingerols and terpenoids." BioMed Central, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610084.

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BACKGROUND:Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) accumulate important pharmacologically active metabolites at high levels in their rhizomes. Despite their importance, relatively little is known regarding gene expression in the rhizomes of ginger and turmeric.RESULTS:In order to identify rhizome-enriched genes and genes encoding specialized metabolism enzymes and pathway regulators, we evaluated an assembled collection of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from eight different ginger and turmeric tissues. Comparisons to publicly available sorghum rhizome ESTs revealed a total of
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Toda, Nicholas Rafael Tetsuo. "Analysis of the sequence features contributing to centromere organisation and CENP-A positioning and incorporation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16174.

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Centromere identity is integral for proper kinetochore formation and chromosome segregation. In most species chromosomes have a centromere at a defined locus that is propagated across generations. The histone H3 variant CENP-A acts as an epigenetic mark for centromere identity in most species studied. CENP-A is absent from the inactivated centromere on dicentric chromosomes and present at neocentromeres that form on non-centromeric sequences. Thus, the canonical centromere sequence is neither necessary nor sufficient for centromere function. Nevertheless, centromeres are generally associated w
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Frisk, Christoffer. "Automated protein-family classification based on hidden Markov models." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Bioinformatik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-252372.

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The aim of the project presented in this paper was to investigate the possibility toautomatically sub-classify the superfamily of Short-chain Dehydrogenase/Reductases (SDR).This was done based on an algorithm previously designed to sub-classify the superfamily ofMedium-chain Dehydrogenase/Reductases (MDR). While the SDR-family is interesting andimportant to sub-classify there was also a focus on making the process as automatic aspossible so that future families also can be classified using the same methods.To validate the results generated it was compared to previous sub-classifications done o
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Wang, Hsiao-Ching. "Sustaining the creative identity of a Taiwanese artist during motherhood : a sequence of six artworks within an installation." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2009. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/737811ab-7994-4b2b-93e7-d3a1b6d58530.

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This practice-based PhD thesis examines the proposition that during early motherhood an artist can establish visual strategies for sustaining a creative identity to counteract the stereotypical role of a mother in the patriarchal society of Taiwan. The thesis comprises six artworks, consisting of photographic self-portraits and related boxes, within an installation, together with a written component and an Artist’s Book.
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Loh, Chang-Yuan. "Factors influencing the decision-making of third party consultants in the context of evaluating escalation of commitment." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12132.

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Successful management of capital investment projects is vital to organisational performance. However, research shows that managers are prone to continue investment in projects in the face of significant negative accounting feedback – this is known as the ‘escalation of commitment’ phenomenon. Escalation behaviour is undesirable as it diverts resources from more economically valuable investments and can lead to sub-optimal project outcomes. This thesis reports two experiments that investigate how four factors can help reduce escalation of commitment to unprofitable capital investment projects.
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8

Buchholz, Frank, Anja Nitzsche, Maciej Paszkowski-Rogacz, et al. "RAD21 Cooperates with Pluripotency Transcription Factors in the Maintenance of Embryonic Stem Cell Identity." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-191596.

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For self-renewal, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) require the expression of specific transcription factors accompanied by a particular chromosome organization to maintain a balance between pluripotency and the capacity for rapid differentiation. However, how transcriptional regulation is linked to chromosome organization in ESCs is not well understood. Here we show that the cohesin component RAD21 exhibits a functional role in maintaining ESC identity through association with the pluripotency transcriptional network. ChIP-seq analyses of RAD21 reveal an ESC specific cohesin binding pattern that is
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Conlin, Christopher Arthur. "Characterization of the Salmonella typhimuriumopdA gene, encoding oligopeptidase A: Nucleotide sequence; identity with the Escherichia coliprlC gene; and its role in bacteriophage P22 development." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1055962404.

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Buchholz, Frank, Anja Nitzsche, Maciej Paszkowski-Rogacz, et al. "RAD21 Cooperates with Pluripotency Transcription Factors in the Maintenance of Embryonic Stem Cell Identity." Public Library of Science, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29134.

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For self-renewal, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) require the expression of specific transcription factors accompanied by a particular chromosome organization to maintain a balance between pluripotency and the capacity for rapid differentiation. However, how transcriptional regulation is linked to chromosome organization in ESCs is not well understood. Here we show that the cohesin component RAD21 exhibits a functional role in maintaining ESC identity through association with the pluripotency transcriptional network. ChIP-seq analyses of RAD21 reveal an ESC specific cohesin binding pattern that is
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11

Vargas, Ortiz de Zevallos Claudia Marcela. "Didactic strategies for the development of cultural identity in elementary education." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117712.

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This research paper stemmed from a personal interest on the task of teachers regarding the development of their students’ cultural identity. The main purpose was to analyze the didactic strategies, planned by the elementary education teachers of an educational institution in San José de Moro – La Libertad (Peru), for the development of their students’ Mochica cultural identity from three planning elements: selection of contents, selection of educational materials, and schedule of activities. This research is exploratory and has a qualitative approach, based on a case study methodology. Among t
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Santos, Anilda de Fátima Piva dos. "Literatura afro-brasileira e identidades: proposta de sequência didática para o Ensino Fundamental II." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8162/tde-12012016-150723/.

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Este projeto de pesquisa tem como objetivos estimular, com base na Lei nº 10.639/2003, o interesse pela Literatura Afrobrasileira como ferramenta contra as diferenças étnico-raciais, as práticas de racismo e a segregação no ambiente escolar; motivar os alunos, em especial os afrodescendentes, a valorizarem a cultura brasileira de matriz africana; fomentar a prática cotidiana da leitura literária, do debate e do diálogo para formar leitores críticos, capazes de (re)escrever sua própria história. A ação metodológica da pesquisa desenvolve-se mediante três etapas. A primeira é a analise de um que
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Kwasigroch, Jean-Marc. "Etude de faibles identites de sequences dans les proteines globulaires : proposition d'une taxonomie des boucles et etablissement d'une relation entre sequence et structure." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066218.

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Une banque de boucles de trois a huit acides amines de long a ete constituee. D'une analyse statistique des conformations, il ressort que les boucles sont constituees de deux parties: les residus extremes, en contact avec les structures secondaires que la boucle relie, et l'interieur. Les conformations des residus de bord sont correlees a la nature de la structure secondaire voisine. Par contre, les residus centraux adoptent des conformations non correlees d'un residu au suivant. Le fort pourcentage de conformations a#l, principalement dues aux glycines et decroissant avec la taille de la bouc
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Boggis, E. M. "Using the Bayesian Normal Gamma prior to identify associated sequence variants." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7507/.

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The Normal Gamma prior, a Bayesian adaptive shrinkage method which is implemented using MCMC, is compared to other statistical methods as an eQTL approach to identifying causal or associated genetic mutations. The methods are compared on simulated data, where the results show the Normal Gamma prior to be a far superior method. On human data it is more difficult to assess the results for accuracy, but we can conclude that the Normal Gamma prior highlights SNPs in concordance with other methods. We also note that the Normal Gamma prior, although enforcing very harsh shrinkage, reports many less
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Esteves, Michelle Pereira. "Systematic analysis of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases to identify novel breast markers in breast cancer." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537516.

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Viney, Rowena. "Everyday interaction in lesbian households : identity work, body behaviour, and action." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16780.

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This thesis is about the resources that speakers can draw on when producing actions, both verbal and non-vocal. It considers how identity categories, gaze and touch can contribute to action in everyday interactions. The study stemmed from an interest in how lesbian identity is made relevant by lesbian speakers in everyday co-present interaction. A corpus of approximately 23.5 hours of video-recordings was gathered: households self-designated as lesbian (including couples, families, and housemates) video recorded some of their everyday interactions (including mealtimes, watching television, and
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Dai, Zunyan. "Restriction landmark genomic scanning to identify novel methylated and amplified DNA sequences in human lung cancer." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1037112113.

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Thesis (Ph. D., Pathology)--Ohio State University, 2002.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xix, 167 p.: ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Christoph Plass, Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-167).
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Hillmer, Rachel A. "Using emergent self-organizing maps to identify marine group II archaea genomic fragments from uncharacterized microbial metagenomic sequences." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62987.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biological Engineering, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>The validity and usefulness of clustering marine group II tetranucleotide signatures using emergent self-organizing maps was investigated. Fosmids from the HF200 library were chosen for sequencing based on end-sequence tetranucleotide clustering with group II seed sequences, as well as blastx homology. Fosmids were sequenced using a single 454- titanium sequencing run, and contigs subsequently assembled in silico. A tot
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19

Alosaimi, Shatha Mobarak. "Leveraging Whole Genome Sequences to Compare Mutational Mechanism and Identify Medically Relevant Variation in African versus Non-African Descend Populations." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32191.

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Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) is ushering a new era in healthcare and research in identifying genetic variation in all populations. However, the African populations are still under-represented. Since African populations are being the most genetically diverse with high heterogeneity rate, we need to benchmark the Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) analysis pipeline to ensure reliable mutation detection. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that all steps of WGS downstream analysis are accurate, mainly the variant calling (VC). Current VC tools may produce falsepositive/negative results; such result ma
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Hielscher, Astrid [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Hoelscher. "Phylogenetic comparison of plasma- and cell subset-derived viral sequences to identify the cellular origin of HIV plasma viremia / Astrid Hielscher ; Betreuer: Michael Hoelscher." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212362837/34.

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21

Berggren, Elisabeth. "Daily life after Subarachnoid Haemorrhage : Identity construction, patients’ and relatives’ statements about patients’ memory, emotional status and activities of living." Doctoral thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ. Kvalitetsförbättring och ledarskap inom hälsa och välfärd, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-19840.

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The overall aim of this thesis was to describe patients’ experience and reconstruction regarding the onset of, and events surrounding being struck by a Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (SAH), and to describe patients’ and relatives’ views of patients’ memory ability, emotional status and activities of living, in a long-term perspective. Methods: Both inductive and deductive approaches were used. Nine open interviews were carried out in home settings, in average 1 year and 7 seven months after the patients’ onset, and discourse analysis was used to interpret the data. Eleven relatives and 11 patients,
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Di, Guardia Rémi. "Identity of Proofs and Formulas using Proof-Nets in Multiplicative-Additive Linear Logic." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENSL0050.

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Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'égalité des preuves et des formules en logique linéaire, avec des contributions en particulier dans le fragment multiplicatif-additif de cette logique. En logique linéaire, et dans de nombreuses autres logiques (telle que la logique intuitionniste), on dispose de deux transformations sur les preuves : l'élimination des coupures et l'expansion des axiomes. On souhaite très souvent identifier deux preuves reliées par ces transformations, étant donné qu'elles le sont sémantiquement (dans un modèle catégorique par exemple). Cette situation est similaire à celle du λ-cal
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Kaulicke, Peter. "Space and Time in the Formative Period: Some Final Reflections." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113584.

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These final reflections stress the relevance of this substantial collection of papers presented in both volumes of the Boletín. Monumental architecture is particularly important with early beginnings, long construction sequences, and, as such, testimony of local histories, identities and memories. It transmits cosmological and cosmogonic ideas as ceremonial centers and organizes the landscape, and thus can be defined as central places in an economic, political and social sense. As such, it is of major relevance to the establishment of interaction spheres.<br>Las reflexiones finales enfatizan l
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Nosan, Klara. "Zero problems in polynomial models." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UNIP7008.

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Les modèles polynomiaux sont omniprésents en informatique, dans l'étude des automates et des langages formels, de l'optimisation, de la théorie des jeux, de la théorie du contrôle et de nombreux autres domaines. Dans cette thèse, nous considérons des modèles décrits par des systèmes d'équations polynomiales et des équations différentielles, où le système évolue à travers un ensemble discret de pas de temps avec des mises à jour polynomiales à chaque pas. Nous explorons trois aspects des « problèmes de zéros » pour les modèles polynomiaux : le test d'identité pour les expressions algébriques do
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Celliers, Jean-Pierre. "Mekemeke : a study of the Archaeological sequence and interaction between two Swazi villages of the late 19th and early 20th century." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28550.

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A combination of archaeology, written historical evidence, oral history and ethnography was used to investigate contact between Swazi communities in the eastern Mpumalanga lowveld and the colonial frontier during19th century colonial expansion into the area. Archaeological data was collected from two Swazi residential sites, Mekemeke and eKusoleni. Oral traditions indicate that these sites were occupied from the mid 1860’s to the mid 1930’s. Data from these sites were compared in an effort to explore the changes in contact between the Swazi and Westerners intensified over time. The incorporati
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Kuo, Hang-Yen, and 郭杭諺. "Application of Expressed Sequence Tags to Identify Mosquito." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29577511791588628103.

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碩士<br>國立陽明大學<br>寄生蟲學研究所<br>92<br>The objective of this study is to use genomic mass-screens to identify important mosquito defense molecules that may open new research avenues of understanding in mosquito innate immunity. A total of 36,757 ESTs were generated from 6 cDNA libraries constructed from mosquito Armigere subalbatus. They were: (1) young naïve females, (2) old naïve female, (3) females inoculated with filarial parasite Dirofilaria immitis, (4) females exposed to the filarial parasite Brugia malayi in a blood meal, (5) bacteria-inoculated females and (6) bacteria-challenged hemocytes.
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Lee, Chang-Hong, and 李昶宏. "Cheating Catcher: Using Sequence Alignment Algorithms to Identify Homologous C Programs." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21343999804190456693.

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碩士<br>國立暨南國際大學<br>資訊工程學系<br>92<br>A lot of software tools (e.g., Diff and WinDiff) have been developed to identify the differences between text files. While being applied to compare programs, however, more situations need to be handled since renaming the identifiers, altering the function definitions, or replacing a block by a synonymous one can still make the program equivalent. In order to solve these problems, we investigate on how to analyze the similarity between programs. We develop a system to estimate the similarity of two C programs by using Local Alignment Algorithm.
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Lin, Yen-Yun, and 林彥妘. "Discovering Key Item Buying Sequences to Identify VIP Customers." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65951308123884358003.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>企業管理學系<br>104<br>According to the 80/20 Principle, about 80% of the profits of a company comes from just 20% of customers. If we are able to identify these customers, companies can invest all the efforts to serve those customers and decrease their attrition rate. This important issue has been researched by only few studies. In these studies, data are treated as sets of buying baskets. In this study, transaction data are treated as sequence of buying baskets. The research then finding frequent item buying sequence through setting adequate minimal support in sequential analysis.
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Huang, Chen-Chia, and 黃振家. "An Integrated System to Identify Conserved Sequence Elements Associated with mRNA Splicing." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97822492137164483747.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>資訊工程研究所<br>92<br>Generally speaking, in eukaryotes, alternative splicing (AS) mechanism for pre-mRNA plays an important role to generate multiple isoforms. In this thesis, we propose an integrated approach to automatically identify the conserved sequences in selected exon/intron regions of a gene group. Firstly, the alternative splicing database, namely ProSplicer, is constructed in our previously research and used in the system. Secondly, several alternative splicing types such as exon skipping, alternative 5’ splicing sites, alternative 3’ splicing sites and mutually exclusiv
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Wu, Hsiuan-Lin, and 吳宣霖. "Utilization of ribosomal DNA sequences to identify Chlorella spp. isolates." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64311262372477654219.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>農業化學研究所<br>87<br>Chlorella spp. is one of the microalgae which has been widely used, because Chlorella spp. is a very simple single cell algae. As its morphological characteristics usually change with the environment, it is difficult in identify the species. To determine the relationship between Chlorella spp. strains, this study used PCR techniques to analyze the nuclear-encoded and chloroplast-encoded small-subunit rDNA sequences of 4 strains of Chlorella spp.. These were isolated from different rivers and ponds in Taiwan and Indonesia and then compared with stock strains of
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Chu, Hong-Yi, and 朱紘毅. "Applying Sequential Pattern Approach to Identify Clinic Sequence - An Example of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/z9sev5.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>工業管理系<br>104<br>Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), a form of toxic epidermal necrolysis, is a lifethreatening skin condition, in which cell death causes the epidermis to separate from the dermis. There are many factors cause SJS, most of SJS cases are caused by using improper drugs. The drugs which cause SJS are used in various medical fields. However, very few physician are familiar with all these drugs, so there are many cases when physician is not aware about the drugs causing SJS. This study uses 1-year data of Taiwan’s NHIRD (National Health Insurance Research Database) to
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Anchel, David. "A Method to Identify DNA Sequences Contained in an Arbitrary Nuclear Region." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/25700.

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Nuclear substructures known as “nuclear bodies” associate with particular gene loci, and this may determine or reflect a mechanism of genetic control. The detection of these associations currently relies on the use of loci-specific probes, or immunoprecipitation of bulk cells with a particular protein. However, there is evidence that these associations respect the nuclear body, not necessarily any one constituent protein, and are statistically and/or functionally significant even when they occur over distances resolvable by light microscopy, or within single cells. A method is proposed that
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Lu, Chi-Feng, and 呂奇峯. "Transient Expression Assay To Identify the Nitrogen Response Sequence in the Promoter of OsEP3A on Rice." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86523911327237591701.

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碩士<br>國立嘉義大學<br>農學研究所<br>93<br>It has been known that a rice cysteine proteinase gene, OsEP3A ( Oryza sativa endoproteinase 3A ), was a single copy in rice genome, and its promoter activity was specifically induced by nitrogen starvation. The purpose of this study is to find out the nitrogen response sequence in OsEP3A promoter by the method of transient expression assay. By using the PCR method to amplify the different length of OsEP3A promoters, which were fused with Renilla luciferase reporter gene at the down-stream region, respectively. These expression vectors were transformed
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Chan, Wing Yiu. "Improved amino acid sequence fingerprints to identify proteins with dehalogenase activity through screening of microbial genomes." 2008. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=771979&T=F.

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You, Wan-Ting, and 游婉婷. "Application of ribosomal DNA Sequence to Identify Wood-inhabiting Macrofungi in the Experimental Forest of National Ilan University." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61976803846534585813.

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碩士<br>國立宜蘭大學<br>自然資源學系碩士班<br>98<br>Macrofungi are identified by their fruiting body’s morphology and/or microscopic characteristics as the major traditional fungal identification approaches. The traditional approaches of fungal identification are not enough to distinguish the unknown or hard to be identified species. The morphological variation of the fruiting body rendered by divers environment leads to the difficulties of identification. Contemporarily, there are many scholars using molecular technologies to identify fungi, and to explore the relationship among them by DNA sequence analysis.
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HUANG, YING-SHENG, and 黃瀛生. "Using PCR Analysis of the Mitochondrial 16S rRNA Partial Sequence to Identify Genus Anguilla other than Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonica) in Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83vccb.

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碩士<br>大葉大學<br>生物科技與產業碩士在職學位學程<br>106<br>The eel was previously classified according to the length of the body and the length of the body and the number of vertebrae. However, under the limited conditions, the identification is very likely to be wrong. Therefore, the DNA sequence analysis technique has been used to determine the basis of the classification. After extracting genomic DNA from the muscle tissues of giant eel, short fin eel and Luzon eel, the mitochondrial 16S rRNA was amplified by PCR and sequenced. After comparing the NCBI database, different types of genes Anguilla could be iden
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Liao, Tz-Yu, and 廖秭妤. "Sexing parrots by different sex-specific primers and application of cytochrome b and 12S ribosomal RNA sequences to identity the parrot species." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mhwsd9.

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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>動物科學系所<br>101<br>Approximately 60% of avian species are sexually monomorphic, and most of the parrots could not be sexed by feather colors or any other morphological characteristics in appearances. It has been reported that specific DNA sequences could be amplified by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the specific primers of chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1 (CHD-1) gene. In birds, there are two genes related to CHD-1, CHD-W and CHD-Z, which are located in chromosome W and Z, respectively. Since these two genes are evolutionarily conserved, and their sequence
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