Academic literature on the topic 'Sequoiadendron sempervirens'

The more commonly and successfully grown species of timber trees, grown in New Zealand as alternatives to radiata pine, are briefly reviewed, with emphasis on site requirements and timber end uses. Their silviculture and marketing is considered. The groups covered are Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menzesii), the cypresses (Cupressus species and hybrids), eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.), acacias (Acacia melanoxylon and some others) and more briefly redwood (Sequoia sempervirens and Sequoiadendron giganteum) and poplars (Populus spp.).

Abstract Several species of conifers were outplanted around infected stumps in Oregon and British Columbia to measure their susceptibility to laminated root rot caused by Phellinus weirii. Grand fir (Abies grandis) experienced nearly 30% mortality caused by P. weirii. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mortality exceeded 20%. Noble fir (A. procera), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) mortality averaged less than 10%. Western white pine (P. monticola) and lodgepole pine (P. contorta) mortality was less than 1%. Phellinus weirii did not cause mortality of western redcedar (Thuja plicata) or redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Apparent susceptibility, based on mortality over 17-20 growing seasons, was similar to that recorded in past field observations. West. J. Appl. For. 8(2):67-70.

Between 2001 and 2007, samples from three California native plants showing canker symptoms were submitted to the California Department of Food and Agriculture's Plant Pest Diagnostics laboratory. Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) and coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) showed branch cankers and dieback, whereas tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora) had bleeding bole cankers. Samples were collected from mature trees in private landscapes in El Dorado, Sacramento, and Alameda counties in California. A fungus was isolated on one-half strength acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) from the canker margins of all three hosts. Colonies were moderately fast growing, initially white, later turning olivaceous black. Pycnidia developed singly or in small groups and contained conidia that measured 18 to 29 × 6 to 8 μm (average 21.5 × 6.8 μm). Conidia were aseptate, hyaline, and fusiform, with truncate bases. rDNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the isolates (GenBank JQ282157 through JQ282159), amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 (2), were 100% identical to the holotype isolate of Neofusicoccum nonquaesitum Inderb., Trouillas, Bostock & Michailides (1) by a BLAST query (GenBank GU251163). Pathogenicity of the N. nonquaesitum isolate from giant sequoia (CDFA4) was tested on five saplings using cultures grown on APDA for 14 days. A single wound was made approximately 2 cm above the soil line on the cambium of each plant using a 3-mm cork borer. One 3-mm colonized agar plug was placed on each wound and secured with Parafilm. Plugs of APDA were placed onto wounds of five plants as controls. All plants were kept in a growth chamber at 23°C with a 12-h photoperiod. After 4 days, Parafilm was removed to reveal dark brown cankers measuring 12 to 43 mm long on the inoculated plants. Fourteen days after inoculation, cankers were black, sunken, and measured 79 to 117 mm (average 91.4 mm) long. Most of the inoculated plants were wilted with chlorotic to necrotic foliage. Mature pycnidia with cirri developed in most of the cankers. N. nonquaesitum was reisolated on APDA from all of the cankers. No symptoms developed on the control plants. The experiment was repeated once with similar results. Botryosphaeria dothidea, also in the Botryosphaeriaceae, has been reported to cause similar cankers on giant sequoia and coast redwood in California (3). However, rDNA sequencing of the ITS region of this isolate obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 60344) (GenBank JQ284384) showed it matched the type specimen of Neofusicoccum australe (GenBank GU251219), not our isolate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. nonquaesitum as a pathogen of giant sequoia in North America. This study expands the host range of N. nonquaesitum from almond (Prunus dulcis), California bay (Umbellularia californica), and blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) (1) to include giant sequoia, coast redwood, and tanoak, which are economically important trees in California forests and landscapes. References: (1) P. Inderbitzin et al. Mycologia 102:1350, 2010. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990. (3) J. J. Worrall et al. Plant Dis. 70:757, 1986.

This study reviews the various conservation strategies applied to the four redwood species, namely coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Sierra redwood or giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) and South American redwood or alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides), which are endemic in the USA, China and South America, respectively. All four redwood genera belong to the family Cupressaceae; they are monospecific, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened in their native ranges due to human activity and a changing climate. Therefore, the management objective should be to conserve representative populations of the native species with as much genetic diversity as possible for their future survival. Those representative populations exhibiting relatively high levels of genetic diversity should be selected for germplasm preservation and monitored during the conservation phase by using molecular markers. In situ and ex situ strategies for the preservation of germplasm of the redwoods are discussed in this study. A holistic in situ gene conservation strategy calls for the regeneration of a large number of diverse redwood genotypes that exhibit adequate levels of neutral and adaptive genetic variability, by generative and vegetative methods for their preservation and maintenance in their endemic locations. At the same time, it would be desirable to conserve the redwoods in new ex situ reserves, away from their endemic locations with similar as well as different environmental conditions for testing their growth and survival capacities. In addition, other ex situ strategies involving biotechnological approaches for preservation of seeds, tissues, pollen and DNA in genebanks should also be fully exploited in the face of global climate change.

Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum consisting of a mixture of roots of coast redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don)], soil, and spores of Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe was tested for viability and efficacy following storage for 4 or 8 weeks at 4, 9, 15, or 24C and moisture contents of 0%, 6%, 12%, or 17%. Storage regimes did not have any effect on the number of spores of Glomus mosseae recovered after storage. However, germinability of the spores decreased from 35% before storage to 10% to 31% during storage, especially under typical ambient room conditions (17% moisture at 24C). Maximum colonization of coast redwood, sierra redwood [Sequoiadendrom giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh.], and incense cedar (Libocedrous decurrens Torr.) was achieved after inoculation with 1 inoculum: 1 potting mix dilution (w/w). However, plant fresh weight was highest following inoculation with a 1 inoculum: 5 potting mix dilution (w/w). Dried inoculum was effective when stored at 24C, or below 10C when moist.

El Jardín Botánico de Lourizán (Pontevedra, España) empezó a adquirir su fisionomía actual en la década de 1880, aprovechando la morfología irregular del terreno. Desde entonces, sobre el modelo establecido en su momento, se han añadido algunas zonas nuevas y se ha plantado un gran número de ejemplares, de los que actualmente quedan representación de más de 850 taxones, en su mayoría árboles y arbustos. Entre los árboles existentes, los ejemplares Cedrus libani, Corylus avellana, Cryptomeria japonica, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Styphnolobium japonicum (=Sophora japonica) ´Pendulum´, Sequoia sempervirens y la colección de Castanea sp. pl. están incluidos en el Catálogo Galego de Árbores Senlleiras. Además de los anteriores, hay otros ejemplares o formaciones que, por sus características dendrométricas, biológicas, estéticas o históricas, consideramos merecen ser incluidas en el citado Catálogo. Un ejemplar de Camellia japonica, en el llamado Parque de las Rías, destaca por ser el más alto del Mundo (20,5 m) y data de la época de creación del Parque (1887). También el ejemplar de Tetraclinis articulata, plantado en 1993 en el Parque de las Autonomías, que con una altura de 15,5 m es una rareza en el Noroeste Ibérico; el Eucalyptetum, iniciado en 1955, es único en la Península Ibérica por el número de taxones (88) y el tamaño de los especímenes, muchos de los cuales sobrepasan los 50 m de altura y algunos llegan a ser los mayores en el Mundo, Europa o España de la especie; también los ejemplares de Alnus cordata, Angophora floribunda, Casuarina cunninghamiana o Pawlonia fortumei son también singulares. Como formaciones, destacamos la alineación de Platanus x hispanica, que rodea el Parque de las Rías, tiene una altura media de casi 40 m y un porte de candelabro, plantados en la época creación del Parque (1887); la colección de Coníferas, comprende 36 géneros y 160 taxones, que abarca los géneros Pinus (51 taxones), Abies (13), Picea (13), Afrocarpus, Agathis, Araucaria, Austrocedrus, Calocedrus, Callitris, Callitropsis, Cedrus, Cephalotaxus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia, Cupressus, Dacridium, Dacrycarpus, Hesperocyparis, Hesperotropsis, Juniperus, Larix, Libocedrus, Metasequoia, Nageia, Platycladus, Podocarpus, Pseudotsuga, Scyadopitys, Sequoia, Sequoiadendron, Taiwania, Taxodium, Tetraclinis, Thuja y Tsuga, que en conjunto representa la mejor colección del grupo en la Península Ibérica. Además de por su rareza o número, destacan muchos de los especímenes citados por su valor histórico e interés científico.