Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Séries temporelles d'images satellites'
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Petitjean, François. "Dynamic time warping : apports théoriques pour l'analyse de données temporelles : application à la classification de séries temporelles d'images satellites." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAD023.
Full textSatellite Image Time Series are becoming increasingly available and will continue to do so in the coming years thanks to the launch of space missions, which aim at providing a coverage of the Earth every few days with high spatial resolution (ESA’s Sentinel program). In the case of optical imagery, it will be possible to produce land use and cover change maps with detailed nomenclatures. However, due to meteorological phenomena, such as clouds, these time series will become irregular in terms of temporal sampling. In order to consistently handle the huge amount of information that will be produced (for instance, Sentinel-2 will cover the entire Earth’s surface every five days, with 10m to 60m spatial resolution and 13 spectral bands), new methods have to be developed. This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the “Dynamic Time Warping” similarity measure, which is able to take the most of the temporal structure of the data, in order to provide an efficient and relevant analysis of the remotely observed phenomena
Bellet, Valentine. "Intelligence artificielle appliquée aux séries temporelles d'images satellites pour la surveillance des écosystèmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES013.
Full textIn the context of climate change, ecosystem monitoring is a crucial task. It allows to better understand the changes that affect them and also enables decision-making to preserve them for current and future generations. Land use and land cover (LULC) maps are an essential tool in ecosystem monitoring providing information on different types of physical cover of the Earth's surface (e.g. forests, grasslands, croplands). Nowadays, an increasing number of satellite missions generate huge amounts of free and open data. In particular, satellite image time series (SITS), such as the ones produced by Sentinel-2, offer high temporal, spectral and spatial resolutions and provide relevant information about vegetation dynamics. Combined with machine learning algorithms, they allow the production of frequent and accurate LULC maps. This thesis is focused on the development of pixel-based supervised classification algorithms for the production of LULC maps at large scale. Four main challenges arise in an operational context. Firstly, unprecedented amounts of data are available and the algorithms need to be adapted accordingly. Secondly, with the improvement in spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions, the algorithms should be able to take into account correlations between the spectro-temporal features to extract meaningful representations for the purpose of classification. Thirdly, in wide geographical coverage, the problem of non-stationarity of the data arises, therefore the algorithms should be able to take into account this spatial variability. Fourthly, because of the different satellite orbits or meteorological conditions, the acquisition times are irregular and unaligned between pixels, thus, the algorithms should be able to work with irregular and unaligned SITS. This work has been divided into two main parts. The first PhD contribution is the development of stochastic variational Gaussian Processes (SVGP) on massive data sets. The proposed Gaussian Processes (GP) model can be trained with millions of samples, compared to few thousands for traditional GP methods. The spatial and spectro-temporal structure of the data is taken into account thanks to the inclusion of the spatial information in bespoke composite covariance functions. Besides, this development enables to take into account the spatial information and thus to be robust to the spatial variability of the data. However, the time series are linearly resampled independently from the classification. Therefore, the second PhD contribution is the development of an end-to-end learning by combining a time and space informed kernel interpolator with the previous SVGP classifier. The interpolator embeds irregular and unaligned SITS onto a fixed and reduced size latent representation. The obtained latent representation is given to the SVGP classifier and all the parameters are jointly optimized w.r.t. the classification task. Experiments were run with Sentinel-2 SITS of the full year 2018 over an area of 200 000 km^2 (about 2 billion pixels) in the south of France (27 MGRS tiles), which is representative of an operational setting. Results show that both methods (i.e. SVGP classifier with linearly interpolated time series and the spatially kernel interpolator combined with the SVGP classifier) outperform the method used for current operational systems (i.e. Random Forest with linearly interpolated time series using spatial stratification)
Héas, Patrick. "Apprentissage bayésien de structures spatio-temporelles : application à la fouille visuelle de séries temporelles d'images de satellites." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ESAE0004.
Full textDusseux, Pauline. "Exploitation de séries temporelles d'images satellites à haute résolution spatiale pour le suivi des prairies en milieu agricole." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN20031/document.
Full textIn agricultural areas, we observed a decrease of grasslands and change in their management in the last half–century, which are commonly associated with agriculture intensification. These changes have affected environmental and economic systems. In this context, the evaluation of grassland status and grassland management in farming systems is a key–issue for sustainable agriculture. With the arrival of new Earth observation sensors with high spatial and temporal resolutions, it is now possible to study grasslands at fine scale using regular observations over time. The objective of this thesis is to identify grasslands and their management practices using parameters derived from time–series of high spatial resolution (HSR) remote sensing data. For that purpose, several intra–annual time series of HSR optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite images were acquired in order to identify grasslands and three of their management practices: grazing, mowing and mixed management, on a catchment area mainly oriented towards cattle production. Results obtained from the processing and analysis of the optical time series have shown that it is possible to estimate with good accuracy grassland biomass, to identify and to characterize them. They also highlighted that radar images improve grassland identification without being able to distinguish management practices, the combined use of the two types of images further increasing grassland identification. Furthermore, results showed that the classification methods based on comparison criteria adapted to time series (warping criteria) increase significantly results for discriminating grassland management practices compared to standard classification methods
Sanchez, Eduardo Hugo. "Learning disentangled representations of satellite image time series in a weakly supervised manner." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30032.
Full textThis work focuses on learning data representations of satellite image time series via an unsupervised learning approach. The main goal is to enforce the data representation to capture the relevant information from the time series to perform other applications of satellite imagery. However, extracting information from satellite data involves many challenges since models need to deal with massive amounts of images provided by Earth observation satellites. Additionally, it is impossible for human operators to label such amount of images manually for each individual task (e.g. classification, segmentation, change detection, etc.). Therefore, we cannot use the supervised learning framework which achieves state-of-the-art results in many tasks.To address this problem, unsupervised learning algorithms have been proposed to learn the data structure instead of performing a specific task. Unsupervised learning is a powerful approach since no labels are required during training and the knowledge acquired can be transferred to other tasks enabling faster learning with few labels.In this work, we investigate the problem of learning disentangled representations of satellite image time series where a shared representation captures the spatial information across the images of the time series and an exclusive representation captures the temporal information which is specific to each image. We present the benefits of disentangling the spatio-temporal information of time series, e.g. the spatial information is useful to perform time-invariant image classification or segmentation while the knowledge about the temporal information is useful for change detection. To accomplish this, we analyze some of the most prevalent unsupervised learning models such as the variational autoencoder (VAE) and the generative adversarial networks (GANs) as well as the extensions of these models to perform representation disentanglement. Encouraged by the successful results achieved by generative and reconstructive models, we propose a novel framework to learn spatio-temporal representations of satellite data. We prove that the learned disentangled representations can be used to perform several computer vision tasks such as classification, segmentation, information retrieval and change detection outperforming other state-of-the-art models. Nevertheless, our experiments suggest that generative and reconstructive models present some drawbacks related to the dimensionality of the data representation, architecture complexity and the lack of disentanglement guarantees. In order to overcome these limitations, we explore a recent method based on mutual information estimation and maximization for representation learning without relying on image reconstruction or image generation. We propose a new model that extends the mutual information maximization principle to disentangle the representation domain into two parts. In addition to the experiments performed on satellite data, we show that our model is able to deal with different kinds of datasets outperforming the state-of-the-art methods based on GANs and VAEs. Furthermore, we show that our mutual information based model is less computationally demanding yet more effective. Finally, we show that our model is useful to create a data representation that only captures the class information between two images belonging to the same category. Disentangling the class or category of an image from other factors of variation provides a powerful tool to compute the similarity between pixels and perform image segmentation in a weakly-supervised manner
Pelletier, Charlotte. "Cartographie de l'occupation des sols à partir de séries temporelles d'images satellitaires à hautes résolutions : identification et traitement des données mal étiquetées." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30241/document.
Full textLand surface monitoring is a key challenge for diverse applications such as environment, forestry, hydrology and geology. Such monitoring is particularly helpful for the management of territories and the prediction of climate trends. For this purpose, mapping approaches that employ satellite-based Earth Observations at different spatial and temporal scales are used to obtain the land surface characteristics. More precisely, supervised classification algorithms that exploit satellite data present many advantages compared to other mapping methods. In addition, the recent launches of new satellite constellations - Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 - enable the acquisition of satellite image time series at high spatial and spectral resolutions, that are of great interest to describe vegetation land cover. These satellite data open new perspectives, but also interrogate the choice of classification algorithms and the choice of input data. In addition, learning classification algorithms over large areas require a substantial number of instances per land cover class describing landscape variability. Accordingly, training data can be extracted from existing maps or specific existing databases, such as crop parcel farmer's declaration or government databases. When using these databases, the main drawbacks are the lack of accuracy and update problems due to a long production time. Unfortunately, the use of these imperfect training data lead to the presence of mislabeled training instance that may impact the classification performance, and so the quality of the produced land cover map. Taking into account the above challenges, this Ph.D. work aims at improving the classification of new satellite image time series at high resolutions. The work has been divided into two main parts. The first Ph.D. goal consists in studying different classification systems by evaluating two classification algorithms with several input datasets. In addition, the stability and the robustness of the classification methods are discussed. The second goal deals with the errors contained in the training data. Firstly, methods for the detection of mislabeled data are proposed and analyzed. Secondly, a filtering method is proposed to take into account the mislabeled data in the classification framework. The objective is to reduce the influence of mislabeled data on the classification performance, and thus to improve the produced land cover map
Hedhli, Ihsen. "Modèles de classification hiérarchiques d'images satellitaires multi-résolutions, multi-temporelles et multi-capteurs. Application aux désastres naturels." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4006/document.
Full textThe capabilities to monitor the Earth's surface, notably in urban and built-up areas, for example in the framework of the protection from environmental disasters such as floods or earthquakes, play important roles in multiple social, economic, and human viewpoints. In this framework, accurate and time-efficient classification methods are important tools required to support the rapid and reliable assessment of ground changes and damages induced by a disaster, in particular when an extensive area has been affected. Given the substantial amount and variety of data available currently from last generation very-high resolution (VHR) satellite missions such as Pléiades, COSMO-SkyMed, or RadarSat-2, the main methodological difficulty is to develop classifiers that are powerful and flexible enough to utilize the benefits of multiband, multiresolution, multi-date, and possibly multi-sensor input imagery. With the proposed approaches, multi-date/multi-sensor and multi-resolution fusion are based on explicit statistical modeling. The method combines a joint statistical model of multi-sensor and multi-temporal images through hierarchical Markov random field (MRF) modeling, leading to statistical supervised classification approaches. We have developed novel hierarchical Markov random field models, based on the marginal posterior modes (MPM) criterion, that support information extraction from multi-temporal and/or multi-sensor information and allow the joint supervised classification of multiple images taken over the same area at different times, from different sensors, and/or at different spatial resolutions. The developed methods have been experimentally validated with complex optical multispectral (Pléiades), X-band SAR (COSMO-Skymed), and C-band SAR (RadarSat-2) imagery taken from the Haiti site
Julea, Andreea Maria. "Extraction de motifs spatio-temporels dans des séries d'images de télédétection : application à des données optiques et radar." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652810.
Full textKalinicheva, Ekaterina. "Unsupervised satellite image time series analysis using deep learning techniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS335.
Full textThis thesis presents a set of unsupervised algorithms for satellite image time series (SITS) analysis. Our methods exploit machine learning algorithms and, in particular, neural networks to detect different spatio-temporal entities and their eventual changes in the time.In our thesis, we aim to identify three different types of temporal behavior: no change areas, seasonal changes (vegetation and other phenomena that have seasonal recurrence) and non-trivial changes (permanent changes such as constructions or demolishment, crop rotation, etc). Therefore, we propose two frameworks: one for detection and clustering of non-trivial changes and another for clustering of “stable” areas (seasonal changes and no change areas). The first framework is composed of two steps which are bi-temporal change detection and the interpretation of detected changes in a multi-temporal context with graph-based approaches. The bi-temporal change detection is performed for each pair of consecutive images of the SITS and is based on feature translation with autoencoders (AEs). At the next step, the changes from different timestamps that belong to the same geographic area form evolution change graphs. The graphs are then clustered using a recurrent neural networks AE model to identify different types of change behavior. For the second framework, we propose an approach for object-based SITS clustering. First, we encode SITS with a multi-view 3D convolutional AE in a single image. Second, we perform a two steps SITS segmentation using the encoded SITS and original images. Finally, the obtained segments are clustered exploiting their encoded descriptors
El, hajj Mahmoud. "Exploitation des séries temporelles d'images satellite à haute résolution spatiale par fusion d'informations multi-sources pour le suivi des opérations culturales : Application à la détection des coupes de canne à sucre à La Réunion." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005085.
Full textLopes, Maïlys. "Ecological monitoring of semi-natural grasslands : statistical analysis of dense satellite image time series with high spatial resolution." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0095/document.
Full textGrasslands are a significant source of biodiversity in farmed landscapes that is important to monitor. New generation satellites such as Sentinel-2 offer new opportunities for grassland’s monitoring thanks to their combined high spatial and temporal resolutions. Conversely, the new type of data provided by these sensors involves big data and high dimensional issues because of the increasing number of pixels to process and the large number of spectro-temporal variables. This thesis explores the potential of the new generation satellites to monitor biodiversity and factors that influence biodiversity in semi-natural grasslands. Tools suitable for the statistical analysis of grasslands using dense satellite image time series (SITS) with high spatial resolution are provided. First, we show that the spectro-temporal response of grasslands is characterized by its variability within and among the grasslands. Then, for the statistical analysis, grasslands are modeled at the object level to be consistent with ecological models that represent grasslands at the field scale. We propose to model the distribution of pixels in a grassland by a Gaussian distribution. Following this modeling, similarity measures between two Gaussian distributions robust to the high dimension are developed for the lassification of grasslands using dense SITS: the High-Dimensional Kullback-Leibler Divergence and the -Gaussian Mean Kernel. The latter outperforms conventional methods used with Support Vector Machines for the classification of grasslands according to their management practices and to their age. Finally, indicators of grassland biodiversity issued from dense SITS are proposed through spectro-temporal heterogeneity measures derived from the unsupervised clustering of grasslands. Their correlation with the Shannon index is significant but low. The results suggest that the spectro-temporal variations measured from SITS at a spatial resolution of 10 meters covering the period when the practices occur are more related to the intensity of management practices than to the species diversity. Therefore, although the spatial and spectral properties of Sentinel-2 seem limited to assess the species diversity in grasslands directly, this satellite should make possible the continuous monitoring of factors influencing biodiversity in grasslands. In this thesis, we provided methods that account for the heterogeneity within grasslands and enable the use of all the spectral and temporal information provided by new generation satellites
Desrues, Mathilde. "Surveillance opérationnelle de mouvements gravitaires par séries temporelles d'images." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAH002.
Full textUnderstanding the dynamics and the behavior of gravitational slope movements is essential to anticipate catastrophic failures and thus to protect lives and infrastructures. Several geodetic techniques already bring some information on the displacement / deformation fields of the unstable slopes. These techniques allow the analysis of the geometrical properties of the moving masses and of the mechanical behavior of the slopes. By combining time series of passive terrestrial imagery and these classical techniques, the amount of collected information is densified and spatially distributed. Digital passive sensors are increasingly used for the detection and the monitoring of gravitational motion. They provide both qualitative information, such as the detection of surface changes, and a quantitative characterization, such as the quantification of the soil displacement by correlation techniques. Our approach consists in analyzing time series of terrestrial images from either a single fixed camera or pair-wise cameras, the latter to obtain redundant and additional information. The time series are processed to detect the areas in which the Kinematic behavior is homogeneous. The slope properties, such as the sliding volume and the thickness of the moving mass, are part of the analysis results to obtain an overview which is as complete as possible. This work is presented around the analysis of four landslides located in the French Alps. It is part of a CIFRE/ANRT agreement between the SAGE Society - Société Alpine de Géotechnique (Gières, France) and the IPGS - Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg / CNRS UMR 7516 (Strasbourg, France)
Khiali, Lynda. "Fouille de données à partir de séries temporelles d’images satellites." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS046/document.
Full textNowadays, remotely sensed images constitute a rich source of information that can be leveraged to support several applications including risk prevention, land use planning, land cover classification and many other several tasks. In this thesis, Satellite Image Time Series (SITS) are analysed to depict the dynamic of natural and semi-natural habitats. The objective is to identify, organize and highlight the evolution patterns of these areas.We introduce an object-oriented method to analyse SITS that consider segmented satellites images. Firstly, we identify the evolution profiles of the objects in the time series. Then, we analyse these profiles using machine learning methods. To identify the evolution profiles, we explore all the objects to select a subset of objects (spatio-temporal entities/reference objects) to be tracked. The evolution of the selected spatio-temporal entities is described using evolution graphs.To analyse these evolution graphs, we introduced three contributions. The first contribution explores annual SITS. It analyses the evolution graphs using clustering algorithms, to identify similar evolutions among the spatio-temporal entities. In the second contribution, we perform a multi-annual cross-site analysis. We consider several study areas described by multi-annual SITS. We use the clustering algorithms to identify intra and inter-site similarities. In the third contribution, we introduce à semi-supervised method based on constrained clustering. We propose a method to select the constraints that will be used to guide the clustering and adapt the results to the user needs.Our contributions were evaluated on several study areas. The experimental results allow to pinpoint relevant landscape evolutions in each study sites. We also identify the common evolutions among the different sites. In addition, the constraint selection method proposed in the constrained clustering allows to identify relevant entities. Thus, the results obtained using the unsupervised learning were improved and adapted to meet the user needs
Gueguen, Lionel. "Extraction d'information et compression conjointes de Séries Temporelles d'Images Satellitaires." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003146.
Full textGueguen, Lionel. "Extraction d'information et compression conjointes des séries temporelles d'images satellitaires." Paris, ENST, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENST0025.
Full textNowadays, new data which contain interesting information can be produced : the Satellite Image Time Series which are observations of Earth’s surface evolution. These series constitute huge data volume and contain complex types of information. For example, numerous spatio-temporal events, such as harvest or urban area expansion, can be observed in these series and serve for remote surveillance. In this framework, this thesis deals with the information extraction from Satellite Image Time Series automatically in order to help spatio-temporal events comprehension and the compression in order to reduce storing space. Thus, this work aims to provide methodologies which extract information and compress jointly these series. This joint processing provides a compact representation which contains an index of the informational content. First, the concept of joint extraction and compression is described where the information extraction is grasped as a lossy compression of the information. Secondly, two methodologies are developed based on the previous concept. The first one provides an informational content index based on the Information Bottleneck principle. The second one provides a code or a compact representation which integrates an informational content index. Finally, both methodologies are validated and compared with synthetic data, then are put into practice successfully with Satellite Image Time Series
Lê, Thu Trang. "Extraction d'informations de changement à partir des séries temporelles d'images radar à synthèse d'ouverture." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA020/document.
Full textA large number of successfully launched and operated Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites has regularly provided multitemporal SAR and polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) images with high and very high spatial resolution over immense areas of the Earth surface. SAR system is appropriate for monitoring tasks thanks to the advantage of operating in all-time and all-weather conditions. With multitemporal data, both spatial and temporal information can simultaneously be exploited to improve the results of researche works. Change detection of specific features within a certain time interval has to deal with a complex processing of SAR data and the so-called speckle which affects the backscattered signal as multiplicative noise.The aim of this thesis is to provide a methodology for simplifying the analysis of multitemporal SAR data. Such methodology can benefit from the advantages of repetitive SAR acquisitions and be able to process different kinds of SAR data (i.e. single, multipolarization SAR, etc.) for various applications. In this thesis, we first propose a general framework based on a spatio-temporal information matrix called emph{Change Detection Matrix} (CDM). This matrix contains temporal neighborhoods which are adaptive to changed and unchanged areas thanks to similarity cross tests. Then, the proposed method is used to perform three different tasks:1) multitemporal change detection with different kinds of changes, which allows the combination of multitemporal pair-wise change maps to improve the performance of change detection result;2) analysis of change dynamics in the observed area, which allows the investigation of temporal evolution of objects of interest;3) nonlocal temporal mean filtering of SAR/PolSAR image time series, which allows us to avoid smoothing change information in the time series during the filtering process.In order to illustrate the relevancy of the proposed method, the experimental works of the thesis is performed on four datasets over two test-sites: Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France and Merapi volcano, Indonesia, with different types of changes (i.e., seasonal evolution, glaciers, volcanic eruption, etc.). Observations of these test-sites are performed on four SAR images time series from single polarization to full polarization, from medium to high, very high spatial resolution: Sentinel-1, ALOS-PALSAR, RADARSAT-2 and TerraSAR-X time series
Bioresita, Filsa. "Exploitation de séries temporelles d'images multi-sources pour la cartographie des surfaces en eau." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH004/document.
Full textSurface waters are important resources for the biosphere and the anthroposphere. Surface waters preserve diverse habitat, support biodiversity and provide ecosystem service by controlling nutrient cycles and global carbon. Surface waters are essential for human's everyday life, such as for irrigation, drinking-water and/or the production of energy (power plants, hydro-electricity). Further, surface waters through flooding can pose hazards to human, settlements and infrastructures. Monitoring the dynamic changes of surface waters is crucial for decision making process and policy. Remote sensing data can provide information on surface waters. Nowadays, satellite remote sensing has gone through a revolution with the launch of the Sentinel-1 SAR data and Sentinel-2 optical data with high revisit time at medium to high spatial resolution. Those data can provide time series and multi-source data which are essential in providing more information to upgrade ability in observing surface water. Analyzing such massive datasets is challenging in terms of knowledge extraction and processing as nearly fully automated processing chains are needed to enable systematic detection of water surfaces.In this context, the objectives of the work are to propose new (e.g. fully automated) approaches for surface water detection and flood extents detection by exploring the single and combined used of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data
Luna, Donald A. "Évaluation de la réponse des prairies à la sécheresse grâce à des séries chronologiques d'images satellites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0054.
Full textDrought events are becoming more frequent and severe with climate change, threatening the sustainability of ecosystem services provided by many agroecosystems, including managed grasslands in many regions of the world. The anticipation and mitigation of drought impacts have motivated scientific researches in agronomy, ecophysiology, and ecology. To better understand the processes associated with grassland responses to drought, many studies have conducted controlled pot, mesocosm, or field experiments. Despite their crucial role in building our current knowledge, these approaches face critical limitations such as their restricted spatio-temporal coverage and their disconnection from real-life conditions. The development of remote sensing (RS) products and techniques opens promising avenues for monitoring terrestrial ecosystems and their response to various sources of disturbances. As a complement to more traditional drought experiments and field observations, this PhD thesis aimed at taking advantage of long-term satellite RS data, together with climate and field data, to assess the variability and drivers of grassland response to drought in agricultural systems in the Massic central. To do so, this thesis first reviewed the current methodological approaches for the assessment of grassland response to drought using RS. It addresseses the central objective of determining the variability and drivers of grassland sensitivity to drought at the regional scale. Finally, it sought to comprehensively analyze the impact of drought, amidst the confounding factors, by assimilation of RS data with a simple model of grassland growth. The review of RS-based analyses of drought impacts on grasslands revealed the existence of five alternative methodological approaches. By far, the most common one called here as the “statistical inference” approach consists of inferring the impact of drought from the statistical relationship between vegetation reflectance and meteorological drought indices using long time series datasets. This bibliographic analysis also showed that most of the researches were conducted in the Great Plains (North America) and Mongolian Plateau (Central Asia) leaving many biogeographic gaps, particularly in the temperate regions of Western Europe. The second part of this thesis emphasized the strong variability of the response of temperate managed grasslands across a heterogeneous mountainous region (the Massif central, France). Most importantly, such variability could be explained by a set of pedoclimatic factors, vegetation diversity, and management practices. As expected, some soil and topographic factors, like the soil water holding capacity, were identified as key mitigating factors of drought impacts. In addition, our results showed lower sensitivity of grasslands predominantly mown rather than grazed and with early herbage uptake. For long and infrequent drought events, vegetation diversity had significant mitigating effects, but our findings suggest complex cascading effects between management practices and plant community structure that still need to be addressed. (...)
Benoist, Clément. "Apport de la prise en compte de la dépendance spatiotemporelle des séries temporelles de positions GNSS à l'estimation d'un système de référence." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEO011.
Full textAny global and precise positioning requires a reference frame such as the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). The determination of the ITRF relies on the position time series of various geodetic instruments, including in particular permanent GNSS stations. GNSS station position time series are known to be temporally and spatially correlated. Many authors have studied the temporal dependency of GNSS time series and its impact on the determination of terrestrial reference frames. On the other hand, the spatial correlations (i.e., between nearby stations) of GNSS time series have so far never been taken into account in the computation of terrestrial reference frames. The objective of this thesis is therefore to develop a methodology to account for the spatial correlations of GNSS time series, and evaluate its benefits.The spatial dependencies between the position time series of 195 GNSS stations are first evaluated by means of empirical variograms, which confirm the existence of correlations up to distances of about 5000 km. Exponential covariance models, depending only on the distance between stations, are adjusted to these empirical variograms.A methodology based on a Kalman filter is then developed to take into account the spatial dependencies of GNSS time series in the computation of a terrestrial reference frame. Three models of spatial dependency are proposed: a model which does not account for the spatial dependency between GNSS time series (current case of the ITRF computation), a model based on the empirical covariances between the time series of different stations, and a model based on the exponential covariance functions mentioned above.These different models are applied to three test cases of ten stations each, located in Europe, in the Caribbean, and along the east coast of the US. The three models are evaluated with regard to a cross-validation criterion, i.e., on their capacity to predict station positions in the absence of observations. The results obtained with the Europe and US test cases demonstrate a significant improvement of this predictive capacity when the spatial dependency of the series is taken into account. This improvement is highest when the exponential covariance model is used. The improvement is much lower, but still present with the Caribbean test case.The three models are also evaluated with regard to their capacity to determine accurate station velocities from short position time series. The impact of accounting for the spatial dependency between series on the accuracy of the estimated velocities is again significant. Like previously, the improvement is highest when the exponential covariance model is used.This thesis thus demonstrates the interest of accounting for the spatial dependency of GNSS station position time series in the determination of terrestrial reference frames. The developed methodology could be used in the computation of future ITRF versions
Agoua, Xwégnon. "Développement de méthodes spatio-temporelles pour la prévision à court terme de la production photovoltaïque." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM066/document.
Full textThe evolution of the global energy context and the challenges of climate change have led to anincrease in the production capacity of renewable energy. Renewable energies are characterized byhigh variability due to their dependence on meteorological conditions. Controlling this variabilityis an important challenge for the operators of the electricity systems, but also for achieving the Europeanobjectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving energy efficiency and increasing the share of renewable energies in EU energy consumption. In the case of photovoltaics (PV), the control of the variability of the production requires to predict with minimum errors the future production of the power stations. These forecasts contribute to increasing the level of PV penetration and optimal integration in the power grid, improving PV plant management and participating in electricity markets. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the improvement of the short-term predictability (less than 6 hours) of PV production. First, we analyze the spatio-temporal variability of PV production and propose a method to reduce the nonstationarity of the production series. We then propose a deterministic prediction model that exploits the spatio-temporal correlations between the power plants of a spatial grid. The power stationsare used as a network of sensors to anticipate sources of variability. We also propose an automaticmethod for selecting variables to solve the dimensionality and sparsity problems of the space-time model. A probabilistic spatio-temporal model has also been developed to produce efficient forecasts not only of the average level of future production but of its entire distribution. Finally, we propose a model that exploits observations of satellite images to improve short-term forecasting of PV production
Masse, Antoine. "Développement et automatisation de méthodes de classification à partir de séries temporelles d'images de télédétection : application aux changements d'occupation des sols et à l'estimation du bilan carbone." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2106/.
Full textAs acquisition technology progresses, remote sensing data contains an ever increasing amount of information. Future projects in remote sensing like Copernicus will give a high temporal repeatability of acquisitions and will cover large geographical areas. As part of the Copernicus project, Sentinel-2 combines a large swath, frequent revisit (5 days), and systematic acquisition of all land surfaces at high-spatial resolution and with a large number of spectral bands. The context of my research activities has involved the automation and improvement of classification processes for land use and land cover mapping in application with new satellite characteristics. This research has been focused on four main axes: selection of the input data for the classification processes, improvement of classification systems with introduction of ancillary data, fusion of multi-sensors, multi-temporal and multi-spectral classification image results and classification without ground truth data. These new methodologies have been validated on a wide range of images available: various sensors (optical: Landsat 5/7, Worldview-2, Formosat-2, Spot 2/4/5, Pleiades; and radar: Radarsat, Terrasar-X), various spatial resolutions (30 meters to 0. 5 meters), various time repeatability (up to 46 images per year) and various geographical areas (agricultural area in Toulouse, France, Pyrenean mountains and arid areas in Morocco and Algeria). These methodologies are applicable to a wide range of thematic applications like Land Cover mapping, carbon flux estimation and greenbelt mapping
Masse, Antoine. "Développement et automatisation de méthodes de classification à partir de séries temporelles d'images de télédétection - Application aux changements d'occupation des sols et à l'estimation du bilan carbone." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921853.
Full textBontemps, Noélie. "Forçage sismique et déclenchement des mouvements de terrain : apport du suivi de glissements de terrain lents dans la vallée de la Colca, Pérou." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU028.
Full textLandslides are the first secondary effect of earthquakes. Statistical analysis of regional inventories of earthquake-triggered-landslides after large earthquakes (Mw> 6.6) reveal a complex interaction between seismic shaking and rainfall. The consequence of this interaction is an increase of the landslide triggering rate for several months and even years after a large event. Even though a large amount of observation are available, the identification and the quantification of the different processes impacting landslide kinematics during and after an earthquake are very limited, due mainly to a lack of in situ monitoring. The main goal of this thesis is to study these mechanisms in regions where earthquakes and precipitations can be interdependent. To this purpose, we focused on slow-moving landslides, on which we can monitor physical processes of the gravitational dynamic with time.The studied slow-moving landslides are located in the Colca Valley, south Peru. This area presents several advantages: (1) several active slow-moving landslides are active, (2) the region is seismically very active and (3) the precipitations are seasonal.The first approach consists in studying the kinematic response of several slow-moving landslides to the same forcings. A method coming from the InSAR data processing has been adapted to compute time series of displacement fields, thanks to the inversion of satellite optical images. This allows us to go back as far as 28 years in the past in terms of displacements in the Colca Valley. We show the possible impact of a local Mw 5.4 earthquake in 1991 on the kinematics of the Maca landslide. Our results suggest a double effect of the earthquake, with a co- and post-seismic acceleration (<6 years) and a modification of the mechanical properties of the soil (damage) leading to a complex interaction with precipitations.To better understand the mechanisms at the origin of this combined effect, we studied in situ data (GPS and seismometer) acquired continuously on the Maca landslide since 2016. The processing of these data, coupling geodesy and ambient noise interferometry, allowed to evidence and quantify the damage of the soil generated by earthquakes together with the impact of precipitations on its healing. The influence of small magnitude earthquakes during the soil rigidity recovery is also highlighted together with the importance of the temporality between precipitations and earthquakes. Finally, we quantify the retrogression of the landslide thanks to new observation coupling the landslide’s kinematic and soil rigidity variations
Boulanger, Xavier. "Modélisation du canal de propagation Terre-Espace en bandes Ka et Q/V : synthèse de séries temporelles, variabilité statistique et estimation de risque." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0009/document.
Full textNowadays, C and Ku bands used for fixed SATCOM systems are totally congested. However, the demand of the end users for high data rate multimedia services is increasing. Consequently, the use of higher frequency bands (Ka: 20 GHz and Q/V 40/50 GHz) is under investigation. For frequencies higher than 5 GHz, radiowave propagation is strongly affected by tropospheric attenuation. Among the different contributors, rain is the most significant. To compensate the deterioration of the propagation channel, Fade Mitigation Techniques (FMT) are used. The lack of experimental data needed to optimize the real-time control loops of FMT leads tothe use of rain attenuation and total attenuation time series synthesizers. The manuscript is a compilation of five articles. The first contribution is dedicated to the temporal modelling of total impairments. The second article aims at providing significant improvements on the rain attenuation time series synthesizer recommended by ITU-R. The last three contributions are a critical analysis and a modelling of the variability observed on the 1st order statistics used to validate propagation channel models. The variance of the statistical estimator of the complementary cumulative distribution functions of rainfall rate and rain attenuation is highlighted. A worldwide model parameterized in compliance with propagation measurements is proposed. It allows the confidence intervals to be estimated and the risk on a required availability associated with a given propagation margin prediction to be quantified. This approach is extended to the variability of joint statistics. It allows the impact of site diversity techniques on system performances at small scale (few kms) and large scale (few hundred of kms) to be evaluated
Morin, David. "Estimation et suivi de la ressource en bois en France métropolitaine par valorisation des séries multi-temporelles à haute résolution spatiale d'images optiques (Sentinel-2) et radar (Sentinel-1, ALOS-PALSAR)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30079.
Full textThe estimation and monitoring of forest resources and carbon stocks are major issues for wood industry and public bodies. Forests play an important role in national and international plans for climate change mitigation (carbon storage, climate regulation, biodiversity, renewable energy). In temperate forests, monitoring is done at two different levels: on one hand, at local level, in small areas by the acquisition of many measures of forest structure parameters, and, on the other hand, by statistics at national level or in large administrative areas that are provided annually by public bodies. Temperate forests are highly anthropogenic (high spatial variability and fragmentation of stands), so there is currently a strong need for a more refined and regular maps of forest resources in these regions. Optical and radar satellite images provide information on the state of vegetation, tree structure and spatial organization of forests. In an exceptional context of free global availability, diversity, and quality of images with high spatial and temporal resolution, the aim of this PhD work is to set up the methodological bases for a generic and semi-automatic production of forest parameters mapping (biomass, diameter, height, etc.). We have assessed the potential of Sentinel-1 (C-band radar), Sentinel-2 (optical) time series, and ALOS2-PALSAR2 (radar, L-band) annual mosaics to estimate forest structure parameters. These satellite data are combined, using supervised learning algorithms and field measurements, to construct models for estimating aboveground biomass (AGB), mean tree diameter (DBH), height, basal area and tree density. These models can then be spatially applied over the entire territory by using satellite images, providing thus continuous information on the spatial resolution of the images used (10 to 20 meters). This approach has been conceived and tested on four study sites with different forest species and structural and environmental properties: the inner and the dune zone of the Landes forest (maritime pines), the Orléans forest (oak and Scots pines), and the forest of Saint-Gobain (oaks, hornbeams and beeches). The investigated issues are the satellite data to be used, the selection of explanatory variables, the choice of regression algorithms and their parameterization, the differentiation of forest types and the spatialization of forest parameter estimates. The primitives derived from satellite data provide information on the optical properties of soil and vegetation, the spatial organization of trees, the structure and volume of live wood of crowns and trunks. The use of nonlinear multivariate regression algorithms allows to obtain forest parameter estimates with relative error performance in the order of 15 to 35 % for the basal area (~ 2.8 to 5.9 m2/ha) depending on forest types, 5 to 20 % for height (~ 1.3 to 3 m), and 5 to 25 % for DBH (~ 1.5 to 8 cm). The results highlight the improvement by combining several types of satellite data (optical, multi-frequency radar and spatial texture indexes), as well as the importance of differentiating forest types for the construction of models. This high-resolution, regular mapping of the forest resource is very promising to help improving the monitoring and policy of territorial and national strategies for the timber sector, biodiversity and carbon storage
Roumiguie, Antoine. "Développement et validation d’un indice de production des prairies basé sur l’utilisation de séries temporelles de données satellitaires : application à un produit d’assurance en France." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0030/document.
Full textAn index-based insurance is provided in response to the increasing number of droughts impacting grasslands. It is based on a forage production index (FPI) retrieved from medium resolution remote sensing images to estimate the impact of hazard in a specific geographical area. The main issue related to the development of such an insurance is to obtain an accurate estimation of losses. This study focuses on two objectives: the FPI validation and the improvement of this index. A validation protocol is defined to limit problems attached to the use of medium resolution products and scaling issues in the comparisons process. FPI is validated with different data: ground measurements production (R² = 0.81; R² = 0.71), high resolution remote sensing images (R² = 0.78 - 0.84) and modelled data (R² = 0.68). This study also points out areas of improvement for the IPF chain. A new index, based on semi-empirical modeling combining remote sensing data with exogenous data referring to climatic conditions and grassland phenology, allows improving production estimation accuracy by 18.6%. Results of this study open several new research perspectives on FPI development and its potential practical application
Derksen, Dawa. "Classification contextuelle de gros volumes de données d'imagerie satellitaire pour la production de cartes d'occupation des sols sur de grandes étendues." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30290.
Full textThis work studies the application of supervised classification for the production of land cover maps using time series of satellite images at high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions. On this problem, certain classes such as urban cover, depend more on the context of the pixel than its content. The issue of this Ph.D. work is therefore to take into account the neighborhood of the pixel, to improve the recognition rates of these classes. This research first leads to question the definition of the context, and to imagine different possible shapes for it. Then comes describing the context, that is to say to create a representation or a model that allows the target classes to be recognized. The combinations of these two aspects are evaluated on two experimental data sets, one on Sentinel-2 images, and the other on SPOT-7 images
Warembourg, Caroline. "Analyse temporelle du mésozooplancton dans la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer à l'aide d'un nouveau système automatique d'imagerie numérique, le Zooscan : influence des apports particulaires, de la production primaire et des facteurs environnementaux." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066469.
Full textNICOLAS, Joëlle. "La Station Laser Ultra Mobile - De l'obtention d'une exactitude centimétrique des mesures à des applications en océanographie et géodésie spatiales." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007083.
Full textOutre cet aspect instrumental et métrologique, une analyse a été développée afin de pouvoir estimer l'exactitude et la stabilité des observations de la station mobile après intégration des modifications. A partir d'une expérience de co-localisation entre les deux stations laser fixe du plateau de Calern, on a fait une analyse fondée sur l'ajustement, par station, de coordonnées et d'un biais instrumental moyen à partir d'une orbite de référence des satellites LAGEOS. Des variations saisonnières très cohérentes ont été mises en évidence dans les séries temporelles des différentes composantes. La comparaison locale des déformations de la croûte terrestre se traduisant par des variations d'altitude issues des données laser montre une cohérence avec les mesures d'un gravimètre absolu transportable (FG5). Des signaux de même amplitude ont été observés par GPS. Ces variations sont également mises en évidence à l'échelle mondiale et leur interprétation géophysique est due à la combinaison des effets de marées terrestres et polaire et des effets de charge atmosphérique.
Lecerf, Rémi. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099.
Full textLalys, Florent. "Automatic recognition of low-level and high-level surgical tasks in the operating room from video images." Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2012. https://ecm.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/2186a1f7-f586-43c5-b037-6585b5c22aef.
Full textThe need for a better integration of new Computer-Assisted-Surgical systems in the Operating Room (OR) has been recently emphasized. One necessity to achieve this objective is to retrieve data from the OR with different sensors, then to derive models from these data for creating Surgical Process Models (SPMs). Recently, the use of videos from cameras in the OR has demonstrated its efficiency for advancing the creation of situation-aware CAS systems. The purpose of this thesis was to present a new method for the automatic detection of high-level (i. E. Surgical phases) and low-level surgical tasks (i. E. Surgical activities) from microscope video images only. The first step consisted in the detection of high-level surgical tasks. The idea was to combine state-of-the-art computer vision techniques with time series analysis. Image-based classifiers were implemented for extracting visual cues, therefore characterizing each frame of the video, and time-series algorithms were then applied to model time-varying data. The second step consisted in the detection of low-level surgical tasks. Information concerning surgical tools and anatomical structures were detected through an image-based approach and combined with the information of the current phase within a knowledge-based recognition system. Validated on neurosurgical and eye procedures, we obtained recognition rates of around 94% for the recognition of high-level tasks and 64% for low-level tasks. These recognition frameworks might be helpful for automatic post-operative report generation, learning/teaching purposes, and for future context-aware surgical systems
Lalys, Florent. "Automatic recognition of low-level and high-level surgical tasks in the Operating Room from video images." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00695648.
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