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Journal articles on the topic 'Serious violent offenders'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Spaccarelli, Steve, J. Douglas Coatsworth, and Blake Sperry Bowden. "Exposure to Serious Family Violence Among Incarcerated Boys: Its Association With Violent Offending and Potential Mediating Variables." Violence and Victims 10, no. 3 (January 1995): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.10.3.163.

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A sample of 213 delinquent male adolescents (mean age = 16.1) were compared on interview-based measures concerning exposure to interadult family violence and physical abuse, attitudes toward aggression, self-reported competence, and coping strategies. Using juvenile arrest data and self-reports of violent behaviors, the sample was divided into four groups: “Violent Offenders,” “Undetected Violent Offenders,” “Violent Deniers,” and “Controls.” Results indicated that violent offenders and undetected violent offenders had higher rates of exposure to serious physical abuse, and weapons violence between adults, than controls and deniers. A series of 2 x 2 ANOVAs further indicated that exposure to serious violence was associated with lower self-reported competence, attitudes more supportive of aggression, and more use of aggressive control as a form of coping. Logistic regression analyses were also consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of exposure to family violence on serious violent offending are mediated by beliefs supporting aggression and by the tendency to cope through aggressive control-seeking. Implications of these results for future research concerning exposure to family violence as a risk factor for serious violent offending are discussed.

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2

Baglivio, Michael T., Katherine Jackowski, Mark A. Greenwald, and James C. Howell. "Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders." Criminology & Public Policy 13, no. 1 (February 2014): 83–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12064.

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3

Listwan, Shelley Johnson. "Reentry for Serious and Violent Offenders." Criminal Justice Policy Review 20, no. 2 (November 19, 2008): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403408325700.

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4

Kruttschnitt, Candace, and Rosemary Gartner. "Female Violent Offenders: Moral Panics or More Serious Offenders?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 41, no. 1 (April 2008): 9–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.41.1.9.

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5

Fagan, Jeffrey, Martin Forst, and T. Scott Vivona. "Racial Determinants of the Judicial Transfer Decision: Prosecuting Violent Youth in Criminal Court." Crime & Delinquency 33, no. 2 (April 1987): 259–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001112878703300204.

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In the past decade, juvenile justice policy has shifted from “the best interests of the child” to approaches blending punishment and rehabilitation. The result has been efforts to narrow juvenile justice system jurisdiction, especially for violent, serious, and chronic offenders. Judicial transfer is the most widely applied mechanism to remove juvenile offenders to criminal jurisdiction. Transferred youth, particularly violent offenders, often receive lengthy prison sentences. A disproportionate share of male, minority adolescents are arrested for serious and violent crime. Thus, the harsh consequences of transfer, compounded by racial disparities in both juvenile and criminal justice processes have major implications for serious juvenile offenders considered for transfer. Transfer as a juvenile court disposition has received little scholarly attention, and racial determinants of transfer have yet to be analyzed. This study examines racial differences in judicial transfer decisions for chronically violent delinquents in four urban juvenile courts. Though minority youth were transferred more often, race was not predictive of transfer in multivariate models combining offense and offender characteristics. Rather, offense characteristics and defendant's age at the time of the offense are the strongest contributors to the transfer decision. Murder, in particular, is a determinant of transfer. The results suggest that juvenile court judges have adopted implicit policies to reserve transfer for older violent offenders, especially those charged with capital crimes.

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6

Souverein, Fleur A., Catherine L. Ward, Ingmar Visser, and Patrick Burton. "Serious, Violent Young Offenders in South Africa." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31, no. 10 (February 23, 2015): 1859–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515570748.

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7

Henggeler, Scott W., Gary B. Melton, Linda A. Smith, Sharon L. Foster, Jerome H. Hanley, and Christine M. Hutchinson. "Assessing violent offending in serious juvenile offenders." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 21, no. 3 (June 1993): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00917533.

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8

van Ham, Tom, Arjan A. J. Blokland, Henk B. Ferwerda, Theo A. H. Doreleijers, and Otto M. J. Adang. "Jekyll or Hyde? Examining the criminal careers of public violence offenders." European Journal of Criminology 14, no. 4 (August 19, 2016): 415–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370816661742.

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Since the 1970s theoretical and empirical work on public violence has mainly focused on the context in which public violence takes place, assuming that public violence offenders are ordinary people acting in extraordinary circumstances. Recent studies however indicate that ‘hooligans’ share many characteristics with other violent offenders, which has (re)fuelled the notion that individual propensity is important in explaining public violence, and that public violence offenders generally fit the small group of serious and persistent offenders identified by Moffitt. Based on Dutch police data on 438 individuals involved in public violence, we examined the criminal careers of public violence offenders leading up to the date of registration as a public violence offender. Using group-based models, we distinguished three criminal career trajectories in our sample. Although we found many public violence offenders had no criminal records whatsoever, we also found a small group of public violence offenders who exhibited a high frequency of offending, displayed both solo and group violence, and acted violently across different settings. Our results leave us to take a middle ground in the context-propensity debate, because we argue that different categories of public violence offenders may exist whose behaviour is triggered by different processes. Incorporating the notion of different types of public violence offenders helps explain the seemingly contradictory findings of prior studies, and suggests new avenues for future research into the intra- and intergroup dynamics of public violence.

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9

Cox, Stephen M., Peter Kochol, and Jennifer Hedlund. "The Exploration of Risk and Protective Score Differences Across Juvenile Offending Career Types and Their Effects on Recidivism." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 16, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204016678439.

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Despite an abundance of research on serious and violent juvenile offenders, few studies have linked juvenile offending career categories to juvenile court risk assessments and future offending. This study uses juvenile court referrals and assessment data to replicate earlier categorizations of serious, violent, and chronic offenders; to examine risk and protective score differences across these categories; and to assess whether risk and protective score constructs differentially predict adult criminality across these offender categories. Based on a sample of 9,859 juvenile offenders who aged out of Connecticut’s juvenile justice system between 2005 and 2009, we found that (1) our categorization of juvenile career types mirrored earlier work, (2) comparing risk and protective factors across and within juvenile career types identified distinct patterns, and (3) the juvenile risk and protective assessment subscales were not predictive of adult arrests for chronic offenders but were predictive for nonchronic juvenile career types.

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10

Corrado, Raymond R., Irwin M. Cohen, William Glackman, and Candice Odgers. "Serious and Violent Young Offenders’ Decisions to Recidivate: An Assessment of Five Sentencing Models." Crime & Delinquency 49, no. 2 (April 2003): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128702251043.

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Five models of sentencing were assessed with respect to their impact on the decisions of young offenders to recidivate. The five sentencing models tested were fairness, deterrence, chronic offender lifestyle, special needs, and procedural rights. A sample of 400 incarcerated young offenders from the Vancouver, British Columbia, metropolitan area were asked questions regarding their attitudes toward these sentencing models and their intentions to recidivate after serving a period of incarceration. Principal components analyses suggested that although these models do not function independently, two composite models do shed some light on the issues that young offenders consider when contemplating their decisions and intentions to recidivate. Despite the ability of these models to predict half of the explained variance in young offenders’ decisions regarding recidivism, a majority of the sample appeared to not be affected exclusively by cost-benefit analysis, punishment, or reintegrative motivations. The authors conclude that without additional variables and even higher predictive validity, it is premature for policy makers to focus on any single model of sentencing in constructing juvenile justice laws.

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11

SPACCARELLI, STEVEN, BLAKE BOWDEN, J. DOUGLAS COATSWORTH, and SONI KIM. "Psychosocial Correlates of Male Sexual Aggression in a Chronic Delinquent Sample." Criminal Justice and Behavior 24, no. 1 (March 1997): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854897024001005.

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Theory and previous studies have suggested that sexual aggression in juveniles is associated with past sexual victimization, deficits in social competence, and high levels of neurotic symptoms. This study examined these and other variables as potential correlates of sexual aggression in a sample of 210 chronic delinquents that included 24 arrested sex offenders, 26 self-reported sexual offenders, 106 nonsexual violent offenders, and 54 low-violence controls. Arrested and self-reported sex offenders differed only with respect to sexual victimization, with arrested offenders being more likely to report victimization by a male perpetrator. The combined sex offender group differed from the low-violence control group on several variables; the former reported greater exposure to serious physical abuse and to domestic violence involving weapons, attitudes more accepting of sexual and physical aggression, and more use of aggressive control seeking in response to stress. Implications of these findings for rehabilitation and treatment programs are discussed.

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12

Fonagy, Peter. "Towards a developmental understanding of violence." British Journal of Psychiatry 183, no. 3 (September 2003): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.3.190.

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Young offenders (under 20 years old) account for more than half of the violent crimes in the UK. Statistics on the onset of serious and violent delinquency show us that about half of persistent juvenile offenders are ‘active’ by age 12–13 years. Prevalence peaks between the ages of 17 and 18, but most serious delinquent offenders have started their offending careers much earlier.

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13

Paanila, Jarmo, Panu Hakola, and Jari Tiihonen. "Recidivism Among Serious Violent Crime Offenders in Finland." Journal of Threat Assessment 1, no. 4 (September 2001): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j177v01n04_03.

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14

Finlay-Jones, Robert. "Serious Violent Offenders: Sentencing, Psychiatry and Law Reform." Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 25, no. 2 (December 1993): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450619309411295.

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15

Lantz, Brendan. "Co-offending Group Composition and Violence: The Impact of Sex, Age, and Group Size on Co-offending Violence." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 93–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128719834564.

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Co-offenders commit more violent offenses than solo offenders, in part due to collective behavior processes that exacerbate behavior in groups. But, different co-offenders likely experience these processes differently. Following this, this research examines the relationship between co-offending, group sex and age composition, and violence using National Incident–Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data. Results indicate that male groups are more likely to seriously injure victims, but that sex composition matters most in small groups; in larger groups, serious injury is likely regardless of sex composition. Furthermore, age is related to violence such that the presence of more young adult offenders is associated with increased likelihood of serious injury. Taken together, this research suggests the importance of considering group composition in the situational production of group violence.

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16

Richardson, Joseph B., Jerry Brown, and Michelle Van Brakle. "Pathways to Early Violent Death: The Voices of Serious Violent Youth Offenders." American Journal of Public Health 103, no. 7 (July 2013): e5-e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.301160.

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17

Ganpat, Soenita Minakoemarie, Joanne van der Leun, and Paul Nieuwbeerta. "The Relationship Between a Person’s Criminal History, Immediate Situational Factors, and Lethal Versus Non-Lethal Events." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 17 (July 20, 2015): 2535–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515593297.

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When investigating serious violence, studies tend to look primarily at offenders and their background. This study investigates the influence of offenders’ and victims’ criminal history and immediate situational factors on the likelihood that violent events will end lethally. For this purpose, we compare lethal with non-lethal events, and combine Dutch criminal records with data from court files of those involved in lethal (i.e., homicide, n = 126) versus non-lethal events (i.e., attempted homicide, n = 141). Results reveal that both criminal history and immediate situational factors clearly matter for the outcome of violent events; however, immediate situational factors have the strongest effect on violent outcomes.

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18

Stewart, Lynn, Jennie Thompson, Janelle N. Beaudette, Manon Buck, Renée Laframboise, and Tania Petrellis. "The Impact of Participation in Victim-Offender Mediation Sessions on Recidivism of Serious Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 12 (February 2, 2018): 3910–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17752274.

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The federal correctional agency in Canada offers victim–offender mediation services to address serious crime. The current study used survival analysis to compare revocation rates of 122 offenders who participated in facilitated face-to-face meetings to a matched sample of 122 of non-participants. Results indicated that there was no significant difference between revocation rates when offenders participated while incarcerated, although the trend was that participants did better. When the meetings were held in the community post-release, however, participants were significantly more likely to spend a longer period of time under supervision in the community without returning to custody and were less likely to be revoked than their matched counterparts. The findings support participation in restorative justice sessions while under community supervision for higher risk offenders with histories of serious and violent crimes. The authors discuss how factors not controlled in the matching procedure may have contributed to this effect.

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19

Taylor, Pamela J., and Janet M. Parrott. "Elderly Offenders." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 3 (March 1988): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.152.3.340.

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Among custodially remanded male prisoners from Greater London and its surrounds, in 1979–1980, nearly 3% (63 men) were aged 55 or over, about one-third of these being over 65. More than 40% were detained on theft charges and few for more serious offences, although serious violence was not unknown and nearly one-fifth of those 65 or over were subsequently convicted of non-violent sexual assaults. Like their younger counterparts, less than one-fifth of those aged 55 or over appeared to be first-time offenders. About half of the men of 55 or over had active symptoms of psychiatric disorder on entering the prison and about half had some form of physical disorder, twice the rates for those under 55. Psychosis and alcoholism were the major psychiatric problems; 27% were alcoholics, to the extent of showing withdrawal symptoms on or soon after entering prison. Schizophrenia was less common than the younger age groups, but affective psychosis more so; 37% of the older men had a major functional psychosis. Two-thirds of the 55–64 age group and over three-quarters of the over 65s were without an address; most of both groups were personally isolated.

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20

Nyamathi, Adeline, Elizabeth Marlow, Sheldon Zhang, Elizabeth Hall, David Farabee, Mary Marfisee, Farinaz Khalilifard, Mark Faucette, and Barbara Leake. "Correlates of Serious Violent Crime for Recently Released Parolees With a History of Homelessness." Violence and Victims 27, no. 5 (2012): 793–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.5.793.

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This study used baseline data on recently released paroled men who are homeless (N = 157), residing in a residential drug treatment program, and enrolled in a longitudinal study to examine personal, developmental, and social correlates of parolees who are homeless and who have committed serious violent offenses. Having experienced childhood sexual abuse, poor parental relationships, and early-onset incarceration (prior to 21 years of age) were important correlates of serious violent crimes. These findings highlight the need for interventions that address offenders’ prior adult and childhood victimization and suggest that policies for reentering violent offenders should encompass an understanding of the broader family contexts in which these patterns of maltreatment often occur.

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21

Hodgins, Sheilagh. "Violent behaviour among people with schizophrenia: a framework for investigations of causes, and effective treatment, and prevention." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1503 (April 23, 2008): 2505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0034.

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Robust evidence has accumulated showing that individuals who develop schizophrenia are at elevated risk when compared to the general population to engage in violence towards others. This violence impacts negatively on victims as well as perpetrators and poses a significant financial burden to society. It is posited that among violent offenders with schizophrenia there are three distinct types defined by the age of onset of antisocial and violent behaviour. The early starters display a pattern of antisocial behaviour that emerges in childhood or early adolescence, well before illness onset, and that remains stable across the lifespan. The largest group of violent offenders with schizophrenia show no antisocial behaviour prior to the onset of the illness and then repeatedly engage in aggressive behaviour towards others. A small group of individuals who display a chronic course of schizophrenia show no aggressive behaviour for one or two decades after illness onset and then engage in serious violence, often killing, those who care for them. We hypothesize that both the developmental processes and the proximal factors, such as symptoms of psychosis and drug misuse, associated with violent behaviour differ for the three types of offenders with schizophrenia, as do their needs for treatment.

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22

Surette, Ray. "Self-Reported Copycat Crime Among a Population of Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders." Crime & Delinquency 48, no. 1 (January 2002): 46–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128702048001002.

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A unique population of juveniles, serious and violent juvenile offenders (SVJOs), has emergedas a public concern. A corollary concern is the effect of the mass media on juveniles. Addressing both issues, an exploratory study of copycat crime and the media's role in copycat crime's generation among a sample of SVJOs is conducted. The study's goals are to measure the prevalence of self-reportedcopycat crime in SVJOs and examine the correlates of self-reported copycat criminal behaviors. Concerning prevalence, about one fourth of the juveniles reportedthat they have attempteda copycat crime. The correlates of copycat behavior include a set of media and peer-related attitudes. Academic and demographic characteristics are not foundto significantly relate to copycat crime. Additional research on specific media, such as video games, as well as offender/nonoffender comparisons is suggested.

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23

Taylor, Caitlin J. "Recent Victimization and Recidivism: The Potential Moderating Effects of Family Support." Violence and Victims 30, no. 2 (2015): 342–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00139.

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Although various research confirms an overlap between victims and offenders, much less is known about victimization and recidivism. Using data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative evaluation, this study measures the extent to which the frequency of recent victimization influences recidivism in the 15 months following release from prison. Buffering effects are also investigated by examining whether family support moderates the relationship between victimization and recidivism. After controlling for other known predictors of recidivism, logistic regression models using both listwise deletion and multiple imputation reveal that more frequent victimization significantly increases the likelihood of any self-reported recidivism and has a particularly large effect on violent recidivism for those previously convicted of serious and violent offenses. Even at higher levels of family support, victimization still increases the likelihood of reoffending.

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24

HARRIS, GRANT T., MARNIE E. RICE, and VERNON L. QUINSEY. "Violent Recidivism of Mentally Disordered Offenders." Criminal Justice and Behavior 20, no. 4 (December 1993): 315–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854893020004001.

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Multivariate techniques were used to derive and validate an actuarial instrument for the prediction of violent postrelease offenses by mentally disordered offenders. The 618 subjects were a heterogeneous group of men who had been charged with serious offenses. Approximately half had been treated in a maximum security psychiatric institution and the rest had been briefly assessed prior to imprisonment. The actuarial instrument consisted of 12 variables and significantly predicted violent outcome in each of five subgroups. The instrument's practical application and its use in clinical appraisals of dangerousness are discussed.

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25

Cardwell, Stephanie M., and Alex R. Piquero. "Does Violence in Adolescence Differentially Predict Offending Patterns in Early Adulthood?" International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 6 (January 20, 2017): 1603–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16688978.

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Previous research is mixed on whether the commission of a violent offense in adolescence is predictive of criminal career characteristics. In the current study, we addressed the following: (a) What factors predict the commission of serious violence in mid-adolescence? and (b) Does involvement in serious violence in mid-adolescence lead to more chronic and/or more heterogeneous patterns of offending in early adulthood? Data were obtained from the Pathways to Desistance Study, a longitudinal study of serious adolescent offenders in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Phoenix, Arizona. Prior arrests, violence exposure, and gang involvement distinguished adolescents who engaged in violence at baseline. A violent offense at baseline was not predictive of a higher frequency of rearrests but was associated with membership in the low offending trajectory. In conclusion, violent offending in adolescence might be a poor predictor of chronic and heterogeneous patterns of offending throughout the life course.

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26

Ladouceur, Patricia, and Mark Temple. "Substance Use among Rapists: A Comparison with Other Serious Felons." Crime & Delinquency 31, no. 2 (April 1985): 269–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128785031002007.

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The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between substance use and sexual and violent crime, using data collected as part of the 1979 “Survey of Inmates in Correctional Institutions.” Specifically, the intent is to (1) assess the relationship between substance use and crime for rapists and compare this relationship with that for offenders whose crimes involve different levels of sex and violence; (2) examine the extent to which race, age, and social context modify this relationship; (3) compare substance use at the time of the offense with typical use patterns, in order to determine whether use is likely to be directly linked to the crimes in question; and (4) place the findings in a theoretical context in order to suggest directions for future research. The findings indicate that although there is a slight difference between offender types for drug use, no difference between offender types was found for alcohol use. In addition, these findings did not appear to be modified by race, age, or social context factors. Finally, it was found that use at the time of the offense does not differ markedly from typical use patterns.

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27

Polaschek, Devon L. L., and Rachael M. Collie. "Rehabilitating serious violent adult offenders: an empirical and theoretical stocktake." Psychology, Crime & Law 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10683160410001662807.

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28

Loeber, Rolf, David P. Farrington, and Megan M. Mcglynn. "Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions." Behavioral Disorders 25, no. 4 (August 2000): 374–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874290002500406.

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29

Whitehead, John T. "Book Review: A Sourcebook: Serious, Violent, & Chronic Juvenile Offenders." Criminal Justice Review 21, no. 2 (September 1996): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401689602100212.

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30

Janson, Carl-Gunnar, Rolf Loeber, and David P. Farrington. "Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions." Contemporary Sociology 28, no. 4 (July 1999): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2655346.

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31

Dyer, Frank J. "Book Review: A Sourcebook: Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 25, no. 4 (December 1997): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318539702500408.

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32

Konrad, Norbert. "Book Review: Serious Violent Offenders: Sentencing, Psychiatry, and Law Reform." International Criminal Justice Review 4, no. 1 (May 1994): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105756779400400117.

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33

Polaschek, Devon L. L., and Rachael M. Collie. "REHABILITATING SERIOUS VIOLENT ADULT OFFENDERS: AN EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL STOCKTAKE." Psychology, Crime and Law 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0683160410001662807.

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34

MILLS, JEREMY F., DARYL G. KRONER, and JOHN R. WEEKES. "Measuring Alcohol Abuse and the Incidence of Serious Misconduct in Violent Offenders." Prison Journal 78, no. 1 (March 1998): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032855598078001004.

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This study investigated the relationship of a self-report measure of alcohol abuse (Alcohol Dependence Scale [ADS]) and subsequent serious institutional infractions. A correctional sample of 207 violent offenders participated in the study. Results showed a difference in the total number of infractions among levels of alcohol dependence. Specifically, offenders with substantial alcohol dependence, which has been shown to be indicative of polysubstance abuse, were involved in more serious incidents than those with other levels of dependence. However, there was no direct correlation between the ADS total score and the outcome variables. Implications for institutional classification and prediction of misconduct are discussed.

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35

Cunningham, Mark D., Jon R. Sorensen, Mark P. Vigen, and S. O. Woods. "Correlates and Actuarial Models of Assaultive Prison Misconduct Among Violence-Predicted Capital Offenders." Criminal Justice and Behavior 38, no. 1 (October 27, 2010): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854810384830.

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Correlates of prison violence and the classification accuracy of an actuarial model were examined from retrospective review of the disciplinary records of former death row inmates in Texas ( N = 111) who had been predicted to commit future violence at trial and subsequently obtained relief from their death sentences between 1989 and 2008. Correlates of “potentially” violent infractions included age (inversely), intellectual capability (inversely), prior violent crime arrest, and gun-only weapon used in murder (inversely). An actuarial scale constructed from the sample was modestly (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.690) associated with combined violence on death row and in the broader prison population, as were scales constructed previously from other samples (AUC = 0.609 to 0.656). Although AUCs for serious assaults in three models were relatively high (AUC = 0.799 to 0.831), low base rates result in these actuarial scales having high false positive rates (e.g., 76%) in identifying offenders who will commit serious prison assaults.

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36

Lasher, Michael P., and Robert J. McGrath. "Desistance From Sexual and Other Violent Offending Among Child Sexual Abusers." Criminal Justice and Behavior 44, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 416–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816670194.

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Most sex offenders appear to desist from sexual and other violent offending; however, research on this population has historically focused more on the characteristics of individuals who persist offending versus those who desist from offending. The present study examined change patterns of 563 child sexual abusers’ scores on the Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale, a dynamic risk measure, at three points of time over 2 years. Individuals who did versus did not commit a new serious offense, defined as a new sexual or other violent offense, at 5-year follow-up were contrasted. Desisters demonstrated most changes during their first year in treatment, whereas change among persisters more often occurred during their second year in treatment. All classes of offenders made gains in addressing dynamic risk related to sexually specific needs, whereas desisters made significantly greater gains in social stability needs. Findings are discussed in light of treatment dose allocation and community reentry needs.

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37

Lawler, Siobhan M., Emma L. Barrett, Lexine A. Stapinski, David A. Bright, and Maree Teesson. "Themes in sentencing young adults charged with serious violent crime involving alcohol and other drugs." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 53, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 411–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865820907149.

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The majority of young people in custody have alcohol and other drug problems and over 90% report past-year experiences of high-risk drinking and illicit drug use. Despite a strong link between drug use and violent offending, there is a dearth of information about how this relationship plays out in sentencing young adult offenders. This study examines themes in the sentencing of drug-using young adults facing court for serious violent crime and describes how judges discuss rehabilitation as a consideration for this high-risk group. This research contributes to the literature by bridging law and social science through a cross sectional analysis of n = 507 sentencing remarks from New South Wales higher courts. Substance use involvement was indicated in more than three-quarters (77%) of violent offence cases. Among young adults sentenced for violent crimes involving substance use (n = 51) robbery and homicide were the most common offences, and alcohol and methamphetamine were the most frequently involved substances. Two themes emerged around judges’ reasons for sentencing, one emphasising offender agency and choice and another more compassionate position acknowledging the influence of drug dependence on offending behaviour. Despite this divide, addressing substance use dependence was commonly seen as key for the successful rehabilitation of young people who commit violent crime involving alcohol and other drugs.

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Gerstein, Lawrence H., and John R. Briggs. "Psychological and Sociological Discriminants of Violent and Nonviolent Serious Juvenile Offenders." Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling 14, no. 1 (October 1993): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1874.1993.tb00086.x.

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Lantz, Brendan, and Joonggon Kim. "Hate Crimes Hurt More, but so Do Co-Offenders: Separating the Influence of Co-Offending and Bias on Hate-Motivated Physical Injury." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 3 (November 12, 2018): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818810314.

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One of the primary motivations for hate crime laws is that hate crimes “hurt more.” But hate crimes are often committed by groups, and research indicates that crimes committed by groups are also more violent than other crimes. This research focuses on one type of harm, physical injury, asking, are hate crimes more violent because they involve co-offenders or because of the bias motivation behind the incident? Results using data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) indicate that hate crimes are positively associated with serious injury, but that this association is partially driven by co-offenders. More importantly, co-offending moderates this relationship: Incidents involving bias and co-offending are especially violent. Anti-sexual orientation incidents were an exception to this pattern, however, and are likely to be violent regardless of co-offending. These results suggest that hate crimes do hurt more, but that this relationship is partially attributable to the influence of co-offenders.

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Darjee, Rajan, and John H. M. Crichton. "The MacLean Committee: Scotland's answer to the ‘dangerous people with severe personality disorder’ proposals?" Psychiatric Bulletin 26, no. 1 (January 2002): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.26.1.6.

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The MacLean Committee was established in 1999 by the Scottish Office to review and make recommendations concerning the sentencing of serious violent and sexual offenders, including those with personality disorder. It provides an alternative perspective on the problem of offenders with personality disorder to that of the Home Office and Department of Health (1999) for England and Wales.

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Coupland, Richard B. A., and Mark E. Olver. "Assessing Dynamic Violence Risk in a High-Risk Treated Sample of Violent Offenders." Assessment 27, no. 8 (September 2, 2018): 1886–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191118797440.

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The present study featured an investigation of the predictive properties of risk and change scores of two violence risk assessment and treatment planning tools—the Violence Risk Scale (VRS) and the Historical, Clinical, Risk–20, Version 2 (HCR-20)—in sample of 178 treated adult male violent offenders who attended a high-intensity violence reduction program. The cases were rated on the VRS and HCR-20 using archival information sources and followed up nearly 10 years postrelease. Associations of HCR-20 and VRS risk and change scores with postprogram institutional and community recidivism were examined. VRS and HCR-20 scores converged in conceptually meaningful ways, supporting the construct validity of the tools for violence risk. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated moderate- to high-predictive accuracy of VRS and HCR-20 scores for violent and general community recidivism, but weaker accuracy for postprogram institutional recidivism. Cox regression survival analyses demonstrated that positive pretreatment and posttreatment changes, as assessed via the HCR-20 and VRS, were each significantly associated with reductions in violent and general community recidivism, as well as serious institutional misconducts, after controlling for baseline pretreatment score. Implications for use of the HCR-20 and VRS for dynamic violence risk assessment and management are discussed.

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Chen, Xiaojin. "Childhood Onset of Behavioral Problems and Violent Victimization Among Serious Juvenile Offenders." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2015): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204014568124.

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Eddy, J. Mark, Rachel Bridges Whaley, and Patricia Chamberlain. "The Prevention of Violent Behavior by Chronic and Serious Male Juvenile Offenders." Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 12, no. 1 (January 2004): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10634266040120010101.

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Klietz, Stephanie J., Charles M. Borduin, and Cindy M. Schaeffer. "Cost–benefit analysis of multisystemic therapy with serious and violent juvenile offenders." Journal of Family Psychology 24, no. 5 (2010): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020838.

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Gover, Angela R. "The Effects of Child Maltreatment on Violent Offending Among Institutionalized Youth." Violence and Victims 17, no. 6 (December 2002): 655–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.6.655.33722.

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While prior literature generally supports the connection between child maltreatment and violent offending in adolescence and early adulthood for general population samples, less is known about the relationship between child maltreatment and the frequency of violent offending among serious juvenile offenders. As a result, few studies have examined whether the effects of child maltreatment on the frequency of violent offending are mediated by other social processes, as developmental models of aggression and violence would suggest. To examine this issue, self-report data on child maltreatment, general delinquency risk factors, and violent offending were collected from 3,694 juveniles confined to 48 correctional institutions. Results from a series of negative binomial regression models indicated that the relationship between child maltreatment and the frequency of violent offending was mediated by social risk factors. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed.

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Hilder, Sarah, and Hazel Kemshall. "Serious violent or sexual offenders travelling across European Union Borders: Ideological and ethical challenges of information exchange." European Journal of Probation 8, no. 3 (December 2016): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2066220316678749.

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The relative ease of international travel, coupled with open borders across much of the European Union provides capacity for some serious violent or sexual offenders to utilise these advancements to increase their opportunities to offend. In 2013, an EU-funded project reviewed existing information exchange systems and the challenges of collaborative working across EU Member States to manage such offenders. This article reviews key issues arising from that research, and a range of ideological, ethical and legal differences and constraints that impact upon the choices and actions of law enforcement and probation personnel.

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Hullenaar, Keith L., and Michelle Frisco. "Understanding the Barriers of Violence Victims’ Health Care Use." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 61, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): 470–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146520961481.

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Violence is a leading cause of death among U.S. adults under age 45. There are also 3.3 million living violence victims, most of whom forgo formal health care when injured. We developed and tested a framework to understand why. We argue that violence victims must consider their need for care and three situational factors of victimization that may serve as barriers for care seeking: the victim’s relationship to the offender, their victimization history, and the offense committed (sexual vs. nonsexual). In analyses of 9,912 violent victimizations from 8,635 participants in the National Crime Victimization Survey from 1993 to 2017, we found that injury severity and situational factors of victimization independently and interactively predict formal health care use. Even when serious injury occurs, victimizations involving known offenders, repeat victimizations, and sexual violence are less likely than their counterparts to result in formal health care use. We discuss the implications of these findings for victims and health care providers.

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Nielssen, Olav, Natalia YL Yee, Kimberlie Dean, and Matthew Large. "Outcome of serious violent offenders with psychotic illness and cognitive disorder dealt with by the New South Wales criminal justice system." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 5 (May 13, 2018): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418771751.

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Background: The few studies of the recidivism by people with psychotic illness and cognitive disorder who are convicted of serious violent offences and sentenced by the courts. Method: Re-imprisonment data were obtained for 661 individuals convicted of serious non-lethal violent offences in the District Courts of New South Wales in the years 2006 and 2007. Rates of re-imprisonment of offenders known to psychotic illness or cognitive disorder (intellectual disability or acquired brain injury) was compared to those not known to have those conditions. A survival analysis was performed controlling for the effects of male sex, having a report by a mental health professional at the initial sentencing and receiving a custodial sentence for the initial offence. Results: There was no significant difference in the overall likelihood of further imprisonment between those with psychotic disorder (53.7%), those with cognitive disorder (50.7%) or among those with neither condition (45.2%; χ2 = 2.22, p = 0.33). A Kaplan–Meier analysis found that people with a psychotic disorder were returned to custody earlier than those not known to have psychosis ( p = 0.002). People with psychosis spent a non-significantly greater time in custody (mean 477 days) than those with a cognitive disorder (mean 334 days) or among those with neither condition (mean 348 days) (Mann–Whitney Z-score = 1.5, η2 = 0.003, p value = 0.13). For the entire sample of 661 offenders, those who received non-custodial sentences for their initial offences had a lower likelihood of spending any time in custody in the follow-up period. Conclusion: The likelihood of returning to custody of sentenced violent offenders with psychotic illness or cognitive disorder is higher than that of released forensic patients in New South Wales followed up for a similar period. The results suggest an opportunity to improve the outcome of offenders with psychosis by better treatment and rehabilitation.

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Trulson, Chad R., Jonathan W. Caudill, Darin R. Haerle, and Matt DeLisi. "Cliqued Up." Criminal Justice Review 37, no. 2 (January 24, 2012): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016811434531.

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This study examines the interrelationship between gang affiliation and commitment for a gang-related homicide on the postincarceration recidivism of a sample of 1,804 serious and violent delinquents released from a large southern juvenile correctional system. Controlling for a battery of preincarceration youth characteristics, delinquent background, and social history measures, this research revealed that gang murderers—gang-affiliated offenders committed for a gang-related homicide—were more likely to experience any rearrest and any felony rearrest postrelease than those not considered gang murderers. General homicide offenders without gang affiliations were also more likely to experience felony rearrest postrelease. Being considered a gang murderer or a general homicide offender, however, was not related to the frequency of postrelease rearrests. Analyses also revealed consistent support for the effect of gang affiliation on all measures of postrelease recidivism, regardless of incarceration offense. Implications for research and practice are explored.

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McCuaig, Erin. "Karen Harrison, Dangerousness, Risk and the Governance of Serious Sexual and Violent Offenders." Punishment & Society 14, no. 5 (December 2012): 620–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474512460133.

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