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Books on the topic 'Serous fluids'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 January 2023

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1

1930-, Knight Joseph A., ed. Body fluids: Laboratory examination of amniotic, cerebrospinal, seminal, serous & synovial fluids. 3rd ed. Chicago: ASCP Press, 1993.

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2

Ali, Syed Z. Serous Cavity Fluid and Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytopathology. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012.

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3

1930-, Knight Joseph A., ed. Body fluids: Laboratory examination of amniotic, cerebrospinal, seminal, serous & synovial fluids : a textbook atlas. 2nd ed. Chicago: American Society of Clinical Pathologists Press, 1986.

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4

1928-, Boddington Michael M., ed. Atlas of serous fluid cytopathology: A guide to the cells of pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, and hydrocele fluids. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.

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5

McKee, Janet. The use of lectins to distinguish between reactive mesothelial cells, malignant mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma in serous fluids. [s.l: The Author], 1991.

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6

Ali, Syed Z., and Edmund S. Cibas. Serous Cavity Fluid and Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytopathology. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1776-7.

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7

Spriggs, Arthur I., and Michael M. Boddington. Atlas of Serous Fluid Cytopathology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0849-9.

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8

Chandra, Ashish, Barbara Crothers, Daniel Kurtycz, and Fernando Schmitt, eds. The International System for Serous Fluid Cytopathology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53908-5.

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9

Halle, Steve. Review: Posit, S. Halle, Galatea Resurrects/Fluid Exchange, '07. Edited by Eileen Tabios. Palatine, Illinois/California: Galatea Resurrects/Fluid Exchange, 2007.

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10

Yee, H. C. Dynamical approach study of spurious steady-state numerical solutions of nonlinear differential equations. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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11

Yee, H. C. Dynamical approach study of spurious steady-state numerical solutions of nonlinear differential equations. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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12

Cytopathologic Diagnosis of Serous Fluids. Saunders, 2007.

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13

Serous Cavity Fluid And Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytopathology. Springer, 2012.

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14

Kjeldsberg, Carl. Laboratory Examination of Amniotic, Cerebrospinal, Seminal, Serous and Synovial Fluids. 2nd ed. Amer Society of Clinical, 1986.

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15

Spriggs, A., and M. M. Boddington. Atlas of Serous Fluid Cytopathology: A Guide to the Cells of Pleural, Pericardial, Peritoneal and Hydrocele Fluids. A Spriggs M M Boddington, 2011.

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16

Atlas of Serous Fluid Cytopathology: A Guide to the Cells of Pleural, Pericardial, Peritoneal and Hydrocele Fluids. Springer, 2011.

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17

Boddington, M. M., and A. Spriggs. Atlas of Serous Fluid Cytopathology: A Guide to the Cells of Pleural, Pericardial, Peritoneal and Hydrocele Fluids. Springer, 2012.

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18

Kadioglu, Ates, and Emre Salabaş. Scrotal swelling. Edited by David John Ralph. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0110.

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Scrotal swelling is a common urological pathology composed of both benign and malign diseases originating from testicles, epididymis, tunical layers, or the scrotum wall itself. Emergencies usually present with pain and short onset time while malign lesions are usually palpated as smooth, solid, painless masses. Hydrocele is the abnormal collection of serous fluids encapsulated between tunica albuginea and vaginalis of the testis. Hydrocele might be primary or occur secondary to trauma, infection, epididymitis, or tumours. Although physical examination is enough for diagnosis, ultrasound should be performed for malignancy exclusion. Surgery is gold standard for young patients with cosmetic problems, discomfort, disability due to hydrocele, and has high success and low complication rates. Alternative treatments such as tetracycline or polidocanol may be considered for patients with high anaesthesia risk.
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19

International System for Serous Fluid Cytopathology. Springer, 2020.

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20

Raine, Tim, James Dawson, Stephan Sanders, and Simon Eccles. Fluids and renals. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199683819.003.0012.

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Acute kidney injuryChronic renal failureHaematuriaProteinuriaGlomerular diseaseUrological disordersLow urine outputIV fluidsPotassium emergenciesElectrolyte imbalanceAcute rise from baseline of serum urea and creatinine ±oliguria ( Table 12.1);1there are three basic mechanisms:•Prerenal hypoperfusion of kidney due to eg ↓BP, hypovolaemia, renal artery occlusion (mass, emboli)...
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21

Serous Effusions: Etiology, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy. Springer, 2011.

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22

Myburgh, John, and Naomi E. Hammond. Choice of resuscitation fluid. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0069.

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Fluid resuscitation is a ubiquitous intervention in critically-ill patients. There is wide variation in practice and emerging evidence that the choice of resuscitation fluid may affect outcome in selected patient populations. It is likely that beneficial or adverse effects relate not only to the physicochemical properties of the fluid but also to the volume (dose) and rate of administration. Interstitial oedema is a common side-effect associated with all fluids and its development is associated with organ dysfunction. Crystalloids should be first-choice resuscitation fluids for almost all patients, with evidence that balanced salt solutions confer any benefit over saline being limited to observational data. Consideration of serum sodium (or osmolality), pH, renal function and coagulation status may affect selection of a specific crystalloid solution. On the balance of evidence, colloids do not confer any clinical advantage over crystalloids and they should be used with caution, if at all. Albumin is contraindicated for the resuscitation of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Hydroxyethyl starch is associated with increased risk of death and acute kidney injury in critically-ill patients, particularly those with severe sepsis and septic shock. Current evidence does not support the use of other semi-synthetic colloids for resuscitation.
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23

J, Turner, and National Co-ordinating Centre for HTA (Great Britain), eds. A Randomised controlled trial of prehospital intravenous fluid replacement therapy in serious trauma. Alton: Core Research on behalf of the NCCHTA, 2000.

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24

Ruban, Anatoly I. Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681754.001.0001.

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This is Part 3 of a book series on fluid dynamics. This is designed to give a comprehensive and coherent description of fluid dynamics, starting with chapters on classical theory suitable for an introductory undergraduate lecture courses, and then progressing through more advanced material up to the level of modern research in the field. This book is devoted to high-Reynolds number flows. It begins by analysing the flows that can be described in the framework of Prandtl’s 1904 classical boundary-layer theory. These analyses include the Blasius boundary layer on a flat plate, the Falkner-Skan solutions for the boundary layer on a wedge surface, and other applications of Prandtl’s theory. It then discusses separated flows, and considers first the so-called ‘self-induced separation’ in supersonic flow that was studied in 1969 by Stewartson and Williams, as well as by Neiland, and led to the ‘triple-deck model’. It also presents Sychev’s 1972 theory of the boundary-layer separation in an incompressible fluid flow past a circular cylinder. It discusses the triple-deck flow near the trailing edge of a flat plate first investigated in 1969 by Stewartson and in 1970 by Messiter. It then considers the incipience of the separation at corner points of the body surface in subsonic and supersonic flows. It concludes by covering the Marginal Separation theory, which represents a special version of the triple-deck theory, and describes the formation and bursting of short separation bubbles at the leading edge of a thin aerofoil.
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25

Archer, Nick, and Nicky Manning. Fetal hydrops and the heart. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230709.003.0020.

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Introduction 270Pathophysiology 275Aetiology 276Assessment and monitoring 278Management 279Hydrops fetalis refers to the pathological condition where fluid collects in 2 or more body cavities; it represents excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid, initially in the serous spaces (pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities—...
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26

Succi, Sauro. Numerical Methods for the Kinetic Theory of Fluids. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0010.

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This chapter provides a bird’s eye view of the main numerical particle methods used in the kinetic theory of fluids, the main purpose being of locating Lattice Boltzmann in the broader context of computational kinetic theory. The leading numerical methods for dense and rarified fluids are Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC), respectively. These methods date of the mid 50s and 60s, respectively, and, ever since, they have undergone a series of impressive developments and refinements which have turned them in major tools of investigation, discovery and design. However, they are both very demanding on computational grounds, which motivates a ceaseless demand for new and improved variants aimed at enhancing their computational efficiency without losing physical fidelity and vice versa, enhance their physical fidelity without compromising computational viability.
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27

Henry, Mark A., and Avinash B. Kumar. Cerebral Salt Wasting. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0068.

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Human survival (on a biochemical level) depends on the body’s critical ability to regulate the osmolality and salinity of extracellular fluid. When functioning in a normal state, the osmoregulatory system stringently maintains the serum sodium in a narrow range. Alterations in the serum sodium and water balance have significant and sometimes life-threatening impact on patients—especially when they occur in conjunction with serious intracranial pathology. This chapter, including the case discussion, illustrates the conundrum of hyponatremia and high urine output states complicating neurological illness. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of these conditions is essential for the timely delivery of care and optimal patient outcomes.
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28

Zapperi, Stefano. Crackling Noise. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856951.001.0001.

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Abstract Crackling noise refers to an intermittent series of pulses of broadly distributed amplitude and duration that is observed in different contexts from the crumpling of a sheet of paper to the flow of fluids in porous media. Studying crackling noise is interesting because it reflects key microscopic processes inside the material, with each crackle in the noise corresponding to an internal avalanche event. A distinct statistical feature of crackling noise is the presence of power law distributed noise pulses and long-range correlations which are the hallmarks of critical phenomena. Hence, the physics of complex non-equilibrium disordered systems provides the natural theoretical framework to tackle crackling noise. The present book reviews the statistical properties of crackling noise, providing an introduction to the main theoretical concepts needed to interpret them. The book also contains a detailed discussion of several examples of crackling noise in materials, including fracture, plasticity, ferromagnetism, superconductivity, granular flow and fluid flow in porous media. A final chapter discusses the relevance of avalanche behavior for biological systems.
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29

Succi, Sauro. Lattice Gas-Cellular Automata. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0011.

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This chapter discusses the ancestor of the Lattice Boltzmann, the Boolean formulation of hydrodynamics known as lattice Gas Cellular Automata. In 1986, Uriel Frisch, Brosl Hasslacher and Yves Pomeau sent big waves across the fluid dynamics community: a simple cellular automaton obeying nothing but conservation laws at a microscopic level was able to reproduce the complexity of real fluid flows. This discovery spurred great excitement in the fluid dynamics community. The prospects were tantalizing: around free, intrinsically parallel computational paradigm for fluid flows. However, a few serious problems were quickly recognized and addressed with great intensity in the following years.
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30

Adlam, David. Pericardial disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0109.

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The pericardium forms a continuous sac around the heart, analogous to the pleura surrounding the lungs, and the peritoneum surrounding the abdominal viscera. Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium is the pericardial space, which normally contains a small volume of pericardial fluid. The clinical spectrum of pericardial diseases can be divided into: pericarditis, caused by acute inflammation; pericardial effusion, or fluid accumulation in the pericardial space, leading to tamponade; and constrictive pericarditis, caused by chronic infiltration or inflammation leading to pericardial constriction.
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31

Doumouchtsis, Stergios K., S. Arulkumaran, and Kamal Ojha. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651382.003.0014.

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This chapter outlines ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), the most serious complication of ovulation induction. OHSS is characterized by massive cystic enlargement of the ovaries, an increase in vascular permeability, and a shift of fluid to the extravascular compartments (mainly the peritoneal cavity), with the formation of ascites. The management and prevention of OHSS is described in this chapter.
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32

Turner, Neil, and Premil Rajakrishna. Pathophysiology of oedema in nephrotic syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0053.

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The mechanism by which loss of serum proteins into the urine causes expansion of extracellular fluid volume and oedema has become clearer. A key initiating abnormality is avid sodium retention by the kidney, leading to increased whole-body sodium and increased extracellular fluid volume. This appears to be driven primarily by overactivation of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the collecting duct, activated proteolytically through abnormal filtration of plasminogen, and its activation to plasmin in the nephron. Conventional explanations for nephrotic oedema focused on low colloid osmotic pressure as a consequence of loss of serum proteins, leading to egress of extracellular fluid from the intravascular compartment. It was hypothesized that this led to underfilling of the circulation and a drive to sodium retention. While low osmotic pressure may play a part in the clinical picture of nephrotic syndrome, a variety of observations suggest that underfilling is not a common feature except in the most severe nephrotic syndrome. Furthermore the gradient in colloid osmotic pressure between serum and interstitium tends to be preserved in nephrotic syndrome. The distribution of excess extracellular fluid is markedly different in patients with nephrotic syndrome from that seen in patients who have reduced glomerular filtration rate as the cause of sodium retention. This is not fully understood but hypotheses centre on capillary permeability and colloid osmotic pressure effects.
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33

Pascual, Eliseo, and Francisca Sivera. Laboratory investigations in gout. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0042.

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Gout is a consequence of hyperuricaemia and the treatment goal is to dissolve the crystals by reducing serum urate levels. The first section of this chapter focuses on laboratory investigations on gout, reviewing serum urate levels and its determinants, methods of measurement, and urate renal handling. Additionally it reviews the use of inflammatory markers and synovial fluid cell counts. The second section of the chapter deals with the identification of monosodium urate and calcium pyrophosphate crystals in synovial fluid. It reviews the use of an optic microscope fitted with polarized filters and an analyser. A clear step-by-step process with useful tips is provided.
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34

Humpston, Giles, and David M. Jacobson. Principles of Soldering. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.ps.9781627083522.

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Principles of Soldering serves as a problem-solving guide for engineers who work with soldering processes and soldered components and assemblies. It begins with a review of key process parameters, including surface energy and tension, wetting and contact angle, fluid flow, filler spreading characteristics, dissolution of parent materials, and intermetallic growth. It then examines the factors that influence the functional integrity of soldered joints and the practicality of the process employed. It discusses the metallurgy of solder alloy systems, the effect of metallic impurities, and the use of phase diagrams to better understand and control the soldering process. It explains how joining atmospheres influence chemical reactions and how fluxes help remove surface oxides and other films. It describes the benefits of fluxless soldering and the role of materials in defining process constraints. It also covers lead-free solders, bump bonding, amalgams, and diffusion soldering as well as mechanical property testing, joint characterization and modeling techniques, and solderability standards. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-792-5, follow this link.
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35

Budker, Dmitry, Alexander O. Sushkov, and Vasiliki Demas. Physics on Your Feet. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842361.001.0001.

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This book is a collection of questions that were, or could have been, asked at oral examinations at Berkeley. It is a light-hearted, and at the same time serious, exploration of various areas of physics that normally does not require mathematical calculations. To ease the stress, the book is full of amusing illustrations. The problems in the book's eight chapters are devoted to topics from elementary mechanics, fluids, gravitation, cosmology, electromagnetism, optics, and quantum, solid-state, and nuclear physics. They can also be used for the purpose of review of physics and for self-study, and the answers and solutions to many problems will surprise and amuse even seasoned practitioners.
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36

I, Suh Kwang, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Sizing of colloidal particles and protein molecules in a hanging fluid drop. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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37

Sever, Mehmet Şükrü, and Raymond Vanholder. Acute kidney injury in polytrauma and rhabdomyolysis. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0252_update_001.

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The term ‘polytrauma’ refers to blunt (or crush) trauma that involves multiple body regions or cavities, and compromises physiology to potentially cause dysfunction of uninjured organs. Polytrauma frequently affects muscles resulting in rhabdomyolysis. In daily life, it mostly occurs after motor vehicle accidents, influencing a limited number of patients; after mass disasters, however, thousands of polytrauma victims may present at once with only surgical features or with additional medical complications (crush syndrome). Among the medical complications, acute kidney injury (AKI) deserves special mention, since it is frequent and has a substantial impact on the ultimate outcome.Several factors play a role in the pathogenesis of polytrauma (or crush)-induced AKI: (1) hypoperfusion of the kidneys, (2) myoglobin-induced direct nephrotoxicity, and intratubular obstruction, and also (3) several other mechanisms (i.e. iron and free radical-induced damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and ischaemia reperfusion injury). Crush-related AKI is prerenal at the beginning; however, acute tubular necrosis may develop eventually. In patients with crush syndrome, apart from findings of trauma, clinical features may include (but are not limited to) hypotension, oliguria, brownish discoloration of urine, and other symptoms and findings, such as sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, bleeding, cardiac failure, arrhythmias, electrolyte disturbances, and also psychological trauma.In the biochemical evaluation, life-threatening hyperkalaemia, retention of uraemic toxins, high anion gap metabolic acidosis, elevated serum levels of myoglobin, and muscle enzymes are noted; creatine phosphokinase is very useful for diagnosing rhabdomyolysis.Early fluid administration is vital to prevent crush-related AKI; the rate of initial fluid volume should be 1000 mL/hour. Overall, 3–6 L are administered within a 6-hour period considering environmental, demographic and clinical features, and urinary response to fluids. In disaster circumstances, the preferred fluid formulation is isotonic saline because of its ready availability. Alkaline (bicarbonate-added) hypotonic saline may be more useful, especially in isolated cases not related to disaster, as it may prevent intratubular myoglobin, and uric acid plugs, metabolic acidosis, and also life-threatening hyperkalaemia.In the case of established acute tubular necrosis, dialysis support is life-saving. Although all types of dialysis techniques may be used, intermittent haemodialysis is the preferred modality because of medical and logistic advantages. Close follow-up and appropriate treatment improve mortality rates, which may be as low as 15–20% even in disaster circumstances. Polytrauma victims after mass disasters deserve special mention, because crush syndrome is the second most frequent cause of death after trauma. Chaos, overwhelming number of patients, and logistical drawbacks often result in delayed, and sometimes incorrect treatment. Medical and logistical disaster preparedness is useful to improve the ultimate outcome of disaster victims.
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38

Shmueli, Ehoud. Ascites. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0032.

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Ascites is the accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. Most patients with ascites usually have a known diagnosis of cirrhosis, malignancy, or heart failure. For patients newly presenting with ascites, the diagnostic problem is usually to differentiate between cirrhosis and malignancy. For patients with established liver disease, ascites represents a deterioration of their liver function, the development of a hepatocellular carcinoma, or another complication. Worsening of preexisting ascites may be due to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In malignancy, ascites denotes the development of peritoneal deposits or massive liver metastases. The diagnosis may be obvious from the context, but can be confirmed with imaging and a diagnostic paracentesis. The serum–ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) ([ascitic fluid albumin] − [serum albumin]) reflects portal pressure, and is the key diagnostic test. A SAAG >11 g/l indicates portal hypertension, and therefore probable cirrhosis. A SAAG <11 g/l excludes portal hypertension, and therefore the ascites is not caused by cirrhosis.
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39

Avesani, Carla Maria, Juan Jesús Carrero, Bengt Lindholm, and Peter Stenvinkel. Nutritional screening and nutritional management in dialysis patients. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0274.

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Patients on dialysis are prone to nutritional disturbances, that is, protein-energy wasting, obesity, and imbalance in body fluids and in serum phosphorus and potassium equilibrium. Hence, specialized nutritional care is highly important and include (a) a carefully assessment of the nutritional status, (b) prescription of diet with adequate energy and nutrients to treat and prevent the development of nutritional disturbances often observed in these patients, and (c) periodic follow-up to check adherence of the prescribed diet as well as to evaluate the nutritional status and efficacy of the dietary intervention. This chapter discusses these three aspects in detail and will guide nephrologists and dieticians when treating dialysed patients.
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40

A, Blaisdell G., and Langley Research Center, eds. Validation of a pseudo-sound theory for the pressure-dilatation in DNS of compressible turbulence: Under contract NAS1-19480. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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41

A, Blaisdell G., and Langley Research Center, eds. Validation of a pseudo-sound theory for the pressure-dilatation in DNS of compressible turbulence: Under contract NAS1-19480. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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42

A, Blaisdell G., and Langley Research Center, eds. Validation of a pseudo-sound theory for the pressure-dilatation in DNS of compressible turbulence: Under contract NAS1-19480. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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43

A, Blaisdell G., and Langley Research Center, eds. Validation of a pseudo-sound theory for the pressure-dilatation in DNS of compressible turbulence: Under contract NAS1-19480. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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44

Jacquet, Gabrielle. Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, and Peritonsillar Abscess. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0010.

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Pharyngitis typically presents with sore throat, fever, and pharyngeal inflammation. More serious cases may progress to peritonsillar abscess (PTA). Infection or inflammation of the throat that primarily affects the palantine tonsils is considered tonsillitis, whereas infections involving the posterior pharynx are considered pharyngitis. Weber glands (a group of mucous salivary glands superior to the tonsil in the soft palate) have been implicated in the formation of PTA; one must consider their proximity to the trachea and to the carotid artery when pursuing fine needle aspiration. Treatment for all cases includes supportive care with antipyretics, analgesics, and fluids. Despite the much lower prevalence of group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus infection (for which antibiotics is indicated), a staggering 49% to 57% of children and 64% of adults evaluated for pharyngitis receive an antibiotic prescription. Up to 90% of primary infections with HIV-1 are associated with acute retroviral syndrome, which can include pharyngitis 2 to 4 weeks after exposure.
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45

Levy, Benjamin R. Fluxus and the Absurd (1961–62). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199381999.003.0005.

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After John Cage’s 1958 Darmstadt lectures, many European composers developed an interest in absurdity and artistic provocation. Although Ligeti’s fascination with Cage and his association with the Fluxus group was brief, the impact it had on his composition was palpable and lasting. A set of conceptual works, The Future of Music, Trois Bagatelles, and Poème symphonique for one hundred metronomes, fall clearly into the Fluxus model, even as the last has taken on a second life as a serious work. This spirit, however, can also be seen in the self-satire of Fragment and the drama and irony of Volumina, Aventures, and Nouvelles Aventures. The sketches for Aventures not only show the composer channeling this humor into a major work but also prove to be a fascinating repository of ideas that Ligeti would reuse in the years to come.
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46

Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 59-Year-Old Man with Progressive Difficulties with Balance and Weight Loss. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0014.

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Paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathies are rare but important to consider in the evaluation of subacute peripheral neuropathy. The clinical and electrophysiological pattern as well as antibody evaluation is essential order to identify a specific paraneoplastic neuropathy. A positive paraneoplastic antibody in the cerebral spinal fluid is not required to make the diagnosis, but is helpful to consider if the serum antibodies are negative. This chapter emphasizes the importance of differential diagnosis and work up. Treatment options are described. Immunotherapy is also an important consideration.
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47

Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Disorders of plasma sodium. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0174.

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The normal range for serum sodium levels in most laboratories is 135–145 mmol/l. Hyponatraemia is defined as a serum sodium concentration of <135 mmol/l (<120 mmol/l is severe), and hypernatraemia as a concentration >145 mmol/l. As sodium is the major extracellular electrolyte, and freely diffuses throughout the extracellular space, it plays a key role in regulating osmolarity. Hyponatraemia is almost always associated with a hyposmolar state, except for the rare circumstances when there are other osmotically active substances present at high levels (e.g. glucose). Given the relationship between sodium and water, accurate assessment of fluid balance is an integral part of determining the causes of hypo- or hypernatraemia. This chapter describes the clinical approach to patients with derangements of plasma sodium.
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48

Haranhalli, Neil, and Jerome J. Graber. Pineal Region Neoplasms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0131.

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Pineal region tumors include a diverse array of neoplasms arising from various components of the pineal gland, including germ cell tumors, germinomas, teratomas, pineocytomas, pineoblastomas, and tumors derived from glial tissues including gliomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Benign lesions of the pineal gland can include pineal cysts, calcifications and meningiomas. Metastatic tumors can also be found in the pineal region. Numerous infectious and inflammatory conditions can mimic pineal tumors. Most patients present with symptoms of hydrocephalus or Parinaud’s syndrome. Diagnosis often requires biopsy, though some germinomas may be diagnosed based solely on serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers.
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49

Blaine, Judith, Hector Giral, Sabina Jelen, and Moshe Levi. Approach to the patient with hypo-/hyperphosphataemia. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0039.

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Phosphate is the most abundant anion in the human body and has an indispensable role in numerous biological functions, including energy metabolism, bone formation, signal transduction, and as a constituent of phospholipids and nucleic acids. Only 1% is in extracellular fluid, but serum phosphate (Pi) levels are subject to fine tuning involving several hormones modulating renal tubular reabsorption, intestinal absorption, and bone homeostasis to maintain a normal range from 0.81 to 1.45 mmol/L (2.5–4.5 mg/dL) in adulthood and higher levels during infancy and childhood. An approach to the diagnosis of low and high phosphate levels is described.
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50

Birkenholtz, Jessica Vantine. The Goddess of Place, Place of the Goddess. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199341160.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 investigates the goddess Svasthānī herself. Svasthānī, “the Goddess of One’s Own Place,” serves as a relatively recent and tangible case study for understanding the birth and transformation of a goddess. In this case, a popular, but elusive, goddess transformed from a relatively invisible, unembodied, private, fluid goddess into a visible, embodied, public, fixed, local protector of place and, significantly, the embodiment of a place to be protected. Her striking transformation is evidenced by changes in her iconography and growing physical presence in Nepal, and reflects the ongoing interaction between Tantric and Brahmanical influences in this local goddess tradition. Her personal transformation further mirrors the trajectory of the Svasthānīvratakathā narrative tradition more broadly.
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