Academic literature on the topic 'Serpentine asbestos'
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Journal articles on the topic "Serpentine asbestos"
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Punturo, Rosalda, Claudia Ricchiuti, and Andrea Bloise. "Assessment of Serpentine Group Minerals in Soils: A Case Study from the Village of San Severino Lucano (Basilicata, Southern Italy)." Fibers 7, no. 2 (2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7020018.
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Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) is a generic term used to refer to both regulated and un-regulated fibrous minerals when encountered in natural geological deposits. These minerals represent a cause of health hazard, since they have been assessed as potential environmental pollutants that may occur both in rocks and derived soils. In the present work, we focused on the village of San Severino Lucano, located in the Basilicata region (southern Apennines); due to its geographic isolation from other main sources of asbestos, it represents an excellent example of hazardous and not occupational exposure of population. From the village and its surroundings, we collected eight serpentinite-derived soil samples and carried out Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Derivative Thermogravimetric (DTG) and Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (TEM-EDS), in order to perform a detailed characterization of serpentine varieties and other fibrous minerals. Investigation pointed out that chrysotile and asbestos tremolite occur in all of the samples. As for the fibrous but non-asbestos classified minerals, polygonal serpentine and fibrous antigorite were detected in a few samples. Results showed that the cultivation of soils developed upon serpentinite bedrocks were rich in harmful minerals, which if dispersed in the air can be a source of environmental pollution.
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Roggli, Victor L. "The Contributions Of Analytical Electron Microscopy to the Detection and Quantification of Asbestos in Human Lung Samples." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (1990): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100135307.
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Analytical electron microscopy has contributed a great deal to our understanding of asbestosrelated diseases. Exposure to the various forms of asbestos, which include the serpentine form known as chrysotile asbestos, and the amphibole forms referred to as amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite asbestos, has been associated with the development of a number of diseases in man. These include asbestosis (scarring of the lung parenchyma), pleural plaques (scarring of the pleura), malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum, and carcinoma of the lung, especially among those who also smoke cigarettes.Analysis of the mineral fiber content of the lung in patients with these various diseases has provided a powerful investigative tool to researchers interested in the relationship between fiber burdens and disease. Such studies have shown that when sufficiently sensitive digestion concentration techniques are employed, some asbestos can be found in lung tissue from virtually every adult in the general population.
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Wicks, Fred J. "Status of the reference X-ray powder-diffraction patterns for the serpentine minerals in the PDF database—1997." Powder Diffraction 15, no. 1 (2000): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600010824.
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A critical examination of the reference X-ray powder-diffraction patterns of the serpentine minerals in the Powder-Diffraction File (PDF) database has revealed an unsettling situation. Most of the patterns in, or previously in, the PDF database are inaccurate, misidentified, or of poor quality. The PDF database is not a dependable tool for identifying the serpentine minerals, and has not been since the mid-1960s. This has serious implications for studies on serpentine minerals that have depended on the PDF database, particularly those by nonmineralogists doing health and environmental studies of chrysotile asbestos. In the current PDF database, lizardite-1T, carlosturanite, some amesite, and possibly some antigorite (but with inappropriate polytype symbols) can be identified. Only one of the many multilayer lizardites can be identified. The current pattern for chrysotile-2Mc1 (clinochrysotile) is of reasonable quality, but not the best, however the earlier patterns still in the database are so problematic that any chrysotile-2Mc1 identification must be considered suspect. Chrysotile-2Oc1 (orthochrysotile), and any mixture of serpentines cannot be identified using the PDF database. Until the reference serpentine patterns are corrected the PDF database cannot be considered a reliable identification tool. High-quality powder-diffraction patterns of the serpentine minerals have been published and can be rapidly introduced into the PDF database.© 2000 International Centre for Diffraction Data.
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Wagner, Jeff. "Analysis of serpentine polymorphs in investigations of natural occurrences of asbestos." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 5 (2015): 985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5em00089k.
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YATSENKO, Alexandr Sergeevich. "THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL AGGRESSIVENESS OF DUST OF ASBESTOSFORMED AND ASBESTOS-FREE COMPOSITIONS, BOTH IN THEIR PRODUCTION AND OPERATION." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 34 (2020): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n34.2020.299_p34_pgs_282_290.pdf.
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This manuscript provides basic information on the use of asbestos. Some physicochemical properties of the main component of serpentine asbestos (SA, 95% of all used asbestos) and the biological aggressiveness of the following are considered: dust types in the technology of creating asbestos-containing products and during their operation. Attention is also paid to the use of existing asbestos substitutes in similar products. The authors present data verifying that the incidence of asbestos-related diseases, including asbestosis of a professional and unprofessional nature, is increased, especially in the elderly, in the places of production of an SA variety – chrysotile asbestos {CA, aqueous magnesium silicate - Mg6[Si4O10](OH)8}. The authors pay particular attention to the use of CA in the production of asbestos-formed parts/products (AFP), for example, brake linings containing CA and its substitutes. It is known that such products undergo significant zonal stresses during operation. CA fibers lose hygroscopic and constitutional water (H2O = 13.04 – 14.80%) in the process of car braking due to high pressure and increased local temperature. As a result, they almost entirely turn into a non-aggressive (in the biological sense) material called forsterite. Studies of brake dust emitted during the braking of lightweight VAZ vehicles did not reveal similar transformations of СA degradation. They may occur when braking heavy vehicles with a mass of more than 2.5 tons and when braking high-speed trains with a mass of more than 60 tons.
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Filimonova, Elena, Natalia Lukina, Margarita Glazyrina, et al. "A comparative study of Epipactis atrorubens in two different forest communities of the Middle Urals, Russia." Journal of Forestry Research 31, no. 6 (2019): 2111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01010-y.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to compare eco-physiological and morphological parameters of a regionally endangered orchid species, Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm. ex Bernh.) Bess., growing in two forest communities (on serpentine and granite outcrops) of the Middle Urals, Russia. Biodiversity, dominance, and phytocoenosis studies showed the colonization of a wide range of plant species on both sites. The physicochemical properties of the soil, chemical composition and morphological features of E. atrorubens, growing under technogenic conditions (asbestos deposits), on serpentine outcrops and in the natural environment of the granite massif were studied for the first time. The serpentine substrate differed from the granite one by its greater stoniness, circumneutral pH and lower contents of available nitrogen and phosphorus. Extremely high concentrations of magnesium were found in the serpentine soil, some 79 times higher than in the granite substrate. High concentrations of nickel (94 times), chromium (59 times), cobalt (17 times), and iron (4 times) were found in the serpentine substrate, higher than in the granite substrate. The differences between the sites for available metal contents and for root and shoot metal contents were significantly less. Concentrations of most of the metals in the roots were higher than in the shoots. Despite higher metal concentrations and lower nitrogen and phosphorus levels in serpentine soils, E. atrorubens had a larger population and greater viability compared to those growing on granite. Plants on serpentine outcrops were characterized by the formation of a larger number of fruits, greater root lengths and thicker leaf blades, compared to plants on granites. The well-developed orchid mycorrhizae contributed to the survival of this species under unfavorable serpentine conditions. Hence, serpentine outcrops formed due to the mining of asbestos could be a suitable substrate for the light-demanding E. atrorubens due to its capacity to adapt to dry, rocky, nutrient-depleted soils and limited competition from other plants.
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Cressey, G., B. A. Cressey, F. J. Wicks, and K. Yada. "A disc with fivefold symmetry: the proposed fundamental seed structure for the formation of chrysotile asbestos fibres, polygonal serpentine fibres and polyhedral lizardite spheres." Mineralogical Magazine 74, no. 1 (2010): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2010.073.2.29.
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AbstractA chrysotile disc is proposed as the fundamental seed structure for the formation of chrysotile asbestos fibres, polygonal serpentine fibres and polyhedral lizardite spheres. The curvature, fivefold symmetry and hydrogen-bonding alignment of the layers in the seed disc control the formation of the 15 or 30 sectors in polygonal serpentine and the orientations of the planar arrays of 15 or 30 radial crystals in polyhedral serpentine. A polygonized disc precursor to polygonal fibre formation has been observed at an arrested stage of growth in a synthesis experiment.
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Militello, Gaia M., Laura Gaggero, and Sebastiano La Maestra. "Asbestiform Amphiboles and Cleavage Fragments Analogues: Overview of Critical Dimensions, Aspect Ratios, Exposure and Health Effects." Minerals 11, no. 5 (2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050525.
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The term asbestos refers to a group of serpentine (chrysotile) and amphibole (amosite, crocidolite, anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite) minerals with a fibrous habit. Their chemical-physical properties make them one of the most important inorganic materials for industrial purposes and technological applications. However, the extraction, use and marketing of these minerals have been prohibited due to proven harmful effects, mainly involving the respiratory system. In addition to the known six minerals classified as asbestos, the natural amphiboles and serpentine polymorphs antigorite and lizardite, despite having the same composition of asbestos, do not have the same morphology. These minerals develop chemical and geometric (length > 5 μm, width < 3 μm and length: diameter > 3:1), but not morphological, analogies with asbestos, which is regulated by the WHO. The debate about their potential hazardous properties is open and ongoing; therefore, their morphological characterization has a key role in establishing a reliable asbestos hazard scenario. This review focuses on evaluating the most relevant papers, evidencing the need for a reappraisal. Different in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies report information about cleavage fragments with critical dimensions similar to asbestos fibres, but very few works target fragments below 5 µm in length. Breathable smaller fibres could have deleterious effects on human health and cannot be disregarded from the risk assessment process. Furthermore, a few studies suggest that the carcinogenic nature of short fibres is not excluded. This review highlights that it is worth investigating the effects of this size range of elongated mineral particles and fibres.
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Belluso, Elena, Alain Baronnet, and Silvana Capella. "Naturally Occurring Asbestiform Minerals in Italian Western Alps and in Other Italian Sites." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 26, no. 1 (2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-2276.
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ABSTRACT The natural occurrence of asbestos (NOA) in rocks and soil has been known for many years in several areas of the world, differently from the natural presence of asbestiform minerals. In Italy, the mapping of NOA is mandatory according to the 2001 and 2003 regulations. An investigation, not yet concluded, has revealed that in Italy, NOA is represented by chrysotile and tremolite asbestos with minor amounts of actinolite asbestos and anthophyllite asbestos. A field survey conducted in the Italian Western Alps (IWA), dealing with the natural occurrence of asbestiform minerals non-asbestos classified and not regulated, started many years ago and is still ongoing. It revealed that the following kinds of asbestiform silicates are present (in decreasing order of frequency): asbestiform polygonal serpentine and asbestiform antigorite, asbestiform diopside, asbestiform carlosturanite, asbestiform forsterite, asbestiform sepiolite, asbestiform balangeroite, and asbestiform talc. The asbestiform non-silicates brugnatellite and brucite have been rarely detected. Outside the IWA, asbestiform zeolite (erionite and offretite), asbestiform sodium amphibole (fluoro-edenite), and a few other asbestiform silicates have been also detected. For some asbestiform minerals, the identification is problematic and needs the use of transmission electron microscopy combining imaging at high magnification and electron diffraction and chemical data. This investigation is particularly important to distinguish four kinds of asbestiform minerals (antigorite, polygonal serpentine, carlosturanite, and balangeroite) from chrysotile since only the last one is regulated. The issue is much more complicated by the intergrowth of different fibrous species on the submicrometer scale.
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Raanes, M., and J. Hjelen. "Analysis of Asbestos Fibres in The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) by The Use of Electron Backscattering Diffraction (Ebsd)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (1997): 767–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600010722.
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Asbestos is a common name of a number of fibrous mineral silicates which differ in chemical composition. The asbestos fibres are classified into two groups: serpentine (chrysotile) and amphiboles (anthophyllite, amosite, actinolite, tremolite, crocidolite).Inhalation of asbestos dust fibres involves a health risk. It is therefore of great importance to develop quick and reliable methods to check for the presence of asbestos fibres in suspected materials. Some common analysis methods for asbestos detection are: optical microscopy scanning or transmission electron microscopies (SEM ,TEM) often combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) in the TEM where the crystal structure is determined.The EBSD technique in the SEM has in this work been applied to achieve electron backscattering patterns (EBSP) from four types of asbestos fibres. The pattern quality has been studied as a function of specimen preparation and SEM settings.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Serpentine asbestos"
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Acencio, Milena Marques Pagliarelli. "Resposta comparativa pleural \"in vivo\" e do mesotélio \"in vitro\" à exposição por diferentes fibras de asbesto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5150/tde-04042007-125754/.
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Os produtos derivados de asbesto são amplamente utilizados pelo setor industrial, sendo descritas diversas doenças relacionadas à sua exposição, entre elas, o tumor primário da pleura, ou mesotelioma. O mecanismo fisiopatológico da lesão pelas fibras de asbesto no espaço pleural ainda não está totalmente estabelecido. Entre os fatores possivelmente implicados estão os efeitos provocados por uma resposta inflamatória com migração celular e liberação de mediadores moleculares levando à necrose, apoptose e alterações na proliferação e fibrogênese. No entanto, existem dificuldades no estudo da resposta in vivo ao asbesto, principalmente em virtude da população multicelular da cavidade pleural. Neste sentido, tem sido preconizado na literatura o estudo envolvendo animais geneticamente modificados ou selecionados, a fim de melhor compreender o papel das diversas populações envolvidas neste processo. Neste trabalho, tivemos como objetivo estudar comparativamente a resposta inflamatória aguda no líquido pleural e em células mesoteliais em cultura expostas a diferentes fibras de asbesto. Para tanto, animais controle e geneticamente selecionados para alta (AIR max) e baixa (AIR min) resposta inflamatória, e células mesoteliais em cultura foram expostas às fibras de asbesto crocidolita ou crisotila. Após 4, 24 ou 48 horas foram avaliadas a produção das citocinas IL-1b, IL-6 e MIP-2. Adicionalmente, no modelo in vivo foi avaliado o perfil celular do líquido pleural e a expressão do Ra PDGF em RESUMO fragmentos de pleura, e no modelo in vitro a resposta celular de apoptose e necrose. Como resultados, as fibras de asbesto crocidolita e crisotila produziram, em animais AIR max, uma elevação significativa no líquido pleural de leucócitos, neutrófilos e da IL-1b em comparação aos controles e aos animais AIR min. Entretanto, não houve diferença no número de macrófagos, IL-6 e MIP-2. As células mesoteliais em cultura expostas tanto às fibras crocidolita quanto crisotila apresentaram elevados índices de apoptose e necrose e da produção das citocinas IL-1b, IL-6 e MIP-2 quando comparadas aos controles. Houve forte correlação das citocinas MIP-2 e IL-1b em cultura com os níveis no líquido pleural para ambas as fibras estudadas. Foi demonstrado, para ambas as fibras, uma forte expressão do Ra PDGF na superfície pleural tanto nos animais com alta quanto com baixa resposta inflamatória quando comparado aos controles. Como conclusão, caracterizamos o perfil da resposta inflamatória aguda a diferentes fibras de asbesto em modelos experimentais in vivo e in vitro, contribuindo para a melhor compreensão do mecanismo de agressão celular secundário a este material de uso comercial tão freqüente.<br>Asbestos-derived products are used thoroughly by industry. Several diseases related to asbestos exposition have been described, among them the primary tumor of the pleura mesothelioma. The mechanisms by which asbestos fibers produce injury to the pleural space are not clear. Among the factors possibly implicated are the effects secondary to an inflammatory response characterized by cellular migration and the release of molecular mediators leading to necrosis, apoptosis, cellular proliferation and fibrogenesis. However, it is difficulty to characterize the cellular response in vivo, mainly by virtue of the multi-cellular population present into the pleural cavity. Therefore, studies involving animals genetically modified or genetically selected have been proposed in the literature, in order to better understand the role of the several cellular populations involved in this complex process. In this study, our objective was to determine the inflammatory response of the pleural fluid and compare to the response of cultured mesothelial cells exposed to different asbestos fibers. Controls and mice genetically selected for high (AIR max) or low (AIR min) inflammatory response as well as mice cultured mesothelial cells were treated to crocidolite or chrysotile asbestos fibers. After 4, 24 or 48 hours the production of the cytokines IL-1b, IL-6 and MIP-2 were analyzed. In addition, the in vivo cellular profile of the pleural fluid and the Ra PDGF expression in the pleura fragments was documented. In parallel, the in vitro mesothelial cellular response of apoptosis and necrosis was quantified. Both asbestos fibers produced in AIR max mice a significant elevation in the pleural fluid total leukocytes, neutrophils and IL-1b levels in comparison to the controls and AIR min animals. However, no difference was found in the macrophage number, IL-6 and MIP-2 levels. Cultured mesothelial cells had a high apoptosis, necrosis, IL-1b, IL-6 and MIP-2 levels in comparison to the controls when exposed to either crocidolite or chrysotile. MIP-2 and IL-1b levels in cultured mesothelial cells strongly correlated with the levels of the pleural fluid for both fibers. In addition, a pronounced expression of Ra PDGF in the pleural surface was demonstrated in both high and low inflammatory selected mice when compared to the controls. In conclusion, we characterized the acute inflammatory response to the asbestos fibers crocidolite and chrysotile in an in vivo and in vitro experimental model, aiming to contribute to better understand the mechanism of cellular aggression secondary to this particulate material of such frequent commercial use.
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Bouachrine, Loubna. "Problèmes des concentrations d'amiante liées aux serpentinisations : application au complexe ophiolitique protérozoïque supérieur des Khzama (Siroua nord, Anti-Atlas central, Maroc)." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10296.
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Les gisements d'amiante de la boutonnière des Khzama (Anti-Atlas central, Maroc) sont associés à des serpentinites de harzburgites et de dunites d'origine cumulât de la base du complexe ophiolitique du protérozoïque supérieur. Ces serpentinites sont le résultat de trois événements postmagmatiques successifs: une serpentinisation par hydratation totale des protolithes anhydrés en milieu océanique statique, qui aboutit à l'apparition d'une paragenèse à lizardite + magnetite dans des textures pseudomorphiques préservant les textures magmatiques primaires, une serpentinisation par recristallisation partielle et une déformation en milieu continental sous un régime compressif aboutissant au développement de textures non pseudomorphiques en passant par des textures transitionnelles, au détriment des textures antérieures avec une paragenèse à chrysotile dominant + lizardite. Cet épisode est attribué à la phase tectonometamorphique de l'orogenèse panafricaine pendant le charriage et l'obduction de l'ophiolite, une fracturation en régime distensif attribuée à un relâchement post-obduction qui a permis le remplissage amiantifére à chrysotile dans les fractures ouvertes, par lessivage des épontes. Ces fractures minéralisées suivent globalement les alignements structuraux panafricains qui constituent ainsi le principal guide de prospection. Les contacts entre les enclaves massives (pyroxenites, gabbros ou même de serpentinite massive) et les serpentinites laminées (totalement hydratées et partiellement recristallisée), constituent le second guide de prospection. Les serpentinites trop laminées (totalement recristallisées) ou trop massives (résultant d'une simple hydratation), sont stériles
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Teixeira, Rui José dos Santos. "Serpentina, asbesto e talco : impacte ambiental das suas explorações no nordeste de Portugal." Master's thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/9879.
Full textBooks on the topic "Serpentine asbestos"
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G, Gibbs, WHO Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for Chrysotile Asbestos., United Nations Environment Programme, et al., eds. Chrysotile asbestos. World Health Organization, 1998.
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(Producer), WHO, ed. Chrysotile Asbestos: Environmental Health Criteria Series No. 203 (Environmental Health Criteria). World Health Organisation, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Serpentine asbestos"
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Kagan, Elliott, Tamio Inamoto, and M. Mala Georgian. "Altered Functional Expression of Alveolar Macrophage Subpopulations after Serpentine and Amphibole Asbestos Exposure." In Effects of Mineral Dusts on Cells. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74203-3_39.
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Yushun, Min. "Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic studies of selected ultramafic-type serpentine-asbestos deposits in western China." In Water-Rock Interaction. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203734049-52.
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"serpentine asbestos." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_192133.
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"Serpentine and Amphibole Asbestos." In Inhalation Toxicology. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16781-19.
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Alexander, Earl B., Roger G. Coleman, Todd Keeler-Wolfe, and Susan P. Harrison. "Serpentine Land Use and Health Concerns." In Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165081.003.0030.
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Soils developed from serpentine (ultramafic) substrates are noted for their meager and strange biomass. The chemical infertility is the main controlling factor in the development of plants in serpentine soils (Proctor and Woodell 1975, Kruckeberg 1984, Brooks 1987). Botanists have recognized the unusual nature of the endemic plants and this has led to preserving serpentine tracts that contain rare plant species. The evolution of plant species that are restricted to serpentine has produced remarkable adaptations to survival on serpentine substrates. Kruckeberg (1984) pointed out that the long-term habitat attrition on these rare natural serpentine ecosystems requires conservation initiatives to insure their preservation. In California, private and public land managers are required to develop environmental impact studies before disturbing tracts containing serpentine bedrock and its overlying soils (Clinkenbeard et al. 2003). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS 1998) carried out a recovery plan for 28 species of plants and animals that occur exclusively or primarily on serpentine soils and grasslands in the San Francisco Bay area. The strategy was to provide detailed actions needed to achieve self-sustaining populations of endangered species so they will no longer require protection under the Endangered Species Act. Serpentine land tracts within metropolitan areas have come under closer regulation, as there is concern of releasing naturally occurring asbestos during construction disturbances. Typical examples of disturbance would be construction sites, new road construction, and quarry excavation. Of particular concern are the large amounts of dust produced in quarry operations or unpaved gravel roads consisting of crushed serpentine rock. The dust from such sites may contain airborne asbestos fibers released from the serpentine. This asbestos-bearing dust may pose a toxic threat to the construction workers and to later occupants of homes, schools, and office buildings occupying serpentine tracts. Asbestos is the blanket term for a group of naturally occurring silicate minerals that can be separated into fibers. The fibers are strong, durable, and resistant to extreme heat. Because of these qualities, asbestos has been used in industrial, maritime, automotive, scientific, and building products.
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Robinson, Chapman. "Asbestos and the lung." In Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine, edited by Stephen J. Chapman, Grace V. Robinson, Rahul Shrimanker, Chris D. Turnbull, and John M. Wrightson. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0017.
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Asbestos consists of a family of naturally occurring hydrated silicate fibres that may be subdivided into two groups: curly serpentine fibres, of which chrysotile (white) is the only fibre currently in commercial use, and straight, needle-like amphiboles, which comprise crocidolite (blue), amosite (brown), anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. Fibres have a predisposition to localize to the pleura. They differ in their lung clearance kinetics and pathogenic potential; amphibole fibres clear more slowly from the lung and are more carcinogenic than chrysotile. While asbestos usage in developed countries is restricted, the use of chrysotile asbestos in developing economies continues to rise.