Journal articles: 'Service charges'

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Margolis, Bernard. "IN THE NEWS." Bottom Line 1, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb025137.

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ALA Fights Proposed Access Charges. Library services could be seriously harmed by a new Federal Communications Commission (FCC) proposal to charge networks such as Telenet. Tymnet, CompuServe, and other “enhanced service providers” access charges to local phone lines.

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Holt, Andrew, and Timothy Eccles. "Financial reporting for commercial service charges in the retail sector." Property Management 33, no. 2 (April 20, 2015): 152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-06-2014-0027.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess whether financial reporting practices for commercial service charges in the UK retail sector match the best practice requirements of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) Code of practice for commercial service charges. This assessment was performed by benchmarking commercial service charge documents provided to retail occupiers at UK shopping centres against the RICS Code’s financial reporting requirements. Design/methodology/approach – Data were generated from direct analysis of actual service charge documents supplied to commercial retail occupiers. This ensures authenticity by removing reliance upon third party reporting of said data. The paper uses a sample size that is representative of the financial reporting practices for commercial service charges at UK shopping centres. Findings – Levels of compliance with the financial reporting requirements of the RICS Code of Practice for commercial service charges are found to be poor, especially in terms of the disclosure of the accounting policies used during the preparation of the service charge accounts. These results contrast with claims by the professional body. Research limitations/implications – The work analyses service charge documents prepared during 2010-2012 by 44 managing agents and 87 landlords at 126 UK retail shopping centres located in Great Britain. Content analysis was utilised to interpret the data and required some subjective judgement by the researchers. Originality/value – Data are original and the paper provides a unique benchmarking test for assessing Code compliance. This contrasts markedly with the anecdotal evidence offered by the profession in defending current standards of practice and whilst the paper has limitations, it is the largest and most in-depth study of commercial service charge practices at UK retail shopping centres.

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Wyldbore‐Smith, M. A. "Savings in service charges." Property Management 3, no. 1 (January 1985): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb006586.

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Brown, Nancy E., and Sophia A. Rolle. "Tips versus Service Charges." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 32, no. 1 (May 1991): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088049103200118.

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Smith, Peter C. "Universal health coverage and user charges." Health Economics, Policy and Law 8, no. 4 (August 20, 2013): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133113000285.

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AbstractThere has been an explosion of interest in the concept of ‘universal health coverage’, fuelled by publication of the World Health Report 2010. This paper argues that the system of user charges for health services is a fundamental determinant of levels of coverage. A charge can lead to a loss of utility in two ways. Citizens who are deterred from using services by the charge will suffer an adverse health impact. And citizens who use the service will suffer a loss of wealth. The role of social health insurance is threefold: to reduce households’ financial risk associated with sickness; to promote enhanced access to needed health services; and to contribute to societal equity objectives, through an implicit financial transfer from rich to poor and healthy to sick. In principle, an optimal user charge policy can ensure that the social health insurance funds are used to best effect in pursuit of these objectives. This paper calls for a fundamental rethink of attitudes and policy towards user charges.

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Bierhanzl, Edward J. "Incentives for Efficiency: User Charges and Municipal Spending." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 17, no. 1 (April 1, 1999): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569299x15668906480838.

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Abstract User charges have been an increasingly important source of revenue tor local governments. Furthermore, it has been suggested in the public finance literature that user charge finance can increase the efficiency of local government service provision, with the evidence being a reduction of expenditures, ceteris paribus. This paper goes one step further, using an empirical test to distinguishing die quantity effect from the cost effect. An analysis of local sewer service demonstrates that greater reliance on user charge finance does not have a significant impact on the quantity of service provided, but does lead to reduced cost of service. The argument for user charges as an efficiency-enhancing mechanism is thereby strengthened.

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Pettit, P. H. "DAEJAN INVESTMENTS LTD V BENSON [2013] UKSC 14, [2013] 1 WLR 854, [2013] 2 ALL ER 375." Denning Law Journal 26 (September 25, 2014): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v26i0.927.

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In this important case on the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 (as amended by the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002) the Supreme Court, by a bare majority, allowed the appeal against the decision of a Leasehold Valuation Tribunal (LVT) which had been affirmed by, first, the Upper Tribunal (Lands Chamber), and, secondly, by the Court of Appeal. Almost all long leases of flats contain an obligation on the landlord (or a service company) to provide services, such as repairing the exterior and common parts of the block, and a concomitant obligation on the tenants to pay service charges. The right of the landlord to recover such service charges depends on the terms of the particular lease, but the 1985 Act and the Service Charges (Consultation Requirements)(England) Regulations 2003 impose certain statutory requirements and restrictions on a landlord, which impinge on its ability to recover service charges. These requirements are designed to ensure that tenants of flats are not required (i) to pay for unnecessary services or services which are provided to a defective standard, and (ii) to pay more than they should for services which are necessary and have been provided to an acceptable standard.

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Holt, Andrew. "Commercial service charge accounting and audit: a review." Facilities 33, no. 7/8 (May 5, 2015): 502–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-10-2013-0078.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critique the accounting and auditing requirements of the 2011 RICS Code of Practice, Service Charges in Commercial Property and examines whether the new 2014 version of the RICS Code and its associated accounting guidance note provide a “best practice” framework for service charge accounting and audit. This theoretical discussion is then applied to empirical data obtained from a sample of UK commercial office properties to assess whether current practices used by managing parties for the preparation and review of service charge reconciliation certificates actually embody the principles of best practice. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses inductive reasoning to theorise about how the accounting and auditing of commercial service charges might be improved. The paper also uses a deductive approach to identify whether current commercial service charges accounting and audit practices achieve a theoretical level of best practice. The paper reviews a range of secondary literature and utilises hand-collected data from the service charge documents provided to commercial leaseholders. Findings – The paper finds deficiencies within the RICS Code’s requirements for service charge accounting and audit. As a result, empirical evidence is found suggesting that UK commercial service charge accounting and audit practices are inconsistent, lack transparency and provide poor levels of negative assurance for tenants. Research limitations/implications – Content analysis requires subjective interpretation on behalf of the researcher. Originality/value – Data are original to this research and provide a unique insight as to the accounting and audit practices used by facilities managers, managing agents, accountants and independent auditors within the commercial property sector.

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Gebregiorgs, Merhatbeb. "Towards Sustainable Waste Management through Cautious Design of Environmental Taxes: The Case of Ethiopia." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 3088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093088.

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This research examines the viability of the design of environmental taxes in the achievement of sustainable waste management in the Addis Ababa Administration (AAA) of Ethiopia. It has employed an empirical qualitative method. It first shows the mutual contribution of the achievement of waste management to the progress of sustainable sanitation and water resource management. Secondly, it displays the distributive and incentive roles of environmental taxes in the achievement of sustainable waste management. Thirdly, it indicates that a cautious design of the source, base, scope and rate of environmental taxes is a critical determinant for environmental taxes’ overall success in addressing the prevalent waste mismanagement in Ethiopia. Fourthly, it demonstrates that in the AAA: (1) The sources of solid waste collection, landfill, sewerage service and effluent charges are subject to the principle of legality; (2) the scope of solid waste collection, landfill, sewerage service and effluent charges is appropriate; (3) while the base of sewerage service and effluent charges is efficient, the base of solid waste and landfill charges is not at all efficient; and (4) while the rates of solid waste, landfill and sewerage service charges are slightly optimal, the rate of the effluent charge has not yet developed. Fifthly, it reveals that, having a somewhat viable design, solid waste, landfill and sewerage service charges are marginally reinforcing the aspiration of Ethiopia to achieve sustainable sanitation. Sixthly, it uncovers that because Ethiopia has not yet developed the rate of effluent charge, effluent charge is neither internalizing the cost of water resource degradation nor incentivizing sustainable water resource management. Finally, it implies that the aspiration of Ethiopia to achieve sustainable sanitation and water resource management by 2030 is contingent on the cautious design of its waste management taxes.

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Wyldbore‐Smith, Michael. "Service charges – who needs them?" Property Management 8, no. 3 (March 1990): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000003370.

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Adams, J. E. "Allocation of service charges contributions." Property Management 9, no. 3 (March 1991): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000003384.

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Abraham, David J. "Service charges in commercial leases." Facilities 3, no. 8 (August 1985): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb006340.

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Xu, Xiaobing, and Rong Chen. "Competition, Cooperation, and Pricing: How Mobile Operators Respond to the Challenge of Over-The-Top." International Journal of Marketing Studies 7, no. 6 (November 30, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v7n6p1.

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<p>Considering the threats from OTT (Over-The-Top) services, this paper examines whether the mobile operator should charge OTT services access fees and how to. By using a dynamic-gaming process, we find that: 1) under non-cooperative strategy, the mobile operator would charge OTT a mobile Internet access fee, which is positively correlated to OTT platform’s future commercial value and the price of direct communication service, and negatively correlated to the indirect communication service price. 2) under cooperative strategy, the OTT service price that the joint venture charges end users is negatively correlated to OTT platform’s future commercial value. 3) despite choosing cooperative or non-cooperative strategy, the pricing of mobile operator’s direct communication service has a negative correlation with OTT platform’s future value and a positive correlation with the platform’s quality; while the pricing of the indirect communication service is positively correlated to platform’s future value and negatively correlated with the platform quality.</p>

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Będzieszak, Marcin. "Is There a Link between User Charges and Expenditures on Public Kindergartens in Poland?" Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia 54, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2020.54.4.7-18.

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<p>The aim of this article is to assess the link between user charges and expenditures on the service on the example of public kindergartens in Poland. The rationale behind the paper is that implementation of user charges for public service results in effiient use of resources and leads to the passing-on of expenditure increase to consumers. To achieve the aim, three methods were used, namely weighed-least-squares, fixed effect and random effect method. The empirical analysis based on a panel data set for 65 large Polish cities in the years 2012–2018 showed that about 10–25% of an expenditure increase is passed on to consumers in terms of higher user charge. Moreover, user charge financing has a significant negative effect on the unit cost. An increase in the share of user charges in expenditures by 10 pp causes a decrease in expenditure at the level of 2.5–5.0%.</p>

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Aitken‐Sykes, R. "Local authorities and residential service charges." Property Management 10, no. 1 (January 1992): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02637479210030204.

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BOSCHERT, SHERRY. "Hepatology Service Generates Substantial Hospital Charges." Internal Medicine News 39, no. 3 (February 2006): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(06)72837-2.

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Heald, D., and D. A. Scott. "Managerial Perceptions of the Incentives Inherent in National Health Service Capital Charging." Health Services Management Research 10, no. 3 (August 1997): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148489701000306.

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Capital charging was introduced into the National Health Service (NHS) in 1991 in order to stop capital being treated as a ‘free’ good and to encourage managers to use their assets more efficiently. This article seeks to examine the extent to which managerial thinking has been influenced. It uses as evidence interviews with NHS managers conducted in Scotland in 1994. The following uses of capital charges data are explored: capital programme; disposal programme; maintenance programme; contract pricing; and budgetary devolution. New capital programmes required more justification and capital charges were seen as relevant to estate rationalization. Less effect was found with regard to the maintenance programme, though this may have been due to a downgrading of the estates function in most Trusts. Although the capital charge costs included in contract prices affect the competitive position of providers, there was criticism of the lack of development of the purchasing function. Budgetary devolution was proceeding relatively slowly but, among those Trusts which had devolved capital charges, evidence was found that some clinicians were becoming aware of the full costs of equipment use. This article concludes, with cautious optimism, that capital charges are beginning to influence decisions and that, despite some incentives being dysfunctional, they will lead to a better managed NHS.

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Miller, Keith, Martin E. Lybecker, Jesse Kanach, Mary C. Moynihan, and Hillary B. Levun. "SEC charges private fund administrator with gatekeeping failures." Journal of Investment Compliance 18, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-02-2017-0013.

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Purpose To explain a set of recent US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) administrative settlements targeting fund administrators and to alert fund administrators and other financial service providers to their growing “gatekeeper” obligations. Design/methodology/approach This article explores the factual and legal contours of SEC administrative settlements with a fund administrator, as well as related enforcement actions against investment managers, to better understand the affirmative steps the SEC is expecting financial service providers to take to help root out fraud and misappropriation in the financial services sector. Findings The SEC’s administrative settlements with this fund administrator illustrate the SEC’s expanding focus on the “gatekeeper” function and signal the intent of the SEC to impute culpability for wrongdoing to fund administrators and other financial service providers simply for not doing enough to root out fraud and misappropriation in the financial services sector. Originality/value This article contains valuable information about recent SEC enforcement activity and practical guidance from experienced white collar, securities, and investment management lawyers.

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Birch, S. "Increasing Patient Charges in the National Health Service: A Method of Privatizing Primary Care." Journal of Social Policy 15, no. 2 (April 1986): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400001653.

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ABSTRACTFrequent increases in the real value of National Health Service (NHS) patient charges have been made since the Conservative Party's return to office in 1979. For those patients subject to these charges the increases have led to a substantial reduction in the level of subsidization of the cost of the service. The rationale for the subsidization of health care is shown to be unrelated to ‘ability to pay’ considerations. Consequently the ‘backdoor privatization’ of these services is inconsistent with the objectives of the NHS even though the Government has continually committed itself to these objectives. Alternative policies to increasing patient charges are suggested which would encourage the efficient use of NHS resources without compromising NHS objectives.

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Holt, Andrew Derek. "Professional standards and accounting change." Journal of Corporate Real Estate 17, no. 3 (September 14, 2015): 198–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcre-01-2015-0001.

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Purpose – This research aims to continue previous work by the author in the field of commercial service charge management in the UK, offering a unique cross-sectoral comparison in this paper. While prior studies have approached only one sector, this study analyzes both retail and office sectors in the UK. It examines the financial reporting and administrative practices of managing agents and the overall quality of commercial service charge documents, through which it offers commentary on the standard of professional service in service charge provision. It achieves this by benchmarking performance achieved against the accounting requirements of the UK RICS Code of Practice, Service Charges in Commercial Property. Design/methodology/approach – Data were hand collected from analysis of actual service charge documents supplied to commercial retail occupiers at 100 UK office buildings and 100 UK shopping centres during the period of 2010-2013. This process ensures authenticity by removing reliance upon third-party reporting of the said data and offers a uniquely detailed longitudinal sample. Findings – Overall levels of compliance with the financial reporting requirements of the RICS Code of Practice for Commercial Service Charges were poor in both sectors over the period of 2010-2013. Of specific concern was the widespread failure to disclose the accounting policies used during the preparation of the service charge accounts; knowing whether the accounts are prepared using an accruals or cash basis is essential for occupier decision-making purposes. Overall, the results from this study contrast with claims by the professional body that levels of “best practice” are increasing across the service charge industry. Research limitations/implications – The work analyzes service charge documents prepared during 2010-2013 for 100 office buildings and 100 retail shopping centres located in the UK. While the sample sizes utilized are relatively small, the paper provides a unique in-depth longitudinal analysis of commercial service charge documents that produces findings with high levels of generalizability. Content analysis was utilized to interpret the data and required some subjective judgement by the researcher. Originality/value – The study provides a comprehensive longitudinal study of accounting and financial reporting practices for commercial service charges in the UK retail and office sectors. Sector data are original, and the paper provides a unique benchmarking approach for assessing Code compliance at each building. This structured longitudinal approach to benchmarking differs markedly from the largely anecdotal evidence offered by the profession when defending current levels of Code compliance. In addition, the paper also provides individual compliance scorecards for 695 service charge documents in order to assess compliance with nine “core” financial reporting requirements of the RICS Code. Its chief value lies in establishing actual practice standards that can be taken up as a driver for improvement – by tenants, agents, landlords and the wider profession.

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Qin, Xiaoxiao, Xianbao Liu, Jiayan Huang, Wei Wang, Yanting Shao, Yuxin He, Qifeng Zhu, et al. "True cost of surgical aortic valve replacement and implications for price setting and diagnosis-related groups: evidence from a tertiary hospital in Eastern China." Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 10, no. 8 (June 2021): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cer-2021-0037.

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Background: Surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) has long been the standard treatment for patients with severe aortic stenosis in China, but the costs of SAVR from a hospital perspective in China have not been thoroughly researched. Currently, diagnosis-related groups in China are based on historical expenses that are closely related to the unit charges set by the official pricing department and are frequently inaccurate compared with actual resource consumption. Materials & methods: Through a retrospective empirical study on the costs and charges of SAVR cases in a tertiary hospital, this study aimed to compare the costs and charges of service items. We collected clinical information from patients undergoing SAVR (isolated or concomitant procedures) and financial information from the hospital in 2015 and 2016. Top-down full cost accounting and step-allocation were the main methods used in this study. Result: This research selected 203 SAVR cases in 2015 and 214 cases in 2016. The median length of hospital stay was 15.92 days (6.07 days pre surgery and 9.57 days post surgery). The average human resource cost of care per day per bed in the cardiovascular surgery department, including doctors and nurses, was US $62.22 in 2015 and $66.17 in 2016, but the corresponding charge was no more than $24. For operation, the cost of isolated SAVR was $665 in 2015 and $1015 in 2016, while the charge was $820. For anesthesiology, the cost of isolated SAVR was $400 in 2015 and $526 in 2016, while the average charge was $192. For examination service items, some costs did not exceed charges. The average total cost of a case was $19,299 ± 8954, while the average total charge was $18,923 ± 9194. Conclusion: SAVR is associated with significant resource utilization and hospital stay duration. The fees for human resources and services associated with SAVR do not reflect the true costs of SAVR in a Chinese hospital setting. This study may assist in future budget planning and price setting for policy makers in China.

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Cooling, Penelope. "Service Charges ‐ Law and Practice981Philip Freedman, Eric Shapiro, Brian Slater. Service Charges ‐ Law and Practice. No price." Property Management 16, no. 2 (June 1998): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm.1998.16.2.103.1.

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Rahman, Sultan Hafeez, and MD NAHID FERDOUS PABON. "Payment Behaviour to Municipal Service Provision in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Development Studies XLI, no. 3 (June 2, 2019): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.57138/iqjq9006.

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The paper investigates the factors which are believed to influence the behaviour of households' willingness to pay for public services provided by municipal authorities in Bangladesh. The underlying concern of the analysis is a deeper understanding of the factors that are important for revenue mobilisation strategies in the municipalities of Bangladesh. The analysis is based on a survey of over six thousand households across all municipalities of Bangladesh, complemented with administrative data obtained from these local entities. A multinomial logit model is fitted. The model specification groups the household payment responses into three categories, i.e., willing to pay, reluctant to pay and opposed to paying the service charges while controlling for economic, social and demographic factors. The econometric model is estimated for each of three public services, i.e., water supply, solid waste management and street lighting facility, separately. The results indicate that household willingness to pay is significantly affected by factors such as service charge, income, education and the municipal classification. An important policy insight is that service charge increases and other factors noted above can be important in strategies for local revenue mobilisation.

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Ma, Tai-Yu. "Two-stage battery recharge scheduling and vehicle-charger assignment policy for dynamic electric dial-a-ride services." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): e0251582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251582.

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Coordinating the charging scheduling of electric vehicles for dynamic dial-a-ride services is challenging considering charging queuing delays and stochastic customer demand. We propose a new two-stage solution approach to handle dynamic vehicle charging scheduling to minimize the costs of daily charging operations of the fleet. The approach comprises two components: daily vehicle charging scheduling and online vehicle–charger assignment. A new battery replenishment model is proposed to obtain the vehicle charging schedules by minimizing the costs of vehicle daily charging operations while satisfying vehicle driving needs to serve customers. In the second stage, an online vehicle–charger assignment model is developed to minimize the total vehicle idle time for charges by considering queuing delays at the level of chargers. An efficient Lagrangian relaxation algorithm is proposed to solve the large-scale vehicle-charger assignment problem with small optimality gaps. The approach is applied to a realistic dynamic dial-a-ride service case study in Luxembourg and compared with the nearest charging station charging policy and first-come-first-served minimum charging delay policy under different charging infrastructure scenarios. Our computational results show that the approach can achieve significant savings for the operator in terms of charging waiting times (–74.9%), charging times (–38.6%), and charged energy costs (–27.4%). A sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of the different model parameters, showing the scalability and robustness of the approach in a stochastic environment.

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Kaiser, Frederick M. "U.S. Customs Service User Fees: A Variety of Charges and Counter‐Charges." Public Budgeting & Finance 8, no. 3 (January 1988): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-5850.00793.

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Lee, Jae-Young. "A Study on the Strengthening of Korea’s Service Export Competitiveness." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 25, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2023.25.4.241.

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Service exports become very important, As the value of services expands. A Study on the Activation of Service Exports through service balance analysis is insufficient. and The purpose is to enhance the understanding of Korea’s service trade and present to the establishment of service export policies through Service Balance of Payments analysis. This study suggest ways to strengthen export competitiveness for travel, Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others, other business services, and Charges for the use of intellectual property. In conclusion, We must recognize the importance of exporting services. and It is necessary to open the domestic service industry in order that strengthen service competitiveness. also, In order to strengthen service export competitiveness, it is necessary to expand service-specific export support policies.

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Dodge, William G., and Lisa L. Graves. "Management service charges determination of stewardship expenses." Intertax 16, Issue 6/7 (June 1, 1988): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi1988036.

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Evans, Michael R., and Dinesh S. Dave. "The Thorny Question of Automatic Service Charges." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 40, no. 4 (August 1999): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088049904000417.

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Furbur, J. David. "The measurement distortion factor and service charges." Property Management 3, no. 1 (January 1985): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb006589.

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Scarrett, Douglas. "Service charges on privately‐owned residential units." Property Management 4, no. 2 (February 1986): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb006620.

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Brown, N. "Tips versus service charges: The Iowa scene." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 32, no. 1 (May 1991): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-8804(91)90020-r.

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Febryan, Vony. "PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN ATAS KERUGIAN PELAYANAN DAN KENAIKAN BIAYA INDIHOME DI KOTA PADANG." UNES Law Review 2, no. 4 (August 16, 2020): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v2i4.135.

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The problems discussed:How are consumers protection for service losses and increased indihome costs in padang city? How are Dispute resolution of consumer in service losses and increased of indihome costs?This research is Descriptive analytical, normative juridical and empirical juridical approach conducted in Padang city By using interview consumers, and manager of customer care (PT) Telecommunications Indonesia Regional of Padang. The results of this researchConsumer protection for the loss of service and an increase in the cost of Indihome in the city of Padang that the consumer has not fully obtained legal protection, because PT. Telkom only cancel Internet content Catchplay service To prevent future charges from appearing, An Indihome service fee increases that the charge is still charged to the consumer. In the absence of compensation from PT. Telkom, consumers are Highly harmed.Dispute resolution of consumer Loss of service and increase of indihome costs is the consumer only signed a statement letter containing the release of PT. Telkom City of Padang demands,PT.TELKOM does not conduct deliberations in accordance with the provisions Indihome Contract subscription regarding the settlement of disputes between PT. Kota Padang Telkom with the customer must be resolved by means of deliberation.

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Alam, Sana, Shehnila Zardari, and Jawwad Ahmed Shamsi. "Blockchain-Based Trust and Reputation Management in SIoT." Electronics 11, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 3871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233871.

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In the Social Internet of Things (SIoT), trust refers to the decision-making process used by the trustor (Service Requesters (SRs) or Service Consumers (SCs)) to decide whether or not to entrust the trustee (Service Providers (SPs)) with specific services. Trust is the key factor in SIoT domain. The designing of a two-way, two-stage parameterized feedback-based, service-driven, attacks-resistant trust and reputation system for SIoT accompanied by a penalty mechanism for dishonest SPs and SRs is our main contribution that mitigates the trust-related issues occurring during service provisioning and service acquisition amongst various entities (SPs or SRs) and enhances trust amongst them. Our proposed methodology examines a SP’s local trust, global trust, and reputation by taking into account “Social Trust” and “Quality of Service (QoS)” factors”. Two—Stage Parameterized feedback” is incorporated in our proposed strategy to better manage “intention” and “ability” of SRs and provides early identification of suspicious SRs. This feature compels SRs to act honestly and rate the corresponding SPs in a more accurate way. Our recommended paradigm sorts SPs into three SP status lists (White List, Grey List, and Black List) based on reputation values where each list has a threshold with respect to the maximum service fee that can be charged. SPs in White List charge the most per service. SPs in other lists have a lower selection probability. Every feedback updates the SP’s trust and reputation value. Sorting SPs increases resistance against On Off Attack, Discriminatory Attack, Opportunistic Service Attack, and Selective Behavior Attacks. SPs must operate honestly and offer the complete scope of stated services since their reputation value relies on all their global trust values (Tglobal) for various services. Service requests may be accepted or denied by SPs. “Temporarily banned” SRs can only request unblocked services. SRs lose all privileges once on a “permanently banned” list. If local and global trust values differ by more than the threshold, the SR is banned. Our method also provides resistance against Bad Mouthing Attack, Ballot Stuffing Attack. Good Mouthing Attack/Self—Propagating Attack. Experiments indicate our trust and reputation management system recognizes and bans fraudulent SRs. “Dishonest SPs” are “blacklisted,” which affects their reputation, trust, and service charges.

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Hasan, Syed Akif, Muhammad Imtiaz Subhani, and Ana Mateen. "Effects of Deceptive Advertising on Consumer Loyalty in Telecommunication Industry of Pakistan." Information Management and Business Review 3, no. 5 (November 15, 2011): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v3i5.942.

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This study is an attempt to interrogate the effects of deceptive advertising on consumer loyalty in telecommunication industry of Pakistan. Four variables, Call Charges (CC), Network Coverage (NC), Network Quality (NQ) and Customer Service (CS) were used to measure deception in Telecom Ads and then its effect on consumer loyalty while the consumer preference is used as the proxy of consumer loyalty. 10,000 random individuals from telecom industry were selected to conclude the results. Testing specification confirmed that the deception overwhelmingly exists in telecom ads and none of the telecom companies were providing exactly the same quality of service in terms of Call Charges, Network Coverage, Network Quality and Customer Service, as they promise in their advertisements, while, the consumers are inclined towards the services where the deceptions are seemingly meager.

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Kim, Dong Jun, and Sun Jung Kim. "Is Hospital Hospice Service Associated with Efficient Healthcare Utilization in Deceased Lung Cancer Patients? Hospital Charges at Their End of Life." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 20, 2022): 15331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215331.

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In July 2015, South Korea began applying National Health Insurance reimbursement to inpatient hospice service. It is now appropriate and relevant to evaluate how hospice care is associated with healthcare utilization in terminal lung cancer patients. We used nationwide NHI claims data of lung cancer patients from 2008–2018 and identified a sample of patients deceased after July 2016. We transposed the dataset into a retrospective cohort design where a unit of analysis was each lung cancer patients’ healthcare utilization. The differences in hospital charges per day were investigated depending on the patient’s use of hospice service before death with the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) analysis. Additionally, subgroup analysis and the propensity score matching method were used to validate the model using the claims information of 25,099 patients. About 17.0% of patients used hospice services (N = 4260). With other variables adjusted, hospice service utilization by deceased lung cancer patients was associated with statistically significant lower hospital charges per day at the end of life (1 month, 3 months, and 6 months before death) compared to non-users. A similar trend was found in the propensity score matching model analysis. We found lower end-of-life hospital charges per day among lung cancer patients who received hospice services near death. The ever-expanding aging population requires health policymakers and the National Health Insurance program to expand hospice services for terminal cancer patients in underserved regions and hospitals that do not provide hospice.

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Hussaini, S. M. Qasim, Jordan Johnson, and Fumiko Chino. "Price variability of pembrolizumab across U.S. National Cancer Institute–designated Cancer Centers (NCICCs) from 2016-2021." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.28_suppl.048.

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48 Background: NCICCs are poorly compliant to price transparency rules set forth by the CMS. Competitive price shopping is prevented due to a lack of uniform rate setting, and service charges are often higher than what a hospital reasonably expects to be reimbursed. We investigated variability in the charged and reimbursed payments for pembrolizumab utilizing Medicare claims across all NCICCs. Methods: Medicare claims data from 2016-2021 for pembrolizumab (HCPCS J9271) infusions in a hospital outpatient department were selected from the Definitive Healthcare claims database for all hematology-oncology and medical oncology providers at NCICCs. Average charges, reimbursements, and total claims were obtained. Annual percentage changes (APC) were calculated to evaluate trends during study period. Prices are presented as inflation adjusted numbers (charged and reimbursed; 2021 dollars). Analyses were performed in Excel (Microsoft Corp). Results: Our analysis included 53 NCICCs of which 47 were part of the 340B Drug Pricing Program (NCI-340B), 11 were Prospective Payment System-exempt (NCI-PPS), and 6 NCICCs were both (PPS/340B). From 2016 to 2021, total Medicare claims increased from 9461 to 46291 across NCICCs, with NCI-PPS centers comprising 30% of claims. Total payments to NCICCs increased from $55.9M to $388.1M annually. Average charge for pembrolizumab in 2021 were: $45,227 (NCI-PPS), $46,000 (all NCICCs), $49,057 (NCI-340B), $59,392 (dual-eligible PPS/340B). During study period, APC were: 9.2% (NCICCs), 9.6% (NCI-340B), 12.8% (NCI-PPS), and 17.5% (dual-eligible PPS/340B). Despite high charged prices, reimbursement was much lower, about 18.4% (or $7364) of charged price at NCICCs over study period. Highest reimbursement was noted at NCI-PPS (22%, or $8551), and lowest at NCI-340B (16.4% or $7086) over study period. When considering a smaller cohort of PPS-only or 340B-only, PPS-only status was associated with lowest charged price but highest reimbursement (33.5%, or $8568). Conclusions: NCICCs charged > 4 times the average reimbursed price for pembrolizumab, with charges increasing faster than inflation. While lower charges were noted at NCI-PPS, they received higher reimbursement. Dual PPS/340B status commanded the highest charged prices and quickest price increases. Our study informs greater price transparency regulation at NCICCs and raises questions regarding utility of special status benefits from the federal government.[Table: see text]

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Mao, Haiwen, Pibo Ma, and Gaoming Jiang. "Filtration Property of Monofilament Core–Shell Mesh Fabric Treated Via Tourmaline Hot Coating." Autex Research Journal 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2018-0028.

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Abstract In this study, woven fabrics with numerous electrostatic charges and desirable charge stability were investigated. A kind of core–shell monofilaments with different melting points between outer and inner layers were applied to wove the fabrics. These fabrics were hot coated through tourmaline particles as an charge enhancer at 122°C. Benefiting from the anions released by tourmaline particles and optimized content of the particles, the fabrics were endowed with surface potentials from −10 to −160 V and the voids content decreased from 45.4% to 41.2%, which contribute to the improvement in the filtration performance of the fabrics. A filtration mechanism was proposed while incremental surface charges with increasing tourmaline particles content have been confirmed through the noncontact measurement of electrostatic charges. The resultant fabrics exhibited a high filtration efficiency of 64.8% and superior long-term service performance. This study can provide a new application of the screen window for PM 2.5 governance.

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Wang, Shuo, and Michael Lynn. "The Effects of Service Charges Versus Service-Included Pricing on Deal Perception." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 41, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348014525636.

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Study participants rated menu prices with an automatic percentage service gratuity as better deals than equivalent service-included prices when the service component of price was below the standard 15% tipping rate. However, the reverse was true when the service component of price was above 15%. Furthermore, a move from percentage service gratuity toward dollar service gratuity impeded participants’ menu price judgment. These findings provide some insights regarding which pricing alternative to tipping should be implemented if and when restaurateurs decide to abandon voluntary tipping.

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Mitchell, Douglas W. "Explicit Interest and Demand Deposit Service Charges: Comment." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 20, no. 2 (May 1988): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1992116.

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Merris, Randall C. "Explicit Interest and Demand Deposit Service Charges: Note." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 17, no. 4 (November 1985): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1992449.

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Noor, Mohd Nazali Mohd, and Michael Pitt. "A discussion of UK commercial property service charges." Journal of Retail & Leisure Property 8, no. 2 (May 2009): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/rlp.2009.4.

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Barker, Joseph W. "Unbundling Serials Vendors' Service Charges: Are We Ready?" Serials Review 16, no. 2 (June 1990): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00987913.1990.10763944.

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Garattini, Silvio. "Italy: National health service intact but charges rise." Lancet 340, no. 8829 (November 1992): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92909-y.

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Eccles, Timothy, and Andrew Holt. "Service Charges in Commercial Property: measuring code compliance." Facilities 30, no. 11/12 (August 17, 2012): 488–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632771211252324.

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Yamakawa, Hajime, and Junya Yano. "Historical Changes in Household Waste Collection Service Charges." Journal of the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts 19, no. 3 (2008): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jswme.19.212.

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Baulin, D. "NITRO CELLULOSE POWDER CHARGES OF LONG SERVICE LIFE: PROBLEMS AND THEIR POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2021.4.04.

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One of the components of the problem of Ukraine's national security is the loading of warehouses with a variety of ammunition with an expired guaranteed storage period. The experience of storing ammunition shows that during long-term storage, propylene powder used in ammunition is capable of spontaneously undergoing various physical and chemical transformations, which negatively affects the ballistic characteristics of ammunition. The lack of ammunition production in Ukraine has led to the fact that ammunition is currently in operation, the storage time of which reaches 25-30 years or more. This article analyzes publications devoted to scientific research related to the problems of ballistic stability of propellants. A number of factors are presented that affect the physicochemical stability of powder charges during their long-term operation. The generalizing data on changes in the main ballistic characteristics of ammunition at different periods of their storage are presented. It is assumed that one of the ways to improve the ballistic and energy characteristics of ammunition with long service lives can be the regeneration of nitrocellulose powder charges. It is shown that at present there are no methods for the regeneration of propellant charges of long service life. However, there are encouraging data on the treatment of propellants with hydrogen peroxide, on the basis of which a technology can be developed for the complete or partial restoration of the ballistic and energy characteristics of the propellant charge. It is presented that the predictive assessment of changes in the characteristics of ammunition with long service lives does not correspond to their real indicators. It has been determined that the problem of nitrocellulose propellants of long service life is complex and, on the basis of its solution, theoretical and methodological foundations of the regeneration of nitrocellulose propellant charges can be developed to homologate the ballistic and energy characteristics of ammunition.

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Irene Hanna H. Sihombing and I Wayan Yudha Pangestu. "The Influence of Financial Compensation on the Performance of Daily Workers at the Laguna Resort and Spa Nusa Dua, Bali." Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani 3, no. 7 (July 30, 2023): 1442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/mudima.v3i7.4851.

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The development of regulations, policies and strategies applied by The Laguna Resort and Spa Nusa Dua, Bali by providing additional financial compensation in the form of service charges to daily workers which are not applied by hotels in general. The assessment of this decision is certainly important to determine the effect of financial compensation on the performance of the daily workers. This study successfully identified and observed items of financial compensation that affect the performance of daily workers, namely related to the fulfillment of basic wages, adjustment of basic wages, provision of service charges, safety benefits and provision of adequate work tools. Financial compensation has a positive and significant effect with a value of 53.3% on the performance of the daily workers, where the service charge is the most influential item of financial compensation in improving performance. Meanwhile, the increase in work productivity shown through the level of attendance at work every month is the highest item affected by financial compensation. In addition, the increase in daily worker performance is also influenced by other variables not examined in this study

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Salhany, Richard J., Daniel Genovese-Scullin, Jasmin A. Eversley-Danso, Humroy Mendez, Vladimir Rubinshteyn, and Nisha Lakhi. "Evaluating Inpatient Hospital Charges Associated With Trauma Service Patients Participating in an Accountable Care Organization." Health Services Insights 16 (January 2023): 117863292311663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786329231166367.

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Background: The Medicare Accountable Care Organization (ACO) Program has created a vehicle for providers who practice cost containment and exceed quality for the Medicare population. The success of ACO’s nationwide have been well documented. However, there is little research evaluating if there is a cost saving benefit in trauma care with respect to participating in an ACO. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate inpatient hospital charges associated with trauma service utilization of patients participating in the ACO compared to non-ACO patients. Methods: This case-control retrospective study includes a comparison of inpatients charges of ACO patients (cases) and general trauma patients (controls) presenting to our trauma center in Staten Island, New York from January 1st, 2019 to December 31st, 2021. A 1:1 matching of case to control was performed based on age, sex, race, and injury severity score. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS, with P < .05 as significant. Results: A total of 80 patients were included in the ACO cohort and 80 matched in the General Trauma cohort. Patient demographics were similar. Comorbidities were similar with the exception of a higher in incidence of hypertension (75.0% vs 47.5%, P < .001) and cardiac disease (35.0% vs 17.5%, P = .012) in the ACO cohort. Both the ACO and general trauma cohort had similar Injury Severity Scores, number of visits and lenght of stay. Both charge total ($76 148.93 vs $70 916.82, P = .630) receipt total ($15 080.26 vs $14 180, P = .662) charges were similar between ACO and General Trauma patients. Conclusion: In spite of increased incidence of hypertension and cardiac disease in ACO trauma patients, mean Injury Severity Score, number of visits, length of hospital stay, ICU admission rate and charge total was similar compared to general trauma patients presenting to our Level 1 Adult Trauma Center.

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Kim, Chi Heon, Chun Kee Chung, Yunhee Choi, Juhee Lee, Seung Heon Yang, Chang Hyun Lee, Sung Bae Park, Kyoung-Tae Kim, John M. Rhee, and Moon Soo Park. "Direct medical costs after surgical or nonsurgical treatment for degenerative lumbar spinal disease: A nationwide matched cohort study with a 10-year follow-up." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): e0260460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260460.

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Objective The demand for treating degenerative lumbar spinal disease has been increasing, leading to increased utilization of medical resources. Thus, we need to understand how the budget of insurance is currently used. The objective of the present study is to overview the utilization of the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) by providing the direct insured cost between patients receiving surgery and patients receiving nonsurgical treatment for degenerative lumbar disease. Methods The NHIS-National Sample Cohort was utilized to select patients with lumbar disc herniation, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis or spondylolysis. A matched cohort study design was used to show direct medical costs of surgery (n = 2,698) and nonsurgical (n = 2,698) cohorts. Non-surgical treatment included medication, physiotherapy, injection, and chiropractic. The monthly costs of the surgery cohort and nonsurgical cohort were presented at initial treatment, posttreatment 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and yearly thereafter for 10 years. Results The characteristics and matching factors were well-balanced between the matched cohorts. Overall, surgery cohort spent $50.84/patient/month, while the nonsurgical cohort spent $29.34/patient/month (p<0.01). Initially, surgery treatment led to more charge to NHIS ($2,762) than nonsurgical treatment ($180.4) (p<0.01). Compared with the non-surgical cohort, the surgery cohort charged $33/month more for the first 3 months, charged less at 12 months, and charged approximately the same over the course of 10 years. Conclusion Surgical treatment initially led to more government reimbursement than nonsurgical treatment, but the charges during follow-up period were not different. The results of the present study should be interpreted in light of the costs of medical services, indirect costs, societal cost, quality of life and societal willingness to pay in each country. The monetary figures are implied to be actual economic costs but those in the reimbursement system instead reflect reimbursement charges from the government.

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Katz, Patricia P., Jonathan A. Showstack, John R. Lake, Robert S. Brown, Jr., R. Adams Dudley, M. Esther Colwell, Russell H. Wiesner, Rowen K. Zetterman, and James Everhart. "METHODS TO ESTIMATE AND ANALYZE MEDICAL CARE RESOURCE USE." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 15, no. 2 (May 1999): 366–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462399015287.

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This paper describes a method to construct a standardized health care resource use database. Billing and clinical data were analyzed for 916 patients who received liver transplantations at three medical centers over a 4-year period. Data were checked for completeness by assessing whether each patient's bill included charges covering specified dates and for specific services, and for accuracy by comparing a sample of bills to medical records. Detailed services were matched to a standardized service list from one of the centers, and a single price list was applied. For certain services, clinical data were used to estimate service use or, if a match was not possible, adjusted charges for the services were used. Twenty-three patients were eliminated from the database because of incomplete resource use data. There was very good correspondence between bills and medical records, except for blood products. Direct matches to the standardized service list accounted for 69.3% of services overall; 9.4% of services could not be matched to the standardized service list and were thus adjusted for center and/or time period. Clinical data were used to estimate resource use for blood products, operating room time, and medications; these estimations accounted for 21.3% of services overall.A database can be constructed that allows comparison of standardized resource use and avoids biases due to accounting, geographic, or temporal factors. Clinical data are essential for the creation of such a database. The methods described are particularly useful in studies of the cost-effectiveness of medical technologies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Service charges'

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