Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Service militaire obligatoire – Histoire'
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Catros, Philippe. "Des citoyens et des soldats : histoire politique de l'obligation militaire en France de la Révolution au début de la Troisième République (1789-1872)." Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20059.
Full textThe liberal French Revolution of 1789 rejects all ideas of military service but, forced by the 1789 armed revolution and radicalisation that led to war, the French revolution is compelled to resort to enforcing enrolment before it established a military conscription and defining five classes of conscripts for the Republic. Making use of this conscription, Napoleon's government develops it further by enforcing recruitment which makes military enrolment rational recruitment. This is the kind of enforced recruitment that the French Restauration will put in place in 1818 under the name of " appeal ", having abolished the conscription for building up a professional army. But the same tensions are experienced as during the rising up of the French Revolution during the XIXth century. In opposition to those who want to identify citizens with soldiers, those who want to reduce the standing army which demonstrates too openly the military power of the State or those who want to turn the national guard into a national militia, those who want to bring together citizens and soldiers by turning the standing army into a national military high school, there are always those who want a distinct differenciation between the civil and military society of the State - it is them who defend the possibility of replacement and a long lasting military service. From the " Monarchy of Juillet " to the second French Empire, they were responsible for the failure of numerous projects of reform. In fact, we must wait for the emergence of Prussian power, and especially the disaster of 1870, to establish again the principle of personal service. Nevertheless the syncretism of 1872, for which the main point is the deletion of the replacement, does not identify symbolically the citizen with the soldier as was the case during the French Revolution, and furthermore, it does not see in each citizen an effective soldier. The professional army born under the French Restauration does not disappear, even if it has a new function : that of providing military training to new citizens. Finally the law of 1872 establishes two principles : obligation for every citizen to enrol during wartime - legitimated by patriotic duty - and a first military organisation of the nation (not in the form of this armed militia claimed since the French Revolution - an army merged in the nation - but in the form of an armed nation, with a military system geared to enrol its citizens during wartime
Saliba, Fabrice. "Les politiques de recrutement militaire britannique et française (1920-1939)." Montpellier 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON30029.
Full textMilitary recruiting policies determines the manpower owed to the army. Studying British and French army recruitment is not only a military history work. British and French traditions in this subject are very different. In United Kingdom, the army is constituted by voluntaries, professionals. In France, military manpower is mainly recruited by compulsory service. Otherwise, problems about military recruitment are closely linked with the State structures; thus it's possible to study on institutional, social and political indeed even diplomatic issues. Decisions about personnel, not only reflect the dominant tendency of the military policy of a State, but come within the more general scope linked with international relationships. Then, regulations determine partly the role given by the executive power to the army. The subject raises a lot of questions: Why France considered conscription as an essential point of her defence between the wars, while Britain thought that compulsory military service was impossible to implement in peacetime? Moreover, is military recruitment a consequence of the military policy, or is the manpower system influencing the military doctrine?
Guerreiro, Lucy. "Arrière-ban et noblesse : le service militaire féodal en France (1445-1598)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025ANGE0007.
Full textDuring the 15th century, the french royal army was composed of several armed forces and primarily the ban and arriere ban. Even with creation of a permanent army in 1445 by Charles VII, the feudal military service due to the king by his vassals for possession of a fief continues. Composed by the whole nobility, it is inside arriere ban that nobles fight and ensure the protection of society. During the 16th century, the royal power never ceased to use it and to try to reform it in order to make it more effective and adapt it to the new conditions of war. As in 1503-1504, where, under Marshal de Gié, a general survey of fiefs of the kingdom was launched. In 1539-1541, Francis I launched a new general survey which resulted in the development of income thresholds associated with a type of military equipment, because type of military service depended on level of feudataries’ incomes.The purpose of this work is to draw a portrait of the feudal military institution, to understand its organization and operating during 150 years with three types of sources. Royal orders and Rules because it rules feudal military service. Convocations, which is the king’s calling nobles and feudataries to war, because it permits to observe when arriere ban is used by the royal power. Finally, the « roles », lists of names of feudataries which contain informations like incomes levels and military equipment. The question is to see how far arriere ban is integrated into the wars of the late 15th and 16th centuries and to identify its missions, in a time of changes at war and affirmation of the Modern State
Crépin, Annie. "Levées d'hommes et esprit public en Seine-et-Marne de la Révolution à la fin de l'Empire (1791-1815)." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010510.
Full textRevolution created national army that directory institutionalised by Jourdan law wich became basis of consular and imperial conscription. Departments attitude was very diverse in front of conscription, like in front of first levy in 1791. Seine-Et-Marne, very near the capital of centralizing state, is also a rich region of cerealicultur, whose economic and social structures are already modern. The progress of levies and requisitioning is well and quickly accepted even requisitioning of 300. 000 men. The attitude of department was exactly the same during conscription of consulat and empire which didn't give rise to important opposition or rebelliousness. Conscription was well accepted because it wasn't a too heavy demographic burden neither a constraint for these salaried employees who composed the majority of conscripts
Boulanger, Philippe. "Géographie historique de la conscription et des conscrits en France de 1914 à 1922 d'après les comptes rendus sur le recrutement de l'armée." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040241.
Full textThe geography of conscription and conscripts in France from 1914 to 1922 defines a field of thought both in space and time, starting from a military source the first field of research and the reports about recruitment made by the army then after those reports can be confronted to the analysis of others sources : civil and military, private and public they essentially offers to measure the singularity of conscription in the French space during the application time on the 7th august 1913 law's on military recruitment. Thank to this, it permits to define an original problematic : how this military institution, as regard to the deep political, social and cultural impacts, takes place in the metropolitan and national territory, as well as in the French national identity? Besides a first unity of sources and its critics, presentation of the method approach of this subject finds his articulation on two parts: the first about the territorial dimension of conscription, the second about the social geography of conscripts. In the first part will be seen the elements inherent in the historical geography of this military institution, which became universal and obligatory in 1905. The territorial structures, the regional contrasts of recruitment, the relationships between conscription, the territory and the national assimilation, define his spatial dimension, as well as on the military / political / cultural plane the second part turns on the sociocultural characteristics of conscripts. The levels of instruction the professions and the health of the young men, compiled and examined by the military administration are analyzed according to a spatiotemporal approach. They offer to measure, among others conclusions the progressive disparition of the Saint-Malo -Geneva line, that determinates a secularly and cultural between two France of inegal development
Pigeard, Alain. "La loi Jourdan-Delbrel du 19 fructidor an VI : application et évolution en France du 5 septembre 1798 au 4 juin 1814." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOD001.
Full textThis act dated on fructidor 19th in the year VI (september 5th 1798), upon general Jourdan's proposition based on the following principles : in case of danger in homeland, all the citizens had to do their military service, the length of which was unlimited. French young men aged 20 to 25 were all concerned. Replacement was authorised and from the year x, conscription became the recruiting system of armies. The opposition to that system concerned (tougher from 1812) and according to the regions, (the south west of France was more opposed to conscription). The law passed on fructidor 8th in the year XIII settles the drawing lots, the legal exemptions and authorizes replacement. A lot of draft evaders or rebellions people (about 1/4) refused to obey these military duties. So, "mobile columns" of soldiers and men at arms were set up to track those who refused to go. In spite of the laws of amnesty, the opposition always remained rather sharp. The number of conscripts between 1804 and 1813 was 2 432 335 men, a great number of whom never rejoined the depots. That law was abroged by the 1st restauration in 1814 and restored in 1818 in the name of Gouvion Saint-Cyr act
Lecomte, Jean-Philippe. "Représentations et réalités des fonctions sociales du service militaire dans la société française (1868-2001)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001IEPP0023.
Full textMarly, Mathieu. "L’âme des régiments : le corps des sous-officiers : promotion, recrutement et discipline dans les rangs de l’armée française (1872-1914)." Thesis, Lille 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL30037.
Full textFrom 1872 to 1914, the French Army kept incorporating a growing number of young men who came to perform their military service. Thus, the Army became a « National Army » , associating the Nation and the military institution through the figure of the « citizen-soldier ». Beyond words and ideological postures, the point of this research is to comprehend how the military institution and the French society have been transformed by compulsory military service. To this end, a socio-historical approach focusing on non-commissioned officers, allows us to explore the features of hierarchical promotion and military discipline. This research reveals how the defense of the « military specifics» was a way of strengthening the symbolic domination of officers. A notice to military promotion also reveals the crucial part of meritocracy which transformed social and hierarchical relations in the French Army. Finally, the analysis of disciplinary rules give reasons for military obedience into the barracks. These elements enlighten how the criteria for recruitment, promotions and disciplinary procedures developed during peacetime did not disappear after 1914
Seigan, Kôbô. "La conscription dans le departement de la seine-inferieure (an vi - 1815)." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010608.
Full textFirst of all, it's advisable to note the quantitative importance of the conscripts during the war of the revolution and of the empire. In the case of seine-inferieure, napoleon required that the half number of young people who had not been exempted should serve his army. In this way, numerous levies made the many conscripts leave for the army, and progressively brought the population to get used to the conscription and the army. Nevertheless, the conscription generated equally insoumis and deserters. Their action, supported by the local community, was very dynamic especially under the directory. That showed the indifference of the general public toward the military service, the french army, and the destiny of the nation-state. Then, napoleonic authorities finally succeeded in reducing effectively the number of the conscript rebels. The common people were thus obliged to be interested in the army and to implicate themselves in the fate of france. However, a part of the seine-inferieure population bypassed the conscription by means of fraud. The imperial gouvernement could not easily suppress such fraud as simulated illness, voluntary mutilation, the fabrication of fake documents, and the corruption of civil servants. All the same, the fraudsters were also interested in the conscription, although the sense of their interest was not the same as the one from the authorities
Tilch, Florence. "Récits de déserteurs et de volontaires : enquête sur la configuration narrative de deux figures de l'imaginaire franco-québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29712/29712.pdf.
Full textMilitary deserters and military volunteers represent two antagonistic choices during wartime. These choices are difficult to define, and both embody the unique symbolism in Quebec’s past. For example, in French-speaking Quebec, volunteers and deserters are surrounded by mythistories, historical accounts which ascribe significance to these roles beyond simple acceptance or rejection of military service. Since the Boer Wars in South Africa, Canada has debated its alliances and discussed its historical trajectory, its origins, and its destiny whenever troops are sent abroad. Hence, volunteers and deserters are often depicted in significantly charged contexts and in stories that are determined by narrative structures. To understand these two roles in the Quebecer collective reference, we need to examine the historical narratives of Quebec, including the depictions of both World Wars and the stories of the deserters and the volunteers. These narrative worlds are neither static nor isolated; in fact, they are constantly changing. Different discourses, such as fiction and historiography, enter into the dialogue. In this thesis, we investigate the multiple changing values and principles represented by these two protagonists, both in the historical narratives and the stories that characterize the collective imagination. We examine fictional sources, including novels and theatrical works, in which volunteers and deserters are portrayed side by side and are thus comparable. We analyze plot structure to establish different leitmotifs, to define the roles of military deserter and military volunteer, and to understand their roles in the representations of the World Wars. In this way, we can evaluate the subtle and complex transformations of Quebec’s historical narrative and offer a new perspective on the everlasting negotiations with the community’s identity references.
Boulanger, Philippe. "La France devant la conscription : géographie historique d'une institution républicaine : 1914-1922 /." [Paris] : Commission française d'histoire militaire : Institut de stratégie comparée : Economica, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37209419c.
Full textRousseau, Frédéric. "Service militaire au 19e siècle : de la résistance à l'obéissance : un siècle d'apprentissage de la patrie dans le département de l'Hérault /." [Montpellier] : [Université Paul Valéry], UMR 5609 du CNRS-ESID, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370894008.
Full textKugener, Ivan. "Aspects du syndrome anxio-dépressif réactionnel à la mise en situation militaire : à propos de 70 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25214.
Full textCrépin, Annie. "Levées d'hommes et esprit public en Seine-et-Marne de la Révolution à la fin de l'Empire (1791-1815)." Lille : A.N.R.T. de l'Université de Lille III, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37148396z.
Full textN° de : "Lille thèses", ISSN 0294-1767, (1990). L'en-tête de la microfiche porte comme nom d'auteur : Saliget Annie, épouse Crépin.
Spina, Raphaël. "La France et les Français devant le service du travail obligatoire (1942-1945)." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00749560.
Full textFOURNIER, JEAN PIERRE. "Histoire du service de sante militaire francais pendant la guerre 1914-1918." Montpellier 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON30041.
Full textThe subject which i have chosen to discuss in this thesis is the development of the french military medical service throughout the various stages of the first world war. Everyone is aware that, in 1914, the army medical service was not prepared for assuming a responsibility that it could not fail to under-estimate. France had been at peace since 1870 and the experience was so distant that it was difficult to forecast the role of the medical services in the coming conflict. Nonetheless, the 7th division, in subservience to the doctrine of the corps, clung to its out-dated notions. The purpose of this essay, therefore, is to show what tremendous efforts the medical corps had to make in order to accomphish its four-year mission of alleviation, during which time their sole aim was to make life tolerable for the wounded. Changes could only come about after severe reorganisation - which occured in fits and starts - and under the pressure of painful events, such as the memorable and terrible "1914 pell-mell" widely reported in the press at the time. In fact, it took not far from five years and some aberrant instances (particularly the disastrous offensive of the chemin des dames) for the medical corps finally to obtain its independence and, above all, no longer to be left in ignorance of the plans of attack drawn up in the secret of military headquarters
Chauvin-Hameau, Paul. "L'obligation militaire sous l'Ancien Régime." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS364.
Full textUnder the Ancien Régime, the French army was, in principle, composed of professional troops recruited on a voluntary basis. In addition, recruitment included various forms of military obligation, such as the arrière-ban, the watch and guard or the territorial militia. The technical aspects of those institutions are well known, as are their origins, their evolutions, and their scope. But the underlying foundations and limitations of the enforcement powers implied by them are not. There have been classic accounts of the history of conscription, pro patria mori, or the obligation to die for the state. But their conclusions are contradictory; they overlook the doctrine and legislation of the Ancien Régime, and they embrace but a fraction of the conditions governing the legitimacy of the obligation for subjects to risk their lives and kill. The subject of this present work is to offer an account of the justifications put forward in favor or against military obligation, and to identify the debates it has generated between the 16th and the 18th century. In order to clarify and organise the syncretism of the preambles of the royal legislation and detect the challenges that allows to overcome the arguments, it was deemed necessary to model the thesis plan on the treatment order of the military obligation in doctrinal publications. They address that topic from three complementary perspectives, with three sets of cumulative conditions corresponding to three affiliations that define a person’s status: citizen, who are members of the body politic; Christians, who are members of the mystical body of the Church; men members of an order or considered in their individuality. Three series of goods correspond to those three types: the common good of the State, the divine good, common as well, and the individual good. Those three goods correspond to the classical conditions of the law’s legitimacy that, in Thomistic doctrine, are aimed at the common good, must abide by the divine law and be justly distributed. These sets of considerations help to structure the thesis in three parts. Two conclusions can be drawn from the overview of the conditions for the legitimacy of military obligation under the Ancien Régime. Firstly, it shows a constant need of legitimation of a deadly duty. As absolute as he was, the King of France could not demand ad nutum military obligation. He needed to, at least, put forward an argument and, at best, respect certain conditions. Secondly, the history of the justifications for military obligation under the Ancien Régime is that of a progress of the common good, which led to push back the traditional limitations to the royal power. This evolution is not without instigating criticism of the doctrine that, in a certain way, seeks to protect the individual
Sánchez, Toro Luis. "Obligados a ser hombres y a vestir como soldados. Antecedentes históricos de la obligatoriedad militar masculina, para la ley de 1900. El discurso de las élites en los periódicos y medios sobre el cuerpo de los hombres." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/110405.
Full textKaya, Sümbül. "La production militaire du citoyen : sociologie politique de la conscription en Turquie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010360.
Full textNo English summary available
Roynette, Odile. "Les années de service : la découverte de la caserne (1873-1899)." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010657.
Full textMoulin, Philippe Alain Georges. "Le service de santé militaire et la Révolution de 1848." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M161.
Full textMasson, Rémi. "La Maison militaire du roi : d'une garde domestique à une élite militaire (ca. 1610-ca. 1715)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010672.
Full textAt the beginning of the Modern Times, the military household of the king of France was a mere personal guard of the sovereign and the royal family. Yet, in the second part of the XVIIe century, it became the head of the French army. The Maison du roi exerienced a real boost from the reign of Louis XIII onwards. However, it is actually with Louis XIV that this institution gathered the elite units of the army. These units were to serve as the head of his army and provide qualified officers, as well as close protection of the sovereign and his familiy. The objective of this research is to highlight the creation and organisation of the first elite units of the French army. This research also focuses on how the king’s military household illustrated the grip of the military by louis XIV, particulary through the compromise, which is established in the most prestigious body of the army between birth and merit
Fu, Hung-chung. "Le service militaire en Chine à la veille de la Révolution chinoise 1937-1949." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0171.
Full textConscription was the uppermost cause of popular unrest during ail those years marked by disruptive changes and dominatec by wars. Dodging military service became the main concern for young men of draft âge and therefore confronted with recruitment which, as a rule, had become mandatory. On the other hand, the administration was facing a popular protest derived both from the unjustly biased process of recruitment and the reaction of people overburdened with new taxes being levied in order to provide for the purchase of volunteer substitutes or stand-ins. In many a big rural district, clashes arising from monthly at first, then yearly conscription - gradually turned into premeditated violent collective fights staged and directed against local authorities. That kind of civil disobedience thereafter became a sort of commonplace event in peasant's daily life. So, ail the more as the previously quite common tax-riots of the past décades paved the way for actions by people standing up against military service
Suberchicot, Jean-Luc. "Le service de santé de la Marine Royale (1661-1793)." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040010.
Full textWilmart, Julien. "Les deux compagnies de Mousquetaires du roi de France (1622-1815) : corps d’élite, confiance royale et service extraordinaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUL092.
Full textThe two companies of the Mousquetaires du roi of France were part of the royal bodyguard units, named Maison militaire during the reign of Louis XIV. The first company was created in 1622 by Luis XIII from the unit of the Carabiniers instituted by his father Henry IV. This company remained active until 1646, when it was disbanded by Mazarin, to be revived by Luis XIV and Cardinal Mazarin in 1657. In 1634, the King transferred the command of the companies to a Captain-Lieutenant. This endorsement highlights the King’s respect and fondness towards the Mousquetaires. In 1660, Mazarin offered his own company of cavalry musketeers to Luis XIV as a wedding gift. Established in 1665, the two companies saw their functions expanded beyond their initial intrinsic role of royal bodyguards. Under Louis XIV, the Royal Household became an elite unit with a vital military role in wars. During his reign, the Mousquetaires participated to each war and forged their reputation as a crucial element to the success of the battles they fought. They became a symbol of the royal power and were employed by the King in delicate missions to shut down riots or silence prominent political figures. The Mousquetaires functioned as the royal political police. In addition to being recognized for their military prowess and benefiting from the King’s endorsement, under Louis XIV the Mousquetaires became a military school for the nobles, who were encouraged to join the company to gain the military experience needed as aspiring commanders. The two companies became indeed a treasure trove of officials for the Royal Army. Despite their dynamism and crucial role in containing the Flour War in Paris, the Mousquetaires were disbanded by Louis XVI in 1775. Only briefly reestablished within the “Armée des Princes” in 1791-1792 and under the Restoration in 1814, the companies were permanently disbanded in 1815 by Louis XVIII. The research on military history presented here focuses not only on the role of the Mousquetaires as an elite corps of the French army during the Old Regime, but also on the peculiarities that contributed to their fame
Drongiti, Angeliki. "Les suicides d'appelés dans l'armée de terre grecque : étude d’un fait social au prisme des institutions totalitaires et de l’ordre sexué." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080032.
Full textCompleting their nine-month military service is a legal obligation for young Greek men. Conscription is an essential step in Greek men’s social life: after being released from the army, they are socially validated as independent adult males, who are ready to find stable employment and to start a family. Nonetheless, a good number of conscripts take their own lives during military service. This PhD thesis examines the taboo phenomenon of suicide, which is highly paradoxical. Indeed, how can an institution claiming to make ‘real men’ and prepare them for civilian life can at once trigger suicidal behaviour? Drawing from a plurality of methodologies, this study uses a mosaic of complementary data to analyse the phenomenon, including semi-structured interviews with conscripts (among whom conscripts having attempted suicide, officers and sub-officers who experienced a conscript’s suicide, parents whose sons took their own lives, military psychiatrists, militants and journalists), an analysis of available statistical data on suicide from a variety of sources, as well as newspaper articles and military archives, and finally, the author’s participant observation during her internship is one of Greece’s three military hospitals. Taking its inspiration from the Durkheimian concept of suicide as social fact, the analysis relies upon the theory of gender relations and Goffman’s framework of total institutions. This thesis therefore stands at the crossroads of a sociology of suicide, a sociology of the army and a sociology of gender to throw light both on the root causes of suicide in the army and on the institution’s approaches to tackling suicide
Bergès, Louis. "La Société civile contre le recrutement à l'époque de la conscription militaire, 1798-1814 : le cas des départements aquitains." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010633.
Full textTThe twelwe southwestern departements of Aquitaine sheltered from the end of the directoire an active resistance to enrollment in the army. Draft dodging was at its highest in 1798-1799 (year an VII of the revolution calendar) and from 1805 to 1807, when Napoléon gained his greatest victories ; it decreased gradually afterwards due to clever forms of repression by the authorities and did not reappear until the very end of the empire, when France was invaded. Draft dodging found a widespread support among civilians that went as far as local authorities and even some prefecture civil servants. At all levels of society, everyone had then favourite way of escaping the law : the sons of the upper class would hire a replacement, the less rich would obtain illegal exemptions, while the poorest were forced to flee from the family home without hope of return. Though the practice of replacement highlights the injustice of the whole arrangement, draft dodging hardly seems to be a reaction of the poverty stricken against the prejudices of the conscription system. It was, finally, all of society that was opposed to conscription and thus supported the draft dodgers. Faced with such opposition, the authorities reacted by mixing firmness, psychology and clemency. But the operations of garrisons and of flying columns heightened an already tense situation. The explosion of collective revolts, notably in the mountain cantons of Ariège and of Haute-Garonne recall the uprisings against the state as tax collector under the ancien regime
Vautravers, Guillaume. "La Brigade Irlandaise au service de la France, 1690-1790." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOL015.
Full textBlanche, Goldsack Andrea Carolina. "Los pelaos del: 73 de victimarios a victimas olvidadas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/139643.
Full textEl autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento
Lejos del espíritu alfabetizador y educativo que tuvo para el mundo civil y popular la aprobación en 1900 de la ley Nº 1362 de Reclutas, muchos de los conscriptos que realizaron el Servicio Militar Obligatorio (SMO) siete décadas más tarde se sintieron traicionados y tremendamente dañados al salir licenciados dos o tres años después de asumir su compromiso con la patria en abril de 1973. Una querella interpuesta en 2009 por 438 de estos ex soldados, que demanda una reparación por el atropello a sus derechos humanos durante el cumplimiento de su SMO entre 1973 y 1989, da cuenta de que la contribución de las FFAA a la educación y bienestar del país contenida en la primera ley de reclusión no prevaleció en el tiempo. Pese a ello, en sus inicios, y aun cuando fue resistida por algunos sectores de la sociedad, como los anarquistas y los partidarios de la organización social y la educación estatal no militar, la ley de reclusión obligatoria promulgada a principios del siglo XX significó un importante avance en la alfabetización de una buena parte de la población popular masculina, más aún si se considera que la educación fiscal básica se hizo realidad recién en 1920, con la aprobación de la ley Nº 3.654 de Instrucción Primaria Obligatoria. Se trató de una de las tantas medidas de modernización y profesionalización emprendidas por el Ejército décadas antes, cuando finalizó la Guerra del Pacifico (1879-1884). Esta implementación estuvo ligada a la llegada del capitán alemán Emilio Körner Henze y de otros militares germanos, cuyas enseñanzas tuvieron como resultado una creciente “prusianización” del Ejército de Chile, donde uno de los ejes fundamentales lo constituye el concepto de “verticalidad del mando”. La duración de esa instrucción obligatoria era de un año. Posteriormente, en 1925, la ley Nª 678 aumentó la permanencia en las filas a 18 meses en el Ejército, y a dos años en la Marina. Este período de conscripción se redujo luego en 1931, con la puesta en marcha del DFL Nº 31. En 1953, con el DFL Nº 13, se agrega lo que se llamó el Cuerpo Militar del Trabajo, que perseguía entregar herramientas a los jóvenes reclutas para que pudieran desempeñarse laboralmente una vez que se licenciaran. En 1970 la ley de conscripción que regía era la Nº 11.170, que especificaba que el servicio militar tendría una duración de un año para el Ejército y la Aviación, mientras que en la Armada se prolongaría por dos años. Pese a este evidente aporte al desarrollo del país, el vínculo entre los militares y el mundo civil ha estado constantemente cargado de tensión desde fines del siglo XIX. La insurrección exhibida por la Armada durante la Guerra Civil de 1891 ya anticipaba que la relación cívico-militar sería convulsa en el transcurso del siglo XX. La sublevación que generó un quiebre en el seno del Ejército significó la toma de posición de las FFAA en un conflicto civil que tuvo un saldo de diez mil muertos. Posteriormente, al levantamiento de 1925 protagonizado por los jóvenes de los institutos militares se sumó el movimiento de 1932. Esos eventos dieron paso a un período de cuatro décadas en que los militares, en apariencia, se subordinaron al devenir de un país gobernado por civiles. No obstante, fue durante este último período que se gestó al interior de las FFAA la línea de pensamiento ideológico que estuvo detrás de la acción más mortífera y dañina que los militares chilenos dirigirían hacia sus compatriotas: el golpe de Estado del 11 de septiembre de 1973. La adopción de la Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional (DSN) y la Defensa Hemisférica, en el contexto del desarrollo de la Guerra Fría que devino al término de la Segunda Guerra Mundial orientó el foco en la defensa externa ante un enemigo foráneo, propio de los ejércitos en los que se cristaliza el Estado nacional, también hacia el “enemigo interno”: es decir, contra los civiles al interior del país que podrían constituir una amenaza al adscribirse a las ideas del socialismo y el marxismo. Estas doctrinas ya se ponían en práctica en un conjunto de naciones lideradas por la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (ex URSS), entre las cuales se encontraban algunos países latinoamericanos, como Cuba. Bajo esta lógica, las FFAA chilenas enfocaron su modernización en las décadas previas al golpe: el combate al enemigo interno se instaló en los programas de formación de los militares chilenos, y sucesivas promociones egresadas de la Academia de Guerra eran enviados a la Escuela de las Américas que tenía Estados Unidos en Panamá, donde aprendieron estrategias de contrainsurgencia. En este contexto el socialista Salvador Allende llegó a la presidencia de la República en 1970, apoyado por una base partidaria agrupada en la Unidad Popular (UP). Lo que vino en adelante no fue sino el derrotero inevitable de lo que significaría gobernar contra los intereses de Estados Unidos y de la clase oligárquica y empresarial chilena, que veía con estupor cómo el programa de la UP avanzaba en la conquista real de derechos sociales para las masas obreras, campesinas y populares, y afectaba sus propios intereses en tierras, propiedades e inversiones. El golpe de Estado de septiembre de 1973 encabezado por el general Augusto Pinochet se transformó en el punto culmine de tres años de tensión y conflictos políticos e ideológicos. En ese tiempo las FFAA fueron dejando de lado la subordinación al poder civil que marcó las cuatro décadas precedentes. La Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional, que tomó cada vez más fuerza al interior de la institución castrense, se materializó en el entrenamiento que recibieron quienes se presentaron a cumplir con el SMO en abril de 1973. Muchos de ellos, entrevistados para esta investigación, dan cuenta de la particular instrucción recibida en los casi seis meses anteriores al golpe: combate en poblaciones, asalto a localidades civiles y otras enseñanzas que estaban relacionadas más con el resguardo del orden público interno, que con una preparación para repeler el ataque de fuerzas foráneas. El periodista, analista internacional y especialista en temas de seguridad y defensa, Raúl Sohr, rescata las palabras del fallecido general Alejandro Medina Lois para explicar la escala de prioridades que imperó por décadas en el Ejército chileno, teñido por la DSN: “Los mayores peligros que amenazan a Chile son el quiebre de la unidad nacional, la alteración del orden y la paz interna, y por último la agresión externa”. Se trató, según Sohr, de una guerra “a la subversión marxista y al terrorismo como los enemigos principales” , que a partir del golpe contra el gobierno socialista de Allende no hizo sino instaurarse a sangre y fuego, utilizando a los conscriptos como ejecutores de la cruzada definida por los altos mandos. En ese ambiente, quienes hoy bordean los 60 años cumplieron con su SMO. Según una aproximación entregada a la autora por la Oficina de Transparencia e Información Pública del Ejército, el año 1973 cumplieron con su servicio aproximadamente 18.497 ciudadanos, repartidos en diferentes unidades militares a lo largo del país
Eckert, Henri. "Les militaires indochinois au service de la France (1859-1939)." Lille : A.N.R.T, Université de Lille III, 1998. http://dds.crl.edu/CRLdelivery.asp?tid=11817.
Full textLestret, Jean-Philippe. "Une institution au service de la nation : entre fonctions militaires et fonctions civiles : les cent-cinquante premières années de l'École polytechnique (1794-1944)." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120043.
Full textThe seen of the thesis is to follow and analyse the evolution of the ambivalent nature of the "polytechnicien". From the beginning, we have both orientations : senior civil servant and or technical officer. The second caracteristic being, from the beginning the privileged profession. This has been the principal aspect of the internal curriculum as well as the students aims. From the first world war until today, the school has gradually opted for they were rewardind civil and technical professions. While the military institution resist, trying to maintain a constant flow of officers to wind the engineers and scientific welfare corps. The impact of the second world war and the rapidly rotenal advantages of a civil career have totaly inversed the students spirit and the polytechnic school role in building the national elite
Bantigny, Ludivine. "Le plus bel âge ? : jeunes, institutions et pouvoirs en France des années 1950 au début des années 1960." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003IEPP0021.
Full textVillegas, Páucar Salmuel Alcides. "Estado de violencia, oficiales y tropa en las zonas de emergencia, Ayacucho 1980-2000." Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11842.
Full textTesis
Pigeard, Alain. "Le service des vivres dans les armées du Premier Empire 1804-1815 (armée de terre)." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040045.
Full textAfter seizing power on 18 Brumaire, Bonaparte set to reorganizing the army he had inherited from the old regime and the revolution. Of all the reforms, the service of provisions, sorely extended during the campaigns of 1792 to 1799 would receive particular attention right up until the end of the Empire. Two distinct ministries would be created: the ministry of war and the ministry of war administration; with the service of provisions depending on the latter (the precise designation was to change frequently). The war administrators corps, created on the 29th of January, 1800, would have the highly demanding task of organizing the supply of troops that would roam throughout the European continent. The vast size of the armies and the increasingly distant campaigns would force napoleon to use inexact methods (requisitioning, special levying). The severest shortages would be felt during the Polish (1807), Russian (1812) Spanish and Portuguese (1807-1813) campaigns; the absence of provisions would sometimes be replaced by looting. Even with the best imperial will, the system never functioned correctly; the cost of the wars being a factor of considerable importance. The soldier was all too often forced to improvise; the Napoleonic wars would serve as
Klapka, Petr. "Jean-Louis Ratuit de Souches (1608-1682). De La Rochelle au service des Habsbourg. Contribution à l'étude des migrations nobiliaires francophones dans les pays de la Couronne de Bohême aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040039/document.
Full textNoble society in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown knew from 1620 to the 1650’s considerable transformations. The radical change in its structure was in part linked to the arrival of new families from mostly German speaking nobility. These families weren’t the only ones to look for career and fortune at the service of the Emperor. There were also many Spanish, Irish and Scottish noble families, the families that came from Spanish Holland and the French lineages. These ones originated from an important geographical area containing French regions of Burgundy, Provence, Artois and Hainaut with the town of Cambrai, Lorraine and going up to Savoy. Indeed, this type of migratory phenomenon extended largely its boundaries and we cannot limit the study to only the French because the culture and language were more important than origin. Yet, there is no analytical study of this type of migration and it remains widely neglected. The purpose of this study was to show the particular destiny of one nobleman in the Czech Crown Lands (specifically in the Margraviat of Moravia), Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches (1608-1682). Being a contemporary of the great and better-known military celebrities, such as Le Grand Condé, Raimondo Montecuccoli, Gustave-Adolphe or Turenne, Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches also accomplished great feats that must be studied. Born into small Huguenot nobility in La Rochelle, he pursued a career at the service of the Habsburgs. As a soldier, he often fought for the protestant cause, first in La Rochelle, his hometown, against the troops of Louis 13th, then with the Swedish army against the imperials. Later on, he became one of Ferdinand 3rd ’s general, then one of Leopold 1st ’s by using his knowledge of the enemy’s tactics to fight the Swedish and the French. Although he came from a modest household, he rose to be considered as one of the greatest military leaders at the time and amassed a considerable fortune earning him much respect but also criticism and jealousy from the Army and the Viennese Court. To be a part of this new milieu, Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches converted and to prove his faith, he even constructed a place of pilgrimage on his Moravian lands. Contrary to many of his fellow citizens, he deeply influenced the country’s History and his legend lived on after his death: there are countless stories, paintings and all kinds of monuments and festivities in his honor. However yet today, a lot of his personal and public life still unknown. These studies have also given a chance to conceive a catalog of biographical and bibliographical archives regarding the French speaking families that lived in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown between 1618 and 1740. The catalog guides us through this particular migratory phenomenon and may be the starting point of future studies
Klapka, Petr. "Jean-Louis Ratuit de Souches (1608-1682). De La Rochelle au service des Habsbourg. Contribution à l'étude des migrations nobiliaires francophones dans les pays de la Couronne de Bohême aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040039.
Full textNoble society in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown knew from 1620 to the 1650’s considerable transformations. The radical change in its structure was in part linked to the arrival of new families from mostly German speaking nobility. These families weren’t the only ones to look for career and fortune at the service of the Emperor. There were also many Spanish, Irish and Scottish noble families, the families that came from Spanish Holland and the French lineages. These ones originated from an important geographical area containing French regions of Burgundy, Provence, Artois and Hainaut with the town of Cambrai, Lorraine and going up to Savoy. Indeed, this type of migratory phenomenon extended largely its boundaries and we cannot limit the study to only the French because the culture and language were more important than origin. Yet, there is no analytical study of this type of migration and it remains widely neglected. The purpose of this study was to show the particular destiny of one nobleman in the Czech Crown Lands (specifically in the Margraviat of Moravia), Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches (1608-1682). Being a contemporary of the great and better-known military celebrities, such as Le Grand Condé, Raimondo Montecuccoli, Gustave-Adolphe or Turenne, Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches also accomplished great feats that must be studied. Born into small Huguenot nobility in La Rochelle, he pursued a career at the service of the Habsburgs. As a soldier, he often fought for the protestant cause, first in La Rochelle, his hometown, against the troops of Louis 13th, then with the Swedish army against the imperials. Later on, he became one of Ferdinand 3rd ’s general, then one of Leopold 1st ’s by using his knowledge of the enemy’s tactics to fight the Swedish and the French. Although he came from a modest household, he rose to be considered as one of the greatest military leaders at the time and amassed a considerable fortune earning him much respect but also criticism and jealousy from the Army and the Viennese Court. To be a part of this new milieu, Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches converted and to prove his faith, he even constructed a place of pilgrimage on his Moravian lands. Contrary to many of his fellow citizens, he deeply influenced the country’s History and his legend lived on after his death: there are countless stories, paintings and all kinds of monuments and festivities in his honor. However yet today, a lot of his personal and public life still unknown. These studies have also given a chance to conceive a catalog of biographical and bibliographical archives regarding the French speaking families that lived in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown between 1618 and 1740. The catalog guides us through this particular migratory phenomenon and may be the starting point of future studies
Prudhomme, Florence. "Naviguer en temps de révolution : le Chevalier de L'Espine (1759-1826), de l'Indépendance américaine au service de l'Autriche. Un destin au prisme de l'archéologie et de l'histoire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL078.
Full textAt the very beginning of the 21st century, a team of archaeologists dived on the wreck of a small 18th century warship in the north of the current Dominican Republic. Its hull is of American manufacture, its guns are Scottish and the buttons of uniforms are French. After having followed some false leads, the research in the National Archives makes it possible to solve this enigma: it concerns the French corvette Dragon of Chevalier de L’Espine, destroyed in January 1783 after a short action against British vessels ensuring the northern blockade of Santo Domingo. This identification serves as a catalyst for a historical research of which Chevalier Joseph de L'Espine du Puy (1759-1826) constitutes the central character. The investigation reveals the fate of the Navy officer L'Espine upstream and downstream of his gallant action in January 1783. Young Knight of Malta and officer of the Navy of Louis XVI, L'Espine participated in the American Revolution, did a mandatory service in the Navy of Malta, and took part in French naval intelligence secret missions. The French Revolution ruined his hopes and forced him into exile. In Austria, he won the confidence of the high Austrian authorities by unambiguously engaging with the armies of France from 1795. L'Espine quickly became one of the brains of an Austrian Navy questioned at each treaty signed between France and Austria. Promoted to Feldmarschall-Leutnant in 1813, L'Espine decided not to return to France at the Restauration. Appointed Governor of Milan in November 1825, he died there on December 31, 1826
Coudray, Pierre Louis. "Mourir à la guerre, survivre à la paix : les militaires irlandais au service de la France au XVIIIe siècle, une reconstruction historique." Thesis, Lille 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL3H010/document.
Full textThis PhD is a chronological study of the military presence of Irishmen in Franceunder the Ancien Regime linked to an analysis of the myth surrounding the Irish Brigade in the18th century. Based on primary sources, some of which have been hitherto unpublished, the firstfour chapters propose an historical framework of the Irish military community and thesometimes difficult but progressive acculturation of its members. The first chapter focuses onthe writings of the French elite as well as popular literature from England about the Irish in the“War of the three kings”, while the second one is about the image of the Irish soldiers in thepress on both sides of the Channel during the same period. The third one explains how thesemen came to be recognised by their peers as a valuable unit in the French royal army and thefourth one explores the tactics used by Irish militarymen and their families to integrate intoFrench society. These two chapters also show the gradual decline of the actual presence ofIrishmen within the ranks of the Brigade. The question of the memory attached to the battle ofFontenoy is at the very core of the fifth and sixth chapters where the part played by Irishmenon the 11th of May 1745 is minutely studied. The birth of a distinct Irish military identity in19th century writings is also discussed. The study focuses on 18th century sources for the fifthchapter and 19th century sources from France, England and Ireland for the sixth
Prudhomme, Florence. "Naviguer en temps de révolution : le Chevalier de L'Espine (1759-1826), de l'Indépendance américaine au service de l'Autriche. Un destin au prisme de l'archéologie et de l'histoire." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL078.
Full textAt the very beginning of the 21st century, a team of archaeologists dived on the wreck of a small 18th century warship in the north of the current Dominican Republic. Its hull is of American manufacture, its guns are Scottish and the buttons of uniforms are French. After having followed some false leads, the research in the National Archives makes it possible to solve this enigma: it concerns the French corvette Dragon of Chevalier de L’Espine, destroyed in January 1783 after a short action against British vessels ensuring the northern blockade of Santo Domingo. This identification serves as a catalyst for a historical research of which Chevalier Joseph de L'Espine du Puy (1759-1826) constitutes the central character. The investigation reveals the fate of the Navy officer L'Espine upstream and downstream of his gallant action in January 1783. Young Knight of Malta and officer of the Navy of Louis XVI, L'Espine participated in the American Revolution, did a mandatory service in the Navy of Malta, and took part in French naval intelligence secret missions. The French Revolution ruined his hopes and forced him into exile. In Austria, he won the confidence of the high Austrian authorities by unambiguously engaging with the armies of France from 1795. L'Espine quickly became one of the brains of an Austrian Navy questioned at each treaty signed between France and Austria. Promoted to Feldmarschall-Leutnant in 1813, L'Espine decided not to return to France at the Restauration. Appointed Governor of Milan in November 1825, he died there on December 31, 1826
Zografos, Anastasios. "Le volontaire dans l'armée grecque durant la guerre gréco-turque en Asie mineure (1919-1923)." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980333.
Full textGuinand, Julien. "Faire la guerre pour le roi aux portes de l'Italie : (1515-1559)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2109.
Full textWar in the royal army under Francis I and Henry II has long been perceived in historiography as poorly adapted to modern military requirements, which are closely associated with the use of firearms and the infantry. The weight of the chivalrous traditions and the lack of a complex military art seem decisive in this lack of innovation. On the other hand, another historiographical movement sees this practice of war as more violent and modern, with the use of foot soldiers and mercenaries giving rise to a culture of carnage and a level of savagery never seen before. It is thus opposed to medieval warfare, which was more controlled in appearance.This work questions the praxis of war of the king’s men and population in order to find the right level of their commitment. The Italian border, between the Rhone and the Po, in the southeastern part of the kingdom of France was chosen as the theatre of operations to be studied in this work. Its geographical marginality and the harshness of its relief offer an atypical situation to study the war in its complexity. Human, material, and logistical resources tested to their limits allow us to consider all the aspects of war. Everyone’s service can only be the result of a careful thought process. It mirrors the military imperatives and the expected war effort, and it is lived in both collectively and individually. It is not improvised by mere temerity. It is to be understood through the exchanges between men and State bodies comprising the Crown and the King. It thus reveals the organization of competences between the monarchical State and the local authorities. It updates their evolutions. Lastly, it concerns the crowd of people engaged in the military and non-combatants alike, who experience the ordeals of confrontations. The latter participated in making them live their conflicts through that of the king. This study is therefore that of a society at war confronting military conjunctures with its legacy and innovations, and it rejects the idea of a binary opposition between medieval war and modern war
Portelance, Philipp. "« Au service d’un autre roi » : les troupes étrangères allemandes au service du royaume de France (1740-1763)." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22032.
Full textGabriel, Sauvé. "La pensée navale et le débat sur la torpille en Angleterre au cours de la décennie 1880." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6968.
Full textGreat Britain saw in the 1880s, at the end of a period of intense technical change and before the publication of Mahan’s classic on Sea Power, the decline of the material way of thinking about naval affairs and the rise, from the years 1885 and 1886, of the historical school of John Knox Laughton. Proponents of a material method established the idea that technological change altered naval warfare in a fundamentally way. They were, however, opposed by the partisans of a historical method who supported the idea that naval warfare is set on some timeless principles which can be discovered by the use of the methods of the new historical profession. Throughout the decade, the material method, successful in an era of rapid technological change, quickly subsumed to Mahan’s precursors. In a debate originally dominated by tactics, we observe the introduction of strategy by the French materialist Jeune École. Consequently, strategy became the core of the historical school and seems closely linked to the rise of strategy as a subject of reflection. The Jeune École believed that the torpedo would democratize Sea Power in making the powerful navies to use its mastery over the oceans. The Jeune École’s original success was so great, in France and abroad, that it influenced the English’s debate. Although materialists in Great Britain where more moderate than in France, they finally got marginalize by the historical school using the Jeune École’s wildest claims to disqualify the materialist point of view. Studying the debates through the Royal United Service Institution Journal, this thesis shows the existence, in Great Britain, of a debate centered on two method of thinking naval warfare and contributes to reassess current historiography which still focuses solely on the rise of Mahan’s precursors.