Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Service militaire obligatoire'
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Boulanger, Philippe. "La France devant la conscription : géographie historique d'une institution républicaine : 1914-1922 /." [Paris] : Commission française d'histoire militaire : Institut de stratégie comparée : Economica, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37209419c.
Full textRousseau, Frédéric. "Service militaire au 19e siècle : de la résistance à l'obéissance : un siècle d'apprentissage de la patrie dans le département de l'Hérault /." [Montpellier] : [Université Paul Valéry], UMR 5609 du CNRS-ESID, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370894008.
Full textKugener, Ivan. "Aspects du syndrome anxio-dépressif réactionnel à la mise en situation militaire : à propos de 70 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25214.
Full textCrépin, Annie. "Levées d'hommes et esprit public en Seine-et-Marne de la Révolution à la fin de l'Empire (1791-1815)." Lille : A.N.R.T. de l'Université de Lille III, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37148396z.
Full textN° de : "Lille thèses", ISSN 0294-1767, (1990). L'en-tête de la microfiche porte comme nom d'auteur : Saliget Annie, épouse Crépin.
Kaya, Sümbül. "La production militaire du citoyen : sociologie politique de la conscription en Turquie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010360.
Full textNo English summary available
Chauvin-Hameau, Paul. "L'obligation militaire sous l'Ancien Régime." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS364.
Full textUnder the Ancien Régime, the French army was, in principle, composed of professional troops recruited on a voluntary basis. In addition, recruitment included various forms of military obligation, such as the arrière-ban, the watch and guard or the territorial militia. The technical aspects of those institutions are well known, as are their origins, their evolutions, and their scope. But the underlying foundations and limitations of the enforcement powers implied by them are not. There have been classic accounts of the history of conscription, pro patria mori, or the obligation to die for the state. But their conclusions are contradictory; they overlook the doctrine and legislation of the Ancien Régime, and they embrace but a fraction of the conditions governing the legitimacy of the obligation for subjects to risk their lives and kill. The subject of this present work is to offer an account of the justifications put forward in favor or against military obligation, and to identify the debates it has generated between the 16th and the 18th century. In order to clarify and organise the syncretism of the preambles of the royal legislation and detect the challenges that allows to overcome the arguments, it was deemed necessary to model the thesis plan on the treatment order of the military obligation in doctrinal publications. They address that topic from three complementary perspectives, with three sets of cumulative conditions corresponding to three affiliations that define a person’s status: citizen, who are members of the body politic; Christians, who are members of the mystical body of the Church; men members of an order or considered in their individuality. Three series of goods correspond to those three types: the common good of the State, the divine good, common as well, and the individual good. Those three goods correspond to the classical conditions of the law’s legitimacy that, in Thomistic doctrine, are aimed at the common good, must abide by the divine law and be justly distributed. These sets of considerations help to structure the thesis in three parts. Two conclusions can be drawn from the overview of the conditions for the legitimacy of military obligation under the Ancien Régime. Firstly, it shows a constant need of legitimation of a deadly duty. As absolute as he was, the King of France could not demand ad nutum military obligation. He needed to, at least, put forward an argument and, at best, respect certain conditions. Secondly, the history of the justifications for military obligation under the Ancien Régime is that of a progress of the common good, which led to push back the traditional limitations to the royal power. This evolution is not without instigating criticism of the doctrine that, in a certain way, seeks to protect the individual
Roynette, Odile. "Les années de service : la découverte de la caserne (1873-1899)." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010657.
Full textCrépin, Annie. "Levées d'hommes et esprit public en Seine-et-Marne de la Révolution à la fin de l'Empire (1791-1815)." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010510.
Full textRevolution created national army that directory institutionalised by Jourdan law wich became basis of consular and imperial conscription. Departments attitude was very diverse in front of conscription, like in front of first levy in 1791. Seine-Et-Marne, very near the capital of centralizing state, is also a rich region of cerealicultur, whose economic and social structures are already modern. The progress of levies and requisitioning is well and quickly accepted even requisitioning of 300. 000 men. The attitude of department was exactly the same during conscription of consulat and empire which didn't give rise to important opposition or rebelliousness. Conscription was well accepted because it wasn't a too heavy demographic burden neither a constraint for these salaried employees who composed the majority of conscripts
Boulanger, Philippe. "Géographie historique de la conscription et des conscrits en France de 1914 à 1922 d'après les comptes rendus sur le recrutement de l'armée." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040241.
Full textThe geography of conscription and conscripts in France from 1914 to 1922 defines a field of thought both in space and time, starting from a military source the first field of research and the reports about recruitment made by the army then after those reports can be confronted to the analysis of others sources : civil and military, private and public they essentially offers to measure the singularity of conscription in the French space during the application time on the 7th august 1913 law's on military recruitment. Thank to this, it permits to define an original problematic : how this military institution, as regard to the deep political, social and cultural impacts, takes place in the metropolitan and national territory, as well as in the French national identity? Besides a first unity of sources and its critics, presentation of the method approach of this subject finds his articulation on two parts: the first about the territorial dimension of conscription, the second about the social geography of conscripts. In the first part will be seen the elements inherent in the historical geography of this military institution, which became universal and obligatory in 1905. The territorial structures, the regional contrasts of recruitment, the relationships between conscription, the territory and the national assimilation, define his spatial dimension, as well as on the military / political / cultural plane the second part turns on the sociocultural characteristics of conscripts. The levels of instruction the professions and the health of the young men, compiled and examined by the military administration are analyzed according to a spatiotemporal approach. They offer to measure, among others conclusions the progressive disparition of the Saint-Malo -Geneva line, that determinates a secularly and cultural between two France of inegal development
Saliba, Fabrice. "Les politiques de recrutement militaire britannique et française (1920-1939)." Montpellier 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON30029.
Full textMilitary recruiting policies determines the manpower owed to the army. Studying British and French army recruitment is not only a military history work. British and French traditions in this subject are very different. In United Kingdom, the army is constituted by voluntaries, professionals. In France, military manpower is mainly recruited by compulsory service. Otherwise, problems about military recruitment are closely linked with the State structures; thus it's possible to study on institutional, social and political indeed even diplomatic issues. Decisions about personnel, not only reflect the dominant tendency of the military policy of a State, but come within the more general scope linked with international relationships. Then, regulations determine partly the role given by the executive power to the army. The subject raises a lot of questions: Why France considered conscription as an essential point of her defence between the wars, while Britain thought that compulsory military service was impossible to implement in peacetime? Moreover, is military recruitment a consequence of the military policy, or is the manpower system influencing the military doctrine?
Catros, Philippe. "Des citoyens et des soldats : histoire politique de l'obligation militaire en France de la Révolution au début de la Troisième République (1789-1872)." Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20059.
Full textThe liberal French Revolution of 1789 rejects all ideas of military service but, forced by the 1789 armed revolution and radicalisation that led to war, the French revolution is compelled to resort to enforcing enrolment before it established a military conscription and defining five classes of conscripts for the Republic. Making use of this conscription, Napoleon's government develops it further by enforcing recruitment which makes military enrolment rational recruitment. This is the kind of enforced recruitment that the French Restauration will put in place in 1818 under the name of " appeal ", having abolished the conscription for building up a professional army. But the same tensions are experienced as during the rising up of the French Revolution during the XIXth century. In opposition to those who want to identify citizens with soldiers, those who want to reduce the standing army which demonstrates too openly the military power of the State or those who want to turn the national guard into a national militia, those who want to bring together citizens and soldiers by turning the standing army into a national military high school, there are always those who want a distinct differenciation between the civil and military society of the State - it is them who defend the possibility of replacement and a long lasting military service. From the " Monarchy of Juillet " to the second French Empire, they were responsible for the failure of numerous projects of reform. In fact, we must wait for the emergence of Prussian power, and especially the disaster of 1870, to establish again the principle of personal service. Nevertheless the syncretism of 1872, for which the main point is the deletion of the replacement, does not identify symbolically the citizen with the soldier as was the case during the French Revolution, and furthermore, it does not see in each citizen an effective soldier. The professional army born under the French Restauration does not disappear, even if it has a new function : that of providing military training to new citizens. Finally the law of 1872 establishes two principles : obligation for every citizen to enrol during wartime - legitimated by patriotic duty - and a first military organisation of the nation (not in the form of this armed militia claimed since the French Revolution - an army merged in the nation - but in the form of an armed nation, with a military system geared to enrol its citizens during wartime
Pigeard, Alain. "La loi Jourdan-Delbrel du 19 fructidor an VI : application et évolution en France du 5 septembre 1798 au 4 juin 1814." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOD001.
Full textThis act dated on fructidor 19th in the year VI (september 5th 1798), upon general Jourdan's proposition based on the following principles : in case of danger in homeland, all the citizens had to do their military service, the length of which was unlimited. French young men aged 20 to 25 were all concerned. Replacement was authorised and from the year x, conscription became the recruiting system of armies. The opposition to that system concerned (tougher from 1812) and according to the regions, (the south west of France was more opposed to conscription). The law passed on fructidor 8th in the year XIII settles the drawing lots, the legal exemptions and authorizes replacement. A lot of draft evaders or rebellions people (about 1/4) refused to obey these military duties. So, "mobile columns" of soldiers and men at arms were set up to track those who refused to go. In spite of the laws of amnesty, the opposition always remained rather sharp. The number of conscripts between 1804 and 1813 was 2 432 335 men, a great number of whom never rejoined the depots. That law was abroged by the 1st restauration in 1814 and restored in 1818 in the name of Gouvion Saint-Cyr act
Drongiti, Angeliki. "Les suicides d'appelés dans l'armée de terre grecque : étude d’un fait social au prisme des institutions totalitaires et de l’ordre sexué." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080032.
Full textCompleting their nine-month military service is a legal obligation for young Greek men. Conscription is an essential step in Greek men’s social life: after being released from the army, they are socially validated as independent adult males, who are ready to find stable employment and to start a family. Nonetheless, a good number of conscripts take their own lives during military service. This PhD thesis examines the taboo phenomenon of suicide, which is highly paradoxical. Indeed, how can an institution claiming to make ‘real men’ and prepare them for civilian life can at once trigger suicidal behaviour? Drawing from a plurality of methodologies, this study uses a mosaic of complementary data to analyse the phenomenon, including semi-structured interviews with conscripts (among whom conscripts having attempted suicide, officers and sub-officers who experienced a conscript’s suicide, parents whose sons took their own lives, military psychiatrists, militants and journalists), an analysis of available statistical data on suicide from a variety of sources, as well as newspaper articles and military archives, and finally, the author’s participant observation during her internship is one of Greece’s three military hospitals. Taking its inspiration from the Durkheimian concept of suicide as social fact, the analysis relies upon the theory of gender relations and Goffman’s framework of total institutions. This thesis therefore stands at the crossroads of a sociology of suicide, a sociology of the army and a sociology of gender to throw light both on the root causes of suicide in the army and on the institution’s approaches to tackling suicide
Fu, Hung-chung. "Le service militaire en Chine à la veille de la Révolution chinoise 1937-1949." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0171.
Full textConscription was the uppermost cause of popular unrest during ail those years marked by disruptive changes and dominatec by wars. Dodging military service became the main concern for young men of draft âge and therefore confronted with recruitment which, as a rule, had become mandatory. On the other hand, the administration was facing a popular protest derived both from the unjustly biased process of recruitment and the reaction of people overburdened with new taxes being levied in order to provide for the purchase of volunteer substitutes or stand-ins. In many a big rural district, clashes arising from monthly at first, then yearly conscription - gradually turned into premeditated violent collective fights staged and directed against local authorities. That kind of civil disobedience thereafter became a sort of commonplace event in peasant's daily life. So, ail the more as the previously quite common tax-riots of the past décades paved the way for actions by people standing up against military service
Lecomte, Jean-Philippe. "Représentations et réalités des fonctions sociales du service militaire dans la société française (1868-2001)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001IEPP0023.
Full textSeigan, Kôbô. "La conscription dans le departement de la seine-inferieure (an vi - 1815)." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010608.
Full textFirst of all, it's advisable to note the quantitative importance of the conscripts during the war of the revolution and of the empire. In the case of seine-inferieure, napoleon required that the half number of young people who had not been exempted should serve his army. In this way, numerous levies made the many conscripts leave for the army, and progressively brought the population to get used to the conscription and the army. Nevertheless, the conscription generated equally insoumis and deserters. Their action, supported by the local community, was very dynamic especially under the directory. That showed the indifference of the general public toward the military service, the french army, and the destiny of the nation-state. Then, napoleonic authorities finally succeeded in reducing effectively the number of the conscript rebels. The common people were thus obliged to be interested in the army and to implicate themselves in the fate of france. However, a part of the seine-inferieure population bypassed the conscription by means of fraud. The imperial gouvernement could not easily suppress such fraud as simulated illness, voluntary mutilation, the fabrication of fake documents, and the corruption of civil servants. All the same, the fraudsters were also interested in the conscription, although the sense of their interest was not the same as the one from the authorities
Marly, Mathieu. "L’âme des régiments : le corps des sous-officiers : promotion, recrutement et discipline dans les rangs de l’armée française (1872-1914)." Thesis, Lille 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL30037.
Full textFrom 1872 to 1914, the French Army kept incorporating a growing number of young men who came to perform their military service. Thus, the Army became a « National Army » , associating the Nation and the military institution through the figure of the « citizen-soldier ». Beyond words and ideological postures, the point of this research is to comprehend how the military institution and the French society have been transformed by compulsory military service. To this end, a socio-historical approach focusing on non-commissioned officers, allows us to explore the features of hierarchical promotion and military discipline. This research reveals how the defense of the « military specifics» was a way of strengthening the symbolic domination of officers. A notice to military promotion also reveals the crucial part of meritocracy which transformed social and hierarchical relations in the French Army. Finally, the analysis of disciplinary rules give reasons for military obedience into the barracks. These elements enlighten how the criteria for recruitment, promotions and disciplinary procedures developed during peacetime did not disappear after 1914
Bantigny, Ludivine. "Le plus bel âge ? : jeunes, institutions et pouvoirs en France des années 1950 au début des années 1960." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003IEPP0021.
Full textTilch, Florence. "Récits de déserteurs et de volontaires : enquête sur la configuration narrative de deux figures de l'imaginaire franco-québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29712/29712.pdf.
Full textMilitary deserters and military volunteers represent two antagonistic choices during wartime. These choices are difficult to define, and both embody the unique symbolism in Quebec’s past. For example, in French-speaking Quebec, volunteers and deserters are surrounded by mythistories, historical accounts which ascribe significance to these roles beyond simple acceptance or rejection of military service. Since the Boer Wars in South Africa, Canada has debated its alliances and discussed its historical trajectory, its origins, and its destiny whenever troops are sent abroad. Hence, volunteers and deserters are often depicted in significantly charged contexts and in stories that are determined by narrative structures. To understand these two roles in the Quebecer collective reference, we need to examine the historical narratives of Quebec, including the depictions of both World Wars and the stories of the deserters and the volunteers. These narrative worlds are neither static nor isolated; in fact, they are constantly changing. Different discourses, such as fiction and historiography, enter into the dialogue. In this thesis, we investigate the multiple changing values and principles represented by these two protagonists, both in the historical narratives and the stories that characterize the collective imagination. We examine fictional sources, including novels and theatrical works, in which volunteers and deserters are portrayed side by side and are thus comparable. We analyze plot structure to establish different leitmotifs, to define the roles of military deserter and military volunteer, and to understand their roles in the representations of the World Wars. In this way, we can evaluate the subtle and complex transformations of Quebec’s historical narrative and offer a new perspective on the everlasting negotiations with the community’s identity references.
Medina, Sanchez Rubén Fernando. "Fundamentos jurídicos y sociales para el servicio voluntario policial, como alternativa al servicio militar obligatorio." Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Programa Cybertesis BOLIVIA, 2011. http://www.cybertesis.umsa.bo:8080/umsa/2011/medina_sru/html/index-frames.html.
Full textAlarcón, Marcela Andrés. "Antuco, ¿Héroes de qué? : la trágica marcha de errores del ejército chileno." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/144798.
Full textOschilewski, Lucares Carlos Cristián, and N. Yovanna Antonia Zamora. "El servicio militar obligatorio y el papel de prensa en la formación de la opinion publica: un estudio a través del análisis de contenido." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 1997. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/138144.
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Aplicación del método de análisis de contenido a la información de prensa escrita , recolectada entre el 1º de enero de 1996 y el 30 de diciembre de 1996, con el objetivo de configurar categorías de opinión en relación al servicio militar obligatorio. Nuestro estudio tiene como principal preocupación el análisis de la tendencias generales que se manifestaron durante el período anteriormente señalado - en los medios de comunicación escritos más representativos de la región metropolitana - además de realizar un estudio de carácter descriptivo sobre el origen y la evolución de la institución del servicio militar obligatorio en Chile, hasta nuestros días. Este seminario pretende contribuir a un mayor conocimiento sobre las polémicas que a menudo se originan en torno al servicio militar obligatorio y entender sus modificaciones, alternativas o críticas dentro del contexto de la modernización de las instituciones del estado chileno.
Blanche, Golsack Andrea. "Los pelaos del 73. De victimarios a víctimas olvidadas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/170526.
Full textSánchez, Toro Luis. "Obligados a ser hombres y a vestir como soldados. Antecedentes históricos de la obligatoriedad militar masculina, para la ley de 1900. El discurso de las élites en los periódicos y medios sobre el cuerpo de los hombres." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/110405.
Full textMolina, Fidel. "Quintas y servicio militar: Aspectos sociológicos y antropológicos de la conscripción (Lleida, 1878-1960)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8197.
Full textLa investigació que vam presentar pretén situar-se en una perspectiva molt distinta d'aquesta "dimensió militar" de la història, ja que tracta de les relacions i reaccions civils que planteja la instauració del servei militar. Excepte en casos de societats fortament militaritzades, existeixen importants diferències entre la ideologia militar i la forma com les societats reben aquesta ideologia, el que provoca diferències i distincions, relacions socials i interaccions. Aquest treball pretén estudiar els efectes derivats de la implantació del servei militar obligatori i les estratègies socials de la població per a adaptar-se o rebutjar la seva obligatorietat. Per a aconseguir-lo, aquesta investigació tracta de combinar una aproximació a nivell microsocial (mitjançant el treball en comunitats o àrees reduïdes), amb una anàlisi més àmplia que tingui en compte el marc general (com els aspectes legislatius que emmarquen les possibles reaccions populars).
La historia y la sociología se han ocupado con frecuencia de los temas militares y del estudio de las guerras desde la perspectiva de los hechos políticos o de la organización militar. Pero ésta ha sido sobre todo una historia de los uniformes, de las condecoraciones, de las campañas y batallas, mientras que por el contrario son pocos los estudios que se refieren a la incidencia del Ejército y del servicio militar sobre la sociedad, así como sobre la visión que la población tiene de estas instituciones.
La investigación que presentamos pretende situarse en una perspectiva muy distinta de esa "dimensión militar" de la historia, puesto que trata de las relaciones y reacciones civiles que plantea la instauración del servicio militar. Excepto en casos de sociedades fuertemente militarizadas, existen importantes diferencias entre la ideología militar y la forma como las sociedades reciben esa ideología, lo que provoca diferencias y distinciones, relaciones sociales e interacciones. Este trabajo pretende estudiar los efectos derivados de la implantación del servicio militar obligatorio y las estrategias sociales de la población para adaptarse o rechazar su obligatoriedad. Para conseguirlo, esta investigación trata de combinar una aproximación a nivel microsocial (mediante el trabajo en comunidades o áreas reducidas), con un análisis más amplio que tenga en cuenta el marco general (como los aspectos legislativos que enmarcan las posibles reacciones populares).
Blanche, Goldsack Andrea Carolina. "Los pelaos del: 73 de victimarios a victimas olvidadas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/139643.
Full textEl autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento
Lejos del espíritu alfabetizador y educativo que tuvo para el mundo civil y popular la aprobación en 1900 de la ley Nº 1362 de Reclutas, muchos de los conscriptos que realizaron el Servicio Militar Obligatorio (SMO) siete décadas más tarde se sintieron traicionados y tremendamente dañados al salir licenciados dos o tres años después de asumir su compromiso con la patria en abril de 1973. Una querella interpuesta en 2009 por 438 de estos ex soldados, que demanda una reparación por el atropello a sus derechos humanos durante el cumplimiento de su SMO entre 1973 y 1989, da cuenta de que la contribución de las FFAA a la educación y bienestar del país contenida en la primera ley de reclusión no prevaleció en el tiempo. Pese a ello, en sus inicios, y aun cuando fue resistida por algunos sectores de la sociedad, como los anarquistas y los partidarios de la organización social y la educación estatal no militar, la ley de reclusión obligatoria promulgada a principios del siglo XX significó un importante avance en la alfabetización de una buena parte de la población popular masculina, más aún si se considera que la educación fiscal básica se hizo realidad recién en 1920, con la aprobación de la ley Nº 3.654 de Instrucción Primaria Obligatoria. Se trató de una de las tantas medidas de modernización y profesionalización emprendidas por el Ejército décadas antes, cuando finalizó la Guerra del Pacifico (1879-1884). Esta implementación estuvo ligada a la llegada del capitán alemán Emilio Körner Henze y de otros militares germanos, cuyas enseñanzas tuvieron como resultado una creciente “prusianización” del Ejército de Chile, donde uno de los ejes fundamentales lo constituye el concepto de “verticalidad del mando”. La duración de esa instrucción obligatoria era de un año. Posteriormente, en 1925, la ley Nª 678 aumentó la permanencia en las filas a 18 meses en el Ejército, y a dos años en la Marina. Este período de conscripción se redujo luego en 1931, con la puesta en marcha del DFL Nº 31. En 1953, con el DFL Nº 13, se agrega lo que se llamó el Cuerpo Militar del Trabajo, que perseguía entregar herramientas a los jóvenes reclutas para que pudieran desempeñarse laboralmente una vez que se licenciaran. En 1970 la ley de conscripción que regía era la Nº 11.170, que especificaba que el servicio militar tendría una duración de un año para el Ejército y la Aviación, mientras que en la Armada se prolongaría por dos años. Pese a este evidente aporte al desarrollo del país, el vínculo entre los militares y el mundo civil ha estado constantemente cargado de tensión desde fines del siglo XIX. La insurrección exhibida por la Armada durante la Guerra Civil de 1891 ya anticipaba que la relación cívico-militar sería convulsa en el transcurso del siglo XX. La sublevación que generó un quiebre en el seno del Ejército significó la toma de posición de las FFAA en un conflicto civil que tuvo un saldo de diez mil muertos. Posteriormente, al levantamiento de 1925 protagonizado por los jóvenes de los institutos militares se sumó el movimiento de 1932. Esos eventos dieron paso a un período de cuatro décadas en que los militares, en apariencia, se subordinaron al devenir de un país gobernado por civiles. No obstante, fue durante este último período que se gestó al interior de las FFAA la línea de pensamiento ideológico que estuvo detrás de la acción más mortífera y dañina que los militares chilenos dirigirían hacia sus compatriotas: el golpe de Estado del 11 de septiembre de 1973. La adopción de la Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional (DSN) y la Defensa Hemisférica, en el contexto del desarrollo de la Guerra Fría que devino al término de la Segunda Guerra Mundial orientó el foco en la defensa externa ante un enemigo foráneo, propio de los ejércitos en los que se cristaliza el Estado nacional, también hacia el “enemigo interno”: es decir, contra los civiles al interior del país que podrían constituir una amenaza al adscribirse a las ideas del socialismo y el marxismo. Estas doctrinas ya se ponían en práctica en un conjunto de naciones lideradas por la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (ex URSS), entre las cuales se encontraban algunos países latinoamericanos, como Cuba. Bajo esta lógica, las FFAA chilenas enfocaron su modernización en las décadas previas al golpe: el combate al enemigo interno se instaló en los programas de formación de los militares chilenos, y sucesivas promociones egresadas de la Academia de Guerra eran enviados a la Escuela de las Américas que tenía Estados Unidos en Panamá, donde aprendieron estrategias de contrainsurgencia. En este contexto el socialista Salvador Allende llegó a la presidencia de la República en 1970, apoyado por una base partidaria agrupada en la Unidad Popular (UP). Lo que vino en adelante no fue sino el derrotero inevitable de lo que significaría gobernar contra los intereses de Estados Unidos y de la clase oligárquica y empresarial chilena, que veía con estupor cómo el programa de la UP avanzaba en la conquista real de derechos sociales para las masas obreras, campesinas y populares, y afectaba sus propios intereses en tierras, propiedades e inversiones. El golpe de Estado de septiembre de 1973 encabezado por el general Augusto Pinochet se transformó en el punto culmine de tres años de tensión y conflictos políticos e ideológicos. En ese tiempo las FFAA fueron dejando de lado la subordinación al poder civil que marcó las cuatro décadas precedentes. La Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional, que tomó cada vez más fuerza al interior de la institución castrense, se materializó en el entrenamiento que recibieron quienes se presentaron a cumplir con el SMO en abril de 1973. Muchos de ellos, entrevistados para esta investigación, dan cuenta de la particular instrucción recibida en los casi seis meses anteriores al golpe: combate en poblaciones, asalto a localidades civiles y otras enseñanzas que estaban relacionadas más con el resguardo del orden público interno, que con una preparación para repeler el ataque de fuerzas foráneas. El periodista, analista internacional y especialista en temas de seguridad y defensa, Raúl Sohr, rescata las palabras del fallecido general Alejandro Medina Lois para explicar la escala de prioridades que imperó por décadas en el Ejército chileno, teñido por la DSN: “Los mayores peligros que amenazan a Chile son el quiebre de la unidad nacional, la alteración del orden y la paz interna, y por último la agresión externa”. Se trató, según Sohr, de una guerra “a la subversión marxista y al terrorismo como los enemigos principales” , que a partir del golpe contra el gobierno socialista de Allende no hizo sino instaurarse a sangre y fuego, utilizando a los conscriptos como ejecutores de la cruzada definida por los altos mandos. En ese ambiente, quienes hoy bordean los 60 años cumplieron con su SMO. Según una aproximación entregada a la autora por la Oficina de Transparencia e Información Pública del Ejército, el año 1973 cumplieron con su servicio aproximadamente 18.497 ciudadanos, repartidos en diferentes unidades militares a lo largo del país
Villegas, Páucar Salmuel Alcides. "Estado de violencia, oficiales y tropa en las zonas de emergencia, Ayacucho 1980-2000." Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11842.
Full textTesis
Lin, Shu-Wei, and 林書瑋. "A Study on the Problem of the Non-Performance of Their Obligatory Military Service for the Draftees Studying Abroad." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3d328m.
Full text國立暨南國際大學
公共行政與政策學系
105
This study mainly discusses the problems of the non-performance of the obligatory military service for the draftees studying abroad, and it is presented in four aspects of description, explanation, evaluation and suggestion. In the aspect of description, on the one hand, if draftees studying abroad don’t perform their obligatory military service as well as intend to avoid the military conscription or the draft of the active duty service, they will be prosecuted by judiciary based on the Act Governing the Punishment of Offences against Military Service. On the other hand, judges generally sentence draftees to imprisonment under six months, but draftees can convert imprisonment into fine in the current situation. It is a distinct deviation that draftees are sentenced to imprisonment for five years based on Act Governing the Punishment of Offences against Military Service. Judicature is the last defense line of justice; however, it can’t effectively prevent draftees studying abroad with exceeding the time limit from not returning. People can’t help but doubt the equity of the system of military service. In the aspect of explanation, according to literature reviews, questionnaires and interviews, it indicates that a variety of reasons cause draftees to return reluctantly and stay abroad including personal reasons and national reasons. One of the national reasons is that judicature can’t effectively prevent draftees studying abroad with exceeding the time limit from not returning. This has a great impact on military manpower controls, military recruitment and national security, which influences the equity of the system of military service. In the aspect of evaluation, from the two above-mentioned aspects, it is crucial for the equity of the system of military service on the problems of the non-performance of the obligatory military service for the draftees studying abroad. Therefore, equity is chosen as the perspective of evaluation in this study, which can be divided into civil obligation in the constitution and the equity of the system of military service. In the aspect of suggestion, the foregoing description, explanation and evaluation are synthesized and further policy-guidelines are suggested. It is believed that successful reform requires powerful history energy. Intentional reforms might become unfruitful on the premise that many structural factors remain changeless. Hence, two feasible policy-guidelines are provided in this study, which are to amend Act Governing the Punishment of Offences against Military Service and to research and discuss the possibility of serving military service abroad.
Yuan, Yi, and 袁禕. "Research on the Job Morale Comparison of Voluntary and Obligatory Soldier in the Military-An Example of Service Squadron of the Air Force Command Headquarters." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hrvd84.
Full text中原大學
企業管理研究所
105
The empirical analysis of this study on the relationship between volunteer service and compulsory service soldiers “Personality Traits”, “Work Pressure”, “Guanxi”, “Job Accomplishment”, “Job Satisfaction”, and “Work Moral”. Military volunteer soldiers and compulsory service soldiers of the Air Force command service squadron were selected as subject a total of two hundred questions, with twenty-five deducted invalid questions, and one hundred seventy-five valid questions. The effectiveness of the job moral are proven by the analysis study results can provide the related examples of their military reference and to boost soldiers work moral contribution for the country. Research results shows: 1. Volunteer soldiers and compulsory soldier had no significant differences in their job moral. 2. Positive effects are found on soldiers characteristic with their job accomplishment, job satisfaction, and job moral.