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Jain, Daisy Mathur, and Reema Khurana. "Impact of pricing and outsourcing models on Indian information technology service outsourcing." Benchmarking: An International Journal 22, no. 4 (May 5, 2015): 610–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-01-2014-0011.
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Purpose – The information technology (IT) industry has grown owing to the increase in IT outsourcing prompted by the need for cost reductions in organizations. The IT industry contracts are based on pricing models, which establish the terms and conditions of payment to be made to vendors by clients. The pricing models followed in the industry are mainly Fixed Time Fixed Price (FTFP) and Time and Material (TnM) and the remaining are mostly variations of these. Using the information collected from vendors, the purpose of this paper is to draw a comparison between these pricing models to see which one is more acceptable to vendors along with researching on the reasons behind that. The outsourcing engagement is also based on a set of processes to be used during the contract time and that is known as the Outsourcing Model (OM) being used. This research also derives how pricing models, OMs and Client Vendor Relationship (CVR) being developed are related. Design/methodology/approach – Hypothesis have been formulated on the basis of the literature survey conducted by the authors, subsequently questionnaire was formulated and data were collected from – a total of 500 people were targeted, out of which 70 people responded. Out of these 70 only 50 were usable responses. The respondents were at the manager and above level in different organizations classified on the basis of number of employees. Statistical tests were conducted on these data to check the reliability, prove the hypothesis and establish the mediation and moderation relationships between the pricing model, OM and CVR. Findings – The following paper has established through statistical analysis which pricing model is more befitting to the IT service outsourcing industry and has also demonstrated the moderation and mediation relationship between pricing model, OM and CVR variables. Research limitations/implications – The major reserach limitation is that it is for only IT vendors in Indian geography. The research can be extended to different businesses and geographies. Practical implications – The paper has practical implications for the IT service outsourcing industry in India and for their clients to understand the comparison between the pricing models and to study the impact of pricing and OMs on the CVRs. Originality/value – The research presented is original as no similar work has been found to be published in the journals so far specifically in the Indian context.
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Gangadharan, G. R., Lorna Uden, and Paul Oude Luttighuis. "Sourcing Requirements and Designs for Software as a Service." International Journal of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering 6, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssoe.2016010101.
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Software as a Service (SaaS) has become an important pragmatic in the world of enterprise software and business services markets. SaaS supports the concept of outsourcing where business processes are offered under a service level agreement for a given price. However, sourcing SaaS may not always involve outsourcing with respect to the transfer of internal activities and resources to external service providers. Users of SaaS need to know what strategies to use when determining sourcing requirements. In this paper, the authors develop a classification for sourcing SaaS based on Kraljic's matrix and a mapping of SaaS services to the sourcing structures. Further, they evaluate the proposed sourcing models against two real world case studies.
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Chahal, Amanbir kaur, and Gurpreet Singh. "Advanced IT Outsourcing By Using Cloud Computing Model." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2012): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v2i2a.6738.
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In this paper we will discuss Outsourcing is the commissioning of a third party (or a number of third parties) to manage a client organization.s IT assets, people and/ or activities to required results. Business process outsourcing (BPO) is a more comprehensive definition of the current situation within the outsourcing domain. BPO has become increasingly interesting as more and more business processes are commoditized and thus easier to be hosted by an external party. Cloud Computing has all the attributes and potential to support a global BPO environment. These attribute are: virtualization, service oriented architecture (SOA), utility based pricing and grid computing. Cloud Computing involves the movement of IT services . application, infrastructure and platform . onto the Internet and deployment models. Because of the high availability, high bandwidth and the increased use of the Internet it has become easier to access a variety of services, traditionally originating from within a company.s data center.
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Lacity, M. C., L. P. Willcocks, and A. Craig. "South Africa's business process outsourcing services sector: Lessons for Western-based client firms." South African Journal of Business Management 45, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v45i4.140.
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Since 2008, South Africa has become one of the world's upcoming offshore destinations for business process outsourcing (BPO), a market estimated to be worth $US 182 billion globally by 2013. Western-based client firms evaluating South Africa as a BPO destination must consider the country's relative value against alternative locations. Client firms also have a number of engagement models from which to choose, inclucling outsourcing, erecting a captive centre, or acquiring an existing BPO business. The research finds that, for the UK, US, and Australian client companies in this study, South Africa's value proposition is not just based on costs as other locations are often cheaper. South Africa's value proposition is about overall economic value, high quality service and staff, strong cultural compatibility, and a favourable time zone. The findings reveal that South Africa complements the global portfolio for Western-based client firms that already have BPO centres in Inclia, the Philippines, and Eastern Europe. Moreover, whether client firms build or buy services from South Africa, the research identifies clistinctive risks that need to be mitigated by investing in and effectively governing the business processes performed offshore. Finally, from the case study research, this article identifies management lessons for leveraging South Africa's identifiable BPO service advantage.
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Tkach, Oleg, Liubov Hryniv, and Halyna Mykhailiv. "Logistical outsourcing as an effective enterprise activity mechanism rising." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 7, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.7.3.97-114.
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The purpose of the article is to substantiate logistics outsourcing as an effective mechanism for improving the efficiency of the enterprise.
The authors summarize the arguments and counterarguments in the scientific discussion on logistics outsourcing as one of the best methods of optimizing resources in the activity of enterprises, one of the important factors of modern business. Systematization of the results of the research of scientific sources made it possible to identify the problems of outsourcing use in various spheres of activity of economic entities. Systematization of studies of aspects of enterprise management based on logistic approaches has allowed formulating the statement that special value all over the world in logistics is devoted to outsourcing. For many years there is a tendency in this area to transfer a part or all of the logistics functions to specialized companies and outsourcing of logistics services is used by the vast majority of enterprises. Because, as higher the level of consumption in the country, there is more need to involve in the supply chain the goods of qualified logistics operators and transfer part of their operations to logistics outsourcing.
The authors estimate the logistic outsourcing of the enterprise of PE “VEGA LTD” for the method of Yu. Zhelinskiy, which combines the change of income and expenses of the enterprise. Based on the calculations, it is proved that outsourcing for PE “VEGA LTD” is profitable. Therefore, it is advisable to use outsourced services not only for transport logistics but also for other logistic activities of the enterprise.
In the process of investigating the problems of logistics outsourcing and its impact on the efficiency of foreign economic activity of the company, the authors proved that outsourcing in logistics is one of the most modern business models. The use of this approach makes it possible to achieve significant competitive advantages in the activity of the enterprise. The main motives that drive outsourcing of logistics functions are the desire to make the business manageable, reduce transaction costs while obtaining quality service and profit. The results of the study are of practical importance and may be useful to scholars interested in the study of logistical outsourcing, as well as to the enterprises where outsourcing is most commonly used.
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Gangadharan, G. R., and Erwin Fielt. "Analyzing Requirements and Approaches for Sourcing Software Based Services." International Journal of Applied Logistics 1, no. 2 (April 2010): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jal.2010040104.
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Increasingly, software is no longer developed as a single system, but rather as a smart combination of so-called software services. Each of these provides an independent, specific and relatively small piece of functionality, which is typically accessible through the Internet from internal or external service providers. There are no standards or models that describe the sourcing process of these software based services (SBS). The authors identify the sourcing requirements for SBS and associate the key characteristics of SBS (with the sourcing requirements introduced). Furthermore, this paper investigates the sourcing of SBS with the related works in the field of classical procurement, business process outsourcing, and information systems sourcing. Based on the analysis, the authors conclude that the direct adoption of these approaches for SBS is not feasible and new approaches are required for sourcing SBS.
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Sanchis-Pedregosa, Carlos, Jose A. D. Machuca, and María-del-Mar González-Zamora. "Determinants of success in transport services outsourcing: empirical study in Europe." International Journal of Logistics Management 29, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-09-2016-0207.
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Purpose This research proposes ideal interaction patterns for structural dimensions (buyer and supplier representatives involved in the interaction and buyer and supplier critical capabilities) for transport service outsourcing. The purpose of this paper is to establish whether those ideal interaction patterns are determinants of success of the interaction. In this paper, the latter is measured against the corresponding process success and outcome success. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes a conceptual model based on the prior literature and adapted to this specific case of transport services. The proposed model is approached using the partial least squares simultaneous equation models. For this, the result of a survey to senior management at European machinery, electronics and automotive sector manufacturing plants has been used. Findings When companies possess the proposed ideal patterns for the structural dimensions, this brings with it positive effects on both the process success and the outcome success obtained by the outsourcing plant. Therefore, buyer-supplier relationships have been recognized to play a key role in the outcomes of this interaction and that the design and management of interfaces between companies and their logistics providers are critical. Practical implications Managers can use the present research findings to produce an appropriate interaction design that includes the representatives and capabilities required to make transport service outsourcing a success. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature on transport research by specifically establishing ideal interaction patterns for the structural dimensions that buyer and supplier’s companies need to consider for achieving successful transport services outsourcing. Besides, the present research proposes a multidimensional measure of outcome success that combines major strategic, operational and financial outputs. Finally, this research represents the first survey-based empirical evidence on the topic, having used a sample of 93 plants belonging to many different companies in five European countries.
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Bierstaker, James, Long Chen, Margaret H. Christ, Matthew Ege, and Natalia Mintchik. "Obtaining Assurance for Financial Statement Audits and Control Audits When Aspects of the Financial Reporting Process Are Outsourced." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 32, Supplement 1 (December 1, 2012): 209–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50382.
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SUMMARY Businesses increasingly outsource organizational functions that have financial reporting implications, which requires auditors to adjust their risk assessment and audit procedures for this practice. However, PCAOB inspection reports cite deficiencies indicating that external auditors frequently do not perform proper procedures before relying on controls maintained by service organizations. In this paper, we examine the audit implications of clients' use of service organizations. Using the audit risk and control risk models and drawing on the extant research on using the work of others and internal audit outsourcing, we develop a framework that describes how clients' use of service organizations affects financial statement and internal control audits. We propose that three characteristics of outsourcing: the client, the service organization, and the auditor of the service organization affect inherent risk, control risk, and control detection risk for clients who outsource these functions. Based on this model, we develop specific research questions to guide future auditing research. We also use this model to provide insights for future research on external auditors' reliance on outsourced internal audit functions. JEL Classifications: M41; M42; L24.
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Oshri, Ilan, and M. N. Ravishankar. "On the attractiveness of the UK for outsourcing services." Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal 7, no. 1 (February 11, 2014): 18–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/so-11-2013-0022.
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Purpose – Outsourcing is in a new era: an era of value-adding services, innovation and transformation. An era that shifts competition to skills and expertise where the main focus of key players in the industry is on the strategic impact of outsourcing services. As the outsourcing landscape is changing, so competition between countries for outsourcing work is reconstructing. It is no longer competition for low costs, but a search for superior skills, both technical and managerial, that provides the strategic guidance and operational excellence needed in the twenty-first century. While the professional and academic literature has extensively studied the comparative advantage of low-cost locations such as India, we know very little about the attractiveness of Western countries, such as the UK, for outsourcing services. To contribute to this end, the purpose of this paper is to examine the UK attractiveness in light of three key trends in the outsourcing industry: the maturity of the outsourcing industry drives more client firms to seek impact on business and strategic performance from their vendors; client firms and vendors deploy complex sourcing models that increase the importance of sourcing managerial capabilities, such as relationship management, vis-à-vis technical and delivery capabilities; locations with promising entry points to lucrative markets are becoming attractive for outsourcing investments as part of the firm's growth strategy. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical base of this study is based on a comparative analysis of eight European destinations (UK, Germany, France, The Netherlands, Spain, Ireland, Czech Republic and Poland) to conclude that the UK, as a talent-base, value-adding country that also offers advanced sourcing capabilities, has positioned its economy to attract investments from both outsourcing vendors and client firms. While the authors acknowledge the relative high-cost base of the UK economy, they assert that the high service standards, access to skills, entry point to mainland Europe and the USA, government support and supportive infrastructure are superior value propositions offered by the UK in the context of outsourcing services. Findings – The findings of this study highlight the contribution of Western economies to outsourcing and their fairly strong comparative position to specific line of services such as contact centers, research and development and specific business process outsourcing services. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation of this study is the use of a country attractiveness framework which has been mainly used for low-cost countries. The authors therefore acknowledge the need to develop a country attractiveness framework which is suitable for Western countries. Practical implications – This study offers decision makers an extensive tool to assess their outsourcing investments by considering both low-cost and Western countries based on the value expected from each investment. Originality/value – This is the first study on the attractiveness of a Western country, such as the UK, which the authors defined as a talent-based, value-adding and advanced sourcing (TAVAAS) country. Through the examination of its comparative attractiveness the authors highlight the potential of the UK and many other Western countries such as USA, Germany or Canada to attract outsourcing investments.
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Alkhatib, Saleh Fahed, Robert Darlington, and Trung Thanh Nguyen. "Logistics Service Providers (LSPs) evaluation and selection." Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal 8, no. 1 (February 16, 2015): 102–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/so-12-2014-0028.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight to the outsourcing decision-making through investigating if the old evaluation/selection criteria and methods still fit with current business priorities or not and, therefore, to identify the appropriate criteria and methods to develop a new selection framework. Since the economic recession of 2008, logistics outsourcing decisions have become more prominent to avoid high fixed costs and heavy investment requirements and to achieve competitive advantages. Design/methodology/approach – This is a focused literature review prepared after analyzing 56 articles related to the logistics service provider (LSP) evaluation and selection methods and criteria during 2008-2013. The academic articles are analyzed based on research focus/area, evaluation and selection methodology/methods and evaluation and selection criteria. Then reviewed result is compared with previous literature studies for the periods (1991-2008) to identify any possible shifts. Findings – The review reveals that: several problems in current LSPs literature have been identified; the reviewed papers can be categorized into seven groups, the usage and importance of evaluation and selection criteria fluctuate during different periods; 12 crucial criteria have been identified, increasing the importance of specific selection methods and the integrated models and fuzzy logic in logistics literature. Then, a comprehensive LSPs’ evaluation and selection framework has been developed. Originality/value – To the best of our knowledge, this is the first focused logistics outsourcing study that reviews the 2008-2013 period in detail, comparing results with previous literature studies, identifies current LSPs literature problems/gaps, new trends and shifts in the way that LSPs are evaluated and selected, identifies crucial selection criteria and proposes a new holistic LSPs evaluation and selection framework. In addition, it identifies important issues for future research.
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Hamilton, Howard, and Hadi Alasti. "Controlled Intelligent Agents' Security Model for Multi-Tenant Cloud Computing Infrastructures." International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing 9, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijghpc.2017010101.
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Data security in the cloud continues to be a huge concern. The adoption of cloud services continues to increase with more businesses transitioning from on premise technology infrastructures to outsourcing cloud-based infrastructures. As the cloud becomes more popular, users are increasingly demanding control over critical security elements of the data and technology assets that are in the cloud. In addition, there are still cries for greater data and security in the cloud. The goal of this paper is to provide cloud service users with greater control over data security in the cloud while at the same time optimizing overall security in the multi-tenant cloud computing environment. This paper introduces cloud-based intelligent agents that are configurable by the users and are expected to give greater compliance for data security in any of the cloud service models.
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Gilibert, Mireia, and Imma Ribas. "Synergies between app-based car-related Shared Mobility Services for the development of more profitable business models." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 12, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2930.
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Purpose: Emerging shared mobility services are an opportunity for cities to reduce the number of car single trips to both improve traffic congestion and the environment. Users of shared mobility services, such as carsharing, ridesharing and singular and shared ride-hailing services, often need to be customers of more than one service to cover all their transport needs, since few mobility providers offer more than one of these services from a single platform. On the other hand, providers offering these services separately do not optimize costly resources and activities, such as the vehicles or the technology. Hence, the aim of this paper is to find synergies between the different app-based car-related shared mobility services that foster the development of new business models, to increase the profitability of these services.Design/methodology/approach: The research approach is built on the literature of car-related shared mobility services business models, supported by the review of certain outstanding services websites, and face-to-face interviews with users and drivers of these transport services. The analysis is presented by means of the Business Model Canvas methodology.Findings: Based on the synergies found, this paper suggests a few different approaches for services to share some resources and activities.Originality/value: This study identifies the common features of carsharing, ridesharing and singular and shared ride-hailing services to develop more profitable business models, based on providing the services in aggregated form, or outsourcing activities and resources. In addition, the implications of these proposals are discussed as advantages and drawbacks from a business perspective.
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Mostafa, Toka S., and Matthew J. Roorda. "Discrete Choice Modeling of Freight Outsourcing Decisions of Canadian Manufacturers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2610, no. 1 (January 2017): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2610-09.
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Behavioral freight transportation modeling is an approach to enhance the quality of freight and logistics policy assessments. Outsourcing of freight activities is one of the essential decisions that firms make. Such decisions are influenced by factors such as economic conditions, competition, the industry, firm strategies, and firm characteristics. In this paper, the authors introduce a set of discrete choice models—binary and multinomial logit—that quantify the effect of some of these factors on outsourcing of the freight-related activities of goods production and logistics for Canadian manufacturers. The models were estimated with the use of data from the Survey of Innovation and Business Strategy obtained from Statistics Canada. The models consider firm characteristics (e.g., employment, number of products or services, and supplier locations), economic conditions, and local and international competition. The models also show the influence of the use of innovation and advanced technologies and measure the impact of government support programs for businesses (e.g., government grants) on outsourcing decisions. Models that explain international freight outsourcing are also presented. Model results highlight that freight outsourcing culture differs from one industry to another. Firms that use government training programs are more likely to outsource freight operations locally, whereas those that use government grants outsource their freight activities internationally. Model validation indicated acceptable predictive capabilities. Simplified models that were based on industry classification, location, and firm size were estimated and are to be used for future microsimulation purposes.
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Grabowski, Michał. "Legal Aspects of “White-Label” Banking in the European, Polish and German Law." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14060280.
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Offering “White-label” products and services is a well-developed business sector in the European market. At present, this market concept is also increasingly being applied to financial services, as part of a bank–FinTech cooperation. A question arises, however, as to the proper place for such models within the complex system of European financial law. This article reviews the “White-label” frameworks currently operating in the banking sector and the corresponding regulations of the European Union law, based on their application in German and Polish legal system. Purposive, grammatical, and comparative law methods were used to study the content of legal acts. As a result, the principles of two primary models of White-label banking were established. The first model is based on a bank acting only as an outsourcing service provider. In the second model, a bank also operates on the basis of a license it was granted. Both models have a common legal origin in European Union law, but local variations exist depending on the legal system of a given Member State.
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Singhania, Monica, and Puneet Gupta. "First Telecom: Insourcing vs. Outsourcing." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 4, no. 5 (October 8, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-10-2013-0203.
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Subject area This case attempts to study one of the key problems faced by a multinational organisation in the globalised environment that exists today: whether to outsource or insource. Outsourcing deals with getting into a contract with an outside vendor/supplier (local to the region in question) to deliver services to the parent company as per the agreed deliverables. On the other hand, insourcing deals with setting up operations in the destination country and hiring local staff on behalf of the company to do the same tasks. Historically, outsourcing has been considered a better choice because of several benefits such as the ease of setting up operations, a predictable costing model and reduced capital investment. However, it comes with its own set of disadvantages as well, including a high attrition rate and a sub-standard level of quality in the deliverables. Apart from the quantifiable parameters, there are several qualitative parameters as well, which encompasses the employees' passion/commitment towards the company, sense of achievement and performance management process. This case considers an existing situation in First Telecom (henceforth, referred as FT), where they have outsourced one part of their operations to multiple providers in India and are now facing huge issues with the quality of the deliverables; as a result, FT are now looking to explore if an insourced solution would be more cost-effective and productive. It evaluates the two models against various parameters and makes a recommendation on the preferred model. Study level/applicability This case can be used as a teaching tool in the following courses: MBA/postgraduate programme in strategic decision-making; MBA/postgraduate programme in management in management accounting and management control systems; and executive training programme for middle- and senior-level employees to look at the various factors involved (in addition to cost) that should be taken into account while comparing outsourcing versus insourcing. Case overview FT is a communication service provider and has presence in more than 170 countries around the world. The company is considered among the top three telecom companies around the globe and offers solutions to multinational customers in the areas of networks, IP telephony, security services and other managed services. The company has more than 100,000 employees around the globe. In addition to the regular (on rolls) employees, the company also outsources a lot of its operations in various countries to local service providers. The services that this company outsources include software/tools development, solution pricing and in-life service management. Historically, the company has believed that outsourcing is a better alternative because of the ease of setting up operations and lower cost. However, because of the recent changes in the global market, there is a huge pressure within the company to reconsider all the functions and find ways to contain costs to help the company's bottom line. There have been numerous complaints about the quality of output from one of the outsourced functions, namely, the “Pricing Team”, which is being presently outsourced to two service providers in India. The lack of accuracy has cost the company a key opportunity valued at more than USD5 million and the COO is furious at this loss. He has tasked the head of business improvement to do a full review of the function and look at the possible alternatives the company can explore to avoid these issues in future. FT now wants to do a cost-comparison analysis of the existing set-up with a new insourced set-up considering all costs that would come into play. This would help FT to decide the future course of action to ensure reduced costs and enhanced operational efficiency from the process. Expected learning outcomes Understanding of cost-comparison parameters involved as an effective tool for strategy development and achieving organisational objectives; understanding of SWOT analysis (organisation level and decision level) and its applicability in the organisation context; understanding the Porter's five competitive forces model to illustrate the effect of environment on an organisation; and understanding of outsourcing and insourcing models and the pros and cons of each model, which is a key management decision in most multinational organisations. Supplementary materials Historical reports of the concerned unit in terms of the costs incurred, rate of attrition and operational efficiency achieved. Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis, 14th ed., Charles T. Horngren, Srikant M. Datar and Madhav Rajan, Publisher: Prentice-Hall, 2012.Practical implications Based on the option (outsourcing versus insourcing) found to be better, appropriate actions would need to be taken in terms of either renewing the contracts with the outsourcing partners or preparing to terminate the existing contracts and hiring of talent from the market to replace the outsourced staff. Social implications For nearly two decades, India as a country has grown considerably and one of the key contributors in that growth has been “Business Process Outsourcing” from all across the world to India. While the outsourcing wave has provided the initial push to the economy of India, it would not be able to help sustain the momentum primarily because of two reasons: the first is the growth of other countries, such as Hungary, the Philippines and China, as alternatives for outsourcing (and equally may be more cost-effective at times); and the second reason is the shift in various companies towards an insourcing model for critical functions. Therefore, as a country, India needs to move ahead and, instead of only focusing on providing resources to do the tasks outsourced by global companies, focus should now shift to promoting innovation and creativity among the workforce. A lot of companies nowadays are realising the importance of product innovation and are investing huge amounts in R&D to come up with breakthrough technologies that can help them create a sustainable development model. However, this should in no way be considered an end of the outsourcing era. Although there needs to be an effort towards improving the interlock process, outsourcing is here to stay because of the benefits it brings.
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Douglas, Muhammad Umbugala. "Finding the niche towards performance excellence." Journal of Facilities Management 14, no. 4 (September 5, 2016): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-10-2015-0028.
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Purpose This paper aims to address the often fragmented approach to performance issues to maximise services quality and returns. With the increased emphasis on corporate reforms, the research presents a model framework as logic to strategy viability and competitive advantage for better outsourcing services delivery and excellence. The global change requires models with logic and variability to practically see the reality and challenges of all times. Design/methodology/approach Based on comprehensive literature search on performance research, nine influence factors were deduced as models for performance measure. This model is used to evaluate the performance of outsourcing firms in Malaysia. Over 200 questionnaires were sent out to outsourcing services delivery firms in Malaysia by post or personal visits; 68 of them responded. The study applied multivariate analysis to ascertain strategy capability and perception about factors that influence performance in the firms. Findings The outsourcing strategy performance revealed by the principal component analysis has given the strategy capability of the firms to be above-average, however not in a state to guarantee achievement of sustaining quality and excellence in services delivery. Conversely, to remain at the edge requires strategy that is flexible, integrated and sustainable, which most firms do not have. The results have also shown that more than half of the sampled population opted for a high-performance delivery goal; however, this vision was not supported adequately by a viable strategy. This inflexibility in strategy by most firms gives rise to usurpation and sub-optimality, which failed to take the facilities management (FM) profession beyond the reactive maintenance culture of the past century. Research limitations/implications This research paper is one of the few strategic models from Malaysia that holistically evaluates performance in outsourcing firms. Practical implications The paper provides a model that can integrate and sustain the workplace which is a valuable insight to the FM and research world. Originality/value This study introduced a paradigm using influence factors (timeless practice) to ensure excellency in outsourcing services delivery. Today savvy customers are looking for reliability and quality services with cost certainty, which is partly the reason for the expanding interests on outsourcing. The workplaces require strategic reforms to foster better facilities performance and value.
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Witkowski, Krzysztof, Monika Koralewska, and Katarzyna Huk. "Logistics Models in E-Commerce." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 28, no. 46 (June 1, 2020): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2020-0012.
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AbstractThe rapid development of digital technology and its applications in almost all business areas has resulted in the emergence of new terms such as e-supply, e-administration, e-CRM, e-sport, m-commerce etc. This paper describes one of the logistics models in e-commerce based on outsourcing of logistics services, i.e. dropshipping. Presented are logistics processes in e-commerce, various logistic models, applied IT technologies and innovations, as well as principles of functioning and determining marketing methods for this type of trade. The research was conducted on the example of an online store selling toys and children’s articles, which operated on the market based on the dropshipping model. A comparative analysis of the dropshipping warehouse offer was the main part of the research.
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Shafie Nikabadi, Mohsen, and Delshad Hoseini. "A dynamic model of strategic outsourcing with emphasis on human resources and work experience in power industry of Iran." Kybernetes 49, no. 9 (October 7, 2019): 2285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2019-0239.
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Purpose The production of a good or service requires that the supplier performs a wide range of activities. Many companies are trying to fit outsourcing with the dimensions of their organization. Outsourcing is increasingly being used among Iranian companies in the field of the electric power industry. Human resources are among the factors that consider outsourcing as an obstacle for their growth because staffs declare that the development of outsourcing is a serious threat for unemployment of them and ultimately expulsion from work. Thus, this study surveys the dynamic effects of human resources and work experience on outsourcing decisions. This paper aims to propose a model for dynamic strategic outsourcing focusing on human resource and work experience. Design/methodology/approach Presenting a model for strategic outsourcing can help organizations to resolve their outsourcing problems. The data needed for examining the dynamic impact of human resources and work experience on outsourcing have been compiled using library and field studies. The method used in this study is an integrated approach, so the model could consider the general effects of manpower and present a systematic view. After interviewing with experts in power industry, the causal relationships of the variables were determined, and a dynamic model based on the applications of the dynamic system was developed in VENSIM software. The research model will be completed in a three-year period (2016-2019) in the power industry of Iran. Findings For completing projects in an organization, cooperation between internal employees and external contractors is needed; thus, results based on both external contractors and internal staff have shown that outsourcing through working of a number of contractors will be more effective than frequent use of one contractor. On the other hand, improving the quality of projects could be done by training new employees using skilled and expert employees. Originality/value Existence of one-dimensional models (only with qualitative factors or only with quantitative factors) in the context of outsourcing in the past studies has prompted to study different types of factors together as a dynamic model. This paper presents a quantitative and qualitative model in the field of strategic outsourcing with emphasis on human resources and work experience. In the past studies, there was no way to formulate the qualitative factors, and they simply used the data from the organization, and the only formulation in their works was based on quantitative factors. But in this study, both factors with dynamic modeling have been formulated.
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Thomas, Ashish. "Multivariate hybrid pathways for creating exceptional customer experiences." Business Process Management Journal 23, no. 4 (July 3, 2017): 822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-02-2017-0027.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the evolving field of hybrid services within the customer service domain. The distinguishing characteristic of hybrid services is its rapid advancements and intersection of technology innovations mixed with customer service approaches. Design/methodology/approach Extensive research and analysis has identified numerous models to measure service quality and most of these models are derived from the SERVQUAL. Since SERVQUAL is not clearly focused to analyze the customer’s experience, the authors have used mixed methods of data collection. The two sources of data are both primary and secondary data. Primary source of research is semi-structured feedback with key operations manager and front line employees involved in the business process outsourcing industry. Secondary source of data is based on case studies of organizations engaged in information technology and ecommerce. Findings In this study, the author suggests multivariate hybrid pathways to streamline and deliver exceptional customer experience, which enhances the customer retention and firm’s competitive advantage. This study emphasizes on the imminent growth of hybrid services within the customer service domain. The distinguishing characteristic of hybrid services is its rapid advancements and intersection of technology innovations mixed with customer service approaches. The customers’ interactions with a firm are gaining proportional complexity due to the intercourse of human and technology interactions. Originality/value This study integrates the diverging but distinct pathways that influence customer experience. The study is centralized on the theme that there is a progressive dependence of human interactions with technological developments. It highlights the advent of new digital technologies that are the catalyst for personalized customer experiences.
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Levina, A. I., and A. V. Kubarskii. "Advantages of SaaS software in comparison with on-premises software." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 4 (December 25, 2018): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2018-4-89-94.
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Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is becoming a popular outsourcing option for customers interested in paying for the right to access a standardized set of functions of the necessary software via the Internet. Due to the low cost of the service and the lack of high initial costs, the business becomes interested in using this technology. Software as a service allows you to significantly reduce the cost of IT services, to rethink the entire process of automating the business-processes of companies and creating software by eliminating high initial investments in infrastructure and its subsequent maintenance. Considering these advantages of SaaS over on-premises applications, business is increasingly talking about the possibility of a full transition to the use of SaaS services. In this paper, the concept of SaaS software, the architecture of this kind of applications, their distribution models and long-term use costs are analyzed, and this approach is compared with on-premises software in the above issues. Based on the analysis of actual data, recommendations were made on the topic of whether to abandon the usual set of technologies in favor of SaaS and which companies should take such actions.
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Fathoni, Muhammad Johar. "TRANSFER OF UNDERTAKINGS PROTECTION OF EMPLOYMENT (TUPE) DALAM PERJANJIAN OUTSOURCING." Media Iuris 1, no. 2 (July 4, 2018): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mi.v1i2.8834.
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Transfer of Undertaking Protection of Employment Based on Constitutional Court Decision Number 27/PUU-IX/2011, there are two models that must be fulfilled in outsourcing agreement, that is First, by requiring for agreement between worker and company conducting work outsourcing does not take the form of a certain time labor agreement (PKWT), but is in the form of an indefinite time agreement (PKWTT). The consequences of termination of contract for the Employment Service Provider who laid off his employees for the law, the employer shall be entitled to grant the right to his employees in accordance with the Manpower Act, Kepmenaker No. Kep. 150/Men/2000 on the Settlement of Termination of Employment and Stipulation of Severance, Money of Work and Indemnification. Then the government also stipulates the Decree of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia no. Kep. 76/Men/2001 on Amendment to several articles of Minister of Manpower Decree no. Kep. 150 / Men / 2000 on the Settlement of Termination of Employment and Stipulation of Severance, Money of Work and Indemnification at the Company.
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Wang, Yuyan, Zhaoqing Yu, Liang Shen, Runjie Fan, and Rongyun Tang. "Decisions and Coordination in E-Commerce Supply Chain under Logistics Outsourcing and Altruistic Preferences." Mathematics 9, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9030253.
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Considering the peculiarities of logistics in the electronic commerce (e-commerce) supply chain (ESC) and e-commerce platform’s altruistic preferences, a model including an e-commerce platform, third-party logistics service provider, and manufacturer is constructed. Based on this, three decision models are proposed and equilibrium solutions are obtained by the Stackelberg game. Then, an “altruistic preference joint fixed-cost” contract is proposed to maximize system efficiency. Finally, numerical analysis is used to validate the findings of the paper. The article not only analyzes and compares the optimal decisions under different ESC models, but also explores the intrinsic factors affecting the decisions. This paper finds that the conclusions of dual-channel supply chains or traditional supply chains do not necessarily apply to ESC, and that the effect of altruistic behavior under ESC is influenced by consumer preferences. Moreover, there is a multiparty win–win state for ESC, and this state can be achieved through the “altruistic preference joint fixed-cost” contract. Therefore, the findings of this paper contribute to the development of an e-commerce market and the cooperation of ESC members.
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I. Ikediashi, Dubem, Stephen O. Ogunlana, and Prince Boateng. "Determinants of outsourcing decision for facilities management (FM) services provision." Facilities 32, no. 9/10 (July 1, 2014): 472–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-06-2012-0047.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine key determinants that influence the decision to outsource facilities management (FM) services. FM is said to be acquiring increasing popularity all over the globe, with several sourcing strategies springing up for FM services provision. Design/methodology/approach – Based on questionnaire survey approach, this paper uses purposive sampling to administer 84 questionnaires to selected bank executives operating in the 21 licensed commercial banks in Nigeria, soliciting their responses about what constitute key determinants of outsourcing decision in the context of FM services provision. In all, 41 responses were received, giving a response rate of 49 per cent. Findings – Supported by empirical evidence, this study established 14 factors as key determinants of outsourcing decision for FM services provision. The top three rated factors were “to improve company’s focus”, “to make cost transparent” and “to improve stakeholders’ satisfaction”, while “to restrict own investment in staff”, “to retire personnel” and “to play along with trend in privatisation” were the least rated. There was no significant difference in the rankings of the factors by respondents, while most of the highly rated factors exhibited strong correlation with other factors. Research limitations/implications – Due to limited dimension of sample size, more robust techniques such as factor analysis and structural equation modelling could not be used. Originality/value – This paper provides an enhanced understanding of outsourcing decision and basis for further research into decision support models for outsourcing in the context of FM services provision.
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Pettersen, Inger Johanne, Kari Nyland, and Geraldine Robbins. "Public procurement performance and the challenge of service complexity – the case of pre-hospital healthcare." Journal of Public Procurement 20, no. 4 (July 2, 2020): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-01-2020-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the links between contextual changes, contract arrangements and resultant problems when changes in outsourcing regulatory requirements are applied to complex pre-hospital services previously characterized by relational contracting. Design/methodology/approach The study deployed a qualitative design based on interviews with key informants and extensive studies of documents. It is a longitudinal study of a procurement process taking place in a regional health authority covering the period 2006 to 2017. Findings A complex and longitudinal public procurement process where pre-hospital (ambulance) services are transformed from relational and outsourced governance to more formal arrangements based on legal and transactional controls, is described in detail. After several years, the process collapsed due to challenges following public scrutiny, legal actions and administrative staff resignations. The public body lacked procurement competencies and the learning process following the regulations was lengthy. In the end, the services were in-sourced. Research limitations/implications This study is based on one case and it should, therefore, not be generalized without limitations. Practical implications One practical implication of this study is that transactional contracts are not optimal when core and complex services are produced in inter-organizational settings. In public sector health-care contexts, the role of informal and social controls based on relational exchanges are particularly applicable. Social implications Acute health-care services essential to citizens’ security and health imply high asset specificity, frequency and uncertainty. Such transactions should according to theory be produced in-house because of high agency costs in the procurement process. Originality/value The paper contributes to the understanding of how the public procurement process can itself be complex, as managerial challenges and solutions vary along several dimensions and are contingent upon external factors. In particular, the study increases knowledge of why the design and implementation of outsourcing models may create problems that impede and obstruct control in a particular public sector context.
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Kosovac, Amel, and Ermin Muharemović. "Pickup and delivery costs: A proposed outsourcing model based on the number of stops." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 19, no. 2 (2021): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-28450.
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The active introduction and modern technologies application in the transport market greatly affect all transport branches and the ways of their business. Availability and mass usage of the internet and Web services create a new ambiance of trade through online sales and e-commerce. The increase in internet sales has a direct effect on the business of courier companies. The number of shipments in the B2C (Business-to-Consumer) segment is growing and putting an increasing pressure on costs for companies that perform pickup and delivery. Companies are trying to adapt their business to the new challenges and conditions that prevail in the transport market through different cost management models. One way to manage costs is to outsource costs. This paper proposes a model cost calculation in outsourcing services for pickup and delivery shipments based on the number of stops.
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Haugen, Tore Brandstveit, and Nora Johanne Klungseth. "In-house or outsourcing FM services in the public sector." Journal of Facilities Management 15, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 262–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-06-2016-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the development of knowledge about facilities management (FM), in particular, the management of FM services in practice, education and research. The paper questions whether we know more about optimal models for in-house or outsourcing FM after 25 years of applied research and development of best practices. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on literature reviews, case studies and personal experiences from practice for over 25 years, concentrating on the public sector. The paper maintains an international focus on the FM development, with particular focus on the development in Norway and the Nordic countries. The knowledge development triangle, and its integration of education, research and practice, is used as an underlying theoretical framework. Findings The knowledge regarding management of FM services in both the public and private sector has been developed over the past two decades. The changes in both sectors is reflected in all the three aspects of the knowledge triangle. While the use of outsourcing increased significantly in popularity during the past 25 years, the Norwegian profile continues to have limited use of outsourcing. Research limitations/implications The paper is based on a qualified selection of doctoral theses, research reports and scientific articles published in the period 1990-2015. The explorations include limited quantitative data. Practical implications The choice for FM in practice, whether fully or partly to produce services with internal resources or to make arrangements with external suppliers, is an important strategic decision regarding the choice of a procurement strategy for the company or the organisation. This decision is not necessarily about outsourcing or in-house but rather the strategic sourcing and management of the needed services. Originality value A total of 25 years of research have shown that a simple solution and answer to the questions about in-house or outsourcing FM services is lacking. To find a good solution, it is necessary to understand the content of FM services with respect to quality and efficiency, and to understand the interaction between FM, the core activities and the users.
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Jarvenpaa, Sirkka L., and Ji-Ye Mao. "Operational Capabilities Development in Mediated Offshore Software Services Models." Journal of Information Technology 23, no. 1 (March 2008): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000125.
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The paper expands theoretical and empirical understanding of capabilities development in the mediated offshore outsourcing model whereby a small or a medium-sized firm delivers offshore software services to a larger information technology firm that in turn contracts and interfaces with the actual end-client onshore firms. Such a mediated model has received little prior research attention, although it is common particularly among Chinese firms exporting services to Japan, the largest export market for Chinese software services. We conducted case studies in four China-based software companies to understand the mechanisms used to develop their operational capabilities. We focused on client-specific, process, and human resources capabilities that have been previously associated with vendor success. We found a range of learning mechanisms to build the capabilities in offshore firms. Results show that the development of human resources capabilities was most challenging in the mediated model; yet foundational for the development of the other capabilities. This paper contributes to the information systems literature by improving our understanding of the development of operational capabilities in small- and medium-sized Chinese firms that deploy the mediated model of offshore software services.
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Agarwal, Sonal, Vidushi Sharma, and Anuradha Pughat. "Supplier selection problem in IoT solutions." International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpcc-d-18-00022.
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Purpose The use of Internet of Things (IoT) and networks has built a potential impact on the product cost and time in a company’s manufacturing process. These IoT solutions provide end-to-end visibility and faster introduction of merchandise and supplier in the market. The main aim of this research paper is to supply products with improved quality and cheaper price, whereas the rising response and quality of the client service. Design/methodology/approach This paper designs and develops two cases for selecting the most efficient vendor while keeping in mind the profit and cost constraints in optimization. Findings Outsourcing is a vital parameter to cut back the price and maximize the profit of the manufacturer. Therefore, the integration of supply chain with IoT can provide a solution to the cost optimization and supplier/vendor selection problems in supply chain management. Research limitations/implications The results show that the models are quite realistic and can help the IoT-based manufacturing units to make strategic decisions regarding product manufacturing and distribution. Practical implications The authors can further extend the model to derive the retailer’s profit function and develop the end product cost to the consumers and hence make it a n-level multi-vendor selection model for IoT-based systems. Originality/value The right choice of vendor for IoT-enabled business is a crucial concern. In this paper, the authors designed and developed multi-vendor models with in-house production and outsourcing decisions to meet the demand along with the vendor selection. The variable demands and designed variable unit cost function and batch order are set to make vendor selection more realistic.
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Rahman, Hanif Ur, Mushtaq Raza, Palwasha Afsar, Abdullah Alharbi, Sultan Ahmad, and Hashym Alyami. "Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model for Application Maintenance Offshoring Using Analytic Hierarchy Process." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 8550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188550.
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The phenomenon of Global Software Development (GSD) has attracted the interest of businesses all over the world. It brings together partners from various national and corporate cultures to develop applications with numerous advantages, including access to a vast labor pool, cost savings, and round the clock growth. GSD, on the other hand, is technologically and organizationally diverse and poses a number of obstacles for the development team, such as geographical distance, cultural differences, communication and language barriers. Global services are provided by selecting one of the suitable global delivery options, i.e., the onshore model, nearshore model or offshore model. Experts typically choose one of the models based on the nature of the project and the needs of the customer. However, the vendors and clients lack an adequate decision support system that can assist them in making suitable sourcing decisions. Therefore, the current study presents a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model for offshore outsourcing decisions of application maintenance. To achieve our target, two systematic literature reviews were conducted that explored a list of 15 influencing factors. The identified factors were further evaluated in the outsourcing industry by performing an empirical study that resulted in a list of 10 critical success factors. We propose a sourcing framework based on the critical success factors that can assist decision makers in adopting a suitable sourcing strategy for the offshore outsourcing of application maintenance. In order to further enhance the decision-making process, the MCDM model is developed based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The MCDM model is evaluated with three case studies in highly reputable international companies, including IBM Stockholm, Sweden, Vattenfall AB, Stockholm, Sweden and a London based company in the United Kingdom. The outcomes of these case studies are further reviewed and validated by the outsourcing specialists in other firms. The proposed model is used as a decision support system that determines the ranking of sourcing alternatives and suggests the most suitable option for application maintenance offshoring.
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Tadia, VK, R. Ahlawat, SK Gupta,, SK Arya,, A. Lathwal,, and K. Jain,. "Why switch to Rental? Costing of Laundry Services at an Apex Tertiary Care Hospital from the View of Outsourcing based on Rental Linen Management Services." International Journal of Research Foundation of Hospital and Healthcare Administration 4, no. 2 (2016): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10035-1064.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Modern hospitals are matrix organizations with a high investment in terms of capital, labor, and resources. It is imperative for the hospital administration to provide right material of right quality at the right time. Hospitals that set up in-house laundry operations generally make the decision without thoroughly identifying and accounting for total linen and laundry costs. Now evidence has emerged that hospitals that outsource were seeing improved linen utilization rates. If proper and clean linen is not provided, this can result in patient dissatisfaction. Further, innovations in laundry equipment have led to tremendous increases in efficacy. So, there is a need to ascertain the cost incurred in providing linen and laundry services so as to gauge the plausibility of transitioning to outsourcing-based models. Aims and objectives To study the cost incurred in providing linen and laundry services at an apex tertiary care hospital and to evaluate outsourcing model based on rental linen management. Materials and methods A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective, record-based study was conducted during a period of 1 month from March 1, 2016 to March 31, 2016. Observations The quantity of monthly linen washed in Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre was found to be 22,465 kg. The monthly laundry expenditure in Dr RP Centre was Rs. 1,415,295. The linen procurement expenditure per month at Dr RP Centre was Rs. 419,386. So total expenditure on linen and laundry per month at Dr RP Centre was Rs. 1,834,681. Thus, cost/kg (with inclusion of linen cost) was Rs. 82. Discussion and conclusion The rate quoted by a leading vendor to supply washed, sterilized linen to the hospital was Rs. 55 per kg. Since the expenditure incurred per kg at Dr RP Centre was Rs. 82, this amounted to a saving of around Rs. 27 per kg. It would mean saving of around Rs. 606,555 per month and Rs. 7,278,660 per annum. So, it was recommended that rental linen management services may be hired for Dr RP Centre after taking care of functional, operational, and strategic contingency. How to cite this article Tadia VK, Gupta SK, Arya SK, Lathwal A, Jain K, Ahlawat R. Why switch to Rental? Costing of Laundry Services at an Apex Tertiary Care Hospital from the View of Outsourcing based on Rental Linen Management Services. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2016;4(2):79-88.
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Greenwood, Narcessa Gail-Rosales, Cynthia B. Taniguchi, Amy Sheldrick, and Leslie Hurley. "Navigation models in diverse outpatient settings: Shared themes, challenges, and opportunities." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 30_suppl (October 20, 2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.30_suppl.134.
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134 Background: Navigation has been recognized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) as a component of quality oncology care. This discussion highlights progress of Nurse Navigation implementation within 3 US Oncology Network practices. A team-based approach optimizing patient care coordination and providing enhanced services has been identified. Study practices demonstrate common navigation goals and desired outcomes, despite variations in practice size, dissimilar workflows, and unclear best-practice guidelines for navigation in the outpatient setting. Methods: The US Oncology Network formed a committee to study and develop evidence-based nurse navigation processes for recommendation to the greater Network. The committee includes 6 members, each a lead Oncology Nurse Navigator, practicing in different US geographical regions. Preliminary steps were to seek evidence-based support through: Existing models for Oncology Nurse Navigation that are adaptable for the community setting Best-practice in navigation recommendations from esteemed professional organizations Challenges and solutions identified and implemented Scope of practice for the Nurse Navigator in a community setting Performance metrics targeting effective, value-driven navigation Results: Focusing on scientific Nursing Process, study practices provided navigation services to 3762 patients. Gaps in navigation processes were identified, as well as barriers throughout the continuum of care. Scope of Practice for the community-based Nurse Navigator was defined. Navigation framework was established to include patient/family education, psychosocial interventions, referral outsourcing, and patient advocacy. A formal job description was created for the role of the Oncology Nurse Navigator. The Interdisciplinary Care Team Conference Standard was finalized to support coordination of care. Conclusions: Work remains to define, implement, and test effective navigational models to support challenges of patients receiving care in the outpatient setting. Benefits resulting from Nurse Navigation processes are emerging as healthcare trends advance quality of care while decreasing total cost of care.
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Putra, Rian Rahmanda, Wanda Kinasih, and Dana Indra Sensuse. "Cost Modeling and Risk and Benefit Modeling Approach as a Tools For Decision Making in Adoption Cloud Computing as IT Strategic Business." Computer Engineering and Applications Journal 3, no. 2 (June 29, 2014): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18495/comengapp.v3i2.62.
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Cloud computing is an innovation that allows the use of IT as a utility based on-demand. Since cloud computing is a new technology, its led to a variety of risks that required an assessment model to assess the organization's readiness to adopt cloud computing. Moreover, by using cloud computing services means organizations or outsourcing involves a third party. Before adopting cloud computing technology, organizations need to consider some of the effects that arise as a result of cloud computing, namely in terms of costs, risks and benefits. To assist organizations to consider the migration of existing IT systems to the cloud, it can be used the cost approach valuation models and risk and benefit. This paper discusses two models of cost-based assessment of risk and benefit modeling and modeling that can be used as a tool to assist organizations in making decisions related to the migration of existing IT systems to the cloud.Â
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Tong, Lizhong, Zhongmin Pu, and Jizheng Ma. "Maintenance Supplier Evaluation and Selection for Safe and Sustainable Production in the Chemical Industry: A Case Study." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061533.
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Chemical industry plays a pivotal role in the economy in every country. As chemical hazardous materials are usually characterized as inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, and carcinogenic, if accidents happen in chemical company it can lead to irreversible environmental and health damage to the public. The chemical industry attaches great importance to safe production, technical professionalism, and service standardization. Nowadays, under the trend of equipment maintenance service outsourcing in chemical companies, the selection of maintenance suppliers with safe and sustainable records come first and foremost in the supplier selection process. However, these concerns from the chemical industry are currently inadequately addressed by most general supplier selection models. Therefore, this paper proposes an applicable methodology for selecting and evaluating equipment maintenance suppliers in the chemical industry, compatible with a safe and sustainable production context. To achieve the goal of “safe operation and sustainable development in the future”, we established an evaluation criteria framework for equipment maintenance suppliers by combining the general supplier selection criteria and safe production characteristics together. Eight main criteria and 24 sub-criteria based on market acceptance, resource conditions, and safe production were included. Then a fuzzy TOPSIS model was presented to select the best equipment maintenance service supplier. Finally, by analyzing a case in W petrochemical company, the empirical results indicate that the proposed framework is of great practical value to select and evaluate equipment maintenance suppliers for safety and sustainable development in the chemical industry.
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Hohmann, Lindsey A., Tessa J. Hastings, Jingjing Qian, Geoffrey M. Curran, and Salisa C. Westrick. "Medicare Annual Wellness Visits: A Scoping Review of Current Practice Models and Opportunities for Pharmacists." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 33, no. 5 (June 23, 2019): 666–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190019847793.
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Objective: To explore the existing practice models and practice opportunities surrounding pharmacist-delivered Medicare Annual Wellness Visits (AWVs), with the goal of improving patient access through advanced pharmacy-based health services. Data Sources: English-language articles published in peer-reviewed journals from January 2011 to March 2018 were reviewed by searching PubMed and Google Scholar databases using permutations of terms such as “pharmacist/pharmacy,” “Medicare,” “Annual Wellness Visit,” “develop/development,” and “implement/implementation.” Study Selection and Data Extraction: Original articles reporting resources (inputs), processes, and programmatic outcomes (uptake and delivery, interventions made, financial models, satisfaction) of pharmacist-delivered AWV services were retained. Data Synthesis: Eight articles describing 6 unique studies representing current pharmacist-delivered AWV practices were included in the final review. All identified articles used observational study designs and were published in peer-reviewed journals from 2014 to 2017. Five studies utilized staff (in-house) pharmacists working in internal or family medicine clinics via collaborative practice agreements; one study described a model for outsourcing AWV services through a community pharmacy. Pharmacists completed 37 to 300 AWVs and performed both medication- and non-medication-related interventions, with a mean of 3.5 to 5.4 interventions/patient. Quarterly revenue ranged from $3750 to $22 340 (USD), with 40 pharmacist-hours required for initial program development. Implications for Patient Care and Clinical Practice: This scoping review will serve as a guide for pharmacists wishing to implement AWV services in their own practices. Conclusions: There is opportunity for ambulatory/community pharmacists to expand their practices to include AWV services in states that allow collaborative practice agreements. Interprofessional collaboration between physicians and pharmacists can optimize and aid adoption of pharmacist-delivered AWV services.
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Sterling, Ryan, and Cynthia LeRouge. "On-Demand Telemedicine as a Disruptive Health Technology: Qualitative Study Exploring Emerging Business Models and Strategies Among Early Adopter Organizations in the United States." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): e14304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14304.
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Background On-demand telemedicine is increasingly adopted by health organizations to meet patient demand for convenient, accessible, and affordable services. Little guidance is currently available to new entrant organizations as they consider viable business models and strategies to harness the disruptive potential of on-demand telemedicine services (in particular, virtual urgent care clinics [VCCs] as a predominant and catalyst form of on-demand telemedicine). Objective We recognized on-demand telemedicine as a disruptive technology to explore the experiences of early adopter organizations as they launch on-demand telemedicine services and deploy business models and strategies. Focusing on VCC service lines, this study addressed the following research questions: (1) what is the emerging business model being deployed for on-demand telemedicine?; (2) what are the core components of the emerging business model for on-demand telemedicine?; and (3) what are the disruptive business strategies employed by early adopter organizations as they launch on-demand telemedicine services? Methods This qualitative study gathered data from 32 semistructured phone interviews with key informants from 19 VCC early adopter organizations across the United States. Interview protocols were developed based on noted dissemination and implementation science frameworks. We used the constant comparison method to transform study data into stable dimensions that revealed emerging business models, core business model components (value proposition, key resources, key processes, and profit formula), and accompanying business strategies. Results Early adopters are deploying business models that most closely align with a value-adding process model archetype. By and large, we found that this general model appropriately matches resources, processes, and profit formulas to support the disruptive potential of on-demand telemedicine. In total, 4 business strategy areas were discovered to particularly contribute to business model success for on-demand disruption among early adopters: fundamental disruptions to the model of care delivery; outsourcing support for on-demand services; disruptive market strategies to target potential users; and new and unexpected organizational partnerships to increase return on investment. Conclusions On-demand telemedicine is a potentially disruptive innovation currently in the early adopter stage of technology adoption and diffusion. On-demand telemedicine must cross into the early majority stage to truly be a positive disruption that will increase accessibility and affordability for health care consumers. Our findings provide guidance for adopter organizations as they seek to deploy viable business models and successful strategies to smooth the transition to early majority status. We present important insights for both early adopters and potential early majority organizations to better harness the disruptive potential of on-demand telemedicine.
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Wiederhold, Gio, Amar Gupta, and Erich Neuhold. "Offshoring and Transfer of Intellectual Property." Information Resources Management Journal 23, no. 1 (January 2010): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2010102605.
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Offshore outsourcing of work to support software development and services is seen primarily as a transfer of labor to another shore. But with every outsourced job, intellectual property is transferred as well. Such transfers have significant long term effects on the balance of intellectual property (IP) generation and consumption. The value of intangibles is based on the income that these intangibles are expected to generate in the future. This paper relates the key issues of IP found in software, an important intangible, to business models used for offshoring. The use of a quantitative model for software valuation allows formal exploration of business alternatives. The motivation for this paper is to increase the awareness of the need for software valuation when developers of software and the users of that software reside in different countries. A scenario that involves Controlled Foreign Corporations as the mechanism for IP transfer is analyzed in detail.
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Windahl, Charlotta. "Suppliers in the privatised UK wastewater market and their possible moves towards integrated solutions." Water Policy 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.056.
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An increasing number of companies in the capital goods industry are turning towards new strategies where the focus is to add value for customers by providing integrated solutions (combining products and services), instead of selling components, spare parts and support services. These new strategies represent moves in the value chain and create a need for new business models as well as new competencies. In this paper, the fairly new concept of integrated solutions is explored in the context of a privatised industry. The findings are based on empirical case studies carried out at two companies supplying products and services to the UK wastewater industry. In the UK, both water companies and their suppliers are influenced by economic and environmental regulations, an increased focus on cost, and outsourcing. On one hand, the two manufacturers have increased their competence with respect to system integration and operational services – competencies for supplying integrated solutions. On the other hand, a fragmented and vertically structured market with a multitude of different actors increases the distance between the water companies and the manufacturers. In addition, the division of the industry into a capital and operational side complicates the coordination between new sales and services.
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Korita, Irena, and Victor Blaton. "Challenges of Laboratory Medicine: European Answers." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 30, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-011-0011-9.
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Challenges of Laboratory Medicine: European Answers Medical laboratories play a vital role in modern healthcare, and qualified specialists in Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine are essential for the provision of high-quality preanalytical, analytical and consultative services. Laboratory medicine has undergone major transformations during the last decade. Ongoing technological developments have considerably improved the productivity of clinical laboratories. Information on laboratory services is globally available, and clinical laboratories worldwide face international competition and there is a huge pressure to reduce costs. To be prepared for the future, clinical laboratories should enhance efficiency and reduce the cost increases by forming alliances and networks, consolidating, integrating or outsourcing, and more importantly create additional value by providing knowledge services related to in vitro diagnostics. Therefore, business models that increase efficiency such as horizontal and vertical integration are proposed, based on collaborative networks for the delivery of clinical laboratory services. Laboratories should cooperate, consolidate and form strategic alliances to enhance efficiency and reduce costs. There is a growing conflict between the science and the art of clinical practice and on the role of the biomedical sciences in medical practice. We have a dehumanizing effect on medical care. Disease is defined at the level of sick molecules and cells and curative medicine is being replaced by the preventive care of the disease. Undoubtedly all those questions will raise considerable problems and challenges for the medical educators.
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Branchet, Bénédicte, and Pierre-Yves Sanseau. "From technical to non-technical skills among information systems suppliers." Journal of Enterprise Information Management 30, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 320–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeim-07-2015-0061.
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Purpose Existing research infers that in the information systems (IS) and information technology (IT) fields, a shift may occur between technical and non-technical skills. However, relatively little research has focused on going changes in terms of key skills in the IS suppliers sector. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap by investigating these skills evolution in the IS suppliers domain and discusses their impacts on IS and IT curricula. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a qualitative method based on 15 semi-structured face-to-face interviews, with highly dedicated operational managers in senior positions in the field. Findings This study identifies, for the IS suppliers, the critical skills, which are basically non-technical, and peripheral skills, which are primarily technical. It then considers the consequences of this change and the necessary adaptations it requires for businesses and training for this field. Practical implications The findings suggest the need to redesign the educational curricula for future managers, and the adaptations required to the work organization, human resource management and business models of firms in the field. Originality/value The paper’s value is twofold. First, it focuses on IS service suppliers, an understudied area (most research examines IS outsourcing from the customer’s standpoint); second, it reveals the shift away from technical toward non-technical skills in a field that is intrinsically technical – a change that may occur more slowly than in other less technical sectors – and the consequences of this change for firms, education and society.
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Borodiyenko, O., N. Nychkalo, Ya Malykhina, O. Kuz, and D. Korotkov. "PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN EDUCATION AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE GROWTH OF REGIONAL LABOR MARKETS: ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 1, no. 36 (February 17, 2021): 408–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v1i36.228031.
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The aim of the article is to study the best foreign practices and models of public-private partnership in the field of vocational and higher education, identify opportunities for their adaptation to Ukrainian realities and develop recommendations for productive use of foreign experience in this area.
The theoretical significance of the article is that it is analyzed the semantic content of the basic concepts related to public-private partnership in the foreign scientific space; it is identified the prerequisites for the development of public-private partnership in vocational education abroad (at the national, institutional (vocational education institution), production (enterprise) levels; it is analyzed the challenges to vocational education and training in foreign countries which the public-private partnership is aimed to solve; criteria for typification of partnerships (number of participants, areas of partnership, integrated criterion «project financing — provision of educational services», integrated criterion «breadth of partnership and depth of interaction between partners», integrated criterion «degree of coordination of interaction — volume of investment») are identified; the author’s typology of partnerships in the field of education in foreign countries is substantiated.The practical significance of the article is that the authors developed recommendations for deepening public-private partnership in vocational and higher education institutions of Ukraine based on the study of foreign experience, suggested directions for its further development in Ukraine.
It is determined that in the foreign conceptual and terminological field, in addition to the concept of «public-private partnership» uses a number of concepts (Private Finance Initiative, PFI) (UK), Service Provision Project (SPP) (Mexico), Alternative Financing and Procurement (Canada), Private Sector Participation (PSP) (World Bank). The common essential features of these concepts are singled out: cooperation of different stakeholders, complexity of the purpose, focus on the result, parity of responsibility, long-term nature of interaction, formality of relations.
Criteria for distinguishing types of partnerships in foreign practice are proposed: number of participants, areas of partnership, integrated criterion «project financing — provision of educational services», integrated criterion «breadth of partnership and depth of interaction between partners», integrated criterion «degree of coordination of interaction — volume of investment». The peculiarities of the types of partnerships in vocational education, which were singled out on the basis of the criteria proposed by the authors, are characterized: bilateral and multilateral; infrastructure, private management of public institutions, outsourcing of educational services, outsourcing of non-educational services, innovation and research partnerships, vouchers and subsidies; private initiatives, sponsorship, mixed projects, government programs; broad partnership, in-depth partnership; liberal, solidarity, paternalistic, consortium types of partnerships.
Based on the analysis of the best practices of public-private partnership, the probable effective directions of public-private partnership in the field of vocational and higher education in Ukraine were singled out: strengthening the participation of companies in the processes of professional training; outlining a clear and concise division of responsibilities in the partnership; development of national standards of vocational education; gradual introduction of elements of dual education; promoting the prestige of vocational education as an attractive alternative to academic education; facilitating the learning trajectory between vocational and higher education; forecasting skills.
It was developed recommendations for the development of public-private partnership in the field of vocational and higher education in Ukraine in the context of: formalization of interaction (conclusion of agreements and memorandums of partnership), management of interaction (establishment of qualitative and quantitative indicators for monitoring the activities of private providers and vocational education institutions; periodic reviews of vocational education institutions to bring them in line with the standards set in the contract), development of partnership effectiveness (clear criteria for quality and effectiveness), technologicalization of interaction (in particular, use of algorithm of of interaction between vocational education institutions and partners for public-private interaction initiatives).
The need to study such models of partnerships in the field of education as the Chambers of Commerce and Industry in Germany, the Sectoral Council for Industrial Training (Canada), centers of excellence in vocational education (Netherlands), industrial centers or clusters (Tuscany in Italy and Baden-Württemberg in Germany), the National Skill Development Corporation (India) was actualized.
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Sremac, Siniša, Željko Stević, Dragan Pamučar, Miloš Arsić, and Bojan Matić. "Evaluation of a Third-Party Logistics (3PL) Provider Using a Rough SWARA–WASPAS Model Based on a New Rough Dombi Agregator." Symmetry 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10080305.
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For companies active in various sectors, the implementation of transport services and other logistics activities has become one of the key factors of efficiency in the total supply chain. Logistics outsourcing is becoming more and more important, and there is an increasing number of third party logistics providers. In this paper, logistics providers were evaluated using the Rough SWARA (Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) and Rough WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) models. The significance of the eight criteria on the basis of which evaluation was carried out was determined using the Rough SWARA method. In order to allow for a more precise consensus in group decision-making, the Rough Dombi aggregator was developed in order to determine the initial rough matrix of multi-criteria decision-making. A total of 10 logistics providers dealing with the transport of dangerous goods for chemical industry companies were evaluated using the Rough WASPAS approach. The obtained results demonstrate that the first logistics provider is also the best one, a conclusion confirmed by a sensitivity analysis comprised of three parts. In the first part, parameter ρ was altered through 10 scenarios in which only alternatives four and five change their ranks. In the second part of the sensitivity analysis, a calculation was performed using the following approaches: Rough SAW (Simple Additive Weighting), Rough EDAS (Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution), Rough MABAC (MultiAttributive Border Approximation Area Comparison), and Rough TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). They showed a high correlation of ranks determined by applying Spearman’s correlation coefficient in the third part of the sensitivity analysis.
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Sangiorgi, Daniela. "Designing for public sector innovation in the UK: design strategies for paradigm shifts." Foresight 17, no. 4 (August 10, 2015): 332–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fs-08-2013-0041.
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Purpose – The aim of this work is to provide an initial picture of how some design agencies are contributing toward a paradigm shift and how they are developing in the future to better inform design policies and interdisciplinary work. There is a general agreement that the current government and public sector structure and modes of operation need radical transformation. In this scenario, a shift from New Public Management towards New Public Governance paradigm has been auspicated. Design has attracted attention as a potential approach to support this transformation, but research into Service Design, as well as discussions on its future development, for public sector innovation is limited. This paper is an exploratory study into the individual work of seven representative UK design agencies operating for and within the public sector. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews literature on public sector reform and innovation to inform comparative studies of contemporary design agencies working for public sector reform. Interviews with seven designers from NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement, Participle, Innovation Unit, Uscreates, Collaborative Change, Futuregov and Snook are conducted to review their perceived role for public sector reform, their design approaches, exemplar projects and main challenges. Findings – Emerging design strategies for Public Sector reform are: a collaborative design approach that considers all stakeholders as equal co-creators of public value; operating at different complementary levels to aim at systemic change; designing from the inside out (innovation culture) and outside in (market change). These different strategies imply the development of possible different business models. Existing creative tensions appear between embedding and outsourcing strategies, acting as facilitators vs designers, developing both designing and service delivery roles. Research limitations/implications – This paper is based on a limited sample of design agencies, and it is not a systematic study into the impact of their design work, which should be the object of a following study. Practical implications – This paper brings Service Design practice into public sector innovation debate to inform future interdisciplinary research and innovation policies. It positions existing design innovation strategies within the wider picture of public sector reform to support a more informed design practice. Originality/value – Few studies have looked at the UK design agencies for public sector innovation and discussed their possible future developments. This paper provides an original and holistic description of design for public sector innovation with considerations on how it should be interpreted when developing supporting innovation and design policies.
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Edvardsson, Ingi Runar, and Gudmundur Kristjan Oskarsson. "Outsourcing in Knowledge-Based Service Firms." International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations 1, no. 3 (July 2011): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkbo.2011070103.
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This paper reports on empirical work recently conducted on outsourcing among knowledge-based and other service firms in Iceland. The results show that knowledge-based firms outsource on a larger scale and more human resource functions than other service firms. However, they do not have a more strategic vision towards outsourcing, nor do they outsource more low knowledge-based activities than other firms. The study gives support to the resource-based view of the firm, and is in line with former studies of knowledge-based firms. The firms in the survey tend to keep their core competencies and employees in-house, and at the same time they outsource other functions that they consider non-core, such as peripheral and administrative tasks, or IT that requires technical specialization. The more innovative firms rely on outsourcing from best in class suppliers regarding training and counselling. The contribution of this study to the theory of outsourcing is that the non-routine tacit knowledge base related to firms’ core competencies is not limited to knowledge-based firms, but to a large portion of service firms as well.
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Fatty, Lamin K. M., Prof Idu Ogbe Ode, Bejamin Gowon Ahule, and Akuhwa Tor. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEM OF NIGERIA AND THE GAMBIA." International Journal of Advanced Economics 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v3i2.236.
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This study focuses on the analysis of Nigeria and The Gambia National extension policies and system. The study discussed three main themes (mission and goals, approach and functions, and clienteles). The study found that both two countries does not adopt legislated or formal national extension policy rather implied policies which were garnered, feasible, for the two countries through their government publications and published researched studies from academic and recognized developmental institutions. Generally, the analysis found that the two countries extension missions and goals focused on improving profitability of agricultural business and increasing output volumes; market share in achieving to enhancing quality of life and agricultural development. In terms of approaches and functions, the study observed that public sector extension in the two countries is undergoing transformation including decentralization and outsourcing extension services in the context of adopting a pluralistic system of extension delivery. While up to six models of extension are a commonly applied in the two countries, the dominant context is pluralism around public, private and NGO-based services. The dominant clientele was stated to be women and small- and medium-scale farmers. However, main barriers limiting women’s participation are still insufficiently addressed. The study concludes that it is important for the two countries authorities, perhaps supportively, to develop and establish formal extension policies that will manifest their vision, mission, goals and methods to provide a stable agenda within which targeted clientele and be purposively supported in the pursuit of sustainable agricultural development.
Keywords: Extension, Extension Policy, Nigeria, The Gambia, Mission and Goals, Approach and Function, Clientele.
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Worley, Loyita. "Changing Face of Corporate Information Services – New Service Models and Partnerships." Legal Information Management 11, no. 2 (June 2011): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669611000314.
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AbstractLoyita Worley reports on the SLA Europe1 seminar held in March 2011 on the impact of outsourcing in law firms. The panel included the perspectives of the provider companies and experiences of law firm information professionals who have already adopted outsourcing and those who are about to.
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Liu, Shu, Ying Liu, Huimin Jiang, Zhongjie Wang, and Xiaofei Xu. "Service Quality Evaluation Method for Community-Based Software Outsourcing Process." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssmet.2011010101.
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Community-based software development is a promising model to help reduce the pressures such as development costs, human resources access, new market development, and building business competencies. But the big concern is how to ensure the quality of the outsourcing service. In this paper, a service quality evaluation method for community-based software outsourcing process has been proposed. A service quality indicator model with three layers and five dimensions is explained and applied to community-based software outsourcing service supported by Call-For-Implementation (CFI) platform. The calculation method for each quality indicator is demonstrated in detail. A prototype is developed to support the evaluation process and exhibit results of quality evaluation for the community-based software outsourcing based on CFI. This prototype not only measures and displays the status of service quality in real-time, but also provides history data to guide software outsourcing process management.
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Correia dos Santos, João, and Miguel Mira da Silva. "Measuring and Evaluating Efficiency on IT Outsourcing operations through Data Envelopment Analysis." International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems 12, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeis.2016010101.
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Information Technology (IT) outsourcing is a set of IT services that require providers to manage a long relationship with multiple services that have a high degree of variance between clients. IT outsourcing operational contexts display multi-input and multi-output variables, so managers need guidance on developing suitable approaches in order to identify the set of variables to analyse. This work proposes a model based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which is a linear programming technique able to manipulate multiple inputs and outputs. DEA allows the identification of the most efficient operation, which in turn enables providers to set the best operational strategy to follow. The results demonstrate the importance of quantitative measures in a dynamic business environment like IT outsourcing. To develop the authors' research, design science research was applied, and eighteen IT outsourcing contracts were used to demonstrate their model's utility. This work is a major contribution for measuring efficiency in IT outsourcing operations.
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Wang, Xia, and Shi Lei Sun. "Dynamic Analysis of IT Services Outsourcing Based on Resource Dependence Theory." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 1273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.1273.
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.IT services outsourcing motives aroused the concern of many scholars at home and abroad, the paper-driven and theory-driven decision-making both summed up the IT services outsourcing motives. By comparing a variety of IT service outsourcing motivation theory, this paper argues the perspective of resource-based IT services outsourcing motives greater rationality. On this basis, it puts forward the enterprise of resources and flexible resources of rigid concepts. Alternative resource dependence theory, two kinds of resources, service outsourcing are discussed motivation. Finally, the outsourcing of IT services at different stages of life cycle development strategies.
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Scott, Ian A. "Public hospital bed crisis: too few or too misused?" Australian Health Review 34, no. 3 (2010): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09821.
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•Increasing demand on public hospital beds has led to what many see as a hospital bed crisis requiring substantial increases in bed numbers. By 2050, if current bed use trends persist and as the numbers of frail older patients rise exponentially, a 62% increase in hospital beds will be required to meet expected demand, at a cost almost equal to the entire current Australian healthcare budget. •This article provides an overview of the effectiveness of different strategies for reducing hospital demand that may be viewed as primarily (although not exclusively) targeting the hospital sector – increasing capacity and throughput and reducing readmissions – or the non-hospital sector – facilitating early discharge or reducing presentations and admissions to hospital. Evidence of effectiveness was retrieved from a literature search of randomised trials and observational studies using broad search terms. •The principal findings were as follows: (1) within the hospital sector, throughput could be substantially improved by outsourcing public hospital clinical services to the private sector, undertaking whole-of-hospital reform of care processes and patient flow that address both access and exit block, separating acute from elective beds and services, increasing rates of day-only or short stay admissions, and curtailing ineffective or marginally effective clinical interventions; (2) in regards to the non-hospital sector, potentially the biggest gains in reducing hospital demand will come from improved access to residential care, rehabilitation services, and domiciliary support as patients awaiting such services currently account for 70% of acute hospital bed-days. More widespread use of acute care and advance care planning within residential care facilities and population-based chronic disease management programs can also assist. •This overview concludes that, in reducing hospital bed demand, clinical process redesign within hospitals and capacity enhancement of non-hospital care services and chronic disease management programs are effective strategies that should be considered before investing heavily in creating additional hospital beds devoid of any critical reappraisal of current models of care. What is known about the topic?There is a growing demand for inpatient care in Australia, with presentations to public hospital emergency departments increasing by 4.9% per year over the last 5 years and admission numbers increasing by 3.6% per year. Increasing numbers of hospital beds may give only short-term reprieve in lowering bed occupancy rates if little attention is giving to improving hospital efficiency by internal process redesign or by decreasing demand for acute hospital beds by improving capacity of the non-hospital sector to manage sub-acute illness and chronic disease. What does this paper add?This article provides a narrative meta-review of the evidence of effectiveness of various reform strategies. The key findings are that, within the hospital sector, patient throughput could be substantially improved by: outsourcing public hospital clinical services to the private sector where appropriate; implementing whole-of-hospital reforms, which that facilitate more flexible and dynamic bed management (especially where it relates to systems of care for acutely ill patients); separating acute from elective beds and services; increasing the numbers of day-only admissions; and curtailing ineffective or marginally effective clinical interventions. However, the potentially biggest gains in hospital productivity will come from improved access to residential care, rehabilitation services and domiciliary support for hospitalised patients who no longer require acute inpatient care, combined with decreased need for hospitalisation as a result of population-based chronic disease management programs led by primary care agencies, and acute care and advance care planning within residential care facilities. What are the implications for practitioners?A public debate must start now on how the healthcare system and the role within it of hospitals should be re-configured in managing future population healthcare needs in a sustainable way. In the meantime, all hospitals must consider implementing reforms with potential to improve their productivity and reduce access block for those who really need acute hospital care.
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Wang, Chuang-Wei, and Ke-Ming Tang. "Exploration of Mode of Software Service Outsourcing Talents Training Based on School-Enterprise Cooperation and Engineering Education." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 4, no. 5 (May 31, 2016): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol4.iss5.541.
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With the rapid development of international service outsourcing industry, the supply and demand uncoordinated problem between talent training modes and service outsourcing enterprises arises. In order to adapt to the knowledge-based economy and social development, our university has done some exploration work in IT service outsourcing talent training with some methods and measures taken, which the culture results obtained aims at providing a reference information for the high-quality IT service outsourcing personnel training and educational reform.