To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Service Occupations.
Journal articles on the topic 'Service Occupations'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Service Occupations.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Fayard, Anne-Laure, Ileana Stigliani, and Beth A. Bechky. "How Nascent Occupations Construct a Mandate: The Case of Service Designers’ Ethos." Administrative Science Quarterly 62, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 270–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001839216665805.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we study the way that nascent occupations constructing an occupational mandate invoke not only skills and expertise or a new technology to distinguish themselves from other occupations, but also their values. We studied service design, an emerging occupation whose practitioners aim to understand customers and help organizations develop new or improved services and customer experiences, translate those into feasible solutions, and implement them. Practitioners enacted their values in their daily work activities through a set of material practices, such as shadowing customers or front-line staff, conducting interviews in the service context, or creating “journey maps” of a service user’s experience. The role of values in the construction of an occupational mandate is particularly salient for occupations such as service design, which cannot solely rely on skills and technical expertise as sources of differentiation. We show how service designers differentiated themselves from other competing occupations by highlighting how their values make their work practices unique. Both values and work practices, what service designers call their ethos, were essential to enable service designers to define the proper conduct and modes of thinking characteristic of their occupational mandate.
2
Williams, Mark, Ying Zhou, and Min Zou. "The Rise in Pay for Performance Among Higher Managerial and Professional Occupations in Britain: Eroding or Enhancing the Service Relationship?" Work, Employment and Society 34, no. 4 (April 26, 2019): 605–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017019841552.
Full textAbstract:
Higher managerial and professional occupations are now the most incentivized occupational class in Britain. It is not yet known whether the rise in pay for performance (PFP) signifies an erosion or enhancement in the ‘service relationship’ that purportedly characterizes these occupations. Taking an occupational class perspective, this article investigates the implications of the rise in PFP for the employment relationship and conditions of work across the occupational structure using two nationally representative datasets. In fixed-effects estimates, PFP is found to heavily substitute base earnings in non-service class occupations, but not in service class occupations. PFP jobs generally have no worse conditions relative to non-PFP jobs within occupational classes. The article concludes the rise in PFP should be conceptualized more as a form of ‘rent sharing’ for service class occupations, enhancing the service relationship, and as a form of ‘risk sharing’ for non-service class occupations.
3
Stansfeld, S. A., C. Pike, S. McManus, J. Harris, P. Bebbington, T. Brugha, A. Hassiotis, et al. "Occupations, work characteristics and common mental disorder." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 5 (August 21, 2012): 961–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001821.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe present study aimed to assess the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) by occupation in a representative sample of the English adult population. Another aim was to examine whether the increased risk of CMD in some occupations could be explained by adverse work characteristics.MethodWe derived a sample of 3425 working-age respondents from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. Occupations were classified by Standard Occupational Classification group, and CMD measured by the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Job characteristics were measured by questionnaire, and tested as explanatory factors in associations of occupation and CMD.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, gender, housing tenure and marital status, caring personal service occupations had the greatest risk of CMD compared with all occupations (odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.16–2.58). The prevalence of adverse psychosocial work characteristics did not follow the pattern of CMD by occupation. Work characteristics did not explain the increased risk of CMDs associated with working in personal service occupations. Contrary to our hypotheses, adding work characteristics individually to the association of occupation and CMD tended to increase rather than decrease the odds for CMD.ConclusionsAs has been found by others, psychosocial work characteristics were associated with CMD. However, we found that in our English national dataset they could not explain the high rates of CMD in particular occupations. We suggest that selection into occupations may partly explain high CMD rates in certain occupations. Also, we did not measure emotional demands, and these may be important mediators of the relationship between occupation type and CMDs.
4
Buscariolli, André, Anne Kouvonen, Lauri Kokkinen, Jaana I. Halonen, Aki Koskinen, and Ari Väänänen. "Human service work, gender and antidepressant use: a nationwide register-based 19-year follow-up of 752 683 women and men." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 6 (January 26, 2018): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104803.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesTo examine antidepressant use among male and female human service professionals.MethodsA random sample of individuals between 25 years and 54 years of age (n=752 683; 49.2% women; mean age 39.5 years). Information about each individual’s filled antidepressant prescriptions from 1995 to 2014 was provided by the Social Insurance Institution. First, antidepressant use in five broad human service categories was compared with that in all other occupations grouped together, separately for men and women. Then, each of the 15 human service professions were compared with all other occupations from the same skill/education level (excluding other human services professions). Cox models were applied and the results are presented as HRs for antidepressant use with 95% CIs.ResultsThe hazard of antidepressant use was higher among men working in human service versus all other occupations with the same skill/occupational level (1.22, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.27), but this was not the case for women (0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.01). The risks differed between professions: male health and social care professionals (including medical doctors, nurses, practical nurses and home care assistants), social workers, childcare workers, teachers and psychologists had a higher risk of antidepressant use than men in non-human service occupations, whereas customer clerks had a lower risk.ConclusionsMale human service professionals had a higher risk of antidepressant use than men working in non-human service occupations. Gendered sociocultural norms and values related to specific occupations as well as occupational selection may be the cause of the elevated risk.
5
Kleiner, Morris M. "Occupational Licensing." Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 4 (November 1, 2000): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.4.189.
Full textAbstract:
The study of the regulation of occupations has a long and distinguished tradition in economics. In this paper, I present the central arguments and unresolved issues involving the costs and benefits of occupational licensing. The main benefits that are suggested for occupational licensing involve improving quality for those persons receiving the service. In contrast, the costs attributed to this labor market institution are that it restricts the supply of labor to the occupation and thereby drives up the price of labor as well as of services rendered. Alternative public policies for this institution are identified.
6
Sharma, Madhuri. "Multiple Dimensions of Gender (Dis)Parity: A County-Scale Analysis of Occupational Attainment in the USA, 2019." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 8915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168915.
Full textAbstract:
Gender economic parity comprises an integral part of the United Nation’s 17 goals toward attaining sustainable development. Women have historically been confined to feminine occupations associated with lower pay, which have negatively impacted their economic wellbeing. This paper examines gendered dimensions of occupational (dis)parity across US counties and their association with educational attainment. Drawing on five years’ American Community Survey estimates (2015–2019) data from the National Historical Geographic Information System, I conduct descriptive statistical analysis of occupation-based location quotients and education, followed by an in-depth share analysis of 26 gender-based sub-categories of occupations. The correlation analysis provides insights into the multiple dimensions of gendered inequalities. Women’s largest engagements still include sales/office (28.66%), service (21.15%), and education/legal/community-service/arts/media (15.03%)—accounting toward 65% of all employed women in the US. Women majoring in science/engineering and related disciplines are still the lowest, which manifests into their alarmingly lower representations in science/engineering and related occupations. This suggests strategic policy interventions to advance women in STEM education. This analysis, however, also suggests occupational parity for women with a master’s education and above who share almost similar types of relationships with major categories of occupations, even though the coefficients are more favorable for males in managerial jobs.
7
Duncan, C. Steven, and Peter M. Greenston. "Occupation Data Base Planning and Design." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 18 (October 1988): 1202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803201803.
Full textAbstract:
The Occupation Data Base under development at TPDC consists of three files. The first file describes military occupations, providing information about the attributes of the occupation. It addresses the question: what does the occupation look like? The second file describes occupations from a “demographic” perspective, or more simply put, answers the question: who are the people performing the job? It provides a statistical profile (current and historical) of the characteristics, experience, and behavior of the people serving in each military occupation. The third file provides a data file oh training programs, resources, methods and media as these elements relate to military occupations. All occupations within the enlisted, warrant officer, and officer communities are covered in each service, both active and reserve components. These three files are being built from current and historical data and will be updated regularly, thereby providing a comparative perspective with which senior service planners can make informed decisions on defense training issues.
8
Clarkson, Claudia, Kobie Boshoff, and Jocelyn Kernot. "Occupational Therapy Interventions for Adolescents: A Scoping Review." Allied Health Scholar 2, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 51–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21913/tahs.v2i1.1575.
Full textAbstract:
Aim and Background: Occupations are everyday activities that help occupy our time and provide us with a sense of purpose in life. Adolescence is a unique stage of life when individuals experience occupational change that assists with preparation for adulthood. Participation in occupations is linked to health and wellbeing. Existing literature on occupational participation appears to combine adolescents’ and children’s experiences. Due to the unique nature of adolescence and an increased focus on service development and re-design for all age groups in Australia since the implementation of the National Disability Insurance Scheme, this scoping review sought to explore Occupational Therapy interventions that promote adolescents’ participation in everyday occupations. Design and Methods: A systematic search of eight databases for peer reviewed papers published between 2008 and 2018 was conducted. The PRISMA guidelines were used to guide the review processes. Study selection criteria focussed
on Occupational Therapy interventions promoting participation in everyday occupations for adolescents (between 10 to 19 years of age). The data was charted and synthesised to identify key features of the interventions. Results: The 26 included studies revealed various intervention types and adolescent groups. The majority of the interventions targeted adolescents with physical disabilities and autism spectrum disorder. Many studies focussed on promoting functional independence in work, personal care, social participation and health management. Features of interventions include collaborative (with the adolescent and family) intervention goal setting and evaluation processes, as well as the use of technology. The majority of the papers reported positive outcomes, however mixed results were also identified. The findings provide guidance for adolescent service development and re-design by identifying the areas of occupation and features of programs, documented in Occupational Therapy-specific literature. Future reviews can extend our understanding further by incorporating by including publications that focus on assessment and other roles of Occupational Therapists.
Keywords: participation, occupation, Occupational Therapy, adolescents
9
Heinz, Walter R., Udo Kelle, Andreas Witzel, and Jens Zinn. "Vocational Training and Career Development in Germany: Results from a Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Behavioral Development 22, no. 1 (March 1998): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502598384522.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper presents empirical results from a German panel study which collected longitudinal data regarding the job entry of young adults in six of the top training occupations in the service and technical-industrial sectors. The data clearly demonstrate the influence of gender and social origin on the access to training in particular occupations. Furthermore, the existence of gender and occupation-specific patterns of career development is demonstrated. However, the apprenticeship system also provides mobility opportunities which depend on the specific training occupation. Moving along a certain occupational pathway results in an interplay between the structural opportunities and constraints of occupational contexts, on the one hand, and the young workers’ aspirations and orientations, on the other. These orientations and aspirations were investigated with qualitative methods which helped to identify different modes of biographical action orientations of young workers.
10
Forsythe, Eliza C. "The Occupational Structures of Low- and High-Wage Service Sector Establishments." Economic Development Quarterly 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242419838328.
Full textAbstract:
The occupational structure of an establishment provides a description of its production process by detailing the distribution and relative intensity of tasks performed. In this study, the author investigates whether there are substantive differences in the occupational structures of low- and high-wage service sector establishments. The author shows that low-wage establishments organize production to use less labor in professional occupations compared with high-wage establishments operating in the same local labor market and industry. In addition, low-wage establishments employ fewer individuals in information technology occupations, employ fewer managers, and have substantially wider supervisory spans of control. These results indicate that, despite operating in the same narrowly defined labor and product markets, low-wage establishments organize production to less intensively use labor in skilled occupations.
11
Godfrey, Alice. "Policy Changes in the National Health Service: Implications and Opportunities for Occupational Therapists." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 63, no. 5 (May 2000): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260006300506.
Full textAbstract:
Recent changes in the philosophy and structure of the National Health Service give greater emphasis to the prevention of ill health within locally defined communities. Occupational therapists, by virtue of their unique philosophy, have an opportunity to influence primary care strategy and practice by highlighting the links between environment, occupation and health. The recent changes in the structure of the National Health Service are described and the philosophy of occupational therapy is discussed in relation to these changes. This description provides the basis for recommendations as to how occupational therapists can work to build a recognition of the fundamental importance of adaptive occupation to individual health and, hence, to health at a community and population level. Working at a community and population level will require occupational therapists to strengthen links with health promotion and public health in order to help promote health through meaningful occupations within local settings.
12
Shimitras, Leah, Ellie Fossey, and Carol Harvey. "Time Use of People Living with Schizophrenia in a North London Catchment Area." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 66, no. 2 (February 2003): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260306600202.
Full textAbstract:
Time use provides one means to study the lifestyles and community participation of people with disabilities. Previous clinical studies suggest that people with a mental illness experience difficulty in using their time meaningfully. This study examines the time use of 229 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia from an epidemiological survey in London, England. Twenty-four hour time budgets were collected and time use was calculated for 10 major categories of occupations. Few of the participants were engaged in work, active leisure, education or volunteer occupations, their predominant occupations being sleeping, personal care and passive leisure. The women spent significantly more time in domestic occupations and less time in passive leisure occupations than the men. The younger participants spent significantly more time in social occupations than the other age-groups. The older participants, and those attending day centres, spent most time in passive leisure. These findings indicate that many people diagnosed with schizophrenia are not engaged in occupations that support active lifestyles or social inclusion, highlighting the need to improve their opportunities to participate in mainstream social, active and productive occupations. Occupational therapists must work with service users and agencies beyond the mental health system to enable service users' participation in such occupations. Barriers to participation also require further exploration to address these occupational needs better.
13
Benjamin, Orly. "Gendered corrosion of occupational knowledge." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 35, no. 3 (April 18, 2016): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-05-2015-0035.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – When public agencies seek to privatize a service, a commissioning process begins wherein public sector budgeters must decide how generous the funding will be while taking occupational standards into account so that the quality of service is assured. One important area of occupational standards is the required personnel and job sizes of certified employees. Not enough attention has been directed to how occupational standards’ related knowledge is treated in the process. The purpose of this paper is to: first, investigate how the commissioning process is experienced by Israeli, often female, occupational standards administrators. Second, proposing a gendered perspective on Sennett’s corrosion of character thesis. Design/methodology/approach – As part of an institutional ethnography project, 16 interviews were conducted with (14 female and two male) occupational standards administrators at the Israeli Welfare, Education and Health Ministries. Findings – The routine of commissioning involves a stage of using occupational standards’ knowledge and experience, and a stage of dismissing it. The “corrosion of character” embedded in the dismissal stage undermines historical achievements in the area of recognizing caring work and skills. Research limitations/implications – The research is unable to distinguish between the specific caring occupations discussed. Practical implications – Service delivery modes has to develop into more publicly visible forums where occupational standards’ are protected. Social implications – The continuous corrosion of occupational knowledge may result in the demise of professionalization in care service occupations causing increasingly more polarization and poverty among their employees. Originality/value – While Sennett’s thesis has already been found plausible for understanding public servants’ experiences of the “new public management,” until recently, not enough attention has been devoted to the commissioning processes’ gendered implications for contract-based delivery of services. This paper examines these implications for the power struggle between the feminist achievements protecting skill recognition in caring occupations, and policy makers.
14
Johnson, Suzanne, and Marilyn Hafer. "Employment Status of Severely Visually Impaired Men and Women." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 79, no. 6 (June 1985): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8507900601.
Full textAbstract:
Occupational classifications and salaries were obtained from Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) for visually impaired men and women closed to competitive employment in fiscal year 1981. Data for women from one midwestern state during the same year show that larger percentages were placed in clerical and service occupations, and a smaller percentage closed to professional occupations than for the total cases (both men and women) reported closed by RSA. Salaries were below the national average; incomes of visually impaired persons lag behind the general population.
15
Pankov, V. A., N. V. Efimova, M. V. Kuleshova, and V. R. Motorov. "Carcinogenic risk assessment in aircraft construction workers." Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-2-122-126.
Full textAbstract:
Individual carcinogenic risk (ICR) was assessed in workers of main occupations in aircraft construction industry of East Siberia. Levels of ICR were evaluated for the main occupations workers during 1 to 30 years of service. Th e workers’ exposure was assessed according to longstanding average shift concentrations in the air of workplace, for the population — by average annual concentrations in the ambient air. To evaluate the risk not associated with occupation, the dose was taken for a period of 70 years life. Calculating dose of toxic chemicals in the air of workplace, the authors used “standard” parameters of pulmonary ventilation for adults, weight, days of exposure (240), working time (8 hours as a working day). Individual carcinogenic risk for Irkutsk population equaled 3.0E–04, in Ulan-Ude — 4.8E–04. Th e risk value for the general population is due to formaldehyde and chromium VI. Th e workers of main occupations in enterprises with carcinogenic jeopardy have ICR dozens of times higher than the general urban population. Considering a share in ICR, leading carcinogens for the aircraft construction enterprise workers are: formaldehyde — vulcanizers, chromium and nickel — for other occupations. ICR is considered as unacceptable for occupational groups in 5–15 years aft er starting work under hazardous conditions. Despite high level of ICR, the occupational control incompletely covers monitoring of carcinogens. Existing system of occupational studies fails to disclose etiologic role of occupational factors in occurrence of malignancies.
16
Gonäs, Lena, Anders Wikman, Marjan Vaez, Kristina Alexanderson, and Klas Gustafsson. "Changes in the gender segregation of occupations in Sweden between 2003 and 2011." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 47, no. 3 (April 12, 2019): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494819831910.
Full textAbstract:
Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze possible changes in the gender composition of occupations in Sweden, using register data covering the whole working population. Methods: Cross tabulations on gender by occupation were computed and comparisons made of numbers and proportions of women and men aged 20–64 years to illustrate occupational gender-segregation categories in 2003 and 2011, respectively. All of those in working ages, employed in 2003 and 2011 (4.2 resp 4.7 millions individuals), were included. Differences in the distribution of women and men in all occupations were summarized using two gender-segregation indexes from 2003 and 2011, separately. Results: The proportion of women increased in the gender-integrated (⩾40–<60% women) occupations. Also, the proportion of women in high-skilled professional occupations in the male-dominated category increased, as well as the proportion of men in mostly low-skilled female-dominated occupations, mainly in the service sector. The gender-segregation of occupations measured by the Index of Dissimilarly and the Karmel and MacLachlan Index was lower in 2011 than in 2003. Conclusions: The process of de-segregation has continued during our study period, from 2003 to 2011. The proportion of women increased in occupations that demand higher education, both in gender-integrated and in male-dominated occupations, which can contribute to a decrease in the level of sickness absence for women. Men increased their proportion in low-skilled, female-dominated occupations – a group with high levels of sickness absence or disability pension.
17
AL-EMYAN, MOZFI M., ZIAD S. ABU-HAMATTEH, and FAROOQ A. AL-AZZAM. "Jordanian Employment in the Aqaba Labor Market." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 4 (October 30, 2007): 525–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807071024.
Full textAbstract:
This table shows the employment of Jordanians across industrial, educational, and occupational groups as a percentage of total employment in 2003. Note that the three major industries (in order) are public administration/social services; trade, including hotels and restaurants; and manufacturing. Almost 50 percent of Jordanian workers had less than a secondary education, and almost 50 percent of all employees fell into three occupational groups: service, shop, and market sales; craft and related trades; and elementary occupations.
18
Fosu, Augustin Kwasi. "Do Black and White Women Hold Different Jobs in the Same Occupation? a Critical Analysis of the Clerical and Service Sectors." Review of Black Political Economy 21, no. 4 (March 1993): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02689963.
Full textAbstract:
Employing 1960 and 1981 census data at the three-digit level, the study finds that black and white women were employed at different jobs in the predominantly female clerical and service occupations in both 1960 and 1981. However, there appears to be a slight reduction in black female job dissimilarity with white females between 1960 and 1981 in both occupations. Moreover, while employment of black women, relative to white women, in 1960 was observed to be generally skewed toward the low-paying, low-status jobs in clerical and service occupations, there was little evidence of this trend by 1981. The present results, then, complement previous findings at the more aggregative two-digit level of black female occupational advancement since the mid-1960s.
19
Taylor, Jackie A., Vivienne Jones, and Carole D. Farrell. "The “What Now?” Workbook: Its potential utility following life-changing events." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 86, no. 1 (February 2019): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008417419826108.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Following a life-changing event, such as a serious illness, people can experience a disruption of meaning and identity, making it difficult to move forward. The “What Now?” Workbook was developed to enable exploration of the personal meanings of specific occupations to facilitate future planning. Purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the utility—usability and usefulness—of the workbook in practice. Method. Five occupational therapists trialled the workbook at a specialist cancer centre in England. Qualitative data were gathered via a focus group, an interview, and questionnaires. The data were subject to a realist thematic analysis. Findings. The findings showed the workbook to have actual and potential utility for service users in this setting, as perceived by their occupational therapists, by helping them to explore occupations, their loss, meanings, and future possibilities as part of an occupational therapy intervention. Implications. The workbook appears to offer a structured yet flexible way to explore personal meanings of occupations, enabling service users to gain insights and move forward following a life-changing illness.
20
Wiedner, Rene, Amit Nigam, and Jose Bento da Silva. "General Practitioners Are from Mars, Administrators Are from Venus: The Role of Misaligned Occupational Dispositions in Inhibiting Mandated Role Change." Work and Occupations 47, no. 3 (April 26, 2020): 348–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888420918643.
Full textAbstract:
Research on mandated occupational role change focuses on jurisdictional conflict to explain change failure. The authors’ study of the English National Health Service highlights the role of occupational dispositions in shaping how mandated role change is implemented by members of multiple occupational groups. The authors find that tension stemming from misaligned dispositions may emerge as members of different occupations interact during their role change implementation efforts. Depending on dispositional responses to tension, change may fail as members of the different occupations avoid interactions. This suggests that effective role change can be elusive even in the initial absence of conflicting occupational interests.
21
Anderson, Pauline, and Chris Warhurst. "Newly professionalised physiotherapists: symbolic or substantive change?" Employee Relations: The International Journal 42, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 300–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-10-2018-0271.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose There is renewed interest in the professions as a range of occupations pursue professionalisation projects. The purpose of this paper is turn analysis to an important omission in current research – the skills deployed in the work of these professions. Such research is necessary because skills determine the formal classification of occupations as a profession. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on qualitative research, this paper explores the deployment of skills in work of one newly professionalised occupation in the UK’s National Health Service – physiotherapists. Findings The findings point to a disconnect between how this occupation has become a profession (the skills to get the job, and related political manoeuvring by representative bodies) and the mixed outcomes for their skills deployment (the skills to do the job) in work as a profession. Originality/value The paper provides missing empirical understanding of change for this new profession, and new conceptualisation of that change as both symbolic and substantive, with a “double hybridity” around occupational control and skill deployment for physiotherapists as a profession.
22
Lee, Hye-Eun, Masayoshi Zaitsu, Eun-A. Kim, and Ichiro Kawachi. "Occupational Class and Cancer Survival in Korean Men: Follow-Up Study of Nation-Wide Working Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010303.
Full textAbstract:
Background: We aimed to describe inequalities in site-specific cancer survival across different occupational classes in Korean men. Methods: Subjects included cancer diagnosed members of the national employment insurance program during 1995–2008. A total of 134,384 male cases were followed by linking their data to the Death registry until 2009. Occupational classes were categorized according to the Korean Standard Occupational Classification (KSOC). Hazard ratio adjusting age and diagnosed year were calculated for each occupation by cancer sites. Results: Men in service/sales and blue-collar occupations had lower survival of all cancer sites combined and esophagus, stomach, colorectal, liver, larynx, lung, prostate, thyroid cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma than men in professional and managerial positions. Cancer sites with good prognosis like prostate cancer showed wider gap across occupational class. Conclusions: Considerable inequalities in cancer survival were found by occupation among Korean men. Cancer control policy should more focus on lower socioeconomic occupational class.
23
Arif, G. M., and M. Irfan. "Return Migration and Occupational Change: The Case of Pakistani Migrants Returned from the Middle East." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i1pp.1-37.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the factors affecting occupational composition of Pakistani workers upon their return from Middle East employment by using the 1986 ILO/ARTEP Survey of Return Migrant Households. In view of the concentration of workers in lowstatus occupations prior to migration, there was a great incentive for them to change these occupations after return. The study shows that the economic resources gained from overseas employment gave migrants the strength to seek independent employment, and there was a clear move out of the production-service occupations into business and agriculture occupations. This movement was strongly related to migrants’ length of stay in the Middle East. Since the occupational structure of the general population remained almost unchanged in the 1970s and 1980s, the employment trends exhibited by return migrants could largely be attributed to overseas migration. However, the study shows that businesses and farms established by migrant workers were small-scale.
24
Tikhonova, G. I., T. E. Piktushanskaya, T. Yu Gorchakova, A. N. Churanova, and M. S. Bryleva. "Influence of duration and intensity of exposure to occupational hazards on mortality levels of coal miners." Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 7 (July 31, 2018): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2018-7-16-21.
Full textAbstract:
Th e article presents results of analytic epidemiologic study of mortality in coal miners cohort in Rostov region, who had occupational disease registered in various years. The cohort included 9980 males, the observation period was 26 years (01/01/1990–31/12/2015). Deep analysis of mortality with leading death causes in subgroups of coal miners differentiated by length of service in underground conditions. Standardized relative risk of death in the subgroups increased with longer length of service, with respiratory diseases, circulatory system diseases and malignancies.The authors studied mortality in subcohorts of the miners with leading and auxiliary occupations, whose work conditions differ in intensity of exposure to occupational hazards. For the workers with leading occupations, standardized relative risk of death with respiratory diseases, circulatory system diseases and malignancies was higher.
25
Sagiraju, Hari Krishna Raju, Sasa Živković, Anne C. VanCott, Huned Patwa, David Gimeno Ruiz de Porras, Megan E. Amuan, and Mary Jo V. Pugh. "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Among Veterans Deployed in Support of Post-9/11 U.S. Conflicts." Military Medicine 185, no. 3-4 (October 23, 2019): e501-e509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz350.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a recognized military service-connected condition. Prior prevalence studies of ALS among U.S. war Veterans were not able to address concerns related to neurodegenerative sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and disregarded risk heterogeneity from occupational categories within service branches. Materials and Methods We identified the prevalence of definite and possible ALS and cumulative incidence of definite ALS among Post-9/11 U.S. Veterans deployed in support of Post-9/11 conflicts (mean age 36.3) who received care in the Veterans Health Administration during fiscal years 2002–2015. Using a case-control study design, we also evaluated the association of TBI and major military occupation groups with ALS adjusting for demographics and comorbidities. Results The prevalence of ALS was 19.7 per 100,000 over 14 years. Both prevalence and cumulative incidence of definite ALS were significantly higher among Air Force personnel compared to other service branches and among tactical operation officers and health care workers compared to general and administrative officers. Neither TBI nor younger age (<45 years) was associated with ALS. Depression, cardiac disease, cerebrovascular disease, high blood pressure, and obstructive sleep apnea were clinical comorbidities significantly associated with ALS in this population of Veterans. Conclusion This study among a cohort of relatively young Veterans showed a high ALS prevalence, suggesting an early onset of ALS among deployed military service members. The higher prevalence among some military specific occupations highlights the need to determine which occupational exposures specific to these occupations (particularly, Air Force personnel, tactical operations officers, and health care workers) might be associated with early onset ALS.
26
Sandeva, Gergana N., Rositsa P. Deliradeva, and Pavlina L. Gidikova. "Work Ability of Machinery Manufacturing Employees." Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcr-2017-0019.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Assessment of work ability is an important aspect of occupational medical services, the main goal being to maintain employees’ health, well-being and efficiency. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the work ability of workers employed by two machinery factories. We used the Work Ability Index (WAI) questionnaire to assess 165 workers of an iron casting factory A and 166 workers in a press-forging plant B. The data obtained were evaluated and compared based on gender, age, length of service and occupation. Mean WAI for the two factories were almost identical (43.3±4.9 for Factory A and 43.3±4.6 for Factory B), both indicating good overall work ability. The lowest mean WAI (37.7) was registered for the crane operators from Factory B, and the highest (47.2) - for the molders in Factory A. The female production workers in Factory A had a significantly lower WAI as compared to their male counterparts (p=0.001). WAI also varied significantly between different age groups and occupations in the two plants. Significant negative correlations were found between work ability and length of service, as well as between psychological resources and gender (Factory A) and the length of service (Factory B). WAI is a useful tool in finding vulnerable workers who need more attention from occupational health specialists.
27
Zaganjor, Ibrahim, Suzan L. Carmichael, A. J. Agopian, Andrew F. Olshan, and Tania A. Desrosiers. "Differences in pre-pregnancy diet quality by occupation among employed women." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 11 (February 26, 2020): 1974–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019003926.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjective:Maternal risk factors for pregnancy outcomes are known to vary by employment status. We evaluated whether pre-pregnancy diet quality varies by occupation in a population-based sample.Design:We analysed interview data from 7341 mothers in a national case–control study of pregnancy outcomes. Self-reported job(s) held during the 3 months before pregnancy were classified using Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) codes. Usual diet in the year before conception was assessed with a semi-quantitative FFQ and evaluated using the Diet Quality Index for Pregnancy (DQI-P). Using logistic regression, we calculated adjusted OR and 95 % CI to estimate associations between low diet quality (defined as the lowest quartile of DQI-P scores) and occupation types.Setting:The National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Arkansas, California, Georgia, Iowa, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Texas, Utah.Participants:Employed mothers of infants born between 1997 and 2011.Results:No occupation was strongly associated with low diet quality. Moderate but relatively imprecise associations were observed for women employed in management (OR: 1·3; 95 % CI: 1·1, 1·7); arts, design, entertainment, sports and media (OR: 1·4; 95 % CI: 0·9, 2·1); protective service (OR 1·3; 95 % CI: 0·7, 2·5) and farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (OR: 0·5; 95 % CI: 0·2, 1·1).Conclusions:Our analyses suggest that women in certain occupations may have lower diet quality in the months before pregnancy. Further research is needed to determine whether certain occupations could benefit from interventions to improve diet quality in the workplace for women of reproductive age.
28
Maloney, Emily. "The Social Psychology of Occupational Status Groups: Relationality in the Structure of Deference." Social Psychology Quarterly 83, no. 4 (July 8, 2020): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272520902455.
Full textAbstract:
Affect Control Theory (ACT) can predict the average deference that occupational identities receive from others. These “deference scores” can capture occupational status better than previous operationalizations of prestige. Combining this new measurement of occupational status with social network methods, this article explores the underlying relational patterns hidden within Freeland and Hoey’s (2018) scores of average deference. I construct a complete network of deference relations across 303 occupational identities using Bayesian ACT simulations. A blockmodel analysis of this network resulted in four positions within the occupational deference structure: everyday specialists, service-to-society occupations, the disagreeably powerful, and the actively revered. These are occupational classes that defer to the same occupational identities and receive deference from the same occupations. Exploring the reduced blockmodel provides a more complete depiction of the occupational status structure as measured by ACT.
29
Mackay, K. R. "Occupational Segregation and Youth Employment." Journal of Industrial Relations 27, no. 1 (March 1985): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568502700104.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the paper is to assess the impact of changes in occupational structure on the level and composition of youth employment. Substantial occupational segrega tion of youth employment persists, suggesting the existence of identifiable 'youth jobs' and 'adult jobs'. When a shift and share approach is applied to changes in the levels of youth employment over the 1971-81 period, changing youth shares of employment within occupations are found to be a dominant influence on youth employment levels. This suggests the importance of competitive factors in the labour market and is consistent with existing research. There is also evidence that occupa tional segregation and changes in occupational structure have had an important influence on the employment of youth. These will probably continue to be impor tant, given continuing long-term growth in service sector occupations, and the decline in trades and prodtrction process worker occupations. The former trend will work to the advantage of young females, who are concentrated in these growth occupations, while the latter will act as a constraint on the employment of young males, particularly 15 to 20-year-olds.
30
Lambert, Paul S., Koon Leai Larry Tan, Kenneth Prandy, Vernon Gayle, and Manfred Max Bergman. "The importance of specificity in occupation‐based social classifications." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 28, no. 5/6 (June 20, 2008): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443330810881231.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThis paper aims to present reasons why social classifications which use occupations should seek to adopt “specific” approaches which are tailored to the country, time period and gender of the subjects under study.Design/methodology/approachThe relative motivations for adopting a specific approach to social classifications are discussed and theoretical perspectives on specificity and empirical evidence on the contribution of specific approaches are reviewed. Also the practical costs of implementing specific social classifications are evaluated, and the authors' development of the “GEODE” data service (grid‐enabled occupational data environment), which seeks to assist this process, is discussed.FindingsSpecific approaches make a non‐trivial difference to the conclusions drawn from analyses of occupation‐based social classifications. It is argued that the GEODE service has reduced the practical challenges of implementing specific measures.Research limitations/implicationsThere remain conceptual and pragmatic challenges in working with specific occupation‐based social classifications. Non‐specific (“universal”) measures are adequate for many purposes.Practical implicationsThe paper argues that there are few excuses for ignoring specific occupation‐based social classifications.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates that recent technological developments have shifted the balance in the long‐standing debate between universal and specific approaches to occupation‐based social classifications.
31
Albanesi, Stefania, and Jiyeon Kim. "Effects of the COVID-19 Recession on the US Labor Market: Occupation, Family, and Gender." Journal of Economic Perspectives 35, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.35.3.3.
Full textAbstract:
The economic crisis associated with the emergence of the novel corona virus is unlike standard recessions. Demand for workers in high contact and inflexible service occupations has declined while parental supply of labor has been reduced by lack of access to reliable child care and in-person schooling options. This has led to a substantial and persistent drop in employment and labor force participation for women, who are typically less affected by recessions than men. We examine real-time data on employment, unemployment, labor force participation and gross job flows to document the impact of the pandemic by occupation, gender and family status. We also discuss the potential long-term implications of this crisis, including the role of automation in depressing the recovery of employment for the worst hit service occupations.
32
Lee, Jea-Yong, Mo-Yeol Kang, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, and Jun-Pyo Myoung. "P.1.20 Trends in prevalence of obesity according to occupational group: the korean national health and nutrition examination survey." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A82.3—A82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.223.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesThis study was designed to provide recent trends of obesity among workers in Korea, and identify whether there was difference across occupational group.MethodsWe used data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination survey phase I to VI (1998–2015) to analyze trends in prevalence of obesity in Korean adult workers. Obesity was defined as a BMI of 25 kg/m2 or higher. Occupation was classified into 3 groups; a) non-manual worker, b) service/sales worker, c) manual worker.ResultDuring the period from KNHANES phase I to VI, the prevalence of obesity in male workers increased in all occupations as a whole (31.1% to 39.5% in manual worker, 32.3% to 38.2% in service/sales worker, 25.3% to 39.7% in manual worker). In contrast, female workers did not show a particular tendency except for a significantly decreasing in the prevalence rate in service/sales workers (30.8% to 23.9%, p for trend 0.0048).ConclusionsThe trends of obesity prevalence by gender and occupation were different. Especially for male manual-workers, the prevalence rate has increased steadily during the period, while it has decreased steadily in female sales/service workers. These results can be used to select vulnerable groups that can be applied to obesity prevention programs first.
33
Duijster, Janneke, Lapo Mughini-Gras, Jacques Neefjes, and Eelco Franz. "Occupational exposure and risk of colon cancer: a nationwide registry study with emphasis on occupational exposure to zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogens." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e050611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050611.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesWhile colon cancer (CC) risk is associated with several lifestyle-related factors, including physical inactivity, smoking and diet, the contribution of occupation to CC morbidity remains largely unclear. Growing evidence indicates that gastrointestinal infections like salmonellosis could contribute to CC development. We performed a nationwide registry study to assess potential associations between occupation (history) and CC, including also those occupations with known increased exposure to gastrointestinal pathogens like Salmonella.MethodsPerson-level occupational data for all residents in The Netherlands were linked to CC diagnosis data. Differences in the incidence of (overall, proximal and distal) CC among occupational sectors and risk groups were tested for significance by calculating standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% CIs using the general population as reference group. Effects of gender, age, exposure duration and latency were also assessed.ResultsSignificant differences in CC incidence were observed only for a few occupational sectors, including the manufacturing of rubber and plastics, machinery and leather, the printing sector and the information service sector (SIRs 1.06–1.88). No elevated risk of CC was observed among people with increased salmonellosis risk through occupational exposure to live animals, manure or among those working in the sale of animal-derived food products (SIRs 0.93–0.95, 0.81–0.95 and 0.93–1.09 for overall, proximal and distal CC, respectively).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that occupation in itself provides a relatively small contribution to CC incidence. This is consistent with previous studies where a similar degree of variation in risk estimates was observed. The lack of an association with the high-risk occupations for salmonellosis might be due to higher levels of physical activity, a known protective factor for CC and other diseases, of people working in the agricultural sector, which might outweigh the potential Salmonella-associated risk of CC.
34
Dill, Janette, and Adrianne Frech. "Providing for a Family in the Working Class: Gender and Employment After the Birth of a Child." Social Forces 98, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 183–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy106.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractNavigating the labor market in today’s economy has become increasingly difficult for those without a college degree. In this study, we ask whether and how working-class men and women in the United States are able to secure gains in wages and/or earnings as they transition to parenthood or increase family size. We look closely at child parity, employment behavior (e.g., switching employers, taking on multiple jobs, increasing hours), and occupation in the year after the birth of a child. Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey for Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we employ fixed-effects models to examine the impact of changing labor market behavior or occupation on wages and earnings after the birth of a child. We find limited evidence that low- and middle-skill men experience a “fatherhood premium” after the birth of a child, conditional on child parity and occupation. For men, nearly all occupations were associated with a “wage penalty” after the birth of a child (parity varies) compared to the service sector. However, overall higher wages in many male-dominated and white-collar occupations make these better options for fathers. For women, we see clear evidence of a “motherhood penalty,” which is partly accounted for by employment behaviors, such as switching to a salaried job or making an occupational change.
35
Fehringer, Carol, and Leonie Cornips. "The Use of Modal Particles in Netherlandic and Belgian Dutch Imperatives." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 31, no. 4 (November 6, 2019): 323–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542719000072.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates the use of modal particles in spoken Dutch imperatives. Two types of particles are differentiated: mitigating, which are often used as a politeness strategy, and reinforcing, which add extra force to the utterance (Vismans 1994). Our findings show that in Netherlandic Dutch, the use of mitigating particles is determined by the type of occupation that the speaker has: Speakers in service-oriented occupations use mitigating particles significantly more often than speakers in nonservice-oriented occupations, and it is argued that this is a function of their need to be more polite in their role as a service provider. Since the data do not come from the speakers’ workplace interactions but from informal conversations with friends and family, it is suggested that speech patterns of speakers’ professional and private language practices influence each other. The effect of occupation is not observed in Belgian Dutch, however, where mitigating particles are significantly less frequent. Moreover, an important methodological consideration arises from this analysis: There is the need for researchers to examine the data beyond the standard sociolinguistic categorizations made available by large corpora.
36
Stack, Steven. "Suicide among Carpenters: A Multivariate Analysis." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 39, no. 3 (November 1999): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/fbn1-533n-lxv0-23a9.
Full textAbstract:
Previous Work On Broad Occupational Groups Has Noted That Suicide Rates Are Higher Among Manual Workers Than Nonmanual Workers. However, it is not clear if this is due to occupational strains per se, or the covariates of manual worker status such as gender, and marital strain. The present study explores suicide risk among a group of skilled manual workers: carpenters. Data are taken from the U.S. Public Health Service Annual Mortality Detail File tapes for 1990. A bivariate analysis finds that carpenters are 1.996 times more likely than the rest of the working age population to die of suicide. However, once controls are introduced for gender, race, marital status and other socio-demographic variables, carpenters are only 1.15 times more at risk of suicide than the working age population. The results are consistent with those of an earlier study of laborers. While working class occupations are marked by suicide risk, the risk may be due more to the covariates of these occupations than the occupations themselves.
37
Kristensen, Petter, Therese N. Hanvold, Rachel L. Hasting, Suzanne L. Merkus, and Ingrid S. Mehlum. "O3E.2 Risk of mental health disorders in human service occupations: a register based study of 445,651 norwegians." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A30.1—A30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.80.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesMental disorders contribute strongly to disability. Work in human service occupations has been considered a risk factor in several studies. We aimed at quantifying this relationship in a prospective follow-up of all employed persons born in Norway, 1967–1976.MethodsWe conducted follow-up in several national registries. Based upon the ISCO98 four-digit code, we classified 2007 occupations into customer contact, client/patient contact, and reference (no contact). Client/patient contact was subdivided into health care, education and social work. We collected mental disorder diagnoses (ICD-10 F00-F99), in particular affective (F30-F39) and stress-related (F40-F48), in the Norwegian Patient Registry, 2008–2011. Four-year prevalence differences (PD) per 100 across occupational categories were estimated in binomial regression models adjusted for year of birth, marital history, current family pattern, and education level.ResultsAmong 4 45 651 employed persons, 18% held customer-related occupations while 25% held occupations with client/patient contact. The total four-year prevalence of mental disorder was 8.6/100 (38,207 patients). Affective and stress-related prevalences were 5.3 and 6.5 for women, and 3.0 and 3.2 for men, respectively. Adjusted PD estimates showed positive associations between client/patient contact occupations and mental disorders: for women, affective and stress-related disorder PD estimates were 1.1 (95% confidence interval (CI); 0.9–1.3) and 1.3 (CI; 1.0–1.5), respectively. The corresponding PD estimates for men were 1.7 (CI; 1.5–2.0) and 1.5 (CI; 1.2–1.7). We found strongest associations for women in social work (PD 2.3 for stress-related disorders) and men in health care (PD 2.6 for affective disorders). Associations with other mental disorder categories were weak, as were associations with customer contact occupations.ConclusionsAffective and stress-related morbidity was clearly associated with occupations involving client/patient contact for both sexes. We cannot dismiss health selection as an alternative to a causal effect of work-related factors. This register-based study is not well suited to provide mechanistic explanations.
38
Robinson, Richard N. S., Anna Kralj, David J. Solnet, Edmund Goh, and Victor J. Callan. "Attitudinal similarities and differences of hotel frontline occupations." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 28, no. 5 (May 9, 2016): 1051–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-08-2014-0391.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify across a number of workplace variables the similarities and differences in attitudes between three key frontline hotel worker groups: housekeepers, front office employees and food and beverage front-of-house staff. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative study was conducted using 25 semi-structured interviews with frontline workers employed in full-service hotels across Eastern Australia. Analysis was augmented through the Leximancer® software package to develop relational themes in the aggregation and disaggregation of the occupations. Findings Although work/life balance was a common theme across the three occupations, several distinct attitudinal differences emerged, in particular regarding perceptions of one occupational group towards another. Practical implications This study highlights the importance of hotel managers being cognisant of occupational differences and collecting data capable of assisting in the identification of these differences. Several practitioner relevant recommendations are made. Originality/value This exploratory study challenges assumptions regarding a “pan-industrial” hospitality occupational community and applies an emerging qualitative software package to highlight occupational differences and relational perceptions.
39
Kleiner, Morris M. "Battling over Jobs: Occupational Licensing in Health Care." American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161000.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this paper is to outline the major tensions between the monopoly face of licensing versus potential consumer protection goals of occupational regulation in the health care industry. Historically, health care occupations limited supply as a method of raising earnings, but with the growth in the number of newly regulated occupations, many professions have come in conflict over who gets to do the work. Rather than having consumers decide, state legislatures and licensing boards determine the allocation of tasks. The paper outlines policies that may allow consumers rather than service providers determine the direct allocation of these jobs.
40
Kuehn, Daniel. "Registered Apprenticeship and Career Advancement for Low-Wage Service Workers." Economic Development Quarterly 33, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242419838605.
Full textAbstract:
Registered apprenticeship is a time-tested approach to building technical skills through a combination of classroom and closely supervised on-the-job training. This study explores the growth of registered apprenticeship in service occupations over the past two decades and uses administrative data on registered apprentices to identify the factors associated with successful program completion and exit wage growth. Key program characteristics vary across different service occupations, but shorter apprenticeship programs operated by single employers working jointly with a union seem to be consistently associated with higher completion rates. Partnerships with community colleges fail to generate higher completion rates, although for many service occupations these partnerships are associated with higher exit wages.
41
Lewis, Gregory B. "Gender Integration of Occupations in the Federal Civil Service: Extent and Effects on Male-Female Earnings." ILR Review 49, no. 3 (April 1996): 472–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900306.
Full textAbstract:
Using the U.S. Office of Personnel Management's Central Personnel Data File, the author shows that from 1976 through 1992 gender integration of occupations proceeded more rapidly and steadily in the federal civil service than in the general economy. During that period, increasing numbers of women moved into traditionally male occupations, especially in professional and administrative work. Little of that progress, the author finds, was attributable to changes in women's education or seniority. Although average grades (indicating levels of responsibility) in male-dominated occupations declined as women entered them, gender integration of occupations helped to narrow male-female pay disparities in the federal service more than in the general economy.
42
Sundstrom, William A. "Last Hired, First Fired? Unemployment and Urban Black Workers During the Great Depression." Journal of Economic History 52, no. 2 (June 1992): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700010834.
Full textAbstract:
Throughout the Great Depression, the unemployment rates of blacks exceeded those of whites in urban areas of both North and South. Among men, this difference was largely due to racial differences in occupational status, whereas among women, unemployment rates were dramatically higher for blacks even within specific occupations. The occupational pattern of the unemployment gap suggests that labor market discrimination played a role, especially in unskilled service jobs.
43
Occupational Therapists, World Federation Of. "World Federation of Occupational Therapists' Position Statement on Telehealth." International Journal of Telerehabilitation 6, no. 1 (September 3, 2014): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ijt.2014.6153.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this document is to state the World Federation of Occupational Therapists’ (WFOT) position on the use of telehealth for the delivery of occupational therapy services. Telehealth is the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to deliver health-related services when the provider and client are in different physical locations. Additional terms used to describe this service delivery model include: tele-occupational therapy, telerehabilitation, teletherapy, telecare, telemedicine, and telepractice, among other terms. Telehealth may be used by occupational therapy practitioners for evaluation, intervention, monitoring, supervision, and consultation (between remote therapist, client, and/or local health-care provider) as permitted by jurisdictional, institutional, and professional regulations and policies governing the practice of occupational therapy.Occupational therapy services via telehealth should be appropriate to the individuals, groups and cultures served,and contextualized to the occupations and interests of clients. Important considerations related to licensure/registration, collaboration with local occupational therapists, client selection, consent to treat, professional liability insurance, confidentiality, personal and cultural attributes, provider competence/standards of care, reimbursement/payer guidelines, and authentic occupational therapy practice are discussed.
44
Roy, S., and M. Khan. "Abdominal hernias: a clinical review of their assessment and management in the Naval Service." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 101, no. 2 (December 2015): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-101-177.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractHernias are a relatively common occurrence in the armed forces community and may affect an individual’s fitness for duty and impact on operational capability, particularly in specialist occupations. Their early identification and management will allow appropriate treatment and minimise any impact on operational capability. This article aims to summarise the assessment and management of simple hernias and considers occupational considerations in their management for personnel serving in the Royal Navy and Royal Marines.
45
Swan, Jodie, Danielle Hitch, Ruth Pattison, Angela Mazur, Samantha Loi, Alissa Westphal, and Kate Bolton. "Meaningful occupation with iPads: Experiences of residents and staff in an older person’s mental health setting." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 81, no. 11 (May 6, 2018): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022618767620.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction This study aimed to explore the experience of staff and residents of mental health residential care facilities, using iPads as a medium to engage in meaningful occupation. Method A mixed method was used, which combined descriptive quantitative and thematic qualitative analysis. The Pan Occupational Paradigm was used as a theoretical framework, to maintain an occupational perspective. Residents participated in semi-structured interviews, and staff completed surveys and participated in a focus group or individual interview. The responses were then coded and analysed for their description of ‘doing’, ‘being’, ‘becoming’ and ‘belonging’ experiences. Findings Analysis found that residents engaged in personally meaningful occupations with the iPads, often with staff facilitation. The study also found that staff and residents responded positively to the iPads, particularly regarding developing positive connections and opportunities for growth and mastery. However, barriers associated with resource availability (particularly hardware and infrastructure) were also identified. Conclusion The use of iPads in these facilities provided opportunities for residents to engage in meaningful occupation, and overcome the occupational limitations inherent in the service setting. iPad use also enabled residents to engage in the community outside the facility.
46
Akhtar, Sajjad, and Maqsood Sadiq. "Occupational Status and Earnings Inequality: Evidence from PIHS 2001-02 and PSLM 2004-05." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i2pp.197-213.
Full textAbstract:
Wage/earnings inequalities are one source of overall inequality in a country. The former inequalities in turn are closely linked with differential occupational status either defined in a contractual or productive/skill sense. Using the Pakistan Standard Classification of Occupations [PSCO (1994)], this paper estimates Gini coefficients for three types (all types, employee, selfemployed) of individuals/earners by occupational status from the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) 2001-02 and Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2004-05. Long-term trends in earnings inequality from 1992-93 to 2004-05 are documented with the benchmark estimates in the Ahmad (2002) study, while the short-term trends are measured from 2001-02 to 2004-05 for self-employed and paid employee. The long- as well as the short-term trends indicate rising earnings disparities within each occupational category. Over the longer period, these disparities have risen in the range of 50 to 100 percent. Shifts across occupation and across employment status indicate doubling of the share of Shop and Market Sales and Services Workers and the transition towards becoming self-employed. A few tentative explanations for the observed increasing occupational inequalities at the individual level are: (a) Availability of credit and improved efficiency of capital market may have relaxed capital constraints of former employees and enabled them to transit as self-employed. Right-sizing and down-sizing in public organisations may also have pushed the previous employees into utilising the ‘golden handshake’ packages towards self-employment. Assuming that returns on capital (internal or borrowed) are higher and financial contracts are more lucrative than wage contracts, the situation can lead to wider disparities. (b) At the paid employee level, the fall in the share of workers in elementary occupations improved the wage contracts of those still remaining in this occupation, and thereby increased the income/earnings inequality within this category. (c) Premium on skills, education, experience, and talent, in spite of the entry of a large number of individuals in the Service, Shop and Market Sales Workers category, has widened the inequalities within this category.
47
Elkapalli, Kumaraswamy. "Sociology of Work and Occupations Structure and Trends." GIS Business 14, no. 4 (July 5, 2019): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i4.5752.
Full textAbstract:
Today the nature of work has been changed, industries in the traditional sense ie, manufacturing material goods and services with the help of machines and mechanical work power have been reduced in number with automation, computerization, subcontracting, out-sourcing the number of work has been falling in large industries rapidly with information revolution, most of the service provided with computerized processing and there is no need of any large number of workers for eg. WNS specialized airline management firm working from pune and Mumbai, can do the either back office airline management function of British AirWays. Some other association many be specified in human resources related function like payroll and pension management and its clients may include big corporate, like Motorola, Pfizer which offer arrange of outscoring services to clients world wads for example A multinational company spectra mind provides a number of services like e-mail management accounting services and knowledge acquisition.
48
Kootbodien, Tahira, Kerry Wilson, Nonhlanhla Tlotleng, and Nisha Naicker. "P.3.15 Suicide trends by occupation in south africa, 1997 to 2016." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A100.1—A100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.274.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe risk of suicide varies across occupations. However information is limited in South Africa. Surveillance data are vital to raise awareness of suicide risk for effective interventions in workplaces.MethodTo assess trends in suicide-related mortality by occupation, we analysed underlying cause of death data and occupation information from vital registration data from Statistics South Africa. Suicide (X60-X84) was coded using the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Occupation groups were based on the South African Standard Classification of Occupations (SASCO) groups: (1) managers, (2) professionals, (3) technicians, (4) clerks, (5) service workers, (6) skilled agricultural and fishery workers, (7) craft and related trade workers, (8) plant and machine operators and (9) elementary occupations. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate mortality odds ratios (MOR) for occupation groups in men and women, adjusting for age, year of death, education level, marital status and province of death.ResultsThe 20 year study examined 7 113 episodes of suicide in South Africa of all persons of working age from 1997 to 2016. Deaths by suicide increased from 1997 (n=93, 0.05%) to 2016 (n=389, 0.15%, nptrend, p<0.001). Among men, the risk of suicide was highest in skilled agricultural and fishery workers (MOR=3.0, 95% CI 1.75–5.16). Among women, risk of suicide were highest in skilled agricultural and fishery workers (MOR=2.7, 95% CI 1.03–6.84) and clerical workers (MOR=2.40, 95% CI 1.29–4.46).ConclusionThe results show that agricultural and fishery workers are at highest risk of suicide in men and women of working-age. There is a need for future studies to investigate explanations for the observed differences across occupations, particularly in people employed in lower skill-level groups.
49
Huetten, Antje Sarah Julia, David Antons, Christoph F. Breidbach, Erk P. Piening, and Torsten Oliver Salge. "The impact of occupational stereotypes in human-centered service systems." Journal of Service Management 30, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/josm-12-2016-0324.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the impact that occupational stereotypes held by customers have on value co-creation processes in human-centered service systems (HCSSs) like hospitals. Specifically, by exploring if and how customers’ (i.e. patients’) stereotypes toward frontline employees (e.g. nurses) affect their satisfaction as co-creators of value, this study responds to current service research priorities attempting to understand value co-creation in collaborative contexts like healthcare, and addresses calls to investigate the changing role of health care customers therein.Design/methodology/approachA field study was conducted in the context of German hospitals, which provides unique empirical evidence into the relationship between patients’ stereotypes toward healthcare professionals and their satisfaction with health services as well as the mediating mechanisms through which such stereotypes affect patient satisfaction.FindingsNegative (positive) stereotypes patients hold toward healthcare occupations decrease (increase) their satisfaction and are associated with perceptions of reduced (improved) patient orientation and patient participation in co-creation. However, only perceived patient orientation partially mediates the link between occupational stereotypes and patient satisfaction.Originality/valueThis study develops and tests new hypotheses related to occupational stereotyping in complex HCSSs, and extends previous research on stereotypes in service by exploring the previously unknown mediating mechanisms through which these impact value co-creation processes overall. It furthermore provides important guidance for future research about stereotyping in general, and its impact on value co-creation and HCSS, in particular.
50
Hepworth, M. E., A. E. Green, and A. E. Gillespie. "The Spatial Division of Information Labour in Great Britain." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, no. 6 (June 1987): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190793.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper the prevailing geography of the information economy in Great Britain is examined. Attention is focused on the 1981 labour-force share of information occupations at the level of standard regions. This occupation approach, as developed by Porat, is interrelated with Singlemann's sectoral classification in order to provide a new view of the information-based service economy in a regional context. The spatial division of information labour in Great Britain is identified and its theoretical and policy implications are discussed. It is shown that, despite regional differences in industrial specialisation, job prospects in all parts of the country are increasingly dependent on information-based services. There is, however, clear evidence of Greater London's dominance of the information economy, particularly in higher-order information occupations related to management and control functions and specialised producer-services activities. It is suggested that innovations in information technology (computer-communications networks) will reinforce this uneven geography of employment opportunities, particularly with the further integration of Britain into the global information economy. In this light, theoretical approaches to regional economic policy must embody an international dimension and address the transsectoral nature of information-based development in which the new technologies play a central role.