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Mitchell, Corin Sebastian. "The opportunities and challenges of promoting inclusive financial services through mobile money : the case of MTN mobile money in Uganda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21784.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.<br>Perhaps the African equivalent to the industrial revolution is the mobile revolution we’ve witnessed over the past decade. Specifically the innovation and extraordinary growth of mobile money, mobile technology platforms and ongoing service offerings to millions of otherwise mostly precluded people. The potential for these technologies coupled with latent untapped user demand across sub-Saharan Africa to catalyse investment, crowd in competition and financial service providers and as a result push financial inclusion through access and use, is vast. Link these reasons with the ever sought after global demand for ‘increase in shareholder value’ and it can easily be seen why mobile operators are continuously expanding, partnering with banks and predominantly expanding in emerging and frontier markets in sub-Saharan Africa.
This research report explores MTN MobileMoney in Uganda as the case in point; possibly one of the most exciting and rapidly growing platforms in Africa.
The research reveals that whilst profitable, it is a very competitive business with tight margins. Continuous education is critical if people from all walks of life are truly to benefit and scale is to be reached to make it even more profitable when servicing the ‘unbanked’ and bottom of the pyramid.
Uganda and other countries too, should think strategically about introducing national identity documents, or equivalent, to ensure they maximise the potential ease and reach of technology that can have real and relevant development benefits to people – especially the under-served and poor. Not doing so merely serves as disadvantageous.
Broader benefits of mobile money and mobile transactions go far beyond purely the individual user, and include the country’s economy as a whole, providing convenience to corporate as well as small businesses and individuals – the anywhere, anytime factors. Benefits accrue to businesses, and to government, in terms of cost efficiencies and paying large numbers of staff, increased safety and security in a less cash dependent economy.
There is significant local and international demand for innovation and new product offerings, driving mobile operators globally and in emerging and frontier markets in particular.
There are a number of key factors that make mobile money a commercial success; it’s not just about churn reduction. These factors are explained and explored in this research report.
Specifically when data was gathered from MobileMoney users there were no immediate or unexpected surprises. However, what was striking and reassuring was the positive attitude and experience of users, as well as what appears to be latent demand for more services and users’ trust in MTN to provide these.
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Osah, Olam-Oniso. "Determinants of user continuance intention towards mobile money services : the case of M-pesa in Kenya." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16718.
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Includes bibliographical references<br>The turn of the millennium witnessed the uptake and proliferation of mobile technology in developing regions. This occurrence has provided a medium for mobile telecommunication vendors within the region to create and offer services that are now accessible across socio-economic classes. A notable case of a widely adopted mobile technology-enabled service in the developing world is a mobile money service in Kenya called M-pesa. Since its inception, M-pesa has witnessed a mass adoption which has generally been attributed to prior lack of access by majority of individuals' in the country to affordable regulated financial services. M-pesa's presence has now been anticipated to afford a larger population the initial opportunity to harness economic benefits such as: increase money circulation, increase employment opportunities, facilitate social capital accumulation, facilitate savings, and promote financial autonomy, amongst others. Also, M-pesa based transactions in Kenya are reported to exceed those of western union globally. Whilst M-pesa presently vaunts large user adoption numbers, it is the first of its kind in the region to amass such achievement. Further, historically: products and services of similar nature to M-pesa have been unsustainable. A case of M-pesa's demise would have dire implication for the Kenyan economy and 30% of the households in the country that rely on it for remittances. To understand this phenomenon, extant studies have examined the drivers of adoption of this service but have slacked in subsequent investigations to understand user continuance with the service. As such, the information systems literature cautions that initial adoption of technology, although crucial, does not guarantee sustained use. Therefore it is imperative to investigate drivers of continuance. In general, extant research has not focused on investigations of user continuance intention in Africa. In response, this thesis presents an African based study on the determinants of user continuance intention towards M-pesa. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to i) identify and discuss factors from the literature that are most likely to influence user continuance intention towards M-pesa, (ii) develop a research model that is grounded in theory, (iii) test the model within the sample context to identify the antecedents and determinants of user continuance intention towards M-pesa in Kenya. A broad, critical review of the relevant literature provided basis for hypothesized relationships between the identified factors. A formal survey of users of M-pesa in Kenya comprised the phase of data collection and resulted in a usable data set of (n=434). The data collected from the respondents within Kenya was relied upon to test the hypotheses. The survey instrument used to measure the study's constructs was developed via a process of literature review, expert pre-testing, pilot testing, and statistical validation. Partial Least Square and Artificial Neural Network analyses were used to examine the study's measurement and structural model comprising variables of : behavioural beliefs (post-usage usefulness, confirmation, satisfaction), control-beliefs (utilization and flow), object-based beliefs (perceived task-technology fit, system quality, information quality, and service quality), and attitudinal belief (trust). Collectively, the afore-listed ten independent variables and one dependent variable (continuance intention) comprised the study's model. Four of the independent variables (utilization, satisfaction, flow, and trust) were hypothesized to directly determine continuance intention. Of these four, all emerged as determinants of continuance intention. However, trust emerged as the strongest determinant, subsequently, utilization, flow, and satisfaction respectively. The result was unexpected, as satisfaction (a behavioural belief) has been presented in the extant literature as the dominant determinant of continuance intention but does not hold a consistent predictive strength in a developing world. Its predictive power was diluted by trust, utilization, and flow amongst the Kenyan sample. The study's model revealed an R² of 0.334. The analyses demonstrated that user continuance intention is determined by factors across object, control, attitudinal, and behavioural beliefs. The unexpected finding of the rankings of predictive strength of the factors turns a new leaf and introduces areas of further inquiry in future studies. The study concludes with realized contributions to theory and important guidelines for current and future technology-enabled service vendors in developing regions.
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Ky, Serge. "Essays on the rise of mobile financial technology in developing countries and its impact on individual financial behaviors." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0077/document.
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Cette thèse étudie les déterminants de l'adoption des services financiers par téléphonie mobile et ses conséquences sur les comportements financiers individuels dans les pays en développement. Elle est composée de trois chapitres/articles auto-référents. Le premier chapitre étudie l'adoption croissante des services financiers par téléphonie mobile dans les pays en développement en distinguant mobile money (utilisation du mobile pour accéder à des services financiers) et mobile banking (services financiers liés à un compte bancaire accessibles par téléphonie mobile) et en confrontant l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne aux autres pays en développement. L'étude montre que le mobile money est plus répandu que le mobile banking dans les pays en développement mais plus encore en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Les déterminants de son adoption sont liés aux facteurs macroéconomiques, à l'étendue des services financiers et des activités d'intermédiation du secteur bancaire dans chaque pays et surtout de l'ampleur des transferts d'argent des migrants. Le chapitre 2 analyse l'impact de l'adoption du mobile money sur le comportement individuel d'épargne à partir de données d'une enquête de terrain menée au Burkina Faso en 2014. En distinguant l'épargne selon qu'elle est constitué pour des événements prévisibles ou non, les résultats montrent que le mobile money a un impact favorable sur l'épargne lorsqu'elle est destinée à faire face à des événements imprévisibles et plus particulièrement à d'éventuels problèmes de santé. Les résultats plus précis révèlent que ce sont en fait les groupes défavorisés à qui le mobile money permet effectivement de développer cette capacité d'épargne, la sécurité et la possibilité de transferts d'argent dans la sous-région apparaissent comme les principaux facteurs explicatifs. Le chapitre 3 exploite ces données d'enquête en étudiant l'impact de l'adoption du mobile money sur l'utilisation des services financiers traditionnels (formels et informels). L'analyse montre que les utilisateurs du mobile money le privilégient pour effectuer leurs dépôts grâce aux avantages qu'il apporte en termes d'accès, de coût, de liquidité et de confidentialité par rapport aux services financiers traditionnels. Cependant, l'étude révèle que l'utilisation du mobile money renforce l'accès des usagers des services financiers informels et des groupes défavorisés à la fois aux banques et aux caisses d'épargne<br>This dissertation investigates determinants of mobile financial technology adoption and its consequences on individual financial behaviors in developing countries. It is structured around three chapters/self-contained papers. The first chapter explores the growing adoption of mobile financial technology in developing countries by distinguishing mobile money (use of a mobile phone to access financial services) from mobile banking (access of banking services using a mobile phone) and setting Sub-Saharan Africa against other developing countries. The results show that mobile money adoption dominates mobile banking in developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Determinants of its adoption include macroeconomic factors, outreach of financial services, banking sector intermediation activities and especially remittances. The second chapter analyzes the impact of mobile money adoption on individual saving behavior by using individual-level survey data that we designed and conducted in 2014 in Burkina Faso. By distinguishing saving for predictable events from that for unpredictable events, the findings show that mobile money has a positive impact only on saving for unpredictable events especially saving for health emergencies. Precisely, the results show that disadvantaged groups who use mobile money are likely to save for health emergencies, and that safety and the availability of money transfers within the sub-region appear as factors that may explain the use of mobile money to save for health emergencies. The third chapter exploits the same survey data to analyze the impact of mobile money adoption on the usage of traditional (formal and informal) financial services. The results show that mobile money is preferred for deposits over traditional financial services because of the convenience that it provides in terms of relative access, risk, liquidity and privacy. Interestingly, the results reveal that the use of mobile money brings participants in informal deposit mechanisms and disadvantaged groups toward banks and credit unions
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Thabane, Matela. "Assessing the Principal Agent Problem in Mobile Money Services: Lessons from M – PESA in Lesotho." Thesis, University Of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29934.
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The expansion and diffusion of mobile phones globally has resulted in the provision of financial transactional services over the existing mobile phone platforms, generally referred to as mobile money. The supply end of mobile money services is an important factor in the success of the financial transactions offering. This research assessed vulnerabilities in the mobile money supply network that are inherently related to the existence of the principal – agent problem and their implications on availability and access to the services. The research study was conducted using a qualitative approach. Qualitative information was collected through interviews guided by open – ended questionnaires. Thematic analysis approach was followed to systematically analyse the data and generate findings of the study. Agent transactional data was analysed to complement the findings from qualitative analysis The findings suggest that the principal agent problem permeates the mobile money delivery network mainly after businesses joining as agents and manifests as moral hazard. Moral hazard is the dominant feature of the principal – agent problem, with adverse selection very low. Drivers of moral hazard are demonstrated by the influences and demands of agents’ core businesses and challenges in agent monitoring and training. The existence of the principal – agent problem has limited or no implications on access and availability of services. However, overtime the combined vulnerabilities identified related to the principal agent problem are likely to manifest into risks that are likely to affect access and availability of mobile money services. Regulators, Mobile Network Operators and agent enterprises must collectively review monitoring approaches for mobile money service providers to address challenges identified and increase the effectiveness of monitoring. Service provision standards should be reviewed to suit the various business environments the services are provided within. Mobile Network Operators and agent enterprises need to institute stronger partnership arrangements that enhance ownership and obligations for all parties, in particular agent enterprises. Agreements must enable application of different mobile money delivery models suitable to meet the demands and requirements of the agents’ core businesses. Innovations such as Near Field Communication (NFC) can be integrated with Point of sale (POS) applications and mobile money platforms to reduce the administration burden on agents and human error. Such applications must consider the cost implications of adoption from the agents’ business perspective.
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Talom, Frank Sylvio Gahapa. "Impact of mobile money services on financial performance of SMEs: the case of Douala, Cameroon." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3007.
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Thesis (MTech (Entrepreneurship))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2020<br>Often effectively excluded by formal financial systems, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries have found in Mobile Money services an efficient and cost effective means of availing themselves of financial services without holding bank accounts. In order to provide meaningful recommendations to the stakeholders of the banking sector of Cameroon, small and medium-sized enterprises, Mobile Money service providers, and relevant state organs, this study was conducted to investigate the influence of Mobile Money services on the financial performance of SMEs in two markets in Douala in Cameroon. A mixed methods research design was employed to conduct the study. The quantitative data was collected through the administration of a survey questionnaire and the qualitative data from one-on-one in-depth interviews. By means of snowball sampling, a sample of 285 SMEs was obtained to respond to the survey questionnaire, while the researcher used purposive sampling to select the owners or managing directors of twelve of the respondents to participate in the interviews.
Version 25 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software was used to analyse the quantitative data, while the qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. Correlation and regression analyses yielded that independent variables pertaining to the adoption of Mobile Money services by the respondents to the questionnaire predicted of the order of 73 percent of variance with respect to increased sales turnover. Most of the twelve interviewees perceived that their business operations had improved significantly after they had begun making and receiving payments in the form of Mobile Money transactions. The participants in the study used Mobile Money mainly to receive money, send money, and buy airtime and a significant majority perceived that Mobile Money services were more cost effective than those of banks. Convenience, safety, and accessibility were the attributes of Mobile Money which the participants cited as having provided their principal motivations for electing to register as users of Mobile Money services. It could be concluded that Mobile Money services exerted a significant positive influence on the financial performance of the SMEs of the participants in the study. On the basis of the conclusions which were drawn from the findings, recommendations were made to the owners of SMEs in Douala, the Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Social Economy, and Handicrafts and Mobile Money service providers. The findings of the study underscore the role of Mobile Money services as an effective means of increasing financial inclusion and financial performance and could be useful to academics, owners and managers of SMEs, financial institutions in Cameroon and elsewhere, and also relevant policy makers.
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Lans, Nicklas, and Svensson Olivia Nestius. "Mobile remittance market growth : Identifying and using key drivers for country evaluation." Thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169608.
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Migrants sending money to their countries of origin provide capital that has the potential to improve the long-run economic performance of many countries in the world. But the cost for sending remittances is unreasonably high, and there are a number of barriers hindering low- cost solutions, such as mobile money transfer services, to increase in scale. The transformation of the remittance industry is therefore impeded. This research aimed to address this problem and find the factors that are driving the market for mobile remittances forward. By identifying and understanding the key drivers, this research makes it possible for companies providing mobile remittance services to find countries that can foster a sustainable industry growth and transform the industry efficiently. As a complement to a majority of quantitative studies performed within the field of mobile money, this research used both qualitative and quantitative methods. To apply a holistic approach, the PESTLE framework was used as a structure for several parts of the research process. Key drivers were identified from an extensive literature review and interviews with industry experts. By answering a questionnaire, professionals, industry experts and researchers, rated the key drivers’ importance for the growth of the mobile remittance market. The most critical key drivers were identified and used to develop a framework for evaluating how suitable a country’s market environment is for mobile remittances. One main finding was that the perceptions on what, and who, is driving the market for mobile remittances forward are varying and highly dependent on whom is asked, but that there are some factors that people agree are of particular importance. First, the mobile remittance service should be easy to use, secure, and of lower cost than other services. It is important to have a supportive infrastructure providing efficient liquidity management for agents, high agent density and network reliability. To increase the customer awareness and adoption, agents should be educated in how to use and sell the service, and how to educate the customer. Collaborative partnerships could leverage the distribution network and increase the market interoperability, and lastly, it was shown that mobile remittances can be supported by a regulatory environment that enables mobile money and branchless banking. This research showed that to the degree to which a country’s market environment fulfils these criteria can give an indication on how suitable it is for mobile remittances. A wide range of aspects and stakeholders need to be considered and supported to foster a sustainable industry growth, and this research provides guidelines that are relevant for both companies and researchers.<br>Det kapital som migranter bidrar med när de skickar pengar till sitt hemland bidrar också till det landets ekonomiska utveckling. Kostnaden för att skicka remittanser är emellertid orimligt hög och det finns ett antal barriärer som hindrar lågkostnadslösningar, såsom mobila finansiella tjänser, att nå stor skala. På grund av sådana barriärer hämmas utvecklingen av den ineffektiva och ofta riskfyllda remittansindustrin. Den här studien har strävat efter att angripa problemet genom att hitta faktorer som driver marknaden för mobila remittanser framåt. Genom att identifiera och förstå de drivande faktorerna gör den här forskningen det möjligt för företag som erbjuder mobila remittanstjänster att hitta länder som kan främja en hållbar remittansindustri och bidra till en effektivare förändring av industrin. Som ett komplement till de i huvudsak kvantitativa studier som genomförts inom området för mobila finansiella tjänster har den här studien använt både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. För att göra tillvägagångssättet holistiskt har PESTLE-ramverket använts som en struktur under flera delar av forskningsprocessen. Drivande faktorer identifierades genom en omfattande litteraturstudie och intervjuer med industriexperter, och genom att besvara en enkät graderade yrkesverksamma, industriexperter och forskare de drivande faktorernas betydelse för den mobila remittansmarknadens tillväxt. De mest kritiska drivande faktorerna identifierades och användes för att utveckla ett ramverk som har syftet att utvärdera hur passande ett lands marknadsmiljö är för mobila remittanser. En av huvudslutsatserna är att uppfattningarna kring vad och vem som driver marknaden för mobila remittanser framåt varierar stort mellan de tillfrågade. Men forskningen visar också att det finns några faktorer vars höga betydelse de tillfrågade personerna var eniga om. Mobila remittanstjänster ska vara enkla att använda, säkra och kosta mindre än andra remittans- tjänster. Det är viktigt att infrastrukturen är stöttande genom en hög drifttillförlitlighet och att agenter har möjlighet till effektiv likviditetshantering. För att öka kundmedvetenheten och upptagandet bör agenter bli utbildade i hur tjänsten ska användas och säljas, samt hur kund- erna ska utbildas. Marknaden för mobila remittanser kan stöttas ytterligare genom partnerskap som utnyttjar distributionsnätverk och ökar marknadens interoperabilitet, samt genom regel- verk som främjar mobila finansiella tjänster. Forskningen visade att flera av dessa faktorer kan indikera hur passande ett lands marknadsmiljö är för mobila remittanser. Det finns många aspekter och intressenter som behöver tas hänsyn till och bli stöttade för att främja tillväxt, och studien bidrar med riktlinjer som kan vara av värde för både företag och forskning.
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Morawczynski, Olga. "Examining the adoption, usage and outcomes of mobile money services : the case of M-PESA in Kenya." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5558.
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This thesis will examine the adoption, usage and outcomes of a mobile money service called MPESA. Since being launched in 2007, the service has seen phenomenal growth in Kenya. Over 7.5 million users, or 34% of the adult population, have registered with M-PESA. Such growth is impressive as it has surpassed other ICTs in the country. This includes the mobile phone, which has been hailed as the fastest growing ICT in Africa. It has also surpassed the growth of mobile money in the North, where many services have been discontinued because they failed to attract a sufficient number of customers. M-PESA thus provides an interesting case of an ICT growing rapidly in the South, and “failing” in the North. In this context, the first part of the thesis examines why such rapid growth occurred. This analysis is presented from two perspectives. First, the socio-technical systems framework is used to present M-PESA as a complex system rather than an isolated application. This perspective makes clear that M-PESA grew rapidly because it had a dedicated team of system builders. These individuals took numerous strategies to enroll the elements and maintain the stability of the entire system. They further worked to engineer the social, economic, legal and political environments of the technology. Growth is also explained from the perspective of the user. The thesis makes clear that M-PESA was widely adopted because it fit into existing social practices and systems of logic. In other words, it helped users to do what they were doing before the technology was introduced. This includes money transfers back home. It also includes savings. The thesis further reveals that financial practices began to change as M-PESA became integrated into daily life. For example, users began to send money home more often. They also increased the number of their savings transactions. Such changing practices engendered a variety of consequences to daily life. This includes rising household incomes in the rural areas. It also includes new struggles over limited resources. The impacts, or wider-scale implications of usage, are also discussed. The analysis shows that a whole industry for mobile money developed as a result of M-PESA’s success. The thesis makes a contribution to knowledge in several ways. It presents a case of domestication in the South and highlights the unique factors that shape this process, from wide-scale political violence to structures of debt and obligation. It further makes the relationship between technologies and impact more clear. It shows that the technology itself does not engender the outcomes. It does, however, have a role in shaping the practices that do.
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Madebwe, Charles. "An investigation into the role played by perceived security concerns in the adoption of mobile money services : a Zimbabwean case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017933.
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The ubiquitous nature of mobile phones and their popularity has led to opportunistic value added services (VAS), such as mobile money, riding on this phenomenon to be implemented. Several studies have been done to find factors that influence the adoption of mobile money and other information systems. The thesis looks at factors determining the uptake of mobile money over cellular networks with a special emphasis on aspects relating to perceived security even though other factors namely perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived trust and perceived cost were also looked at. The research further looks at the security threats introduced to mobile money by virtue of the nature, architecture, standards and protocols of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). The model employed for this research was the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Literature review was done on the security of GSM. Data was collected from a sample population around Harare, Zimbabwe using physical questionnaires. Statistical tests were performed on the collected data to find the significance of each construct to mobile money adoption. The research has found positive correlation between perceived security concerns and the adoption of money mobile money services over cellular networks. Perceived usefulness was found to be the most important factor in the adoption of mobile money. The research also found that customers need to trust the network service provider and the systems in use for them to adopt mobile money. Other factors driving consumer adoption were found to be perceived ease of use and perceived cost. The findings show that players who intend to introduce mobile money should strive to offer secure and useful systems that are trustworthy without making the service expensive or difficult to use. Literature review done showed that there is a possibility of compromising mobile money transactions done over GSM
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Agbezoutsi, Kodjo Edem. "e-Services Mobiles et Sécurisés Légers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAT040.
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Dans cette thèse, nous exposons nos contributions à l'amélioration de l'écosystème du Mobile Money en identifiant ses défis majeurs et en proposant des solutions adaptées. Ces solutions visent à renforcer la sécurité et l'interopérabilité des services de Mobile Money, tout en prenant en compte les capacités limitées des terminaux mobiles. Pour ce faire, nous avons réaliséun état des lieux qui met en lumière des enjeux clés, tels que l'absence de fédération, de traçabilité et d'interopérabilité entre les plateformes Mobile Money des opérateurs de téléphonie mobile, ces dernières étant gérées par des bases de données distinctes.La blockchain est présentée comme une solution pour améliorer la sécurité, la transparence et la fiabilité des transactions. L'outil BTOOLS, un logiciel open source compatible avec plusieurs plateformes, a été développé pour générer des transactions blockchain sécurisées à l'aide de services cryptographiques. Une nouvelle architecture de Mobile Money intégrant lablockchain et l'USSD a également été proposée pour garantir une interconnexion transparente entre les différents acteurs de l'écosystème, y compris les banques, les MNO, les régulateurs et les clients.Le protocole « Mobile Money Using Blockchain » (2MUB) est un élément central des contributions de la thèse. Il a été développé en deux versions, la seconde apportant des améliorations en matière d'interopérabilité de traçabilité et de fédération.Ce protocole utilise une architecture décentralisée basée sur des smart contracts pour définir les règles decompensation entre les acteurs du Mobile Money. Trois scénarii d'implémentation ont été proposés : deux via lecanal USSD, et un via TCP/IP.Enfin, une plateforme expérimentale a été développée pour valider le protocole 2MUB. Elle utilise Node.js, Ganache, Hardhat et Sepolia pour implémenter une blockchain à deux niveaux, et son interface utilisateur est accessible via USSD grâce à Africa’s Talking. Des analyses ont montré le bon fonctionnement de la solution proposée<br>In this thesis, we present our contributions to the improvement of the Mobile Money ecosystem by identifying its major challenges and proposing suitable solutions. These solutions aim to enhance the security and interoperability ofMobile Money services while considering the limited capabilities of mobile devices. To achieve this, weconducted a state-of-the-art analysis that highlights key issues, such as the lack of federation, traceability, and interoperability between the Mobile Money platforms of mobile network operators (MNOs), as these are managed by separate databases.Blockchain is proposed as a solution to improve the security, transparency, and reliability of transactions. The BTOOLS tool, an open-source software compatible with multiple platforms, was developed to generate secure blockchain transactions using cryptographic services. A new Mobile Money architecture integrating blockchain and USSD was also proposed to ensure seamless interconnection between the various actors in the ecosystem, including banks, MNOs, regulators, and customers.The "Mobile Money Using Blockchain" (2MUB) protocol is a central element of the thesis contributions. It was developed in two versions, with the second offering improvements in terms of interoperability, traceability, and federation. Thisprotocol uses a decentralized architecture based on smart contracts to define settlement rules among Mobile Money participants. Three implementation scenarios were proposed: two via the USSD channel, and one via TCP/IP.Finally, an experimental platform was developed to validate the 2MUB protocol. It uses Node.js, Ganache, Hardhat, and Sepolia to implement a two-layer blockchain, with its user interface accessible via USSD through Africa’s Talking. Analyses have shown that the proposed solution functions well
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Gordano, Peile Cecilia. "Contested Discourses on Migrant Connectivity: Migrant Users and Corporations of Mobile Phone and Money Transfer Services in Catalonia. An interdisciplinary approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128619.
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La tesi sosté que les empreses privades que presten serveis de connectivitat constitueixen actors cada vegada més influents en la migració contemporània. Per això analitza els discursos comercials dels proveïdors de telefonia mòbil i serveis de transferència de diners a Espanya, i els contrasta amb les experiències d'equatorians i marroquins que viuen a Catalunya i usen aquests serveis per mantenir-se en contacte amb les seves xarxes personals, tant en les societats d'origen com de destinació. El disseny de la recerca combina els Estudis Culturals i els Estudis Crítics del Discurs per analitzar els testimoniatges dels migrants així com els discursos comercials a través de la publicitat i d'entrevistes amb responsables de les empreses. D'una banda, les conclusions van mostrar els mecanismes mitjançant els quals els discursos corporatius han mercantilizat i estetizat les experiències de connectivitat dels migrants. D'altra banda, es va evidenciar un paper actiu dels migrants com a agents de les seves estratègies de connectivitat, apropiant-se dels serveis oferts i creant estratègies de baix cost per convertir limitacions en oportunitats, en moments de creixent mobilitat, connectivitat digital i la consolidació d'una economia de serveis.<br>La tesis sostiene que las empresas privadas que prestan servicios de conectividad constituyen actores cada vez más influyentes en la migración contemporánea. Por ello analiza los discursos comerciales de los proveedores de telefonía móvil y servicios de transferencia de dinero en España, y los contrasta con las experiencias de ecuatorianos y marroquíes que viven en Cataluña y usan estos servicios para mantenerse en contacto con sus redes personales, tanto en las sociedades de origen como de destino. El diseño de la investigación combina los Estudios Culturales y los Estudios Críticos del Discurso para analizar los testimonios de los migrantes así como los discursos comerciales a través de la publicidad y de entrevistas con responsables de las empresas. Por un lado, las conclusiones mostraron los mecanismos mediante los cuales los discursos corporativos han mercantilizado y estetizado las experiencias de conectividad de los migrantes. Por otro lado, se evidenció un papel activo de los migrantes como agentes de sus estrategias de conectividad, apropiándose de los servicios ofrecidos y creando estrategias de bajo costo para convertir limitaciones en oportunidades, en momentos de creciente movilidad, conectividad digital y la consolidación de una economía de servicios.<br>The thesis argues that private enterprises providing connectivity services are increasingly becoming influential actors in contemporary migration. It focuses on the commercial discourses of providers of mobile phone and money transfer services in Spain, contrasting them with Ecuadorian and Moroccan migrant users’ experiences of connectivity to keep in touch with their personal networks in both origin and destination societies. The research design combined Cultural Studies and Critical Discourse Studies to look at migrants’ accounts as well as service providers’ first-hand accounts and commercial advertising texts. On the one hand, the conclusions showed the mechanisms through which corporate discourses have commodified and aestheticized migrants’ experiences of connectivity. On the other hand, they evidenced migrants’ active roles as agents of their connectivity strategies, appropriating the services offered, creating low-cost strategies that turn constraints into opportunities, in times of increasing mobility, digital connectivity and the consolidation of a service based economy.
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Ibrahim, Chaibou Oumarou. "Rôle de la microfinance dans l'inclusion financière des pays de l'UEMOA : application au cas du Niger." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR034.
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L'inclusion financière est devenue un sujet important au cours des deux dernières décennies dans les politiques de développement de l'UEMOA. Cette zone se caractérise par un faible niveau d'inclusion financière en dépit de plusieurs stratégies et programmes visant à la renforcer. Cette thèse vise à analyser d’une part la situation de l'inclusion financière de l’'UEMOA et du Niger particulièrement, et d'autre part, à étudier le rôle de la microfinance dans l’accomplissement de cette dernière. Pour ce faire, nous avons construit un indice synthétique d'inclusion financière (ISIF) pour mesurer l'inclusion financière et classer ainsi les 8 pays de l'UEMOA. A travers un modèle économétrique en panel, nous avons montré que la microfinance contribue efficacement au renforcement de l'inclusion financière sous l’angle du mobile money et l'impact (sur l'ISIF) est supérieur à celui du secteur bancaire. Nous avons en outre analysé les déterminants de l'inclusion financière à deux niveaux : d'abord à l'échelle d’un pays, et à partir des données disponibles à la BCEAO et ensuite selon les caractéristiques des personnes à l’aide des données de l’enquête que nous avons réalisé auprès d’un échantillon de 512 adultes. Ces données ont également révélé un niveau d'éducation financière inquiétant en milieu rural comme en milieu urbain au Niger<br>Financial inclusion has become an important topic in the last two decades in WAEMU's development policies. This area is characterized by a low level of financial inclusion despite several strategies and programs to strengthen it. This thesis aims to analyze on the one hand the situation of the financial inclusion of UEMOA and Niger in particular, and on the other hand, to study the role of microfinance in the fulfillment of the latter. To do this, we built a synthetic financial inclusion index (ISIF) to measure financial inclusion and thus classify the 8 WAEMU countries. Through an econometric panel model, we have shown that microfinance effectively contributes to strengthening financial inclusion in terms of mobile money and the impact (on ISIF) is greater than that of the banking sector. In addition, we analyzed the determinants of financial inclusion at two levels: first, at the country level, and from the data available at the BCEAO and then according to the characteristics of the individuals using the data. of the survey we conducted with a sample of 512 adults. These data also revealed a worrying level of financial education in both rural and urban areas of Niger
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Sewpaul, Sailesh. "Digital Strategies Senior Bank Executives in Mauritius use to Improve Customer Service." Thesis, Walden University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13422561.
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<p> Customers’ use of digital banking has reshaped traditional banking, and senior level bank executives must know how to leverage this innovation to improve customer service to increase profitability. Using the technology acceptance model as the conceptual framework, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore effective digital banking strategies that senior level executives used to improve customer service to increase profitability. The target population for this study included senior-level executives from 3 banks in Mauritius possessing successful development and implementation experience in digital banking strategies to improve customer service. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and organizational documents, which were analyzed in accordance with Yin’s 5-phase data analysis process consisting of pattern matching, explanation building, time-series analysis, program logic models, and cross-case synthesis. The use of member checking and methodological triangulation increased the trustworthiness of data interpretations. Three themes emerged from the analysis of data: use of mobile strategies to migrate customers to digital banking, challenges to migrate customers to digital banking, and digital banking innovation. The implications of this study for positive social change include improving convenience to customers; promoting green banking; and providing easy access to banking to the poor, those with physical disabilities, and those living in remote and rural areas. </p><p>
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Greenacre, Jonathan. "The regulation of mobile money." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6e559504-ac6f-47ac-8a32-c0030f963d3f.
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This thesis examines the regulation of 'mobile money'. This is an electronic payment and storage service provided by phone companies ('mobile money firms' or 'MM firms'). The first mobile money service, M-Pesa, was launched in Kenya in 2007. Since then, mobile money has spread rapidly throughout the developing world, particularly across Africa. A novel feature of mobile money is its ability to serve large numbers of people who do not have bank accounts, commonly labelled 'the unbanked'. The thesis offers a framework, based on a functional approach, to analyse the key regulatory and policy issues that arise when customersâ funds are stored and transferred within mobile money platforms. The objectives of this framework are drawn from traditional financial regulation, such as financial stability and consumer protection, and 'financial inclusion', which involves connecting the unbanked to formal, electronic payment and storage functions. The thesis makes three main claims. First, mobile money operates as a shadow retail deposit system. Mobile money is 'shadow' because a customer contracts with a non-banking firm. It is 'retail' because the system meets the payment needs of individuals for ordinary transactions. And the service is a 'deposit' system because a mobile money account provides payment and storage functions which are functionally equivalent to a bank deposit. Second, mobile money provides these payment and storage functions, functionally equivalent to a bank deposit, through a different legal structure to that used by a bank to provide deposit account services. This structure, which is established through private ordering, comprises a set of mechanisms by which the MM firm (the 'agent' in the service) and its associates credibly commit to safeguard the funds of the mobile money customers (the 'principals') for the purposes of providing payment and storage functions. Collectively, these commitments require the MM firm to maintain a 1:1 relationship between cash received from customers, which is stored within the system as highly liquid assets, and 'e-money' which customers use in the mobile money service. As a result, mobile money customers face primarily operational risks, usually without the credit and liquidity risks associated with banking. Third, public ordering can increase the efficiency of MM firms' commitments in addressing risks in mobile money platforms through adopting an 'active' approach to regulation. In this approach, the policymaker monitors a greater range of risks and more closely than what might be expected in other comparable principal-agent relationships, such as retail investors and financial intermediaries, and depositors and banks. This approach is appropriate because unbanked customers are likely to face significant information asymmetries with MM firms and coordination problems amongst themselves. This means they are unlikely to effectively monitor a range of risks to the service caused by the MM firm and its associates.
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Tveten, Thomas Moltke-H. "How to make money on mobile applications." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for telematikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25928.
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The number of mobile applications grows exponential fast with 1,000 new applications published each day, and 1 million already available. The competition among applications is fierce, but the applications that become popular generates large revenues. One example is WhatsApp, which was acquired by Facebook in 2014 for $19 billion. The application market is a winner-take-all market, that everyone can participate in by developing their own application. There is no cost in terms of money to develop an application, and thus developers only need to risk their own time. The aim of this thesis is to gain an understanding of the mobile application market, and to analyze it from a business perspective. It is especially one topic this thesis elaborates, and that is the analysis of the self-developed application in relation to the application market. There are three main subjects that are analyzed associated with this topic, and are as followed.1. The developing and marketing of mobile applications.2. A complete business model for mobile applications3. The impact of network externalities influencing mobile applications.1. In order to do an in-depth analysis of the main factors influencing applications, I developed and analyzed my own mobile application. During the development I obtained experiences of the vast amount of time and effort behind the development of applications, and the factors that need to be present in order to meet the users’ needs. When the application was finished, I conducted an extensive marketing through advertising on Facebook. During the marketing the application became ranked as the 26th most popular application on the Norwegian App Store, and the 2nd most popular word game. Due to the application’s popularity, I was interviewed by the newspaper Byavisa, the TV channel TV2, and in the book Mobile App Growth Hacks. The the- sis presents an analysis of the effect from the marketing and the various interviews, along with the effect from other marketing channels utilized. The primary finding in relation to this topic, is the large effect marketing has on the application’s popularity and the application’s ability to acquire new users. This indicates the importance of marketing for applications that struggle to be noticed.2. The thesis presents a complete business model for the self-developed application by using Osterwalder’s business model ontology. The business model examines how applications create value to their target customers, and provides an in-depth analysis of the self-developed application’s cost structure and how it generates revenue. The main findings in relation to the business model, is the large impact the application’s user activity has on the revenue generated, and that the revenue subsidizes the costs to a large extent.3. An extensive analysis of the networks externalities influencing the self-developed application is performed. The analysis presents the large influence network externalities have on applications’ ability to maintain existing users, and acquire new. Due to the network externalities, this may lead to an exponential increase or decrease in the application’s popularity. By applying a modified epidemiological model on the self-developed application, the application’s network externalities are modeled. The model is calculated based on the application’s user activity and the effect from the network externalities, and thus provides mathematical equations that can be used by developers to gain more control over the effects.There are three other findings in this thesis worth noting. First, the psychology in applications are one of the key factors to increase applications’ user activity, and thus the revenue. The application’s psychology increases users’ desire to continue using the app, by focusing on users’ emotions and behavior. Second, there are five key performance indicators that analyze the application’s strengths and weaknesses in order to increase users’ engagement, and thus increase the application’s revenue by focusing on its most profitable customers. Third, the application’s popularity are primarily determined by the application’s extent of the Word of Mouth concept. Word of Mouth is basically passing of information from person to person by oral or digital communication. In the application market, this occurs when people share their opinion about an application to others. The effect from the concept is large, and has to be present in order for an application to maintain its popularity.
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Chitsime, Collin Brian Sukali. "Mobile Money Payments as Vehicles for Money Laundering: A Case Study of Malawi." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5706.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure)<br>Money laundering is defined as the process of converting the proceeds derived from a wide
range of underlying criminal offences, called predicate offences, to apparently legitimate
property. In other words, it is the process of washing away the stain of illegality from the
proceeds of crime in order to give them the appearance of legality. In fact, the
nomenclature of the practice itself was inspired by America�s notorious gangster Al
Capone�s practice of channelling the proceeds of his criminal enterprise through his
laundromats in order to cloak their illegality so as to endow them with an appearance of
legality. The crime of money laundering has been a scourge on the economies of the
world, hence it has become a crime of international concern. The international community
has developed numerous international treaty norms obligating states to criminalise money
laundering. These norms, when incorporated into national legislation, are expected to serve
as the legal basis not only for national prosecution of money laundering offences but also
for international mutual legal assistance in AML (for example, international co-operation in
the confiscation of criminal proceeds and extradition of money launderers).
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Jansson, Erik. "Mobile portal services." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97821.
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The master thesis is examining the possibilities to integrate a mobile unit in a portal service built on a service oriented architecture. A portal is an overall solution for the need of public web, intranet and extranet of an enterprise. The thesis starts off by identifying interesting business concepts for mobile units. Then a specific concept is chosen to be implemented as a smart client solution. On the way to the final prototype application areas such as occasionally connected clients, different technologies for the communication between the server and the client, and to a certain degree security issues are covered. The Microsoft .NET is used as developing environment with C# as the chosen programming language. Specifically for the programming of the mobile unit, a hybrid of a PDA and a mobile phone, Microsoft .NET Compact Framework is used. The thesis is the final examination of the Master of Science Program in Media Technology at Linköping University. The idea for the thesis was an initiative from Ibitec AB. The majority of the work was done during the fall of 2004 at their office.<br>Examensarbetet undersöker möjligheten till att integrera mobila enheter i en portallösning som bygger på en tjänstebaserad arkitektur. En portal är en helhetslösning för att tillfredställa företags behov av publik webb, intranät och extranät. Arbetet börjar med att identifiera intressanta tjänstekoncept för mobila enheter, innan ett specifikt koncept väljs ut för att sedan implementeras som en smart klientlösning. På vägen fram till den slutliga prototypen avhandlas områden som tillfälligt uppkopplade klienter, olika tekniker för kommunikation mellan server och mobil enhet och till viss mån datasäkerhet. All implementering sker under Microsoft .NET med C# som programmeringsspråk. Specifikt för programmeringen av handenheten, som är en hybrid mellan en PDA och en mobiltelefon, har .NET Compact Framework använts Arbetet är det slutgiltiga examinationsmomentet på utbildningen till Civilingenjör inom Medieteknik på Linköping Universitet. Merparten av projektet utfördes under hösten 2004 på plats hos uppdragsgivaren Ibitec AB.
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Thatho, Teboho. "Mobile Money and Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Lesotho." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33050.
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This study seeks to examine the relationship between mobile money and financial inclusion in Lesotho in order to assess the viability of mobile money as a tool for advancing Lesotho's financial inclusion agenda. The study uses a number of deposit bank accounts as a proxy for financial inclusion (FI) and a dependent variable in three vector autoregression (VAR) bivariate models. Each of the three mobile money variables; number of mobile money registered accounts (MMC), number of agents (MMA) and volumes of mobile money transactions (MMT) are regressed against financial inclusion to investigate the relationship with each. The results indicate that among the three proxies of mobile money, only two have a relationship with financial inclusion: MMC and MMT. MMA does not show any relationship with financial inclusion. The relationship between FI and MMT is one-way from FI to MMT, which is not important for the purpose of this study. The MMC relationship with FI is the opposite of that of MMT and FI. There is a positive causal relationship from MMC to FI, indicating the positive influence of mobile money accounts of financial inclusion. The paper recommends that the government of Lesotho creates an enabling regulatory environment that supports the adoption and growth of mobile money in order to improve financial inclusion.
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Fallah, Milad, and Johanna Luo. "Mobile Money in developing markets : What should Mobile Money providers consider when trying to drive activity from the already registered user base?" Thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-148810.
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For the past decade, there has been many innovations made to the mobile phone and new features such as payments have been added to the mobile phone’s capabilities. East Africa is the region with the fastest uptake and highest adoption rates of mobile money in the world. Despite the success, the amount of active users of mobile money is still low in comparison to the number of registered users. The purpose of this master thesis is to analyze what mobile money providers should consider when trying to drive activity from the already registered user base. The main theoretical concept that was used is resource-based view and the analytical framework is an importance-effort matrix. The empirical study consisted of in-depth interviews with key experts and stakeholders from the mobile money industry. Most of the interviews were face-to-face interviews during a research trip to Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. The findings were then reviewed during the Mobile Money Africa 2014 conference in South Africa. This thesis has identified a number of reasons for low user activity of the registered user base together with strategies that has the potential to tackle them. In order to drive activity, it is important for the service provider to understand and consider what that is desired and required to possess in terms of tangible, intangible and human resources to be able to successfully implement and run the identified strategies. The study concludes that tangible resources (physical and financial resources) are of great important for enabling success of most of the identified strategies whereas intangible (intellectual property, reputation and culture) and human (skills and knowledge, communication and interaction, and motivation) resources have great variance of importance.<br>Under det senaste decenniet har det skett många innovationer till mobiltelefonen och nya funktioner som mobilbetalningar har lagts till. Östafrika är den region med den snabbast växande adoptionen och högsta utnyttjandegraden av mobilbetalningar i världen. Trots regionens framgångar är det dock fortfarande få aktiva användare av mobilbetalningar i förhållande till antalet registrerade användare. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera vad mobilbetalningsleverantörer bör tänka på när man försöker driva aktivitet från den registrerade användarbas. Det teoretiska ramverket har byggts huvudsakligen på resource-based view och den analytiska modell som används är en viktighet-instats-matris. Den empiriska studien bestod av ingående intervjuer med nyckelpersoner och intressenter från mobilbetalningsindustrin. Majoriteten av intervjuerna utfördes på plats med intervjuobjekten under en forskningsresa till Kenya, Uganda och Tanzania. Resultaten utvärderades därefter under Mobile Money Africa 2014 konferensen i Sydafrika. Denna studie har identifierat ett antal anledningar som orsakar låg användaraktivitet av den registrerade användarbasen och strategier som har möjlighet att angripa dessa anledningar. För att driva aktivitet, är det viktigt att mobilbetalningsleverantörerna förstår vad för materiella, immateriella och mänskliga resurser som är önskvärda samt krävs för att framgångsrikt kunna genomföra och driva de identifierade strategierna. I studien dras slutsatsen att materiella resurser (fysiska och finansiella resurser) är av stor betydelse för att möjliggöra framgång av de flesta identifierade strategier medan viktigheten för immateriella (immaterialrätt, rykte och kultur) och mänskliga (kompetens och kunskap, kommunikation och interaktion, och motivation) resurser varierar.
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Lipperts, Steffen Richard Goswin. "Mobile agent support services." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964753065.
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Asif, Muhammad. "Personalization of Mobile Services." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25576.
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The mobile era is well established and the number of smartphone users is showing exponential growth. The capability of smartphones and enabling technologies is also increasing and has opened many possibilities of personalized mobile services. The goal of personalization is to support the user by providing the right service at the rightmoment. Early focus of personalization was on content adaptations in different information systems. The new approaches of personalization are still needed for mobileservices as it is a compelling feature of mobile communication systems for both endusers and service providers.Personalization is providing a means of fulfilling users’ needs more effectively andefficiently and, consequently increasing users’ satisfaction. By providing successfulpersonalization, a high degree of user satisfaction and a pleasant user experience can beachieved. Some features of personalization can cause problems and may outweigh thebenefits of personalization.This thesis has focused on how to achieve scrutable mobile client-side personalizationwhile keeping the user’s privacy. The issue of privacy in personalization of mobileservices can be reduced by shifting the control of their personal information towards theusers. Our research goal is to understand and improve the personalization process anddevelop an architecture for scrutable mobile client-side personalization while keepingthe user s’ privacy. Moreover, there is a need to develop an evaluation framework tomeasure the effectiveness of mobile services personalization. A design science researchmethodology is adopted in this research work. More particular contributions of thethesis are as follows: C1: Identifications of the research issues and challenges in personalization of mobileservices. C2: An approach for delivering personalized mobile services. C3: Development of mobile client-side personalization architecture. C4: Development of mobile services Personalization Evaluation Model. C5: Identification of the prospects of scrutable personalization of mobile services.
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Kappelin, Frida, and Jimmie Rudvall. "Fraud Detection within Mobile Money : A mathematical statistics approach." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datalogi och datorsystemteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-10898.
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Context: Today it is easy to do banking transaction digitally, both on a computer or by using a mobile phone. As the banking-services increases and gets implemented to multi-platforms it makes it easier for a fraudster to commit financial fraud. This thesis will focus on investigating log-files from a Mobile Money system that makes it possible to do banking transactions with a mobile phone. Objectives: The objectives in this thesis is to evaluate if it is possible to combine two statistical methods, Benford's law together with statistical quantiles, to find a statistical way to find fraudsters within a Mobile Money system. Methods: Rules was extracted from a case study with focus on a Mobile Money system and limits was calculated by using quantiles. A fraud detector was implemented that use these rules together with limits and Benford's law in order to detect fraud.The fraud detector used the methods both independently and combined.The performance was then evaluated. Results: The results show that it is possible to use the Benford's law and statistical quantiles within the studied Mobile Money system. It is also shown that there is only a very small difference when the two methods are combined or not both in detection rate and accuracy precision. Conclusions: We conclude that by combining the chosen methods it is possible to get a medium-high true positive rates and very low false positive rates. The most effective method to find fraudsters is by only using quantiles. However, combining Benford's law with quantiles gives the second best result.
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Caballero, Luis (Luis Alberto Caballero Parra). "Strategic analysis of mobile money ventures in Developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72969.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2012.<br>"June 2012." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-84).<br>Mobile money services are spreading rapidly in many developed and developing countries across the world. Whereas in developed economies these new services are seen as a way to make current services more functional and convenient, in the developing world their relevance in the process providing access to financial services to the poorest segments of the population is welcomed and encouraged by the international development community. The spread of mobile money is seen as a catalyst for financial inclusion and the speed at which these services become available will be partly due to the stakeholders' capacity for implementing them. Mobile money projects have new been launched across many developing nations, targeting the opportunity of a common phenomenon: a gap between the high penetration of mobile services and the low penetration of financial services. The measure of success of those ventures has been mixed, with hallmark cases rapidly reaching over 10% of the population and other cases being discontinued or re-launched in the face of failure. The history of the development of such projects highlights several lessons for current and future stakeholders. First, an industry context with high demand and low-enough penetration of financial services, together with a thriving and innovative telecommunications industry seems to be conductive to success. Second, a favorable regulatory environment in which regulators allow telecom operators, banks and small and medium-sized companies to experiment with different models to provide mobile money to the masses is advisable for avoiding roadblocks for growth. Third, success will partly depend on the service provider's capacity to develop a far-reaching ecosystem of merchants, agents, banks and other partners in order to achieve ubiquity. Lastly, services with strong network effects such as domestic remittances can deliver faster growth than others, seeding the scale needed to offer more complex financial services over mobile money platforms.<br>by Luis Caballero.<br>S.M.
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Ritzén, Isabella, and Jasmin Hussein. "Mobile Money and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176407.
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Financial inclusion play a key role for a country's economic growth for poverty eradication and multiple studies have been made on how to achieve it. With a cellphone as the most accessible technology, it enables pervasively unbanked people to pay bills, save, withdraw and deposit money. In this study we aim to analyze if mobile money has an impact on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since it has expanded significantly and is used by nearly half a billion people in SSA. We divided SSA into four regions and used panel data to examine the impact over seven years (2012-2018). Mobile money is divided into three variables: active agents, active accounts, and total transactions in relationship to GDP per capita. Because of the difference in mobile money usage between the regions we divide all three components with the region's population. We conclude that total transactions have a small but positive and significant impact on economic growth while active accounts and active agents shows a positive but insignificant result. In our analysis we proceed to discuss different factors of mobile money that can contribute to a positive impact on economic growth such as remittances and interest-bearing accounts.
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Persson, Johan, and Andreas Torbiörnsson. "Banking the Unbanked – The Case of Mobile Money in Nepal." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-125614.
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This thesis investigates ICT diffusion in the context of developing countries, morespecifically in the case of Mobile Money in the Asian country Nepal. Mobile Moneyhas recently emerged in Nepal and has the potential to improve the lives of millions.The aim of the thesis was to examine the dominant business models in Nepal and thebarriers and drivers for the future diffusion of Mobile Money in Nepal. This was donethrough a case study consisting of a field study in Nepal and an extensive literaturereview in the field of ICT diffusion and Mobile Money. Interviews with stakeholdersin the Mobile Money business ecosystem, observations and databases fromorganizations such as the World Bank were used as data sources. The results showthat there are both barriers and drivers for Mobile Money and that the attitudes ofinstitutions, in this case the central bank, have a high impact on diffusion. The introduction of a technology into a new context was affirmed to be a complex,multi-dimensional process. However, in the case of Nepal, one of the solutions couldbe to improve institutional attitudes and make the regulations more accommodating.<br>Detta examensarbete undersöker spridningen av informations- och kommunikationsteknik(ICT) i utvecklingsländer. Fallet som undersöks är ‘Mobile Money’ i Nepal.‘Mobile Money’ har nyligen introducerats i Nepal och har potentialen att förbättralivet för miljontals människor. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka dedominerande affärsmodellerna i Nepal samt vilka drivkrafter och hinder det finns föratt ‘Mobile Money’ ska spridas inom landet. För att möta syftet genomfördes enfältstudie i Nepal tillsammans med en omfattande litteraturstudie inom ICT spridningoch ‘Mobile Money’. Intervjuer med intressenter inom ‘Mobile Money’,observationer samt information från databaser från t.ex. Världsbanken har använtssom datakällor. Resultaten av studien visar att det finns både hinder och drivkrafterför ‘Mobile Money’ i Nepal och att inställningen hos landets institutioner, i detta fallCentralbanken, har en stor påverkan på spridningen. Införandet av teknik i en ny kontext, eller land i detta fall, visade sig vara en komplex,multidimensionell process. En lösning i Nepal skulle dock kunna vara att förbättraden institutionella attityden och göra regleringarna mer tillmötesgående.
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Pajarito, Grajales Diego Fabián. "Mobile Services for Green Living." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664143.
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Although many cities are promoting urban cycling, they do not analyse behavioural patterns or barriers faced during cycling
with geospatial technologies. This thesis, placed within the fields of geoinformatics and serious games, aims to help both
citizens and cities to better understand cyclist behaviour and mobility patterns. We analyse how the incentives of geo-games
might increase urban cycling engagement and, through this engagement, crowdsource cycling data collection and comprehend
cycling patterns. We designed a between-groups experiment to measure the impact of virtual rewards provided by a geo-game
on the levels of intention, satisfaction, and engagement with cycling. Then, to identify the frictions which potentially inhibit
bicycle commuting, we analysed the bicycle trips crowdsourced with the geo-game.The results support the use of
collaboration-based rewards in game-based applications to promote urban cycling and describe 284 places potentially having
frictions in three European cities. This thesis encompasses the cyclist and city perspectives of using mobile technologies to
crowdsource cycling data collection and analyse urban cycling.<br>A pesar de promover el ciclismo urbano, las ciudades no usan tecnologías geo-espaciales para analizar los patrones de comportamiento ni las
barreras que enfrentan los ciclistas urbanos. Esta tesis, enmarcada dentro de los campos geo-informática y juegos serios, busca ayudar a los
ciudadanos y las ciudades en la comprensión del comportamiento y patrones de movilidad ciclista, analiza cómo los incentivos presentes en
geo-juegos pueden involucrar usuarios, descentralizar la recolección de datos de ciclismo y mejorar la comprensión de patrones. Se diseñó
un experimento entre grupos para medir el impacto de los incentivos virtuales en la intención, satisfacción y compromiso con el ciclismo
urbano. Posteriormente, para identificar las fricciones que potencialmente restringen el transporte en bicicleta, se analizaron los viajes
recolectados con el geo-juego. Los resultados soportan el uso de incentivos basados en colaboración en geo-juegos para promover el
ciclismo urbano y describen 284 sitios con potenciales fricciones en tres ciudades europeas. Esta tesis compila las perspectivas del ciclista y
la ciudad sobre el uso de tecnologías móviles para recolectar información descentralizada y analizar el ciclismo urbano.
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Un, Man Wai. "Pricing in mobile communications services." Thesis, University of Macau, 2003. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636778.
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Zubari, Sinem. "Customer Value Of Mobile Services." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612716/index.pdf.
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Mobile devices are becoming widely common today. As the number of mobile devices continue to grow all around the world, its functionality is extending and mobile technologies are gaining more popularity in every aspect of our life. Today, wide range of mobile services is offered to people. The purpose of our study is examining the customer value of mobile services for individuals or citizens. A value model for mobile services has been proposed with five dimensions: Functional Value, Social Value, Emotional Value, Epistemic Value and Economic Value. The effect on each value dimension on Intention to Use (ITU) is aimed to be determined. A survey instrument for mobile Internet services and short message services (SMS) has been developed to validate the proposed model. After assuring the reliability of instrument with a pilot
study, data was collected from 303 people working in information and communication technologies (ICT) sector in Turkey. For analyzing proposed model variance-based structural equation modeling (partial least squares) was used. Before evaluating model, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to indentify underlying constructs. Based on EFA results, Functional Value was found to have sub-dimensions namely: Ubiquity Value, Performance Value and Security Value. The measurement model was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The structural model was analyzed using predictive power. For both mobile Internet and SMS, moderate predictive power has been gathered. Finally, the effect of each value dimension on intention to use (ITU) has been evaluated. Ubiquity Value, Performance Value and Epistemic Value have significant effect on ITU for mobile Internet. On the other hand, Economic Value and Performance Value have significant effect on ITU The indications of this research will be valuable for providing information about customer value of current mobile services.
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Bø, Solvår, and Stian Rene Pedersen. "Privacy services for mobile devices." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for telematikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13835.
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Recent studies have shown that privacy on mobile devices is not properly ensured. Due to a heavy increase of smartphones in the market, in addition to a variety of third-party applications, a demand for improved solutions concerning privacy has arisen. Our objective is to extend users' ability to control applications' access to resources at run-time. We investigate whether such a solution is adequate or not, in order to properly maintain privacy. We propose a design that provides a higher degree of control by allowing users to set preferences that determines what personal information to share. Previous efforts only give users a binary choice on whether to fake personal information or not. We offer a more flexible solution that allows users to set preferences with a higher degree of granularity. We implement selected parts from our design, in order to evaluate whether this solution serves as a utility or not. Further evaluation is a necessity in order to fully accept or reject the idea. However, our initial results are promising.
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Mumtaz, Majid. "Security Services for Mobile Applications." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-116762.
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In today's era of technology, information can revolve the whole world within seconds via Internet. Devices such as smartphones, tablets and smart applications running on them enable users to access information anytime and anywhere over the air network. Ubiquitous nature of smartphones stimulates the growth of applications development, especially for small scale devices. Protection and security of sensitive mobile applications and their resources against threats are new emerging challenges for mobile application developers. Even competitive enterprise application development organizations lack comprehensive security services for small scale devices. Ultimately unpredictable threats become active anytime and can easily hamper the whole infrastructure within short time frame. In future enterprise applications, to protect entities and overall access of back-end secure infrastructure and services secure and easy to deploy strong authentication and authorization services will play a key role. Complexity of security risks in wireless networks is changing the ways of protection mechanisms for mobile applications. Achieving security balance with convenience becomes a challenging task for application developers. Due to complex blurred picture of an attack in an enterprise applications development, usually the developers don't pay attention against the mitigation of such threats at the initial phase of application development. Due to this, weaknesses appear in latter stages that make an application system vulnerable. Conventionally it is a common practice by application developers to rely on username/password authentication mechanism, and even more secure way that is considered to be a One Time Password (OTP) or complex passphrase schemes. These schemes have a number of limitations and drawbacks regarding today’s diverse wireless environments. In this research we used Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) certificate-based strong authentication scheme for small scale devices which is a significant step-up from simple username/password, OTP and location-based authentication schemes. Leading standards which we followed FIPS 201 Personal Identity Verification standard and FIPS 196 Strong Authentication Protocol scheme. Our solution is based on secure smart microSD card that can be used for providing high level of security for mobile enterprise applications. Also other considerable security services included confidentiality of exchanged transaction messages between applications and back-end application provider server, integrity of transaction messages, and non-repudiation services.
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Strengbom, Kristoffer. "Mobile Services Based Traffic Modeling." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-116459.
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Traditionally, communication systems have been dominated by voice applications. Today with the emergence of smartphones, focus has shifted towards packet switched networks. The Internet provides a wide variety of services such as video streaming, web browsing, e-mail etc, and IP trac models are needed in all stages of product development, from early research to system tests. In this thesis, we propose a multi-level model of IP traffic where the user behavior and the actual IP traffic generated from different services are considered as being two independent random processes. The model is based on observations of IP packet header logs from live networks. In this way models can be updated to reflect the ever changing service and end user equipment usage. Thus, the work can be divided into two parts. The first part is concerned with modeling the traffic from different services. A subscriber is interested in enjoying the services provided on the Internet and traffic modeling should reflect the characteristics of these services. An underlying assumption is that different services generate their own characteristic pattern of data. The FFT is used to analyze the packet traces. We show that the traces contains strong periodicities and that some services are more or less deterministic. For some services this strong frequency content is due to the characteristics of cellular network and for other it is actually a programmed behavior of the service. The periodicities indicate that there are strong correlations between individual packets or bursts of packets. The second part is concerned with the user behavior, i.e. how the users access the different services in time. We propose a model based on a Markov renewal process and estimate the model parameters. In order to evaluate the model we compare it to two simpler models. We use model selection, using the model's ability to predict future observations as selection criterion. We show that the proposed Markov renewal model is the best of the three models in this sense. The model selection framework can be used to evaluate future models.
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DRAMALI, BIANCA LEITE. "ADVERTISING MONEY: A STUDY OF BANKING SERVICES ADVERTISING IN BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18405@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>Minha pesquisa tem como objeto a narrativa publicitária do dinheiro no Brasil. Para isso, analiso a publicidade brasileira dos serviços bancários. A ideia é buscar entender se há relação entre estabilidade econômica e monetária e discurso publicitário do setor. Quando o dinheiro tem seu valor social estável, como isso se reflete nas narrativas publicitárias dos bancos? Tema rico de possibilidades pelo atual contexto econômico do Brasil, onde o país supera a recente crise econômica mundial de 2008, vive momentos de crescimento e estabilidade econômica, proporciona o surgimento de uma nova classe média, ampliando a gama da população que passa a fazer parte efetivamente da sociedade de consumo. Tal contexto social dá origem a um fenômeno que os bancos chamam de bancarização: aumento da parcela da população que é cliente de bancos. Por essas razões, parece ser bastante pertinente pensar esse tema do ponto de vista acadêmico.<br>My research focuses on the narrative of money in advertising in Brazil. My objective is to analyze the advertising segment of Brazilian banking. The idea is to try to understand if there is, in this particular industry, a relationship between economic and monetary stability and the advertising discourse. When money becomes a stable social value, how is this reflected in the advertising narrative of banks? This is a rich subject, given the current economic situation in Brazil, a country that overcame the world economic crisis of 2008 and is experiencing a period of growth and economic stability, as well as witnessing the appearance of a new middle class. This is increasing the percentage of the population that has recently started to take part in consumer society. This social context gives rise to a phenomenon called bancarização in Brazil - the increase in the number of people who are clients of banks. For these reasons, it seems quite appropriate to study this subject from an academic standpoint.
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Ruh, Carolyn. "The Impact of Mobile Money on Saving in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107394.
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Thesis advisor: S. Anukriti<br>Since the launch of M-PESA in 2007, mobile money has created the potential to increase financial inclusion by providing a safe and convenient place to store wealth. This paper analyzes the impact of mobile money on savings practices in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using 2015 survey data from Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, I find that mobile money account holders are 10.9 percent more likely to save than non-account holders, holding constant other characteristics. Mobile money has a positive and significant impact on saving for daily consumption, for protection against income shocks, and for business and education investments. In addition, I find that mobile money is a complement to formal savings (bank accounts) and a substitute for informal savings. By increasing saving, mobile money better enables individuals to rely on savings in the event of a negative income shock. These results are consistent with a policy agenda that promotes financial inclusion by increasing access to mobile technologies<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Departmental Honors<br>Discipline: Economics
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Mbugua, Moore. "M-PESA mobile money: a case study in Blue ocean strategy." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15471.
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Previous issue date: 2015-10-27<br>The recent and widespread availability of affordable mobile phone technology in developing countries has paved the way for the development of a number of mobile money and electronic remittance services. One of the most successful of these services is Safaricom’s M-PESA program, launched in the East African nation of Kenya in March 2007. Since then, the program has successfully enrolled over 15.2 million users, transferred more than US$1.4 trillion in electronic funds, and contributed significantly to poverty alleviation and financial inclusion efforts in Kenya. M-Pesa is a mobile phone based money transfer system in Kenya which grew at a blistering pace following its inception in 2007. This case study will analyze the critical factors that make M-PESA such a unique success in Kenya specifically.
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Olaussen, Gunn, and Kirsti Nordseth Torgersen. "eGovernment Services in a Mobile Environment." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10090.
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<p>This report was written as part of our thesis based on an assignment provided by Kantega. It deals with the use of mobile phones to access eGovernment services using the Liberty Identity Web Services Framework (ID-WSF). Additionally, it explores the use of strong authentication mechanisms on mobile phones while using the phone as the terminal to access such services. The first part of the report describes the project and its goals. In this process, it defines three research questions that will be answered in the course of the thesis. Furthermore, it outlines how these questions should be answered. This part also includes a presentation of the prototype that was developed later in the project. The second part of the report concentrates on the theoretical basis of the assignment. Existing standards and technologies for strong authentication and Liberty-enabled products are explored and evaluated. The focus of the evaluation is upon whether the technologies could be used in the prototype. The third part of the report contains the requirements specification, design, implementation and testing documentation for the prototype. This part aims to describe all aspects of the prototype development and enables us to show that it is a valid proof-of-concept. Requirements and design incorporating strong authentication into the prototype are also provided, although this functionality was not implemented as specified in the assignment. The last part of the report evaluates the results obtained in the course of the thesis and especially the resulting prototype. The prototype fulfills our requirements well, but there where some reservations on the security in the strong authentication design. This part also looks at what can be done in the future to further explore the topic and improve the results. Finally, it shows how the report has answered the research questions we defined in the beginning of the thesis by completing a prototype that accesses eGovernment services using Liberty ID-WSF.</p>
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Bhatti, Atif, and Imran Aslam Choudhary. "Service Discovery for Future Mobile Services." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Telematics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10900.
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The pervasive computing environment for heterogeneous network is on a continuous rise. The ability to interact and control network devices with different functionalities within office and home environment could be very beneficial to a lot of users. The service discovery in computers and mobile devices enabled them to interact with one another through wireless and heterogeneous wired networks. Services advertise their existence in a dynamic way and devices are designed with this capability to discover these services and its properties automatically. These devices are though based on different technologies but are still able to communicate and discover one another based on existing service discovery architectures. It is notable that a significant number of networked devices are now mobile and these mobile devices make service discovery more challenging.In future mobile multi-domain multi-language environments, a service can be anything and introduced by anybody. Consequently, same or equivalent services may have different names and services with same name or type may be completely different. Existing service discovery systems are incapable of handling these situations. We have implemented a service discovery system which supports semantics to service descriptions. It allows any user to act as a service provider and introduce any service at any time. The service provider can define any service as equivalent to any existing service and in any language as wanted. In addition, it is capable to find services that are not exact matches of the requested ones. More semantics are introduced through attributes like EquivalenceClass, ParentType and Keywords. The test conducted on this system in real time proves that the system is efficient and can be applied in real life.
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Johnsrud, Lars. "Efficient Web Services on Mobile Devices." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Telematics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-8838.
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<p>Efficient solutions for Web Services on mobile devices would allow truly global, platform independent and interoperable information access, anywhere and at any time. While Web Services are continuously gaining ground, they are commonly reserved for use on personal computers and high-capacity servers, even though mobile devices are continuously becoming more advanced in terms of processing resources and wireless communication capabilities. This thesis identifies several challenges of accessing Web Services from mobile devices, and evaluates and discusses methods for creating more efficient solutions. Some of the challenges are the limited bandwidth and high communication latency. Reducing the size of XML information transferred and optimizing the communication protocol stack are identified as possible solutions to overcome these challenges. Additionally, as the communication cost correlates with the amount of data transferred, more efficient Web Services solutions are clearly beneficial for the end-user. The approaches described to reduce the size of XML files are traditional compression, alternative representation of the files, and binary XML. Binary XML is a compact representation of information that keeps the desirable structure of XML intact. The Efficient XML Interchange format currently being standardized by W3C is studied in more detail. Furthermore, optimizing the protocol stack has also been evaluated. A prototype Web Service system has been developed and tested in both simulated environments and in real surroundings using GPRS, EDGE and UMTS network connections. The results from the measurements show that both compression and the use of binary XML reduce the size of the information significantly and thereby the cost. Time needed to transfer the information is also reduced, and this effect is most apparent when the original files are large. Binary XML may however be the desirable format since it enables direct interaction with the information and keeps the memory footprint small. To reduce the time needed to transfer the information further, removing the HTTP protocol and optimizing the transport protocol, seems to minimize the effect of the latency.</p>
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Leung, Adrian Ho Yin. "Securing mobile ubiquitous services trusted computing." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537518.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Imran. "Preferential Coding for Mobile Multimedia Services." Licentiate thesis, Karlskrona : Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00468.
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Different parts of source encoded multimedia streams such as those associated with standard image or video formats possess different levels of importance with respect to their contribution to the quality of the reconstructed image or video. This unequal importance among data within a codestream gives rise to preferential treatment of the more significant parts of the codestream compared to the less important parts. Similarly, visual information offered by certain regions of an image or video may attract viewer’s attention more than other parts of the viewing area. As a consequence, preferential treatment of important data and information can play a vital role in mobile multimedia services in order to preserve satisfactory quality of service under the harsh conditions of a band-limited, error-prone wireless channel. In this thesis, we therefore, investigate how preferential coding can be used to protect multimedia services more efficiently against transmission errors. For this purpose, an error sensitivity analysis of the specific application is utilized as a basis to design efficient unequal error protection (UEP) schemes. The performance of the proposed preferential coding schemes is evaluated using objective perceptual quality metrics in order to account for the fact that humans are the ultimate judges of service quality. The thesis is divided into four parts. In the first part, region of interest (ROI) identification, coding and advantages of ROI coding for different applications are investigated. In addition, a framework is proposed for using ROI coding in wireless imaging. The second part analyses the error sensitivity of wireless JPEG2000 (JPWL) in terms of perceptual quality metrics. It is also shown that using reduced- reference perceptual quality metrics as error sensitivity descriptor (ESD) in JPWL increases the effectiveness of ESD. Specifically, this type of metrics correlates well with subjective quality assessment and provides an additional estimate for the obtained quality. In the third part, two UEP schemes for JPWL are proposed and compared with equal error protection (EEP). Their performance is evaluated in terms of perceptual quality metrics such as structural similarity index and the visual information fidelity criterion of the reconstructed image and their benefit over EEP is revealed. Finally, in the fourth part, a framework for optimized preferential coding of ROI based images and videos is proposed. Specifically, a dynamic programming algorithm for optimal parity distribution is provided.
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FILHO, CARLOS OSWALDO BOTELHO GADELHA. "MOBILE TELEPHONY: PREFERENCES FOR NEW SERVICES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7656@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>Desde 1999, com a entrada de novas operadoras de telefonia
móvel no
mercado brasileiro, trazendo consigo a telefonia celular
digital, o número de
usuários vem crescendo exponencialmente. Com a entrada em
operação da
tecnologia GSM, padrão usado na Europa, uma nova gama de
serviços se abriu
aos usuários, intensificando ainda mais o crescimento do
número de aparelhos
celulares habilitados, que hoje chega à casa dos 75
milhões. A quantidade de
serviços móveis, muito além do serviço básico de voz -
isto é, o serviço de
conversação - vem crescendo a cada ano, o que levanta a
questão: quais serviços
móveis terão sucesso junto ao público? Este trabalho
estuda, dentre os serviços
móveis já disponíveis e outros em fase de desenvolvimento,
quais deles têm o
interesse do público brasileiro. Através de uma pesquisa
de campo busca
descobrir as atitudes dos consumidores frente a diversos
tipos de serviços móveis.
Os resultados revelam as preferências sobre os serviços
móveis, que, se analisadas
de acordo com o sexo e a idade dos respondentes, mostram
diferenças de atitude.
Entre elas, mostram que os consumidores aprovam os
serviços de mensagem de
texto, o uso do aparelho celular como controle remoto e
para pagamento de
ingressos de cinema, mas não se interessam por TV ou jogos
no aparelho celular.<br>Since 1999 with the arrival of new mobile operators in
Brazilian market
place, bringing the digital telephony, the number of
mobile phone users has been
growing steadily. With the beginning of operation of GSM -
the european mobile
technology pattern - this growth had increased
dramatically, boosted by a new
mobile service portfolio offer. Nowadays the number of
mobile lines in service
reaches the amount of 75 million. The variety of mobile
services, each of them far
beyond the basic voice service, has been also growing year
by year, a fact that
raises a question: which mobile services will succeed?
This work studies, among
mobile services already available and those still being
developed, witch of them
would interest Brazilian users. By using a survey, it
intends to find consumer
attitudes face several kinds of mobile services. The
results show preferences about
mobile services that may change depending on gender or age
of respondents. The
survey indicates the approval of text messaging service,
remote control service
and theater ticket´s payment, but also reveals a lack of
interest in watching TV or
playing games in mobile phones.
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Fredén, Magnus. "Mobile Internet : Testing of Internet services." Thesis, KTH, Mikroelektronik och Informationsteknik, IMIT, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-92295.
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In addition to the problems that may occur in the Internet, the people who test mobile internet services confront additional challenges due to the wireless environment. If something goes wrong, it is very problematic for a tester to determine exactly where the error occurred and the reason why it occurred. Is it the software in the telephone that does not work properly, is the GPRS link stable, is the core network of the Internet working as it should, or is there something wrong at the server? The staff at Sony Ericsson has major difficulties determining where the origin of a problem is. They often simply know that something is not working. The major effort is often to detect the source of the actual problem rather than solving it. The PlayNow service provided by Sony Ericsson will be used as a reference service in this master’s thesis project. The PlayNow service is currently used for distributing ring signals. It is built on Internet standards, but depends on GSM’s specific features both for distribution and for e-commerce which makes it hard to test using existing web test tools. This Master’s Thesis examines the difficulties in establishing robust IP traffic links between a server and a mobile telephone. It examines the entire communication path between the mobile telephone and the server, and focus on how to detect (potential) errors. Within this project, development of a test tool is included. It supports features necessary for testing the reference service PlayNow. This report covers many different technologies within the mobile internet such as GSM, GPRS, and mobile IP. Moreover, the normal infrastructure of the Internet will also be considered; as well as how the different parts interact in an environment consisting of a mobile Internet with GPRS. A major part of the project has been evaluation of the communication link between a mobile device and a server. Additionally, some efforts have focused on developing the new test tool.<br>Utöver de problem som kan uppstå på Internet, konfronteras testare av mobila tjänster av ytterligare utmaningar på grund av den trådlösa miljön. Går något fel kan det vara väldigt svårt att lokalisera var problemet har uppstått och anledningen till varför det uppkom. Är det mjukvaran i telefonen som inte fungerar, är GPRS anslutningen stabil, fungerar kommunikationen över Internet som det ska, eller är det något fel med applikationsservern? De anställda på Sony Ericsson har många gånger stora problem att definiera vad källan till ett problem är. Ofta vet de bara att något är fel. Den stora mödan är ofta att hitta källan till problemet snarare än att lösa det. Tjänsten PlayNow som tillhandahålls av Sony Ericsson är referenstjänst för detta arbete. För närvarande används PlayNow för distribuering av ringsignaler. Tjänsten bygger på Internetstandards, men är även beroende av GSM specifika delar för både distribution och e-handel, vilket gör det svårt att testa denna tjänst med vanliga testverktyg för webben. I detta examensarbete undersöks svårigheterna med att etablera robust IP trafik mellan en mobiltelefon och en server och fokuserar på hur potentiella fel kan upptäckas. Inom ramen för detta arbete har ett testverktyg utvecklats. Detta verktyg tillhandahåller funktionalitet för att testa referenstjänsten PlayNow. Denna rapport behandlar många olika teknologier inom mobilt Internet, såsom GSM, GPRS och Mobil IP. Utöver detta har den vanliga Internet teknologin behandlas. Så som de andra delarna som är inkluderade i mobilt Internet med GPRS. En större del av arbetet har varit utvärdering av kommunikationsvägen mellan klient och server. Utöver detta har en del ansträngning lagts på att utveckla det nya testverktyget. Denna rapport visar på de svårigheter i att hitta källan till ett problem i kommunikationsvägen, vilka kan vara mycket svåra att hitta. För att göra felsökning enklare har ett testverktyg utvecklats. Med hjälp av detta nyutvecklade testverktyg, många brister i konfigurationen av PlayNow servern har blivit upptäckta och tillrättade.
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McInerney, James. "Intelligent agents for mobile location services." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/365495/.
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Understanding human mobility patterns is a significant research endeavour that has recently received considerable attention. Developing the science to describe and predict how people move from one place to another during their daily lives promises to address a wide range of societal challenges: from predicting the spread of infectious diseases, improving urban planning, to devising effective emergency response strategies. Individuals are also set to benefit from this area of research, as mobile devices will be able to analyse their mobility pattern and offer context-aware assistance and information. For example, a service could warn about travel disruptions before the user is likely to encounter them, or provide recommendations and mobile vouchers for local services that promise to be of high value to the user, based on their predicted future plans. More ambitiously, control systems for home heating and electric vehicle charging could be enhanced with knowledge of when the user will be home. In this thesis, we focus on such anticipatory computing. Some aspects of the vision of context-awareness have been pursued for many years, resulting in mature research in the area of ubiquitous systems. However, the combination of surprisingly rapid adoption of advanced mobile devices by consumers and the broad acceptance of location-based apps has surfaced not only new opportunities, but also a number of pressing challenges. In more detail, these challenges are the (i) prediction of future mobility, (ii) inference of features of human location behaviour, and (iii) use of prediction and inference to make decisions about timely information or control actions. Our research brings together, for the first time, the entire workflow that a mobile location service needs to follow, in order to achieve an understanding of mobile user needs and to act on such understanding effectively. This framing of the problem highlights the shortcomings of existing approaches which we seek to address. In the current literature, prediction is only considered for established users, which implicitly assumes that new users will continue to use an initially inaccurate prediction system long enough for it to improve and increase in accuracy over time. Additionally, inference of user behaviour is mostly concerned with interruptibility, which does not take into account the constructive role of intelligent location services that goes beyond simply avoiding interrupting the user at inopportune times (e.g., in a meeting, or while driving). Finally, no principled decision framework for intelligent location services has been provided that takes into account the results of prediction and inference. To address these shortcomings, we make three main contributions to the state of the art. Firstly, we provide a novel Bayesian model that relates the location behaviour of new and established users, allowing the reuse of structure learnt from rich mobility data. This model shows a factor of 2.4 improvement over the state-of-the-art baseline in heldout data likelihood in experiments using the Nokia Lausanne dataset. Secondly, we give new tools for the analysis and prediction of routine in mobility, which is a latent feature of human behaviour, that informs the service about the user’s availability to follow up on any information provided. And thirdly, we provide a fully worked example of an intelligent mobile location service (a crowdsourced package delivery service) that performs decision-making using predictive densities of current and future user mobility. Simulations using real mobility data from the Orange Ivory Coast dataset indicate a 81.3% improvement in service efficiency when compared with the next best (non-anticipatory) approach.
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Kanagwa, James R. "Establishing Mobile Financial Services in Ethiopia." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2319.
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Mobile phone service is increasing among low income populations; however, with over 1 billion mobile service users worldwide, many people still lack banking services. Banks do not reach out to the poor because of the high operational costs involved. Scholars and industry practitioners have indicated that mobile phones could be an alternative channel for delivering financial services to the less advantaged and unbanked, without requiring a traditional bank with a branch network. The purpose of this bounded case study was to explore the strategies bank managers used to implement the new mobile banking service to the Ethiopian community. The new product development theory served as the conceptual framework for this study. Twenty experienced bank managers were interviewed from the leading private bank in Ethiopia. Data were segmented and categorized. After member checking and triangulation, data were sorted into 4 themes: development, testing, commercialization of new products or services, and an organizational commitment to adopt new technologies and innovative processes. The findings may contribute to the body of knowledge regarding strategies bank managers can use for implementing and introducing new products in order to contribute to the prosperity of individuals, businesses, and communities.
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MARTIRE, FRANCESCA. "Context-aware services for mobile devices." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/518.
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La Context-awareness, è un insieme di features tecniche che permette di offrire una vasta gamma di servizi dove le informazioni “seguono” gli utenti. Tali servizi promettono di fornire le informazioni di cui l’utente necessita nel momento giusto, al posto giusto e nel modo più semplice, veloce e opportuno. La prima parte della mia attività di ricerca si è focalizzata su un sottoinsieme di aspetti associati alla Context Awareness. Il lavoro si colloca in un progetto di ricerca finanziato dalla Comunità Europea: il progetto SIMPLICITY. Simplicity propone una generalizzazione del concetto di “portabilità”, permettendo agli utenti di muoversi senza vincoli tra differenti applicazioni distribuite e diversi servizi, utilizzando tecnologie di rete ed apparecchiature eterogenee. A partire da questi obiettivi la mia ricerca si è concentrata proprio sul Profilo d’utente prendendo come punto di partenza il Generic User Profile proposto dal 3GPP(GUP). Il mio lavoro si è focalizzato su un ripensamento dell’ architettura proposta dal 3GPP e la struttura che alla fine ne deriva ricopre ed estende tale modello. La ricerca si è successivamente spostata sul contenuto del profilo utente e quindi sui dati che tale profilo doveva contenere. Nella tesi è presentato anche il concetto di Simplicity Device(SD), un dispositivo portatile, che permette agli utenti di “portare” da un terminale ad un altro la propria identità digitale, i propri dati personali e le proprie preferenze. L’utilizzo congiunto di un profilo d'utente personale e di un dispositivo hardware (SD), permette di ottenere una configurazione automatica, trasparente, e personalizzata, di terminali, dispositivi, e servizi.
Nei sistemi in cui “le informazioni devono seguire gli utenti”, ecco che ci si trova a parlare di localizzazione, ossia di individuazione della posizione dell’utente in movimento. In tale prospettiva, nella seconda parte di questa tesi, il problema della localizzazione e i cosiddetti “Location Based Services” (LBS) hanno rivestito notevole interesse. Anche in questo caso l’attività si inquadra in un altro progetto di ricerca Europeo: il progetto SMS (Simple Mobile Services). In particolare i servizi SMS promettono di fornire all’utente mobile non servizi e informazioni generiche ma contestualizzate e quindi basate, tra l’altro, sulla posizione e area geografica in cui si trova nel momento in cui richiede le informazioni e i servizi stessi. Nella tesi è descritto lo studio ed implementazione di un’architettura di supporto per servizi Location Based nuovi o già esistenti. Essa è strutturata su più livelli e le interfacce realizzate consentono l’accesso semplice alle funzionalità dei livelli sottostanti. In particolare esse sono state progettate come strumenti che sollevino gli sviluppatori dai problemi relativi all’acquisizione del dato di posizione e che allo stesso tempo nascondano i dettagli delle tecniche che permettono la localizzazione stessa. Il sistema è slegato dalla particolare tecnologia di localizzazione utilizzata e ingloba in sé più tecnologie di localizzazione essendo in grado di scegliere quale utilizzare a seconda del contesto. Parallelamente l’architettura è stata pensata in modo tale da poter essere utilizzata anche in situazioni in cui non è possibile determinare la posizione corrente di un utente. L’architettura e le location API implementate, costituiscono un sistema per lo sviluppo di applicazioni Location Based per scenari sia Indoor che Outdoor. La soluzione proposta è altresì in grado di gestire in modo trasparente e senza interrompere la continuità del servizio la transizione tra spazi Indoor e Outdoor. Nella tesi sono descritti e analizzati i dettagli implementativi di ogni livello dell’architettura. Sono stati realizzati due moduli software che forniscono servizi di navigazione e localizzazione sia in spazi aperti che chiusi. I due Navigatori realizzati offrono le stesse interfacce grazie a un contenitore generico dell’informazione di posizione che entrambe utilizzano. I dettagli della definizione, implementazione e originale utilizzo di tale fondamentale oggetto, chiamato “Position object” sono altresì oggetto di questa trattazione.<br>“Context-awareness lets computing technology to provide services to people at any time, any where, with any media but also specifically to communicate the right thing at the right time and in the right way”. Within the research field of context-aware services, researchers from industry and academia have been working on solutions for this problem for the last decade. In the first part of my research work I focused on a subset of the research field of context aware-services. The work has been performed in the context of the SIMPLICITY project. The personalization concept is based on a user profile which realizes a common underlying information model for all the elements of the Simplicity architecture. In this perspective the first part of this dissertation focuses on my specification and development of the Simplicity User Profile (SUP) to provide highly personalized context-aware services with reduced interactional complexity for the end-user. I started from the work carried out in 3GPP on the GUP but I extended and improved that approach. In this dissertation I also present the concept of the Simplicity Device (SD) which is an enhanced mobile phone that stores and handles personal information, user preferences and policies. The SD, by the simple act of “plugging” it into a terminal, becomes the “virtual” identity of the end-user. It allows the enforcement of user-personalized mechanisms to exploit service fruition, to drive automatic adaptation to terminal capabilities, and to facilitate service adaptation to various network technologies and related capabilities. The SUP, the SD together with a brokerage framework simplify the process of using current and future “services” providing a user-friendly solution.
To best meet the mobile user’s current and continuously changing context, location-aware capabilities represent an important issues to be addressed. Hence the second part of this thesis consider Location-Awareness and Location Based Service(LBS). The work was performed in the framework of an another IST Project, named Simple Mobile Services (SMS). SMS services will target specific locations visited by specific classes of mobile user with specific needs. In this perspective my research activity was devoted to define, project and implement a Localization and Navigation architecture that, in many ways, enable the simple creation and development of new context-sensitive services or supply existing applications with location awareness. The driving idea was to develop simple to use interfaces leveraging the developers and the users the complexities related to the acquisition of a position information as well as hiding the particulars of the positioning technologies employed. Moreover the overall architecture is conceived to support situations in which determining the exact position of a mobile terminal is not a strict requirement, but it is enough to identify the terminal position within a radius or inside an area (e.g., rooms indoor, or zones outdoor). The software architecture also makes a combined use of indoor and outdoor location-sensing technologies being able to solve localization problems independently from the environment and the location technology in use. It also realizes a transparent and automatic switch mechanism from indoor to outdoor (and vice versa) situations without breaking the continuity of the service usage. To prove the feasibility of the entire architecture a prototypical implementation has been developed using J2ME CLDC on Java enabled phones. Both the indoor and outdoor implemented navigation applications provide the same interfaces, thanks to the general purpose definition of the same position information container used for both of them. The definition and implementation process of this object, named Position object, is here presented.
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Chaudry, Aamer Sattar. "Design and Evaluation of Mobile-to-Mobile Multimedia Streaming using REST-based Mobile Services." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationsnät, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-53505.
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Today, it has become conveniently possible to host Web Services (WS) on mobile node using a Mobile Web Server (MWS). To address a vast range of use cases, these hosted mobileWS may be implemented to offer synchronous and asynchronous execution styles depending upon the requirements of mobile application. Thus, the MWS actually provides the necessary architectural capabilities to handle and process incoming requests for each class of service. But, it is very vital for these servers to simplify the service access and creation mechanisms, so that, the processing overheads on the hosting node are reduced. Previously, research has shown promising optimizations in MWSprocessing by using theREST architecture style for service access and creation. However, the mobile WSoffered by the existingMWSusesXML based payload for information exchange, which restricts the incorporation of the rich multimedia content, such as, audio and video data. As a consequence, the true potential of the REST -based server architecture is not utilized. This thesis addresses architectural and transport layer issues to enable the exchange of rich multimedia content between mobile nodes using mobile WS over the live wireless data networks. The research work is focused on the implementation of multimedia streaming protocol standards, such as, the RTSPand theRTP, into the existingREST-basedMWS architecture. Also, to enable the controlled Mobile-to-Mobile (M2M) media streaming capabilities, the thesis uses both TCP and UDP as transport layer protocols for signaling and data transmission, respectively. The control functions are implemented by mapping the synchronous and asynchronous mobile WS to the RTSPmethods. The implementation extends the states of the asynchronous mobileWS to offer these multimedia control functions. The issues related to the firewalls and Network Address Translation (NAT) are addressed by the development of an Intermediate Access Gateway (IAG),which offers the functionality based on the STUNandTURN concepts. This work enables mobile WS basedM2M media streaming either through the directly established connection with the peers, or via the IAG. Thus, the developed proof-of-concept prototype demonstrates the streaming capabilities of the extended MWS architecture over any wireless data networks.
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Madise, Sunduzwayo. "The case of regulation of mobile money in Malaŵi : law and practice." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/96313/.
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The emergence of mobile money and other new forms of payment has changed the sovereign foundations of money. Starting as a DFID funded project in Kenya, mobile money has now spread to many countries including Malaŵi. This thesis looks at the regulatory issues that mobile money poses, and the risks that this alternative form of payment poses to the financial system. The thesis argues that the traditional regulatory architecture of supervising the financial services is ill-suited to supervise mobile money. There are essentially two models of mobile money: telco-led and bank-led. The first is an innovation by telecommunication operators and utilises the small messaging service. There is no requirement to own a bank account. The bank-led model is linked to a bank account. The regulatory approaches to these two models are different. Unlike the telco-led, the bank-led model is under prudential regulation. This has manifested itself in the way the services have developed. The telco-led model had thrived while the bank-led model has fizzled indicating that for mobile money, less regulation may be an enabler. Mobile money is now considered a key developmental tool to achieve financial inclusion among the poor, rural based, unbanked, and underbanked. As opposed to traditional additive forms of financial inclusion, mobile money, especially the telco-led, is transformative. It employs a different approach where the consumer does not have to have a bank account or even travel to a bank to access financial services. In Malaŵi, the financial regulatory framework largely embodies the command and control model. Mobile money, however has largely been regulated using light-touch, with regulation following innovation. This thesis proposes an approach based on the concept of really responsive regulation. This approach, is best suited to embrace mobile money as it passes through the different phases of its evolution.
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Finlay, Peter. "The factors that create a successful mobile money ecosystem: Kenya vs Nigeria." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29085.
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This study set out to investigate factors affecting the adoption of mobile money services in Kenya and Nigeria. Using various models such as; the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Unified Technology Acceptance User Theory (UTAUT), Innovation Diffusion Process and demographic variables (age, sex, education level, access bank account, ownership of mobile phone, MM awareness) from datasets produced by Financial Inclusion Insights. This survey data is nationally representative for Nigeria with a sample of 6,001 adults aged 15 or older, both male and female and Kenya with a sample of 2,994 adults aged 15 or older, both male and female. The study employed the probit and logit regression model to examine the significant determining factors of mobile money adoption in Kenya and Nigeria. The results of the analysis revealed that the average respondent of the populations in both markets has access to a mobile phone and hence technology is not a limiting factor to the penetration of Mobile Money in both these markets. The primary limiting factor is due to low levels of financial education, literacy and access to microfinance. The average Nigerian respondent did not know about Mobile Money whereas the average Kenyan respondent knew something about Mobile Money. Additionally, in Kenya, the MM initiative was privately led by MNO's where in Nigeria the Central Bank controls the MM industry. From the logit and probit results, the study identifies that the following variables; (FF1) personally registered a bank account, (MM1) has the respondent heard of Mobile Money were significant determinants of MMU in Nigeria. While in Kenya; (DG1) age of respondent, (MM1) has the respondent heard of something called mobile money, (FF1) personally registered bank account were the significant determining factors affecting MMU. This study has therefore shown that, despite the lower penetration and absorption of mobile money services in Nigeria, factors that create a thriving MM ecosystem like that in Kenya are obtainable in Nigeria. If the Nigerian regulators were to change the political and financial framework and create a more accessible market Nigeria could look a lot like Kenya's MM ecosystem.
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Poiret, Juliette Clemence. "Mobile money and women empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa: an exploratory study." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17702.
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Previous issue date: 2016<br>This research explores the relationship between the penetration of mobile money services and the state of women empowerment across 30 Sub-Saharan African countries. Our purpose is to determine whether fostering the development of mobile money can be a useful tool to reinforce women empowerment in developing countries. We perform an exploratory data analysis, as well as correlation and regression analyses, to assess the effect of mobile money services on women empowerment. In order to do that, we construct several mobile money variables and a women empowerment index, using national-level data collected through questionnaires addressed by the World Bank on selected samples. Our results show a positive yet moderate relationship, and pave the way for further research on this subject.<br>Esta dissertação analisa a relação entre a expansão dos serviços de mobile money e o empoderamento das mulheres na África Subsariana. O propósito é determinar se mobile money pode ser um instrumento útil para reforçar o empoderamento das mulheres dos países em desenvolvimento. Realizamos uma análise exploratória dos dados através de correlações e regressões para avaliar o efeito dos serviços de mobile money sobre o empoderamento das mulheres. Criamos diversas variáveis associadas os serviços de mobile money e um index do empoderamento das mulheres utilizando dados do Banco Mundial. Nossos resultados mostram uma relação positiva mas moderada, preparando caminho para outras pesquisas.
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Skogqvist, Jackline Mwende. "The effect of mobile money on savings behaviors of the financially excluded." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38368.
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This study investigates whether the use of mobile money affects the savings patterns of individuals that are vulnerable to financial exclusion, that is, the low-income earners, low-educated, women and rural habitants. Studying the case of Kenya, this study uses data from the 2016 FinAccess Household Survey (N=8,665) that was designed to track and measure the drivers, growth and impact of mobile money use in Kenya. Logistic model and the 2SLS IV regression are used as the empirical estimation method for testing the statistical significance of the correlation between mobile money usage and the savings behaviors of the individuals. The results show that users of mobile money are 1.96 more likely to have a savings product than those that do not use mobile money, and that the propensity for users of mobile money to save for emergencies and for future events is 1.44 and 1.27 times higher, respectively, as compared to the non-users. These findings suggest that individuals that use mobile money perceive it as a trustworthy, efficient and reliable store of value especially making savings for future use. This analysis also finds statistically significant evidence suggesting that mobile money use significantly increases the propensity to save for individuals in demographic groups that are more susceptible to the unique challenges that lower accessibility to formal financial services. Therefore, by increasing the probability of individuals in the female, low income, low education and rural groups to save, mobile money fosters financial inclusion which is essential in the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals such as reducing poverty, increasing equality and sustained economic growth among others. In general, this study has specific policy implications for using mobile money as a device for increasing financial inclusion among the ‘unbanked’ population.
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Hoque, Md Mahfuzul. "Microfinance challenges and the potential benefits of blockchain technology and mobile money." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/228731/1/Md%20Mahfuzul_Hoque_Thesis.pdf.
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The thesis advances the understanding of blockchain applicability in the micro-lending setting. Adopting a qualitative approach based on interviews, this research reveals that blockchain can be used to create credible financial profiles for micro-borrowers that are likely to increase lenders’ trust. Moreover, the use of blockchain can lower borrowing costs for the poor. However, coordination complexities and the lack of a standard for sharing data among multiple participating organisations remain substantial challenges, preventing the diffusion of blockchain technology in microfinance.
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Mocke, Charl Anthony. "Location based services : developing mobile GIS applications." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1648.
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