To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Setting parameters.
Books on the topic 'Setting parameters'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 44 books for your research on the topic 'Setting parameters.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
2
Universal grammar and American sign language: Setting the null argument parameters. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
Find full text
3
Duffy, Arthur P. On-line monitoring of curd setting in cheesemaking over a range of process and compositional parameters. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.
Find full text
4
Shah, Sandeep. Setting parameters in MRP for the effective management of bought-out inventory in a JIT assembly environment. Birmingham: Aston University. Aston Business School, 1992.
Find full text
5
Roeper, Thomas, and Edwin Williams, eds. Parameter Setting. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3727-7.
Full text
6
Lobo, Fernando G., Cláudio F. Lima, and Zbigniew Michalewicz, eds. Parameter Setting in Evolutionary Algorithms. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69432-8.
Full text
7
Flynn, Suzanne. A Parameter-Setting Model of L2 Acquisition. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3747-5.
Full text
8
Belfast English and standard English: Dialect variation and parameter setting. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Find full text
9
A parameter-setting model of L2 acquisition: Experimental studies in anaphora. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1987.
Find full text
10
Setting Risk Parameters and Making a Money Management Plan. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
Find full text
11
St John, Taylor. Supranational Agenda-Setting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter four sets out the context in which the World Bank proposed ICSID and analyzes the Bank’s motivation, resources, and strategy in doing so. World Bank officials had extensive access to privileged information about how governments perceived the proposals for multilateral insurance or a code. World Bank officials chose to set the agenda away from a code or insurance agency and toward arbitration. As they drafted the ICSID Convention, World Bank officials acted within parameters they believed national officials (who could stop their plans) would find acceptable and tailored their Draft Convention to be amenable to the widest possible swath of member states. Bank officials were concerned that distributional disagreements would derail the proposal, so they designed an entirely new, consultative procedure in order to make it nearly impossible for states to derail the drafting process.
12
Oliver, Charles M., and S. Ramani Moonesinghe. Setting rate, volume, and time in ventilatory support. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0093.
Full textAbstract:
Ventilator rate, volume, and time parameters are interrelated directly, mechanically, and physiologically, and interactions between intrinsic pulmonary physio-mechanics, pathology and the effects of mechanical ventilation complex. The physiological consequences of mechanical ventilation and risks of ventilator-induced trauma may be exacerbated by lung pathology. Programming of ventilator parameters should be considered within the context of an individualized ventilatory strategy to achieve adequate gas exchange, while minimizing attendant risks of mechanical ventilation. Recommended strategies should be modified within accepted limits to mitigate disease-specific risks. Parameters should subsequently be titrated against blood gas- and ventilator-derived targets, and other clinical variables.
13
Sakas, William. Computational Approaches to Parameter Setting in Generative Linguistics. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.29.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents a non-exhaustive history of research that employs computational modeling of human language acquisition in Chomsky’s principles and parameters framework. The history underscores a tension that has evolved in the field between deterministic (triggering) and nondeterministic (search) approaches. Though it is now clear that the original and widely accepted conception of triggering was flawed, results from recent computational modeling efforts indicate that a modified deterministic triggering theory of human language acquisition may be viable after all.
15
Thomas, Roeper, and Williams Edwin, eds. Parameter setting. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1987.
Find full text
16
Ayoun, Dalila. Parameter Setting in Language Acquisition. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2005.
Find full text
18
Michalewicz, Zbigniew, F. J. Lobo, and Cláudio F. Lima. Parameter Setting in Evolutionary Algorithms. Springer, 2010.
Find full text
19
(Editor), Thomas Roeper, and Edwin Williams (Editor), eds. Parameter Setting (Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics). Springer, 1986.
Find full text
20
Maizel, Julien, and Michel Slama. Doppler echocardiography in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0141.
Full textAbstract:
The capacity of echocardiography to non-invasively identify the major causes of circulatory failure has made it increasingly popular in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Assessing cardiac performance in shocked patients is a key point in therapeutic support decision-making. Analysing left and right ventricular function and morphology should be mandatory in the training curriculum of ICU physicians. Haemodynamic evaluation relies on several parameters examining left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, left ventricular filling pressure, fluid responsiveness, and right ventricular function. To correctly interpret the echocardiographic findings and adapt patient management appropriately, physicians must be aware of the limits of these parameters.
21
Cheng, Russell. Embedded Model Problem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter introduces embedded models. This is a special case of a parametric model which cannot be obtained simply by setting the parameters to particular values in a simple way. An example is the regression function y = b[1−exp(−ax)], which is always curved when a and b have fixed values. But letting a tend to zero and b tend to infinity simultaneously, whilst keeping ab = c fixed, yields y = cx, a straight-line special case. When this is the true model, fitting the original two-parameter model leads to very unstable and individually meaningless estimates of a and b. Such embedded models are actually very common in the literature, leading to confusion in interpretation of results when undetected. In this chapter, embeddedness is defined and a large number of regression embedded model examples given. Detection and removal of embeddedness by reparametrization is discussed. Two real data numerical examples are given.
22
Abbott, Helen. Baudelaire in Song. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794691.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Exploring the work of the major nineteenth-century French poet Charles Baudelaire (1821–67), this book examines how and why Baudelaire’s poetry has inspired so many composers to set it to music in different ways. The author proposes a new model for analysing song, through an ‘assemblage’ approach, which examines the complex relationships formed between common features of poetry and music, including metre/prosody, form/structure, sound properties/repetition, and semantics. The model also factors in the realities of song as a live performance genre, revealing which parameters of song emerge as standard for French text-setting and where composers diverge in their approach. The specific case studies that make up the second half of the book focus on Baudelaire song sets produced by European composers between 1880 and 1930, specifically Maurice Rollinat, Gustave Charpentier, Alexander Gretchaninov, Louis Vierne, and Alban Berg. Using this corpus, the assemblage model is tested to uncover new findings about what happens to Baudelaire’s poetry when it is set to music. Analysing Baudelaire’s poetry within song settings uncovers richer features of the texts that we might otherwise not see or hear. Examining each song setting in close detail confirms that there are no overt resonances between the types of poems selected for musical interpretation, just as there is no single, perfect ‘ideal’ setting of Baudelaire.
23
Abbott, Helen. Baudelaire’s Assemblage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794691.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Song is a combination of elements, of which the outcome is not always stable. This chapter examines the nature of the bonds formed between poem and music by proposing a new ‘‘assemblage’’ model, which focuses on five key parameters: (a) metre/prosody; (b) form/structure; (c) sound properties/repetition; (d) semantics/word painting; (e) live performance options. This approach bridges methodological gaps exposed through an examination of existing models used in translation theory, adaptation theory, and word/music theory. The two stages in the assemblage model examine: (1) adhesion strength (how closely poem and music stick together); (2) accretion/dilution (how successful the song setting is). The phases of analysis factor in how song is a non-permanent form which goes through multiple iterations of repackaging, including different performances of the same song and different settings of the same poem.
24
Lei, Yuan. Ventilator Control Parameters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784975.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
‘Ventilator Control Parameters’ looks at the individual ventilator settings, which are largely used to quantitatively define the properties of mechanical breaths. Following on from the previous discussion of essential variables, this chapter describes their implementation in the form of controls. This chapter begins by discussing the confusing and non-standardized terminology used for control parameters, providing a list of controls used on major ventilators. Common controls include rate, pressure and flow triggers, inspiratory time, I:E ratio, peak flow, flow cycle, tidal volume, pressure control or pressure support, PEEP, FiO2, rise time, flow pattern, and specific controls for biphasic modes. The chapter includes normal values and uses of the controls.
25
Ledgeway, Adam. On the decline of edge-fronting from Latin to Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Discontinuous structures produced by edge-fronting represent one distinctive feature of Latin regarding Romance. This difference follows from the head parameter: whereas Romance is consistently head-initial, Latin fluctuates between different settings as a result of its occupying an intermediate position in the gradual shift from head-finality to head-initiality. In turn, this difference in the head parameter is responsible for the observed variation in edge-fronting, since its setting determines the application of antilocality in constraining movement. Concretely, if head-finality is the output of a roll-up operation raising the complement to the specifier to the left of its head, suspension of antilocality constitutes a sine qua non for head-final languages like Latin. In Romance, by contrast, the head parameter is aligned with the head-initial setting such that roll-up (hence antilocal) movement never arises. This investigation thus derives from the different settings of the head parameter a concomitant parametrization in the role of antilocality.
26
Zinn-Justin, Paul, and Jean-Bernard Zuber. Multivariate statistics. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.28.
Full textAbstract:
This article considers some classical and more modern results obtained in random matrix theory (RMT) for applications in statistics. In the classic paradigm of parametric statistics, data are generated randomly according to a probability distribution indexed by parameters. From this data, which is by nature random, the properties of the deterministic (and unknown) parameters may be inferred. The ability to infer properties of the unknown Σ (the population covariance matrix) will depend on the quality of the estimator. The article first provides an overview of two spectral statistical techniques, principal components analysis (PCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA), before discussing the Wishart distribution and normal theory. It then describes extreme eigenvalues and Tracy–Widom laws, taking into account the results obtained in the asymptotic setting of ‘large p, large n’. It also analyses the results for the limiting spectra of sample covariance matrices..
27
(Editor), Fernando G. Lobo, Claudio F. Lima (Editor), and Zbigniew Michalewicz (Editor), eds. Parameter Setting in Evolutionary Algorithms (Studies in Computational Intelligence). Springer, 2007.
Find full text
28
Nixon, Patricia A. Pulmonary function. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of this chapter is the assessment and interpretation of pulmonary function during exercise in children, with emphasis on the parameters commonly measured in the paediatric setting. The measurements of resting pulmonary function (i.e. lung volumes and expiratory flow rates) are presented to provide the basic foundation for understanding changes that occur with exercise. Some measurements are more relevant to children with cardiopulmonary disorders, and examples of normal and abnormal responses are provided. In some instances, data on children are lacking, so responses of adults are presented.
29
Rosenhek, Raphael, Robert Feneck, and Fabio Guarracino. Aortic valve disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Echocardiography is the gold standard for the assessment of patients with aortic valve (AoV) disease. It allows a detailed morphological assessment of the AoV and thereby makes determination of the aetiology possible. In general, the quantification of aortic stenosis is based on the measurement of transaortic jet velocities and the calculation of AoV area, thus combining a flow-dependent and a flow-independent variable. In the setting of low-flow low-gradient AS, dobutamine echocardiography is of particular diagnostic and prognostic importance. The quantification of aortic regurgitation is based on qualitative and quantitative parameters. Awareness of potential pitfalls is fundamental. Haemodynamic consequences of AoV disease on left ventricular size, hypertrophy, and function as well as potentially coexisting valve lesions can be assessed simultaneously. In patients with AoV disease, predictors of outcome and indications for surgery are substantially defined by echocardiography.
30
Cowhey, Peter F., and Jonathan D. Aronson. Strategy and International Governance Regimes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657932.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Regime theory and policy precedents are used to propose a strategy for international governance reform. Bargaining issues tied to international “coordination” and “cooperation” are contrasted, suggesting a strategy to link coordination and cooperation mechanisms to reduce policy frictions. A regime design that relies on achieving a minimum baseline of authoritative international agreements mixing “soft” and “hard” government commitments is proposed. Soft rules are binding on governments, creating specific policy capabilities, not narrowly defining solutions. These baseline agreements reinforce confidence in good-faith conduct by countries while setting parameters that reduce divergence among varied national policies to achieve quasi-convergence of national policies. Governance, not policy, is the focus because private innovations by industry and civil society must complement government decisions and rules. Incorporating expert multistakeholder organizations from civil society into governance is needed to implement a strategy that stresses experimentation and flexibility in response to rapidly changing technological and economic circumstances.
31
Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Associative Effects: Competition, Social Interactions, Group and Kin Selection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0022.
Full textAbstract:
The phenotypes of those individuals with which an focal individual interacts often influences the trait value in the focal individual. Maternal effects is a classic example of this phenomena, as is fitness. If these traits are heritable, then the selection response depends on both the change in the direct effects influencing a target trait and the associative effects contributed by interacting individuals. In such a setting, the breeder's equation no longer holds, as the problem is now a multiple trait one. This chapter examines the theory of response under models with both direct and associative effects, which can lead to a reversed response (a trait selected to increase instead decreases). The evolution of behavioral traits, including the evolution of altruism, is best handled using this approach. Further, kin and group selection follow as special cases of the gerenal model under multilevel selection. This chapter also examines how mixed models can be used estimate model parameters.
32
Amin, Annie, and Thomas W. Cutter. Anesthesia for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiologic Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the use of anesthetics in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic radiologic procedures. Diagnostic procedures are anatomic or functional, minimally or noninvasive, and seldom require anesthesia support; anesthesia is typically only requested for these procedures because of a patient’s physiological or psychological needs. Recognizing and addressing a patient’s comorbidities and other concerns are similar to care given in the surgical setting. The imaging environment and procedures pose additional requirements and constraints, which are unique and require specific solutions; there is frequently no single best anesthetic technique for a given procedure. Radiologists serve the critical function of deciding whether to consult the anesthesiologist or perform a procedure alone. If the decision is to proceed with moderate sedation (administered by a nonanesthesia professional), the importance of vigilant clinical monitoring cannot be understated. In all cases, the patient deserves care that is consistent with the parameters, guidelines, and standards established by the various accrediting agencies and professional societies
33
Flynn, S. A Parameter-Setting Model of L2 Acquisition: Experimental Studies in Anaphora (Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics). Springer, 1986.
Find full text
34
Lameire, Norbert, Wim Van Biesen, and Raymond Vanholder. Overall outcomes of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0237_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter describes the overall short- and long-term, mainly non-renal outcomes of patients who suffer from acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite increasing age and greater burden of co-morbidity at the occurrence of AKI, patient mortality shows an overall decline over time. However, relatively ‘mild’ forms of AKI (i.e. defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL (26.4 µmol/L)) are associated with statistically significant decreased patient survival. The absolute mortality rates of AKI vary according to the different patient groups studied (intensive care unit, hospital, and population based), differences in parameters used for the criteria of AKI, differences in acquisition of baseline serum creatinine, differences between need of renal replacement therapy or not, and timing of endpoints (in-hospital mortality, 30 days, 60 days, or longer). In many instances, particularly in critically ill patients, AKI occurs in the setting of other diseases, such as sepsis, which are associated with a significant mortality risk. In such cases, AKI appears to amplify the risk of death associated with the underlying disease.
35
Koyama, Yuki, and Takeo Igarashi. Computational Design with Crowds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Computational design is aimed at supporting automating design processes using computational techniques. However, some classes of design tasks involve criteria that are difficult to handle only with computers. For example, visual design tasks seeking to fulfil aesthetic goals are difficult to handle purely with computers. One promising approach is to leverage human computation; that is, to incorporate human input into the computation process. Crowdsourcing platforms provide a convenient way to integrate such human computation into a working system. In this chapter, we discuss such computational design with crowds in the domain of parameter tweaking tasks in visual design. Parameter tweaking is often performed to maximize the aesthetic quality of designed objects. Computational design powered by crowds can solve this maximization problem by leveraging human computation. We discuss the opportunities and challenges of computational design with crowds with two illustrative examples: (1) estimating the objective function to facilitate the design exploration by a designer and (2) directly searching for the optimal parameter setting that maximizes the objective function.
36
Golan, Amos. Inference in the Real World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter I provide a mix of detailed cross-disciplinary examples to illustrate the method in real-world settings. The examples in this chapter illustrate modeling and inference in a relatively simple set of problems. After exploring single-parameter applications under very limited information, I consider multi-parameter problems, beginning with the inference of a two-parameter size distribution of firms. This demonstrates a main characteristic of social science problems where the available information is most often insufficient to provide a very exact inference. Then a simple ecological example is formulated. It provides an interesting theoretical application of analyzing complex ecological networks based on very limited macro-level information. The chapter concludes with a simple formulation of efficient network and information aggregation. A few shorter examples are provided as well.
37
Pitt, Matthew. Motor unit anatomy and physiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on the signals recorded with needle electromyography (EMG) and the measurement of their specific parameters. These parameters include duration, amplitude, number of phases, and stability. The concept of the electrophysiologic biopsy and the explanation of unusual findings seen on EMG are introduced. In relation to the interference pattern, discussions of the firing rate, recruitment order, and interference pattern are given. Moving from the theoretical explanation of the findings, the problems of the accurate quantitative analysis of the motor unit potential are discussed and measures to improve quantification, particularly in children, are highlighted. The importance of filter settings, the storage of signals, and the different ways of collecting and analysing the potentials are all covered. This section finishes with discussion of the normative range for motor unit duration, and concludes with the automatic analysis of the interference pattern, including turns/amplitude analysis, number of short segments measurement, and envelope analysis.
38
Hankin, David, Michael S. Mohr, and Kenneth B. Newman. Sampling Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
We present a rigorous but understandable introduction to the field of sampling theory for ecologists and natural resource scientists. Sampling theory concerns itself with development of procedures for random selection of a subset of units, a sample, from a larger finite population, and with how to best use sample data to make scientifically and statistically sound inferences about the population as a whole. The inferences fall into two broad categories: (a) estimation of simple descriptive population parameters, such as means, totals, or proportions, for variables of interest, and (b) estimation of uncertainty associated with estimated parameter values. Although the targets of estimation are few and simple, estimates of means, totals, or proportions see important and often controversial uses in management of natural resources and in fundamental ecological research, but few ecologists or natural resource scientists have formal training in sampling theory. We emphasize the classical design-based approach to sampling in which variable values associated with units are regarded as fixed and uncertainty of estimation arises via various randomization strategies that may be used to select samples. In addition to covering standard topics such as simple random, systematic, cluster, unequal probability (stressing the generality of Horvitz–Thompson estimation), multi-stage, and multi-phase sampling, we also consider adaptive sampling, spatially balanced sampling, and sampling through time, three areas of special importance for ecologists and natural resource scientists. The text is directed to undergraduate seniors, graduate students, and practicing professionals. Problems emphasize application of the theory and R programming in ecological and natural resource settings.
39
Stegenga, Jacob. Measuring Effectiveness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
There are three methodological challenges to measuring the effectiveness of medical interventions: the choice of good measuring instruments, the use of appropriate analytic measures, and the use of a reliable method of extrapolating measures from an experimental context to a more general context. In practice each of these challenges contributes to overestimating the effectiveness of medical interventions. These challenges suggest corrective principles. The instruments employed in clinical research should measure patient-relevant and disease-specific parameters. Effectiveness always should be measured and reported using absolute outcome measures (such as ‘risk difference’), and we should employ caution when interpreting relative outcome measures (such as ‘relative risk reduction’). Extrapolating from research settings to clinical settings should more rigorously take into account possible ways in which interventions can fail to be effective in a target population. Current regulatory standards for drug approval are insufficient to manage these problems of measurement.
40
Valian, Virginia. Null Subjects. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.17.
Full textAbstract:
Some languages have obligatory overt subjects in all person and tense combinations (e.g., English); some have optional overt subjects in all combinations (e.g., Italian; Chinese); some are mixed (e.g., Hebrew, Shipibo). Parameter setting is less workable an explanation for language variation than is a feature approach. Children in non-null subject languages produce more subjects than do children in null subject languages; children of all language types gradually produce more subjects, especially pronominal subjects, as development proceeds; children are most likely to produce subjects that fit a prosodic template, have high information content, or are in shorter utterances; children produce fewer subjects than obligatory objects. No current acquisition theory—purely competence, purely performance, or hybrid—explains all the behavioral phenomena.
41
Montgomery, Erwin B. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Even by the standards at the time of the first edition, programming for some patients can still be a challenge. Even with the old systems, there were literally thousands of possible combinations of stimulator parameters which often intimidates programmers. The increase in functionality, such as multiple stimulation patterns and interleaved electrode configurations, has exponentially increased the number of combinations of DBS settings. Fortunately, most patients respond to a similar and narrow range of combinations, provided that the DBS stimulating leads are optimally placed. For other patients, however, dedicated effort is required to identify the optimal combination. The greatest danger for patients is that programmers will give up too soon. The premise of this text is that post-operative DBS programming can be made more effective and efficient by knowing some basic electrophysiological principles and some details of neuroanatomy.
42
Grossman, Eitan, and Jennifer Cromwell. Scribes, Repertoires, and Variation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768104.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
As in spoken language, variation abounds in written texts. In the latter, linguistic and extralinguistic variation coexists: one finds variation in lexical and grammatical features, as well as in other textual parameters such as orthography, phraseology and formulary, palaeography, layout, and formatting. Such variation occurs both within the written output of individuals and across broader corpora that represent ‘communities’ of diverse types. To encapsulate this, we use the inclusive term ‘scribal repertoires’, a concept that is intended to cover the entire set of linguistic and non-linguistic practices that are prone to variation within and between manuscripts, while placing focus on scribes as socially and culturally embedded agents, whose choices are reflected in texts. This conceptualization of scribal variation, inspired by the relatively recent field of historical sociolinguistics, is applied to a range of phenomenon in the scribal cultures of premodern Egypt, across languages and socio-historical settings.
43
Lei, Yuan. Medical Ventilator System Basics: A clinical guide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784975.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Medical Ventilator System Basics: A clinical guide—unlike books that focus on clinical applications, or that provide specifics about individual ventilator models, this is a practical guide about the equipment used for positive pressure mechanical ventilation. This book provides the information a clinician needs every day: how to assemble a ventilator system, how to determine appropriate ventilator settings, how to make sense of monitored data, how to respond to alarms, and how to troubleshoot ventilation problems. The book applies to all ventilators based on the intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) operating principle. In a systematic and comprehensive way, the book steps the user through the ventilator system, starting with its pneumatic principles to an explanation of the anatomy and physiology of respiration. It describes the system components, including the ventilator, breathing circuit, humidifier, and nebulizer. The book then introduces ventilation modes, starting with an explanation of the building blocks of breath variables and breath types. It describes the major ventilator functions, including control parameters, monitoring, and alarms. Along the way the book provides much practical troubleshooting information. Clearly written and generously illustrated, the book is a handy reference for anyone involved with mechanical ventilation, clinicians and non-clinicians alike. It is suitable as a teaching aid for respiratory therapy education and as a practical handbook in clinical practice.
44
Hoste, Eric A. J., John A. Kellum, and Norbert Lameire. Definitions, classification, epidemiology, and risk factors of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0220_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
The lack of a precise biochemical definition of acute kidney injury (AKI) resulted in at least 35 definitions in the medical literature, which gave rise to a wide variation in reported incidence and clinical significance of AKI, impeded a meaningful comparison of studies.The first part of this chapter describes and discusses different definitions and classification systems of AKI. Patient outcome and the need for renal replacement therapy are directly related to the severity of AKI, an observation that supports the use of a categorical staging system rather than a simple binary descriptor. The severity of AKI is commonly characterized using the relative changes in serum creatinine and urine output. Recently introduced staging systems including the RIFLE classification and the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) use these relatively simple and readily available parameters allowing the assignment of individual patients to different AKI stages. More recently, a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) workgroup developed a consensus-based AKI staging system drawing elements of both RIFLE and AKIN. The potential pitfalls and limitations of the proposed definitions and classifications are briefly described.The second part of the chapter describes the epidemiology of AKI in different clinical settings; the intensive care unit (ICU), the hospitalized population, and the community. The different spectrum of AKI in the emerging countries is discussed and the most important causes and aetiologies of the major clinical types of AKI, prerenal, renal, and post-renal are summarized in table form. Finally the patient survival and renal functional outcome of AKI are briefly discussed