Journal articles: 'Settlement evolution'

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Shi, Lifeng, and Taiyang Zhong. "The Spatial Pattern of Urban Settlement in China from the 1980s to 2010." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 6704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236704.

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The dynamic urbanization process of China has stimulated a massive growth of urban settlements in the past few decades. With the development of remote sensing technology and the release of the long-time Landsat archive, spatial characteristics of urban settlement are gradually analyzed on a large scale, and various patterns are developed for describing and analyzing it. However, the urban settlement patterns were mainly quantified by the landscape metrics in existing studies, the underlying features shaping urban settlement pattern were always neglected. In this study, we establish a systematic and comprehensive ‘urban development index system’ for describing China’s urban settlement pattern and its evolutions during the end of the 1980s through to 2010 by using a series of statistical methods. Results show that (1) urban settlement pattern in 2010 is quantified comparatively simpler and more completely than in the end of the 1980s; (2) urban settlements in western and eastern regions present integrated pattern and homogeneous attributes, while urban settlements in central and northeastern regions present relatively complex pattern and various attributes; (3) urban settlements with the most variable pattern are accompanied by the most dynamic population and economic capacity, followed by landscape dispersion. Topographic complexity of urban settlements generally remained unchanged or with slight fluctuations, therefore, it has limited influence on settlement pattern evolution.

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Kong, Jing, Li Qiu, Ming Ma, Juan Wang, Ming Zhang, Wen Ming Wang, Hao Su, Yong Li, Jing Kang, and Wen Chen. "Research on the Morphological Evolution of Sanye House Village Located in Farming-Pastoral Zone of Eastern Inner Mongolia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.64.

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San ye House Village are located in Farming-pastoral zone of eastern Inner Mongolia after a hundred years of development history, from mainly nomadic settlements into agricultural and pastoral settlements. The evolution of the settlements' pattern experienced a total of three stages. With the combination of different periods of settlement pattern analysis, the characteristics of San ye House village settlement pattern development is studied and the reasons for its formation and evolution process are presented.

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Miller, James Patrick. "Post-disaster recovery through the evolution of the lakou, a traditional settlement pattern." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 11, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-05-2019-0021.

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Purpose Historically, post-disaster reconstruction policies and practice ignore the embedded knowledge of the affected population; the process following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti followed this trend. This paper aims to examine the production of social space in self-settled post-disaster settlements in Leogane and Port-au-Prince, Haiti, the paper demonstrates the role that traditional settlement patterns played in the production of social capital. Design/methodology/approach A multi-sited case study approach was implemented to uncover the patterns of the lakou, which is a primary Haitian, traditional settlement pattern reflecting the familial social structure, present in self-settled post-disaster settlements. The study took place between February and June of 2012, two years after the 2010 earthquake across settlements in Leogane and Port-au-Prince. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 inhabitants across the settlements to uncover meanings attached to the creation of space. Together with behavior mapping and participant observations, the interviews were analyzed to validate the reproduction of the lakou. Findings This paper demonstrates that endogenous inhabitants create the lakou in post-disaster settlements in Haiti. This case study validates the resilience of the lakou, the inclusive nature of the lakou system, and the important role it plays in the production of social capital within post-disaster communities. Originality/value This study demonstrates the importance of traditional settlement patterns in post-disaster community well-being and it demonstrates the need to incorporate traditional settlement patterns into post-disaster planning strategies. Furthermore, the study validates that traditional settlement patterns support the production of social capital within a community.

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Rashid, Masud Ur. "In Search of a Settlement Pattern for Bengal Delta Through Theoretical Re-Interpretations." Creative Space 8, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/cs.2020.81003.

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The purpose of this study based on secondary source materials is to reinterpret and classify settlementtypology that has relevance to the Bengal Delta. The theoretical analysis were used to figure out the Delta Settlement typologies and to study commonalities or core issues related to settlement formation. This desktop study together with available literature shows that many studies were carried out on the evolution of settlements and also on patterns of settlements. Globally settlements were seen to be fundamentally classified into two broad groups on the basis of their historic origin, that is, hunters and gatherers settlements and settled agricultural settlements. Among the settled agricultural pattern, there is a sub-group of wet-rice cultivation culture. Studies show that Bengal Delta typology is situated in a special thread of ‘rain-fed rice cultivation culture’ in the ‘warm-humid’ Bengal Delta region. With this textual footing, several conceptual ideas were evaluated and finally, the five principles of Doxiadis regarding the universal settlement formulation specifying the core components have been found relevant and also Mowla’s hypothesis for settlement formation in the warm humid Bengal Delta has been found to be of relevance to explain the formation and evolution of the settlements model of the Bengal Delta found through the historic interpretation of old documents and subsequent studies.

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Wu, Yi Qun, and Jian Tao Weng. "Paradigm Analysis and Guidance of Island Commercial Settlements - A Case Study of Work-Living Settlements in Zhoushan Island." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.27.

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Different from inland settlement, island settlement has its unique spacial and social expression mechanism. Aimed at maximizing industrial performance, mixed-use paradigms of diversified work-living settlements were constructed, including fishery-living settlements, industry-living settlements, market-living settlements and etc. At the scale of unit, neighborhood and region, this paper studies the phenomenon of work-living residence in the semi-urbanized Zhoushan island, and summarizes three kinds of settlement structures under specific development environments. And, based on the shared growth of work and living, this paper puts forward the guidance and control strategies of indicator limitation, function assignment and zoning organization, providing references for island commercial settlements evolution both at home and abroad.

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Pumain, Denise. "Settlement Systems in the Evolution." Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography 82B, no. 2 (January 2000): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0467.00075.

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Pumain, Denise. "Settlement systems in the evolution." Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 82, no. 2 (August 2000): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.2000.00075.x.

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Pan, Ying, and Xiao Lan Zhuo. "The Study of Modern Evolution of Rural Settlement Pattern in Chaoshan - Case Study of Xinhe Village." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.497.

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Rural settlements in Chaoshan area are of distinct regional characteristics, and one of them is the coexistence of different construction fragments of several periods of time.Based on the diachronic analysis of the development of settlement pattern in a village-level, the paper explored the counter-balance between the factors that caused or resisted the changes in settlement pattern during the process of modern development from a multi-subject perspective. With the discussion on the problems indwell in the development, the paper tried to put forward some strategic suggestions for the future development of the rural settlements.

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Bose, Arpita. "The Chinese in Calcutta: A Study on Settlement and Demographical Patterns." Indian Historical Review 46, no. 1 (June 2019): 132–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983619856540.

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The present article will shed light on the settlement and demographic pattern of the Chinese community living in Calcutta over more than 200 years. The Calcutta Chinese settlement was one of the oldest if it is compared with the other settlements of them in other parts of South Asia. It also intends to focus on their arrival and the reasons behind their migration. The present article will also indicate the routes of migration and the evolution of their settlement in and around Calcutta.

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Kadrow, Sławomir. "The Concept of the ‘Stage of Reduction and Concentration of Settlements’ in Neolithic Studies." Documenta Praehistorica 47 (December 1, 2020): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.13.

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The paper analyses the meaning of the ‘stage of reduction and concentration of settlements’ and its place in the evolving structure of a Neolithic settlement system. It considers whether this stage of the development of the settlement system was a specific event, limited only to the evolution of a Funnel Beaker Culture settlement in south-eastern Poland, or whether it was a structural element in other areas too. Analysis of the collected cases, representing various geographical zones, cultural traditions and time horizons, allows us to formulate a thesis that describes the transformation of large settlements (from central places to the stage of reduction and concentration) were caused by internal social conflicts, rather than by climate or economic changes.

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Seitel, Craig L. "Evolution of the Life Settlement Industry." Journal of Structured Finance 14, no. 2 (July 31, 2008): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2008.709957.

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Smith, Mark Stafford, Mark Moran, and Kurt Seemann. "The 'viability' and resilience of communities and settlements in desert Australia." Rangeland Journal 30, no. 1 (2008): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj07048.

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There is a continuing policy debate about whether it is possible to have sustainable small settlements in outback regions of Australia, where there is low and variable primary production and a sparse and mobile population. This debate is focused largely on Aboriginal settlements, but applies equally to all desert dwellers. In this contribution, we review the sources of economic flows through settlements occupied by different communities with common livelihood sources, whether based on mining, grazing, tourism, cultural resources, welfare or services, concluding that most desert livelihoods depend directly or indirectly on temporally variable inputs. Individual remote settlements tend to be dominated by one such ‘community of livelihood’, and differ in nature according to the source of that livelihood. These create types of settlement and service aspirations which are alien to more densely settled regions. Settlement ‘viability’ is a measure of the short-term balance between aspirations for services (technical, social, but also for livelihoods and well being) and the costs of fulfilling these aspirations, and consequently is not a simple on/off switch – the community can adjust both its aspirations and the cost factors involved in meeting them. We define a resilient settlement as one that is viable in the long term in the face of its variable inputs. Thus, we determine that the concepts of settlement viability and resilience must be analysed differently according to the strategy adopted by different resident communities. In particular, Aboriginal (and pastoral) communities are particularly dependent on social and natural capital, yet these are not monitored. The whole analysis emphasises the importance of taking a demand- rather than supply-driven approach to services in desert settlements. Our conclusion is that, if top-down solutions continue to be imposed without appreciating the fundamental drivers of settlement in desert regions, then those solutions will continue to be partial, and ineffective in the long term.

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Siradjuddin, Zaenal. "Evolution Of Tokaili Settlement Process In Central Sulawesi, Indonesia." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 4 (May 6, 2021): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.84.10097.

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Indonesia has a variety of (ethnic) cultures spread throughout Indonesia, one of which is in Central Sulawesi (ToKaili). The evolutionary process that is the object of observation is in the ToKaili community, which focuses on seTeori sosiologis klasik menjadikan sosiologis sebagai teori dasar. Di antara hipotesis yang muncul berkaitan dengan idealisme, materialisme dan sistem ekonomi, nilai lebih, dan dinamika perubahan sosial mempengaruhi teori perubahan sosial dari bentuk-bentuk rasionalisme yang dimiliki. Kelompok-kelompok yang dibentuk berdasarkan kepentingan tertentu, menunjukkan konfigurasi kelas (berbasis ekonomi), status (berdasarkan kondisi dan kepentingan sosial), partai (berdasarkan kepentingan politik). Dalam berpikir, rasionalitas, terdapat empat pandangan berbeda tentang model yang ada di antara orang-orang. Di antara keberadaan rasionalitas yang dapat menderita sendirian tetapi juga dapat menjadi rujukan bagi perilaku orang dalam kehidupan mereka (Doyle Paul Johnson, 1986) 9ttlement development. The evolution method does not just happen but has a long process to achieve the ideal form of housing and housing. This study aims to uncover what is behind the phenomenon of home / personal life in ToKaili from traditional architecture. his research uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. This analysis found several development periods ranging from nomadic settlements to permanent settlements, and its development at that time the solution became an ideal settlement.

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Al-Hathloul, Saleh, and Narayanan Edadan. "Evolution of settlement pattern in Saudi Arabia." Habitat International 17, no. 4 (January 1993): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(93)90027-a.

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Martinovic, Marija. "Koritnjak: Abandoned rural settlement in the beginning of 2002." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 84, no. 1 (2004): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0401071m.

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Under non-adequate conditions of social relation to rural area after Second world war, modern development of rural settlements of Serbia has a lot of rural problems. A certain number of rural settlements, after negative general development at the end of XX and in the beginning of XXI century have been in demographical mean disappeared. With this paper, in the example of Koritnjak, is showed the genesis and evolution of settlement which is abandoned in the beginning of 2002, after continuous decrease of total population and non-positive demographical and total development.

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Sanders, Will, and Sarah Holcombe. "Sustainable governance for small desert settlements: learning from the multi-settlement regionalism of Anmatjere Community Government Council." Rangeland Journal 30, no. 1 (2008): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj07034.

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In light of some basic desert demography, this paper examines governance patterns for small desert settlements. It traces policy histories which led to the emergence of highly localised, single settlement governance arrangements during the 1970s and ’80s. It also identifies the many pushes since within the Northern Territory local government system for more regional, multi-settlement governance structures. The paper goes on to examine the history of one such regional, multi-settlement arrangement in central Australia, the Anmatjere Community Government Council established in 1993. The paper details our work with this Council over the last 4 years on ‘issues of importance or concern’ to them. The paper aims to learn from the ACGC experience in order to inform the more radical restructuring of Northern Territory local government currently underway towards larger multi-settlement regionalism. It concludes with four specific lessons, the most important of which is that regionalism must build on single settlement localism.

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Wendling, Holger. "Manching Reconsidered: New Perspectives on Settlement Dynamics and Urbanization in Iron Age Central Europe." European Journal of Archaeology 16, no. 3 (2013): 459–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957113y.0000000031.

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Traditionally, research on late Iron Age societies of Central Europe has to some degree focused on large fortified settlements oroppida, presumably ranking at the top of the Celtic settlement hierarchy. Theoppidumof Manching in Upper Bavaria has in the past been seen as a paradigmatic example of pre-Roman transalpine urbanization, in both chronological and functional terms. However, both its dating and its topographical position in a shallow flood plain of the Danube justify a distinction from contemporaneous or successive fortified ‘towns'. Recent studies have identified another particular type of settlement – large unfortified centres of crafts and trade – as a major feature of prehistoric urbanization. Again, Manching and its pre-fortified stages of urban development reveal a characteristic scheme of eastern Celtic settlement evolution that eventually breaks with a standard development when a massive rampart is constructed. Based on recent research at Manching and its hinterland, and taking into account the dynamic character of urbanization, a flexible model of urban evolution is developed here. This model allows for a comparative and quantifiable notion of variable degrees of local and supra-regional urban status.

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Ogas-Mendez, A. Federico, and Yuzuru Isoda. "Examining the Effect of Squatter Settlements in the Evolution of Spatial Fragmentation in the Housing Market of the City of Buenos Aires by Using Geographical Weighted Regression." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060359.

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The spatial fragmentation in the housing market and the growth of squatter settlements are characteristic for the metropolitan areas in developing countries. Over the years, in large cities, these phenomena have been promoting an increase in the spatial concentration of poverty. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between the squatter settlement growth and spatial fragmentation in the housing market of Buenos Aires. By performing a spatiotemporal analysis using geographically weighted regression in the house prices for the years 2001, 2010, and 2018, the results showed that while squatter settlements had a strong negative effect on house prices, the affected areas shifted over time. Our findings indicate that it is not the growth of the squatter settlement that causes spatial fragmentation, but rather the widening income disparities and further segregation of low-income households. However, squatter settlements determined the spatial demarcation of fragmented housing market by attracting low-income households to surrounding low house price areas.

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Burnley, I. H. "Evolution of Chinese Settlement Geographies in Sydney, Australia." Urban Geography 23, no. 4 (June 2002): 365–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.23.4.365.

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Peltokangas, O., and A. Nurmikolu. "Evolution of Railway Track Settlement after Ballast Tamping." International Journal of Railway Technology 4, no. 2 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4203/ijrt.4.2.1.

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Clemente Quijada, Luis Vicente. "Políticas sin participación social: Poblamiento rural y abandono de asentamientos en la Sierra de Gata, 1450-1750." Historia Agraria Revista de agricultura e historia rural, no. 83 (March 8, 2021): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.083e01c.

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This article analyzes the structure of the settlement in the land of Santibáñez el Alto between 1450 and 1750 in order to address the problem of rural depopulation. References and testimonies from fiscal and procedural sources and the travel costs analysis, shows that the peasant community developed a settlement structure which complemented the network of settlements and optimized the time of work of the peasantry since 1450, for being closer to the exploitation areas. This system begins its decline in the second half of the 16th century, when policies implemented from the Crown (sale of towns) and those developed from the local oligarchy (limitations on access to goods and services) had a negative impact its inhabitants. Finally, it is stated that the evolution of the settlements has been closely linked to the possibilities of community participation in its management and identity-making.

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Ballut, Christèle, and Frédéric Trement. "Environmental Changes and Evolution of Settlement in the Limagne of Clermont-Ferrand (Massif Central, France)." Hrvatski geografski glasnik/Croatian Geographical Bulletin 68, no. 02 (December 2006): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21861/hgg.2006.68.02.01.

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Małecka-Drozd, Natalia. "The Nile Delta during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. Preliminary remarks on the evolution of settlement landscape." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, no. 29/2 (December 31, 2020): 13–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2083-537x.pam29.2.01.

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The 3rd millennium BC appears to be a key period of development of the historical settlement landscape in ancient Egypt. After the unification of the country, the process of disappearance of the predynastic socio-political structures and settlement patterns associated with them significantly accelerated. Old chiefdoms, along with their centres and elites, declined and vanished. On the other hand, new settlements emerging in various parts of the country were often strictly related to the central authorities and formation of the new territorial administration. Not negligible were climatic changes, which influenced the shifting of the ecumene. Although these changes were evolutionary in their nature, some important stages may be recognized. According to data obtained during surveys and excavations, there are a number of sites that were considerably impoverished and/or abandoned before and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. On the other hand, during the Third and Fourth Dynasties some important Egyptian settlements have emerged in the sources and begun their prosperity. Architectural remains as well as written sources indicate the growing interest of the state in the hierarchy of landscape elements and territorial structure of the country.

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Dzik, Anthony J. "Kangerlussuaq: evolution and maturation of a cultural landscape in Greenland." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 24, no. 24 (June 1, 2014): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0014.

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Abstract The cultural landscape reflects the composite influences of the regional physical, cultural, and technological environments. It is a dynamic entity which evolves over time and the perceptions of its human inhabitants is influential in the process. This paper is a descriptive analysis of Kangerlussuaq, a young but maturing settlement located in west Greenland near the inland ice. The site’s natural resource base did not attract permanent settlement by the Inuit or Scandinavian colonists, but in the early days of the World War II, the American military took advantage of the exceptional flying conditions here and established an air base. In time, civilian functions developed as Kangerlussuaq became the hub for air travel in Greenland. A transitory utilitarian settlement was eventually transformed into a more permanent settlement. In recent years there seems to be a growing sense of community and place attachment as the cultural landscape begins to exhibit more of the components of a real ‘town’.

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Dahms, Fred A. "Regional Urban History: A Statistical and Cartographic Survey of Huron and Southern Bruce Counties, 1864-1981." Articles 15, no. 3 (August 21, 2013): 254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018019ar.

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Statistical and cartographie methods were used to trace the evolution of a group of settlements in Huron and Southern Bruce Counties from 1864 to 1981. Despite the fact that the number of settlements ranged from 30 to 95 during the period under consideration, there was remarkable stability among 15 large places which dominated the area economically at all periods. Competition, date of original settlement, location and changes in transport technology accounted for many of the trends observed. Places established early often continued to benefit from the "momentum" created by their size and age, while more recently developed service centres were adversely affected by the adoption of the motor vehicle and by rural depopulation. The study of a group of settlements over a long time period facilitated explanations of the evolution of individual places.

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Beheim, Bret A., and Adrian V. Bell. "Inheritance, ecology and the evolution of the canoes of east Oceania." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1721 (February 23, 2011): 3089–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0060.

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We consider patterns in the evolution of canoe technology in the eastern Pacific relative to three general processes: movement of canoe traits along the Polynesian settlement sequence, adaptations to local island environment, and post-settlement interaction between island groups. Using model selection methods on the distributions of canoe technology, we show that social and ecological covariates together consistently outperform each considered individually, though knowledge of island area and post-settlement trading spheres does not add explanatory power. In particular, decorative canoe traits are not effectively explained by either our ecological or transmission models. We also estimate negative effects from both settlement sequence and island geomorphology, consistent with the die-off of particular canoe designs on resource-rich high island groups such as Hawaii and New Zealand. This decline in measured traits may be owing to the lifting of ecological constraints on population size or building materials.

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Kozhin, Michail N., Evgeny A. Borovichev, Aleksey V. Kravchenko, Ksenia B. Popova, and Anna V. Razumovskaya. "Addition to the non-native flora of Murmansk Region." Turczaninowia 23, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.23.4.11.

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This article presents data on 18 new non-native species to Murmansk Region: Aconitum neomontanum Wulfen. (Rybachy Peninsula), Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara et Grande (Apatity Town), Blitum virgatum L. (Apatity Town), Brassica oleracea L. (Umba Settlement), Campanula barbata L. (vicinity of Kirovsk Town), Chelidonium majus L. (Kandalaksha Town), Crocus vernus (L.) Hill (vicinity of Kovda Settlement), Doronicum carpaticum (Griseb. et Schenk) Nyman (vicinity of Kovda Settlement), Epilobium bergianum A. K. Skvortsov (Murmansk City), Epilobium pseudorubescens A. K. Skvortsov (Murmansk City, Apatity Town), Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Rayakoski Settlement), Lilium maculatumThunb. (Kandalaksha Town), Lilium martagon L. (Rybachy Peninsula), Lychnis chalcedonica L. (Kandalaksha Town), Medicago × varia Martyn. (Apatity Town), Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. (Kandalaksha Town, vicinity of Kovda Settlement, Rayakoski Settlement), Nepeta cataria L. (Apatity Town), Papaver croceum Ledeb. (vicinity of Kovda Settlement, Kandalaksha Town), Senecio subalpinus K. Koch (vicinity of Kirovsk Town), Verbascum nigrum L. (Kirovsk Town), Viola × wittrockiana Gams ex Nauenb. et Buttler (vicinity of Kovda Settlement). The information on the new locations and distribution of 32 rare alien species in the region is provided. According to our preliminary assessment, the alien flora of the region includes 502 species, which is quite a lot for such a northern territory. The high diversity is associated with different pathways and time of introduction due to various aspects of human activity. Over the last decades, the most active colonization by non-native species of Murmansk region is associated with modern household plots, urban gardening, plant introduction in the Polar-alpine botanical garden-institute, places of storage of solid household waste and the use of imported soils for siding road slopes. The most remarkable occurrences of non-native species are at the sites of the abandoned settlements of the Finns and Norwegians, as well as at the places of military operations during the Second World War.

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Kozhin, Michail N., Evgeny A. Borovichev, Aleksey V. Kravchenko, Ksenia B. Popova, and Anna V. Razumovskaya. "Addition to the non-native flora of Murmansk Region." Turczaninowia 23, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.23.4.11.

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This article presents data on 18 new non-native species to Murmansk Region: Aconitum neomontanum Wulfen. (Rybachy Peninsula), Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara et Grande (Apatity Town), Blitum virgatum L. (Apatity Town), Brassica oleracea L. (Umba Settlement), Campanula barbata L. (vicinity of Kirovsk Town), Chelidonium majus L. (Kandalaksha Town), Crocus vernus (L.) Hill (vicinity of Kovda Settlement), Doronicum carpaticum (Griseb. et Schenk) Nyman (vicinity of Kovda Settlement), Epilobium bergianum A. K. Skvortsov (Murmansk City), Epilobium pseudorubescens A. K. Skvortsov (Murmansk City, Apatity Town), Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Rayakoski Settlement), Lilium maculatumThunb. (Kandalaksha Town), Lilium martagon L. (Rybachy Peninsula), Lychnis chalcedonica L. (Kandalaksha Town), Medicago × varia Martyn. (Apatity Town), Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. (Kandalaksha Town, vicinity of Kovda Settlement, Rayakoski Settlement), Nepeta cataria L. (Apatity Town), Papaver croceum Ledeb. (vicinity of Kovda Settlement, Kandalaksha Town), Senecio subalpinus K. Koch (vicinity of Kirovsk Town), Verbascum nigrum L. (Kirovsk Town), Viola × wittrockiana Gams ex Nauenb. et Buttler (vicinity of Kovda Settlement). The information on the new locations and distribution of 32 rare alien species in the region is provided. According to our preliminary assessment, the alien flora of the region includes 502 species, which is quite a lot for such a northern territory. The high diversity is associated with different pathways and time of introduction due to various aspects of human activity. Over the last decades, the most active colonization by non-native species of Murmansk region is associated with modern household plots, urban gardening, plant introduction in the Polar-alpine botanical garden-institute, places of storage of solid household waste and the use of imported soils for siding road slopes. The most remarkable occurrences of non-native species are at the sites of the abandoned settlements of the Finns and Norwegians, as well as at the places of military operations during the Second World War.

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Nondédéo, Philippe, M. Charlotte Arnauld, and Dominique Michelet. "RÍO BEC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND LOCAL SOCIOPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION." Ancient Mesoamerica 24, no. 2 (2013): 373–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536114000017.

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AbstractBased on settlement patterns in the Río Bec micro-region, a study zone (100 km2) focused on the eponymous site, there is no evidence that any of the monumental groups underwent true processes of significant, sustainable nucleation on a broad sociopolitical level. This paper analyzes Río Bec settlement patterns in order to better understand why processes of agglomeration did not occur at the site. Our approach to this question consists of analyzing the spatial distribution of settlements in relation to their internal hierarchy, while taking in account evolution through time. The study was carried out at two different scales of analysis, and results are presented for both the “micro-region” and “nuclear zone” (159 ha) scales. The overarching objective of this contribution is to gain greater insight into the social dimensions of the processes that took place at Río Bec during the Classic period.

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García-Sánchez, Jesús, and Miguel Cisneros. "An Off-Site Approach to Late Iron Age and Roman Landscapes on the Northern Plateau, Spain." European Journal of Archaeology 16, no. 2 (2013): 289–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957112y.0000000027.

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Since 2009, a large-scale archaeological field survey – the Ager Segisamonensis Survey Project – has been carried out on the Northern Plateau of the Iberian Peninsula, in the Burgos province (Castilla y León), Spain. The aim of this project is to understand the Iron Age/Roman transition in terms of settlement strategies and landscape exploitation. The field survey has been undertaken in the landscape surrounding an Iron Age settlement and the successive Roman city of Segisamo – modern Sasamón. The goal is not the discovery of new settlements, but the recognition of the so-called ‘dwelling landscape’ and its evolution. In this article, we highlight our field survey methodology based on hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS) instruments and the creation of a recording system of ‘aggregation units'.

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Davies, Christopher S., and Robert K. Holz. "Settlement evolution of ‘colonias’ along the US-Mexico border." Habitat International 16, no. 4 (January 1992): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(92)90056-5.

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Walker, Kemble, and Mariia Plotnikova. "ECOLOGICAL SETTLEMENT AS A SELF-GOVERNMENT MODEL IN RURAL AREAS." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 40, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2018.39.

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There is a clear need in rural areas for improved methods of self-government. This study examines the most effective approaches to administration in rural communities. What are the most promising types of rural community management? We aim to assess trends in rural selfrehabilitation and development, including an international analysis of ecological and family homestead settlements as models of future society. These models represent an evolution of the traditional village capable of improving the population's quality of life. Family homestead settlements are the most common form of ecological settlement in Ukraine and foster family values, patriotism to the Homeland and effectively demonstrate successful self-government practices. Governance is achieved by way of the Veche, a collective authority, as well as through public organizations, public-private partnerships, regional and international cooperation.

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Shishkov, Stanislav. "Prospects and limitations in the modernization of securities settlement operations in Ukraine." Economy and forecasting 2021, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 69–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2021.01.069.

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The article points to the critically insufficient compliance of Ukraine's stock market infrastructure with the relevant international recommendations, first of all in the segment of securities settlements. The author states that despite the creation of market infrastructure in Ukraine and the possibility to avoid problems related to the evolutionary errors, the market participants face numerous difficulties, such as risks in legal empowerment and in the activities of key infrastructure actors, limited competition, excessive transaction costs, ongoing defragmentation of the system of depository accounting, as well as inconvenience and limitations of the existing risk management systems. The study on the evolution of securities settlement models in Ukraine revealed that the radical reform of infrastructure in 2013 led to contradictory consequences, in particular, the abuse by the settlement bank and the central counterparty of its monopolistic positions, active participation of this monopolist in high-profile market abuse, stagnation in clearing and settlement technologies, and a slowdown in the development of the derivatives market. It was found that, despite lengthy discussions, the updated legislation in the field of organized capital markets, which is designed to implement a number of EU laws and should enter into force in 2021, does not really rectify the problems in the existing infrastructure, in particular due to a rather dubious proposed procedure of securities settlement and conservation for a few more years of the monopoly in the field of settlement and clearing services. It is substantiated that Ukraine has constructive practical experience and skills that can allow to implement the best international standards for building a system of cash settlements in "central bank money", organically integrated into Ukrainian payment system and able to adapt to European payment systems.

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Botwick, Bradford. "Gullah-Geechee settlement patterns from slavery to freedom: Investigation of a Georgia plantation slave quarter." North American Archaeologist 39, no. 3 (July 2018): 198–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197693118793795.

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Gullah-Geechee is a creole culture that emerged among enslaved African Americans in the coastal Southeastern United States. Modern material expressions of this culture include a distinctive settlement type, the family compound, consisting of loosely clustered residences and outbuildings. The arrangement of these settlements resembles colonial slave quarters but differs from antebellum “slave rows.” Gullah-Geechee family compounds existed by the mid-20th century, but their origin, time depth, and evolution from linear quarters are unclear. Archaeological study of the Wilson–Miller plantation slave quarter near Savannah, occupied over most of the 19th Century, indicated that the Gullah-Geechee residential compound appeared soon after Emancipation. The study also suggested that communal outdoor space was important in maintaining cultural practices that were expressed in both colonial and post-Emancipation settlement patterns.

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Woon, Walter. "Dispute Settlement in ASEAN." Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law 1, no. 1 (2013): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134484-12340012.

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Abstract The ASEAN Charter entered into force on 15 December 2008. The Charter marks a significant milestone in ASEAN’s evolution, creating a legal foundation for the organisation. ASEAN’s professed aim is to become a rules-based organisation rather than just a conglomeration of nation states sharing only geographical proximity. The key to this ambition is the creation of mechanisms for the settlement of disputes and disagreements amongst the member states. There have been three major disputes between ASEAN member states that have proceeded to adjudication by the International Court of Justice: the Ligitan/Sipadan case between Indonesia and Malaysia, the Pedra Branca case between Malaysia and Singapore and the Preah Vihear case between Cambodia and Thailand. The Preah Vihear dispute flared up after the entry into force of the Charter. The way this was handled sheds an interesting light on the way that ASEAN deals with disputes.

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Martinovic, Marija, and Ivan Ratkaj. "Genesis and development of Gadzin Han." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 85, no. 1 (2005): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0501121m.

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During many centuries of it's settlements evolution, Gadzin Han went through many demographic, morph-physiognomic and functional changes. The development of Gadzin Han can be divided into three main phases: rural (from the first settlers to the liberation from the Turks), combined (from 1878. to the beginning of 60s of the 20lh century) and initial urban phase (from the beginning of 60s of the 20th century till today). There is a difference between them in: durability, socio-economical characteristics crucial for development of settlement and important of spatial-functionally connecting between Gadzin Han, as a gravitational node, and surrounding settlements.

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Zhu, Y., S. Zhou, D. Zang, and T. Lu. "MONITORING OF SURFACE SUBSIDENCE OF THE MINING AREA BASED ON SBAS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (May 2, 2018): 2603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-2603-2018.

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This paper has collected 7 scenes of L band PALSAR sensor radar data of a mine in FengCheng city, jiangxi province, using the Small-baseline Subset (SBAS) method to invert the surface subsidence of the mine. Baselines of interference less than 800m has been chosen to constitute short baseline differential interference atlas, using pixels whose average coherent coefficient was larger than or equal to 0.3 as like high coherent point target, using singular value decomposition (SVD) method to calculate deformation phase sequence based on these high coherent points, and the accumulation of settlements of study area of different period had been obtained, so as to reflect the ground surface settlement evolution of the settlement of the area. The results of the study has showed that: SBAS technology has overcome coherent problem of the traditionality D-InSAR technique, continuous deformation field of surface mining in time dimension of time could been obtained, characteristics of ground surface settlement of mining subsidence in different period has been displayed, so to improve the accuracy and reliability of the monitoring results.

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Rucińska, Danuta, and Andrzej Ruciński. "THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AIRPORTS AND SETTLEMENT STRUCTURES." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. Ekonomika Transportu i Logistyka 70 (November 24, 2017): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5921.

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There is a strong interdependence between the development of airports and settlement structures which determines the extent of their growth and the way in which they operate. Systematic studies confirm their evolutionary nature which is characterized by the introduction of innovative solutions. This article aims to analyze the determinants, scope, and effect of influence of: airports on contemporary settlement structures in terms of urbanization and regionalization; settlement systems on the development and growth of airports and neighbouring areas including selected Polish airports. In addition to this the development trends of the spatial and functional airports’ landside, which in the 21st century are reflected in modern structures such as airport cities and aerotropolis, are also identified. The article is divided into four parts entitled: 1. Airport as a determinant of development and transformation of settlement structures; 2. The evolution of airports’ influence in terms of urbanization and regionalization; 3. Contemporary airports’ landside – airport city, aerotropolis, airport corridor, airport region and area; 4. Airport cities in Poland. The article is based on a long-term, systematic, and multidirectional study conducted by the authors.

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Johnson, C. "Settlement and recruitment of Acanthatser planci on the Great Barrier Reef: questions of process and scale." Marine and Freshwater Research 43, no. 3 (1992): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9920611.

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This paper briefly reviews information on settlement and recruitment of Acanthaster planci in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) system, with emphasis on the recent phenomenon of population outbreaks of the starfish. Observations that recent outbreaks have occurred in two series of activity (1962-77 and 1979-91+), each characterized by a southward wave of infestations in the central section of the GBR, and that outbreaks are not preceded by observable increases in densities of juveniles, have important implications for settlement and recruitment processes. The pattern of outbreaks indicates that primary outbreaks occur infrequently and unpredictably in the vicinity of 16�s. However, it is not possible to assert that primary outbreaks have not occurred elsewhere in the GBR system, and isolated outbreaks at the southern end of the GBR may be primary events. Present data are insufficient to discern whether recruitment leading to primary outbreaks is by mass settlement of larvae or aggregation of adult starfish of various ages. In contrast, evidence indicates strongly that the majority of outbreaks in the system are secondary infestations as a result of water-borne transport and subsequent mass settlements of planktonic larvae seeded by other outbreak populations (and initially by populations undergoing primary outbreaks). The likelihood and pattern of secondary outbreaks is influenced by several parameters that operate at vastly different scales. These include passive transport of larvae by large-scale circulation patterns at scales of 104-106 m, which can largely account for the southward wave, and substratum selectivity by larvae at small scales (0-10-3 m). The spatial distribution of important cues for larval settlement (coral rubble and the coralline alga Lithothamnium pseudosorum) suggests that mass settlements are more likely to occur in deep water at the base of reefs, where they are less likely to be observed. Several foci are defined for future research on settlement and recruitment processes. These include (1) identification of parameters influencing the spatial and temporal distribution of recruitment events that initiate primary outbreaks, (2) testing of hypotheses relating to dissipation of the southward movement of outbreaks at about 20�s despite an abundance of reefs in the area supporting high coral cover, (3) determining the period of competency of larvae for settlement, (4) elucidating the behaviour of larvae (particularly late brachiolaria) in the water column, (5) further work to identify substrata inductive of larval settlement and to determine the nature of inducers, the spatial distribution of inductive substrata, and the effect of small-scale hydrodynamic processes in modifying the response of larvae to inductive substrata, and (6) testing of the hypothesis of deep-water recruitment.

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Jia, Liang, Jian Guo, and Kai Yao. "In Situ Monitoring of the Long-Term Settlement of High-Fill Subgrade." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (September 30, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1347547.

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Monitoring the settlement of high-fill subgrade plays a significant role in maintaining the service quality of highways. To investigate the postconstruction settlement of high-fill subgrade under gravity stress and vehicle loads, in situ monitoring was carried out on the Lanzhou-Yongjing highway. Single-point settlement meters were buried in various depths under the driveway and road shoulder. The evolution of settlement with time and space was analyzed. The results show that the settlement of the road shoulder is greater than that of the driveway; the settlement of the subgrade increases with time and tends to be stable after 1 year; the vehicle loads have no big effect on the settlement of the subgrade; the exponential model can be adopted to predict the settlement of the Lanzhou-Yongjing highway accurately.

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Gumerman, George J., Alan C. Swedlund, Jeffrey S. Dean, and Joshua M. Epstein. "The Evolution of Social Behavior in the Prehistoric American Southwest." Artificial Life 9, no. 4 (October 2003): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454603322694861.

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Long House Valley, located in the Black Mesa area of northeastern Arizona (USA), was inhabited by the Kayenta Anasazi from circa 1800 B.C. to circa A.D. 1300. These people were prehistoric precursors of the modern Pueblo cultures of the Colorado Plateau. A rich paleoenvironmental record, based on alluvial geomorphology, palynology, and dendroclimatology, permits the accurate quantitative reconstruction of annual fluctuations in potential agricultural production (kg maize/hectare). The archaeological record of Anasazi farming groups from A.D. 200 to 1300 provides information on a millennium of sociocultural stasis, variability, change, and adaptation. We report on a multi-agent computational model of this society that closely reproduces the main features of its actual history, including population ebb and flow, changing spatial settlement patterns, and eventual rapid decline. The agents in the model are monoagriculturalists, who decide both where to situate their fields and where to locate their settlements.

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Cisternas, P. A., and M. Byrne. "Evolution of abbreviated development in the ophiuroid Ophiarachnella gorgonia involves heterochronies and deletions." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1067–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-092.

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The ophiuroid Ophiarachnella gorgonia Müller and Troschel, 1842 has the Type II mode of ophiuroid development through a short-lived (lecithotrophic) vitellaria larva that settles 3 days after fertilization. Development in O. gor gonia is characterized by a reduction in larval structures and settlement of a precocious juvenile. In comparison with other ophiuroid vitellariae, the larva of O. gorgonia has reduced ciliated bands that lack prominent epithelial ridges. Ab breviated development in O. gorgonia is achieved through prompt formation of a radial hydrocoel and radial juvenile skeleton. Newly settled juvenile O. gorgonia also lack the feeding and locomotory structures found in the settlement stage of species with ophioplutei. Juveniles of O. gorgonia settle with one pair of buccal podia, and the mouth is not functional. The first arm segment forms before the mouth opens. In comparison, in species with ophioplutei the first two pairs of buccal podia and the first two arm segments develop before the mouth opens and before settlement occurs. Comparison of development of O. gorgonia and that of other species with vitellariae suggests that hetero chron ies and deletions in the metamorphic and settlement programs may be involved in the evolution of abbreviated development.

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Gaibov, Vasif A. "THE FORTRESS AND THE SETTLEMENT DURNALI: THE EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENT." Journal of historical philological and cultural studies 3, no. 65 (September 30, 2019): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18503/1992-0431-2019-3-65-33-52.

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Dahms, Fred. "Settlement evolution in the Arena society in the urban field." Journal of Rural Studies 14, no. 3 (July 1998): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0743-0167(98)00008-4.

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Manderson, JP, J. Pessutti, C. Meise, D. Johnson, and P. Shaheen. "Winter flounder settlement dynamics and the modification of settlement patterns by post-settlement processes in a NW Atlantic estuary." Marine Ecology Progress Series 253 (2003): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps253253.

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Flores, Dan. "Wildlife's Role in American Settlement." Ecology 99, no. 6 (March 12, 2018): 1509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2183.

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Bintliff, John, Oliver Dickinson, Phil Howard, and Anthony Snodgrass. "Deconstructing ‘The Sense of Place’? Settlement Systems, Field Survey, and the Historic Record: a Case-study from Central Greece." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66 (2000): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001791.

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After a generation of intensive regional surface survey in the Mediterranean lands, it is both necessary and enlightening to evaluate the ways in which this new approach has produced results which either support, or demand modifications to, or directly challenge, previous ideas on the evolution of human settlement systems in this macro-region. Given that many regional survey projects have only recently achieved final publication, or are in the final stages of so doing, the implications of these recent discoveries are only now becoming apparent or discussed. The present paper is one attempt to draw wider conclusions from a region of Central Greece – the province of Boeotia, where the author has been conducting intensive survey since 1979. Specifically it compares the state of knowledge regarding the settlement evolution of the region based upon an earlier topographic and extensive survey tradition (Tossey 1988), with the results now available from the author and colleagues' intensive survey in two districts of the province.A radical reinterpretation of the later prehistoric settlement systems is proposed with significant modifications also to the reconstruction of Classical and Hellenistic settlement networks. Closer agreement with prior knowledge is found with the new information for Roman and Late Roman settlement, whilst the further evolution of regional communities in medieval and post-medieval times – left out of Tossey's Gazetteer – can now be set out in some detail. The latter periods, as a result of highly informative historical sources, especially village tax registers, provide a cautionary tale in the complexities of matching archaeological settlement ‘continuities’ or ‘shifts’ with population and ethnic continuity. The overall analysis for the long-term settlement history of the province leads to the suggestion that similarities in settlement patterns have more to do with geography ‘constraining and enabling’ than with continuities of particular population or ethnic groups. This could seriously undermine the currently fashionable emphasis in Landscape Archaeology on the role of ‘memory’ and a ‘sense of place’ in the interpretation of past settlement networks.

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Fafchamps, Marcel, and Forhad Shilpi. "The evolution of built-up areas in Ghana since 1975." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): e0250847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250847.

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We use high resolution satellite data on the proportion of buildings in a 250x250 meter cell to study the evolution of human settlement in Ghana over a 40 year period. We find a strong increase in built-up area over time, mostly concentrated in the vicinity of roads, and also directly on the coast. We find strong evidence of agglomeration effects both in the static sense—buildup in one cell predicts buildup in a nearby cell—and in a dynamic sense—buildup in a cell predicts buildup in that cell later on and an increase in buildup in nearby cells. These effects are strongest over a 3 to 15 Km radius, which corresponds to a natural hinterland for a population without mechanized transportation. We find no evidence that human settlements are spaced more or less equally either over the landscape or along roads. This suggests that arable land is not yet fully utilized, allowing rural settlements to be separated by areas of un-farmed land. By fitting a transition matrix to the data, we predict a sharp increase in the proportion of the country that is densely built-up by the middle and the end of the century, but no increase in the proportion of partially built-up locations.

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Dobrescu, Cornelia Florentina, Elena Andreea Calarasu, and Iolanda Gabriela Craifaleanu. "RETRACTED: Ground Settlement in Urban Structures Exposed to Geo-Environmental and Anthropic Hazards: A Case Study for Galati City." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.37.

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A case study including a detailed ground settlement analysis is made for a particular loess structure located in the city of Galati, Romania, in order to assess the interdependence of geo-environmental and anthropic settlement triggering factors in the urban system context. In the first part of the study, loess behavior and its effects on built environment are analyzed and discussed based on worldwide historic expertise and current issues. An integrative analysis of loess deposits in natural state, with reference to induced-hydraulic and stress conditions, which was performed by laboratory and in-situ investigations, is then reported. An assessment of basic geotechnical parameters, as well as small-scale modeling of loess settlements at wetting under self-weight were conducted in order to select the most representative experimental area, from the point of view of specific soil structure behavior. Field monitoring surveys were performed to obtain information for quantitative evaluation of settlement time-dependent evolution, by the simulation of excessive moisture. The processing and analysis of experimental data gathered for natural and improved ground conditions revealed that the settlement amplitude of loess deposits with high sensitivity to wetting under self-load can be significantly reduced by the selection of adequate consolidation solutions, based on realistic and undisturbed environmental conditions. The study of soil structure behavior under simultaneous settlement-triggering factors can be integrated in multi-hazard analysis as a support for efficient strategies and mitigation measures, with applicability in the urbanization process, building and foundation design and environmental protection.

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Cai, Ling, Yi Deng, and Xing Jiang. "The Modern Evolution and Protection Development Strategies of the National Rural Settlement: The Dong Ethnic Group as Case Study." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 3311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.3311.

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The Dong rural settlement is an important carrier and manifestation of the national culture. Rapid urbanization has changed the basis for the existence and development of rural settlement in all aspects. This paper summarizes and analyzes the underlying causes of the common trends in space alienation, hollowization, and modernization in the evolution of the Dong rural settlement based on the analysis of several typical cases. From traditional micro-level focus on entity and space to expanded meso- and macro-level focus, this paper builds a three-in-one strategic framework and describes specific strategies for industrial restructuring, social transformation, and space reconstruction geared toward the protection and development of the rural settlement.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Settlement evolution'

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