Relevant bibliographies by topics / SETTLEMENT POLICY

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'SETTLEMENT POLICY'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "SETTLEMENT POLICY"

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Ivanova, T. N. "Accounting policy of receivables at construction enterprises." Ways to Improve Construction Efficiency, no. 46 (October 16, 2020): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2707-501x.2020.46.136-143.

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Analysis of existing approaches to the organization of accounting processes at the enterprise shows that an important element of the accounting policy of the construction company is to create approaches to accounting for receivables in the system of settlements with customers and its reflection in the financial statements. The formed accounting policy on receivables significantly affects the value of financial condition and performance of the enterprise.
 The purpose of the study is to analyze existing approaches to determining the accounting policy in terms of receivables, improving the accounting process and improving the efficiency of settlements in construction companies in modern business conditions.
 The article considers the existing requirements of the legislation on the accounting policy of settlement operations of the enterprise, the procedure for creating a reserve for doubtful debts, receivables write-off. The provisions of the accounting policy of receivables proved needed to be clarified and detailed in order to improve the efficiency of settlement management and financial condition of the enterprise.
 It is proposed to develop a work plan of accounts, job descriptions of the accountant for settlement operations, document flow schedule (in particular in terms of settlement operations), registers of analytical accounting of receivables and other applications that directly regulate the accounting of receivables in the system of settlements with buyers. enterprise. The proposed elements of the accounting policy relate to the debts of customers and are subject to disclosure in the Order on the accounting policy of the enterprise. Adherence to the developed elements of accounting policy will provide reliable information on the company's settlements with debtors, rationally organize the accounting of receivables in the system of settlements with customers, to obtain reliable and complete information about the debt.
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Richmond, A. C. "Land Settlement Policy." Journal of proceedings of the Agricultural Economics Society 7, no. 1 (2008): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1946.tb02002.x.

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Safitri, Dian Prima, Agus Hendrayady, Chaerey Ranba Sholeh, et al. "Reconfiguration of Coastal Settlement Policy in Blue Economy Paradigm: Discources and Practices in Bintan Island, Indonesia." BIO Web of Conferences 134 (2024): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202413404006.

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The blue economy paradigm promotes sustainable economic growth by linking social equality, poverty reduction and marine conservation. Bintan Island, a designated Special Economic Zone (SEZ), has faced a challenge in accommodating economic growth and social equality for indigenous people living in coastal settlements. Providing settlement permits and recognition of property rights must consider the sustainability of coastal areas and spatial allocations along the coast of Bintan Island. Policy changes and policy networks in implementing coastal settlement policy become the theoretical framework in this study. Drawing on discourse analysis, key-informant interviews across scales, and secondary data in the regulations, we examine the meanings and practices of the reconfiguration of Coastal Settlement Policy in Blue Economy Paradigm. Policy networks perform in implementing coastal settlement policy to provide legalisation of assets as a form of social equity in the blue economy paradigm. The initiative of the regional head also followed the establishment of Bintan as an SEZ by strengthening the coastal settlement certification programme. However, within the framework of the policy network, the intergovernmental relationship that works in this policy needs strengthening from other networks.
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Dong, Guanglong, Wenxin Zhang, Xinliang Xu, and Kun Jia. "Multi-Dimensional Feature Recognition and Policy Implications of Rural Human–Land Relationships in China." Land 10, no. 10 (2021): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101086.

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Rural decline has become an indisputable fact and a global issue. As a developing country, China is simultaneously facing unprecedented rapid urbanization and severe rural decline. The coordinated development of its rural human–land relationship is therefore of great significance for ensuring the country’s food security and achieving both rural revitalization and sustainable development. Yet, the related research on this complex subject has mostly focused on a single element: rural settlements. Since studies of the rural human–land relationship tend to only discuss the coordinated change in rural populations vis-à-vis rural settlement area, their degree of spatial matching and intensive utilization level of rural settlements has been largely overlooked. To rectify this imbalance, using data on rural populations and rural settlement area in counties of Shandong Province in 2009 and 2018, this paper applied the methods of per capita rural settlement area, the Theil index, and Tapio’s decoupling model to quantitatively identify the rural human–land relationship along three dimensions: intensive utilization level, spatial matching degree, and change coordination degree. The results revealed that the per capita rural settlement area in Shandong Province was as high as 212.18 m2/person in 2018, which exceeded the standard to varying degrees in all cities, having an overall geographical pattern of being high in the north and low in the south. The Theil index for all cities was small, which indicates that the spatial matching between rural population and rural settlements is high. To sum up, there are small differences in the utilization of rural settlements among cities, and their extensive utilization of rural settlements is a common phenomenon. In addition, the relationship between the changes in the rural population size and rural settlement area corresponded to a discordant state, in the form of strong negative decoupling, expansive negative decoupling, and expansive coupling; however, among them, the strong negative decoupling type was the dominant type. It is worth noting that all of these three types will exacerbate the extensive utilization of rural settlements. Accordingly, this paper proposes policies and measures, such as the paid withdrawal of rural homesteads, an expanded scope of homestead transfer, cross-regional “increasing versus decreasing balance”, classified promotion of rural revitalization, and improved village planning.
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Muharam, Riki Satia, Ono Taryono, Lidia Maasir, and Siti Widharetno M. "Policy Networks in Improving the Quality of Housing and Settlements in Indonesia (A Case Research of Bandung District)." Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Taiwan Proceeding 3 (July 17, 2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52162/3.2021116.

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Studies on slum housing and settlements have been carried out in many countries. The various studies show that the problem of housing and settlement areas can no longer be considered a simple problem. Different from the various studies on housing and settlement areas, this research employs the perspective of policy networks as a new public administration paradigm. The development issue on housing and settlement areas is regarded as one of the contemporary international issues contained in one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Several countries have become the focus of attention, such as: India, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Thailand. In Indonesia, the development of housing and settlement areas is mandated by law. The Local Government of Bandung District has made efforts to improve the quality of housing and settlements through such programs as the PLPBK, Rutilahu, and Kotaku. However, the improvement in the quality of housing and settlements in general has not touched the basic problem, namely the welfare of the community. The development is limited to physical improvements and lasts 1 (one) to 2 (two) years. In the third year the restored area becomes irregular / slum again. Therefore, it is recommended that the Bandung District government issue a local regulation in the form of a Regent Regulation concerning the improvement of housing and settlement quality and a plan for handling it as the legal bases. In addition, a collaboration of actors in policy networks should be formed based on the pentahelix model incorporating the actors of business, government, community, academic, and media.
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Lacker, Jeffrey M. "Clearing, settlement and monetary policy." Journal of Monetary Economics 40, no. 2 (1997): 347–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3932(97)00046-9.

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Hugo, Graeme. "Public Policy and Immigrant Settlement." Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 11, no. 1 (2009): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-009-0113-0.

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Morgan, Stephen. "Christian Conversion and Colonial “Native Policy”: The Role of Missionaries in Formulating Reservation Policy in German Southwest Africa." Central European History 53, no. 4 (2020): 741–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938920000023.

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AbstractThis article examines how German Protestant missionaries to the Herero people influenced colonial “native policy” in German Southwest Africa in the years leading up to the Colonial War of 1904 to 1907. By the late 1890s, burgeoning European settlement increasingly displaced the Herero from their traditional territory. While colonial officials promoted more settlement, missionaries had developed a concept of conversion that linked Christianization with living in self-sufficient agricultural communities, and hoped to place limits on Herero displacement. Thus, missionaries and colonial officials engaged in protracted political negotiations over the creation of inalienable “native reservations” for the Herero. I show that missionaries’ model of Herero conversion prompted them to promote an alternative mode of settler colonialism that would make room in Southwest Africa for self-sufficient Herero settlements. Prior to the Colonial War, missionaries succeeded in convincing the colonial government to begin creating reservations, thus shaping colonial policy according to missionary priorities.
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Levenson, Zachary. "Living on the Fringe in Post-Apartheid Cape Town." Contexts 16, no. 1 (2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504217696060.

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South Africa’s post-apartheid government tried to use urban policy to reverse racial segregation. But as shack settlements proliferated on urban peripheries, squatters came to be viewed as a threat to the state rather than its beneficiaries. In Cape Town, urban policy has entrenched, rather than reversed, racially segregated settlement patterns.
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Ehrlich, Daniele, Sergio Freire, Michele Melchiorri, and Thomas Kemper. "Open and Consistent Geospatial Data on Population Density, Built-Up and Settlements to Analyse Human Presence, Societal Impact and Sustainability: A Review of GHSL Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147851.

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This review analyses peer-reviewed scientific publications and policy documents that use built-up density, population density and settlement typology spatial grids from the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) project to quantify human presence and processes for sustainability. Such open and free grids provide detailed time series spanning 1975–2015 developed with consistent approaches. Improving our knowledge of cities and settlements by measuring their size extent, as well as the societal processes occurring within settlements, is key to understanding their impact on the local, regional and global environment for addressing global sustainability and the integrity of planet Earth. The reviewed papers are grouped around five main topics: Quantifying human presence; assessing settlement growth over time; estimating societal impact, assessing natural hazard risk and impact, and generating indicators for international framework agreements and policy documents. This review calls for continuing to refine and expand the work on societal variables that, when combined with essential variables including those for climate, biodiversity and ocean, can improve our understanding of the societal impact on the biosphere and help to monitor progress towards local, regional and planetary sustainability.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SETTLEMENT POLICY"

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Low, James E. "Religious Zionism and Israeli settlement policy." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42677.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>Israel’s 1967 victory in the Six-Day War ironically led to persistent and pervasive struggle. In addition to international scrutiny, regional uncertainty, and the management of an occupied Palestinian population, Israel has been engaged in an internal struggle revolving around settlement of the occupied territories. Religious Zionism constitutes one faction within this struggle. Religious Zionism is a middle-road ideology between secular Zionism, founded by Theodore Herzl in 1897, and the traditional rabbinic teaching that rejects human efforts to secure a return to the ancient land of Israel. Religious Zionism is founded on the belief that Jews have an obligation to return to Israel; such a return is considered a divine commandment. The occupation created the conditions for the religious Zionist movement to force a clash with the secular Israeli government. Religious Zionists wanted to possess and settle the newly occupied territory regardless of national security concerns. I argue that the small religious Zionist movement has had significant influence over the settlement policies of the Israeli government disproportional to its demographic numbers, an influence whose consequences extend to the fate of the peace process and the future of the Middle East.
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Melvin, Neil. "The politics of Soviet rural settlement policy 1953-1982." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334141.

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Charernuk, N. "Land development in Central Thailand : Policy and projects." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377130.

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Hwakar, H. G. "Key settlement policy and rural development planning in central Nigeria." Thesis, University of Salford, 1985. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26722/.

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Olson, Felicity Jean. "Beyond Conflict Settlement: The Policy of Peacebuilding in the Pacific." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social and Political Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5015.

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Since the end of the Cold War internal conflict has emerged more and more into the foreground of concern in the international arena. It is seemingly more perverse and intractable than traditional interstate conflict, and as a result it is increasingly harder to resolve. Recurrence of internal conflict has been and remains to be a significant issue. Because of the nature of internal conflict and the underlying causes of the violence, the way in which its resolution is approached has a significant impact on the likelihood of success. The theory of peacebuilding, while still in its infancy, is gaining more and attention as a way in which to approach internal conflict and help to establish long-term peace in post-conflict societies. This thesis analyses the theory of peacebuilding and develops a framework based on this research that includes what I believe are the most relevant aspects of the approach. This framework is then applied to three cases; East Timor, Bougainville and the Solomon Islands. The theory is based on the idea of building long-term sustainable peace. This is done by not only improving the security situation in the host state but also working through the underlying causes of the violence and helping to establish sustainable and self-reliant institutions that will help support peace within the state long after the peacebuilders have withdrawn. The main focus of this research is internal conflict in the Pacific region. Conflict in the region, while somewhat insignificant on an international scale, is disproportionate to the small size of the region. The effects of conflict are felt long after the fighting has stopped. The theory of peacebuilding in the Pacific is approached by examining three peacebuilding missions that have been undertaken in the region and analysing the strengths and weaknesses of these cases. From here the overall success of these missions is examined. Ideas about peacebuilding success are then developed and a look at the future of peacebuilding in the region is outlined.
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Edmonds, Richard L. "Northern frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan a comparative study of frontier policy /." Chicago, Ill. : University of Chicago, Dept. of Geography, 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/11972272.html.

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Rabie, M. K. "Rural service provision and key settlement policy in Egypt's village clusters." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234757.

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Kayali, H. "Jumping obstacles : the Israeli settlement course." Thesis, Coventry University, 2016. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/d95fd85e-f685-4b29-9640-19f758dd841a/1.

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Since 2005, when the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued its opinion deeming the Israeli Separation Wall and settlements illegal, there have been significant developments in the nonviolent methods adopted for countering Israeli occupation. While Palestinian nonviolent resistance has existed throughout history, from this time onwards, there have been a number of factors that give this period its unique traits. The most central method that has been adopted by all nonviolent actors is to influence economic interaction with Israel in a way that is in line with international law, and is supportive of the official positions adopted by the countries that nonviolent activists aim to influence. While Israeli settlements are illegal according to international law, they include industrial areas that export products to many countries. Through this contradiction, nonviolent activists have found an opportunity to pressurise countries to end their economic ties with those settlements, and consequently put pressure Israel to change its settlement policies. Some of these call for ending economic ties with Israel itself, because it is upholding the settlements, and some call for ending ties only with Israeli settlements; in other words, some target the criminal and others just the crime. In 2010, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) adopted its first unilateral program that was not in agreement with Israel, and which introduced a strategy for the cessation of economic ties with Israeli settlements. This was done through a mixture of national public awareness campaigns to influence consumer behaviour, and the introduction of legislation by which it became illegal for Palestinian enterprises to have any economic ties with Israeli settlements. After starting by focussing on its own markets, the PNA called upon other countries to follow suit by lobbying government officials, parliamentarians, and financial institutions. However, this action came five years after a call for a full boycott, including divestment and sanctions against Israel, made by Palestinian civil society organizations and political parties. This call, known as the BDS call had gained tremendous support and amalgamated a large pool of members internationally by the time that the PNA started with its campaign for a limited boycott. This disparity has had a significant influence on the dynamics of the boycott movement, both locally in Palestine and globally. This research explores those dynamics. It takes an in-­‐‑depth look at the effort to end economic ties with settlements, including who the actors are, what they aim for, how they interact, and how effective they have been. The PNA’s program to end economic ties with settlements was chosen as a case study for this doctoral thesis, because of its central position in relation to the topic and the unique access to its documentation through the author’s previous role as its director.
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Thomas, Martin. "France in British foreign policy : the search for European settlement, March 1936 - June 1937." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332885.

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Magida, Litha Lincoln. "The Witsand Human Settlement Project : a participatory process to establish a sustainable human settlement." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80271.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is experiencing a number of challenges, which have led to developmental backlogs, housing shortages and growing informal areas. At the same time, the country is also experiencing sustainability problems, such as climate change, biodiversity loss and resource shortages. Strategies to address these challenges do not always provide adequate space for participatory structures as suggested by Local Agenda 21. Social sustainability (the ability of communities to collaborate in order to promote sustainability) is a fundamental component of sustainable development. An essential ingredient of social sustainability is to maintain and develop the stock of social capital (social bonds, relationships of trust, and connectedness in groups and networks). The existence of conflict and distrust in communities therefore makes cooperation for development and sustainability very difficult. The purpose of this study was to examine and evaluate a specific case study, namely the Witsand Integrated Energy Environment Empowerment Cost Optimisation (iEEECO) Human Settlement Project, situated near Atlantis within the City of Cape Town, with regard to lessons about the process towards sustainable human settlements and sustainability. This case study was chosen because it is a so-called People’s Housing Project that has also been developed as an ecological sustainable project. The study specifically aimed to establish whether and how participation was implemented as part of this project and how effective this had been in promoting social sustainability, since it had also been a conflict-ridden project. The case study methodology was used where interviews, direct observation and focus groups sessions were conducted. Finally, the study reports on the findings and formulates recommendations based on the case study on some of the ways to improve sustainability. The process of learning about this community was like unpeeling an onion, that started with the impression of a successful sustainable human settlement, but ended up with the knowledge that it is a project, which despite more than usual efforts made to implement sustainability principles and participation, remains conflict ridden and fragmented. The community is presently represented by two community organisations (of which one does not support sustainability principles). It also seems as if few community members felt that they had really been involved in the participation process, with many relegated to make up numbers in meetings, with no real involvement in the process. The level of illiteracy within the community is high and rumours abound, which at one stage led to houses of community leaders, as well as field workers employed by the municipality to monitor extension of shacks, being stoned and burnt. Municipal policies to use local people as gate-keepers to keep informal areas from growing are contributing to these problems. Changes in housing policies regarding contributory payments are also adding to conflict within the community, which adds fuel to rumours of corruption. In the context of a shortage of space where people can legally build their own shacks, a shortage of public facilities like schools and clinics, as well as employment opportunities, this project cannot yet be regarded as an integrated sustainable human settlement.The lessons that this case study teaches us is about the path towards sustainability, is that it is a complex process, which requires a bigger focus on social sustainability and on conflict transformation. Social sustainability requires more and better participation and transparency in policy-making, as well as changes in policies to promote more fairness, justice, and the building of social capital. Co-production, where state and citizens work together to provide basic services, has much to offer as a method of participation, especially if initiated and run by grassroots organisations.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika beleef 'n aantal uitdagings, wat gelei het tot ontwikkelingsagterstande, behuisingstekorte en groeiende informele gebiede. Terselfdertyd ondervind die land ook volhoubaarheidsprobleme, soos klimaatverandering, die verlies aan biodiversiteit en hulpbron-tekorte. Strategieë om hierdie uitdagings aan te spreek, laat nie altyd voldoende ruimte vir deelnemende strukture soos voorgestel deur Plaaslike Agenda 21 nie. Sosiale volhoubaarheid (die vermoeë van gemeenskappe om saam te werk ten einde volhoubaarheid te bevorder) is 'n fundamentele komponent van volhoubare ontwikkeling. 'n Noodsaaklike bestanddeel van sosiale volhoubaarheid is om die voorraad van sosiale kapitaal (sosiale gom, verhoudings van vertroue, en verbondenheid in groepe en netwerke) in stand te hou en te ontwikkel. Die bestaan van konflik en wantroue in gemeenskappe maak dus samewerking vir ontwikkeling en volhoubaarheid baie moeilik. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n spesifieke gevallestudie te ondersoek en te evalueer, naamlik die Witsand Geïntegreerde Energie en Omgewing Bemagtiging Koste Optimisering (iEEECO) Menslike Nedersetting Projek, naby Atlantis binne die Stad Kaapstad, met betrekking tot lesse oor die proses na volhoubare menslike nedersettings en volhoubaarheid. Hierdie gevallestudie is gekies omdat dit is 'n sogenaamde gemeenskapsbehuisingprojek (People's Housing Project) is, wat ook as 'n ekologiese volhoubare projek ontwikkel is. Die studie is spesifiek daarop gemik om vas te stel of en hoe deelname as deel van hierdie projek geïmplementeer is en hoe effektief dit was om sosiale volhoubaarheid te bevorder of nie, aangesien dit ook 'n konflik-geteisterde projek was. Die gevallestudie metodologie is gebruik, waar onderhoude, direkte waarneming en fokusgroep sessies onderneem is. Ten slotte doen die studie verslag oor die bevindings en formuleer aanbevelings oor hierdie gevalle studie ten opsigte van metodes hoe om deelname te verbeter om volhoubaarheid te bevorder. Die proses van leer oor hierdie gemeenskap was soos om 'n ui af te skil, wat begin het met die indruk van 'n suksesvolle volhoubare menslike nedersetting, maar geëindig het met die wete dat dit 'n projek is, wat ten spyte van meer as die gewone pogings om volhoubaarheidsbeginsels en deelname te implementeer, deur konflik en fragmentasie gepla is. Dit word verteenwoordig deur twee gemeenskapsorganisasies (waarvan een nie volhoubaarheid beginsels ondersteun nie). Dit blyk ook asof min gemeenskapslede regtig voel dat hulle in die deelname proses betrokke was, met baie wat voel dat hulle gerelegeer was tot getalle by vergaderings, sonder regtige betrokkenheid in die proses Die vlak van ongeletterdheid in die gemeenskap is hoog en gerugte doen die ronde, wat op een stadium gelei het tot die steniging en verbrand van huise van gemeenskap leiers, sowel as veldwerkers wat deur die munisipaliteit aangestel is om die uitbreiding van plakkershutte te monitor. Dit blyk dat die munisipale beleid om plaaslike mense te gebruik as poort-wagte om die groei van informele gebiede te keer, bydra tot hierdie probleme. Veranderinge in behuising beleid ten opsigte van bydraende betalings dra ook by tot konflik binne die gemeenskap, wat gerugte van korrupsie aanvuur. In die konteks van 'n tekort aan ruimte waar mense wettiglik hul eie informele huise kan bou, 'n tekort aan openbare fasiliteite soos skole en klinieke, asook werksgeleenthede, kan hierdie projek nog nie beskou word as 'n geïntegreerde volhoubare menslike nedersetting nie. Die lesse wat hierdie gevallestudie ons kan leer oor die roete na volhoubaarheid, is dat dit 'n komplekse proses is, wat 'n groter fokus op sosiale volhoubaarheid en konflik transformasie vereis. Sosiale volhoubaarheid vereis meer en beter deelname en deursigtigheid in die maak van beleid, sowel as veranderinge in beleide om meer regverdigheid en geregtigheid te bevorder, asook die uitbou van sosiale kapitaal. Ko-produksie, waar staat en burgers saam werk om basiese dienste te lewer, het baie om te bied as 'n metode van deelname, veral as dit geïnisieer en gelei word deur voetsoolvlak organisasies.
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Books on the topic "SETTLEMENT POLICY"

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Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Project of LAW. Jerusalem Unit., LAW (Organization :. Jerusalem), and Jerusalem Watch (Organization), eds. Land & settlement policy in Jerusalem. The Society, 1999.

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Botswana. National settlement policy. Dept. of Town & Regional Planning, Ministry of Local Govt., Lands & Housing, 1992.

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Lesotho. Physical Planning Division. Dept. of Lands, Surveys, and Physical Planning., ed. National settlement policy. Physical Planning Division, Dept. of Lands, Surveys, and Physical Planning, 1989.

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Botswana. Dept. of Town and Regional Planning. National settlement policy. Dept. of Town & Regional Planning, Ministry of Local Government, Lands & Housing, 1990.

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(India), Jharkhand. Jharkhand rehabilitation & resettlement policy 2008. Government of Jharkhand, 2008.

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Assembly, Botswana National, ed. Botswana national settlement policy. Govt. Printer, 1998.

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Jerusalem), LAW (Organization :., and Jerusalem Watch (Organization), eds. Land & settlement policy in Jerusalem. Law - Palestinian Society for the Protection of Human Rights and the Environment, 2000.

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Ontario. Ministry of Municipal Affairs. Growth and settlement.: Policy guidelines. The Ministry, 1992.

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Rwanda. National human settlement policy in Rwanda. Ministry of Infrastructure, 2004.

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Nikhom Sahakō̜n Chai Bādān Lop Burī (Thailand), ed. Khrōngkān čhat nikhom sahakō̜n nai khēt pā sangūan hǣng chāt pā Chai Bādān, Čhangwat Lop Burī. Nikhom Sahakō̜n Chai Bādān Lop Burī, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "SETTLEMENT POLICY"

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Doebele, William A. "Land policy." In Shelter, Settlement & Development. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003271529-7.

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Sundaram, Jae. "Dispute Settlement at the WTO." In WTO Law and Policy. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367028183-4.

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Trofimenko, Olga Y. "Russian Federation in the WTO dispute settlement." In Russian Trade Policy. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429464041-15.

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Grant, Wyn. "From the Postwar Settlement to Thatcherism." In Economic Policy in Britain. Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-0733-2_2.

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Tronchetti, Fabio. "Dispute Settlement in Outer Space." In Fundamentals of Space Law and Policy. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7870-6_4.

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Mahrenbach, Laura Carsten. "Brazil: Dispute Settlement and Conclusions." In The Trade Policy of Emerging Powers. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137303714_3.

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Mahrenbach, Laura Carsten. "India: Dispute Settlement and Conclusions." In The Trade Policy of Emerging Powers. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137303714_5.

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Rajeev Kher. "India’s Trade Disputes: Implications for Public Policy." In WTO Dispute Settlement at Twenty. Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0599-2_2.

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Alleman, James H., Paul N. Rappoport, and Kenneth B. Stanley. "Alternative Settlement Procedures in International Telecommunications Service." In Communications Policy in Europe. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75885-0_6.

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Burton, John, and Frank Dukes. "Environmental and Public Policy Mediation." In Conflict: Practices in Management, Settlement and Resolution. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21005-3_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "SETTLEMENT POLICY"

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DIAMANTINI, CORRADO, SUSANNA OTTAVIANI, LIVIA SERRAO, et al. "PUTTING URBAN POVERTY BACK ON THE URBAN POLICY AGENDA: UPGRADING AN UNPLANNED SETTLEMENT IN BEIRA, MOZAMBIQUE." In SDP 2024. WIT Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp240331.

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Nwaogu, Chukwudi, Babatunde Alabi, Nasir A. Uma, Bridget E. Diag, Victor A. Agidi, and Chinwe G. Onwuagb. "LAND USE-COVER CHANGE TRAJECTORY AND IMPLICATION ON THE AGRICULTURAL AREAS OF SAO PAULO CITY: A GEOINFORMATICS APPROACH." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/2.1/s08.17.

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Agricultural productivity and environmental changes can be greatly affected by agricultural and other land use. Mapping of vegetation and land cover is a fundamental way of managing the natural resources on the earth surface. To determine or study the crop productivities of any geographical location, agricultural land use is one of the crucial clues for reliable information. We aimed to investigate the effects of urbanization on agricultural lands in Sao Paulo city. A 30-year multi-temporal satellite imagery dataset from four distinct years were mapped: 1992 (Landsat TM), 2002 (Landsat ETM+), 2012 (Landsat ETM+), and 2022 (Sentinel) were collected and analyzed using geospatial tools. Identified land use were waterbody, settlement, agricultural land, wetland, and forest. Change detection analysis was performed using Erdas imagine software and future prediction was achieved by applying Idrisi selva 15 software. The result indicated between 1992 and 2022 settlement and wetland increased in areas while agricultural land, forest and waterbody decreased. These observed changes in the spatial pattern of LULC could be attributed to the encroachment and converted to other uses such as settlement and urban agriculture. The overall changes depicted in the evolution matrix and map demonstrated that, because of speculation practices, urbanization has primarily affected agricultural land use. Application of geospatial technologies (remote sensing and GIS) has proved effective in monitoring LULC changes and providing vital information for policy making in Sao Paulo City�s food (in)security and urban sustainable development.
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Tachjian, Vahe. "Value Lang Edit Սուրիական Ճեզիրէն եւ Հայերը 1920ականներուն. Ֆրանսական Հոգատարութեան Գաղութատիրական Դրուագ մը". У Սուրիոյ Հայերը. HU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.62811/adrc.aos.vt.001.

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In the early 1920s thousands of Armenian refugees were settled in the Syrian Jezira district. These new settlements were established at a time when thousands of Armenians had already been settled and had started to make a living in Aleppo, Beirut and Alexandretta refugee camps. These newest refugees coming from Turkey were settled in little known localities like Jezira and elsewhere, far from other Syrian Armenian settlements. The new arrivals were mostly Kurdish-speaking Armenians who had been uprooted from rural regions east of Diarbekir as well as from areas southwest of Bitlis. The paper highlights the settlement of these new incoming refugees and examines their treatment by the French mandate authorities, who had adopted a colonization policy concerning Jazira. The settlement of the refugee Armenians in that area was planned to provide strong leverage for the success of this colonization policy. This is the time when new Armenian settlements like Hasake and Kamishli mushroomed in Syrian Jezira, where the Assyrian and Armenian settlements were envisaged as playing a pivotal role in the adoption of the policy.
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Rasji. "Settlement of Policy Regulation Dispute Through Mediation." In Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution International Conference (ADRIC 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200917.019.

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Tošović, Lidija. "Geography of informal settlements in Belgrade: The case of Kaluđerica." In Zbornik radova – VI Kongres geografa Srbije sa medunarodnim ucešcem. University of Belgrade - Faculty of Geography, Belgrade, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/kongef24112t.

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Informal settlements are known as a contemporary phenomenon in many urban areas world-wide. Since the 1960s, Belgrade has witnessed the emergence of the first such settlements. The urban area of Belgrade has undergone significant spatial and demographic transformations due to the strong process of urbanization and intensive migration flows from rural to urban areas. This population pressure has led to rapid urban development, sprawling over into peri-urban areas that have become zones of population influx and the expansion of informal housing construction. The first association when it comes to informal settlements in Belgrade is Kaluđerica, a settlement belonging to the municipality of Grocka. This urban settlement on the southeastern outskirts of the city is often referred to as the "largest informal settlement in Europe." Characterized in this manner, it attracts considerable attention from researchers in various scientific disciplines, primarily geographers. This study aims to provide insight into the urban-geographical characteristics of the Kaluđerica settlement. The methodology involves the analysis of available data sources, such as planning documentation, census statistics, and relevant studies in this field. The study specifically focuses on the socioeconomic context of informal settlements, with a focus on the spatial-population development of the settlement and the differentiation of key stages in its development. The evaluation of the state of housing infrastructure is also an important element of the analysis of informal settlements such as Kaluđerica. Through this case study, the research seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the geography of informal settlements and provide a more detailed insight into the dynamics of their urban development through the analysis of socio-economic factors. The results of the study would contribute to identifying the main challenges faced by contemporary informal settlements and potentially serve as a basis for shaping urban planning strategies, policy development, and guiding interventions to effectively address these challenges.
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Karpova, Maria V. "Improvement Of Personnel Policy In The Urban Settlement Administration." In Conference on Land Economy and Rural Studies Essentials. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.07.23.

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Wang, Shanshan, and Xinran Peng. "The Interaction Between the Choice of Currency Settlement and RMB Monetary policy." In IC4E 2022: 2022 13th International Conference on E-Education, E-Business, E-Management, and E-Learning. ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3514262.3514320.

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Subekti, Hartiwiningsih, and I. Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani. "Diversion in the Settlement of Child Cases to Realize Restorative Justice in Richard A Posner’s Theory View." In International Conference on Environmental and Energy Policy (ICEEP 2021). Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211014.014.

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Anwar, Shindy R., Patricia Kelly, and Aluisius Hery Pratono. "Dispute Settlement on Anti-dumping Policy: Case studies of pulp and paper products." In Proceedings of the Social and Humaniora Research Symposium (SoRes 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sores-18.2019.137.

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Živković, Jelena. "Influence of demographic characteristics on the sustainable development of mountain regions: A case study: Mountain Šljivovička planina and its foothills in Eastern Serbia." In Zbornik radova – VI Kongres geografa Srbije sa medunarodnim ucešcem. University of Belgrade - Faculty of Geography, Belgrade, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/kongef24026z.

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Demographic issues such as low natality, depopulation and population ageing are characteristic of the mountain areas in Serbia, including the majority of the mountain regions worldwide. These adversities have caused economic decline, poverty and a general regression of socio-economic development. This paper aims to analyze the current demographic situation concerning the settlements in the mountain Šljivovička planina and its piedmont for the purpose of determining the basis for sustainable demographic development. The survey was conducted in 17 settlements that belong to the municipalities of the Pirot District. The research results show that all rural settlements belonging to the surveyed area are affected by the process of depopulation and accompanying changes in population age structure. In terms of the urban and rural populations, there are huge distinctions in population trends, in favour of the residents of the urban settlement. Demographic revitalisation of this area cannot be expected without implementation of radical policy measures.
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Reports on the topic "SETTLEMENT POLICY"

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Aslam, Saba, and Megan Schmidt-Sane. Evidence Review: COVID-19 Recovery in South Asian Urban Informal Settlements. SSHAP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.012.

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The global pandemic has brought renewed attention toward the everyday challenges in informal settlements. COVID-19 reminds us that southern urban life is rooted in ‘collective’ experiences where toilets and kitchens are shared by multiple families; where the categories of work and home, private and public space overlap; and where the majority live in vulnerable conditions. Despite these challenges, some of the most innovative and collective responses to COVID-19 have emerged from these areas. While informal settlements did face a host of risks and vulnerabilities during the pandemic, local responses have highlighted the resilience of informal settlement communities. However, few informal settlements are actually ‘resilient’ and any local responses must be robustly supported by system-wide change including support from local and national governments, improvements to built infrastructure, and improved access to health care services, among other priorities. The category of ‘informal settlements’ also captures a wide range of settlement types, from a legal slum to an informal settlement with no legal status, with many other types in between. This underscores the need to address fundamental issues that ‘perpetuate conditions of inequity, exclusion and vulnerability’ while also recognising the needs and contexts of different kinds of informal settlements. Whether COVID-19 helps governments recognise conditions of insecurity and vulnerability to address safe and secure housing and infrastructures remains to be seen. This is an update to the previous SSHAP brief on ‘COVID-19 in Informal Urban Settlements’ (March 2020). This evidence review highlights local responses, grassroots efforts, and challenges around COVID-19 recovery within urban informal settlements in South Asia. It focuses on specific examples from Karachi, Pakistan and Mumbai, India to inform policy responses for COVID-19 recovery and future epidemic preparedness and response. We show how local level responses are shaped in these cities where national and international responses have not reached communities at municipal and sub-municipal levels. This brief was written by Saba Aslam (IDS Alumni) and Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), with reviews from Professor Amita Bhide (Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India), Dr Asad Sayeed (Collective for Social Science Research, Pakistan), Annie Wilkinson (IDS), and contributions from Swati Mishra (LSHTM), Prerana Somani (LSHTM), Saleemullah Odho (Deputy Commissioner, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Noman Ahmed (NED University, Karachi), Tahera Hasan (Imkaan Foundation, Karachi), Atif Khan (District Health Officer, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Harris (District Focal person, Korangi), Aneeta Pasha (Interactive for Research and Development, Karachi), Yasmeen Shah (Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum), Ghulam Mustafa (HANDS Pakistan), and Dr Shehrin Shaila Mahmood (icddr,b). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Tumen, Semih, and Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement. The impact of forced displacement on housing and urban settlement in host communities. Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement (JDC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47053/jdc.300922.

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Findings in the literature suggest that the sudden and often massive nature of refugee inflows, combined with the fact that housing supply is mostly unresponsive in the short-term, has the potential to affect housing prices and generate substantial changes in housing preferences, neighborhood quality/amenities, mobility patterns of hosts, and attitudes toward refugees in receiving areas. The interaction between the location preferences of refugees and the actions taken by hosts in response to refugee inflows may lead to residential segregation, urban poverty, high economic inequality, and unsustainable cities in the long-term. Policy lessons suggest options like transforming camps (that may have become socioeconomically attractive locations) into sustainable settlements, utilizing voucher programs, and incentivizing government-financed housing solutions for refugees.
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Chinsinga, Blessings, and Mirriam Matita. The Political Economy of the Groundnut Value Chain in Malawi: Its Re-Emergence Amidst Policy Chaos, Strategic Neglect, and Opportunism. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.010.

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This paper explores the political economy of the groundnut value chain in Malawi. The paper uses a combination of insights from the theoretical perspectives of political settlement, rents and policymaking to examine this value chain. Fused together, these theoretical perspectives underpin a political economy analysis framework, which entails systematically mapping all key actors in an issue area; identifying their interests and recognising their forms of power (political, economic, social, and ideological); understanding their relationships with each other; and appreciating the issues, narratives, and ideas that shape how and why they interact with each other.
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Crafts, Nicholas, Emma Duchini, Roland Rathelot, et al. Economic challenges and success in the post-COVID era: A CAGE Policy Report. Edited by Mirko Draca. CAGE Research Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-911675-01-3.

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In 2008 there was an expectation of major reform to social and economic structures following the financial crisis. The European Union (EU) referendum of 2016, and the UK’s subsequent exit from the EU in 2020, was also signalled as a turning point that would bring about epochal change. Now, in the waning of the coronavirus pandemic, we are experiencing a similar rhetoric. There is widespread agreement that the pandemic will usher in big changes for the economy and society, with the potential for major policy reform. But what will be the long-term impacts of the pandemic on the UK economy? Is the right response a “new settlement” or is some alternative approach likely to be more beneficial? This report puts forward a new perspective on the pandemic-related changes that could be ahead. The central theme is assessing the viability of epochal reform in policymaking. There seems to be a relentless desire for making big changes; however, there is arguably not enough recognition of how current settings and history can hold back these efforts. Foreword by: Dame Frances Cairncross, CBE, FRSE.
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Ortiz-Arciniegas, Catalina, and Ángela María Franco-Calderón. Policy Brief No. 1. Comprehensive neighbourhood upgrading as a strategy for the transition towards urban territorial peace. Universidad del Valle, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/policy-briefs.pb.01-eng.

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Considering that in Colombia most of the victims of forced displacement looked for shelter in the cities, the urban dimension should be included in the processes of reparation and restitution of rights within a transitional and restorative justice framework. Under this approach, Comprehensive Habitat Upgrading (CHU) becomes relevant as a strategy for the construction of urban territorial peace. This tool contributes to the consolidation of fairer cities through the provision of adequate housing, basic urban services, and access to the opportunities in self-built popular neighbourhoods, and may support the victims of the internal conflict in their search for settlement, identity, and memory. This policy brief provides public policy recommendations for decision makers to articulate CHU and peacebuilding with a rights-based, differential and intersectional approach that allows to assist both vulnerable urban communities and multiple subjects of reparation who came to the cities in search of new life opportunities.
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Brown, Charlotte, and Costanza Torre. Key Considerations: Food Assistance Prioritisation in Refugee Settlements in Uganda and its Impacts. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.054.

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This brief provides considerations around the humanitarian and policy implications of the general food and cash assistance (GFA) prioritisation strategy in Uganda’s refugee settlements. In light of ongoing cuts to humanitarian funding, the considerations in this brief are relevant to refugee-hosting countries in and beyond East Africa. Globally, protracted emergencies and displacement situations are increasingly undergoing severe and chronic underfunding.1 In the face of ever-shrinking funding, humanitarian settings have recently seen the introduction of ‘prioritisation exercises’. These exercises often involve reductions to food assistance, implemented within pre-existing conditions of high economic vulnerability and based on specific framings and categorisations of this vulnerability. They aim to direct limited humanitarian resources towards those international institutions identify as most ‘in need’.2,3 This brief outlines the prioritisation strategy in Uganda, a country that currently hosts 1.7 million refugees. The brief shows that the strategy’s implementation, against high baseline levels of malnutrition and household vulnerability, has had wide-ranging consequences, including undermining the viability of Uganda’s much-celebrated self-reliance model. The brief builds on research conducted in 2024 to examine the processes that inform the prioritisation exercise in Uganda, its effects on food security for refugees and the viability of Uganda’s self-reliance strategy. It draws on data collected through ethnographic methods, interviews and focus group discussions with South Sudanese refugees in Palabek Refugee Settlement and Rhino Camp Refugee Settlement over eight months. It also builds on both authors’ expertise on the Ugandan refugee emergency, discussions with government employees and humanitarian and health workers engaged in the Ugandan refugee response and academic and grey literature.
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Chiang, Mina, Sharlene Chen, Su Yin Htun, and Eric Kasper. The Impact of Myanmar’s Response to Covid-19 on the Most Vulnerable. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.014.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption globally. Measures to stop the spread of the virus have been necessary, but their knock-on effects have disproportionately affected the most vulnerable. This briefing examines how this dynamic has played out in Myanmar and suggests how to better support these people. The coup in February 2021 caused discontinuity in Covid-19 policy, with disproportionate impact on the most vulnerable. As well as working towards a peaceful settlement, national and international stakeholders should prioritise supporting migrant workers and victims of trafficking.
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Mitra, Sudeshna, Amlanjyoti Goswami, Deepika Jha, Sahil Sasidharan, Kaye Lushington, and Tsomo Wangchuk. Land Records Modernisation in India: Himachal Pradesh. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/9788195648504.

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This work provides an institutional, legal and policy review of crucial aspects of land records modernisation systems in Himachal Pradesh. A state characterised by hilly terrain, high forest cover and low urbanisation, Himachal Pradesh provides useful lessons to understand the robustness and diversity of land record administration systems. The property regimes that have historically developed in the state include customary rights, common property resources, jointly held rights, and multiple other use and possession arrangements. There is a restriction on who can transact properties in the state, aimed at preventing alienation of land. Settlement operations are conducted every 40 years, and often take a long time to complete, but have led to relatively more up-to-date records than some other states. There are also concerns regarding the accuracy of spatial records, and data mismatches between textual and spatial components of the existing record versus the new technology led survey data if often is a cause of disputes.
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Cvijić, Srdjan, Nikola Dimitrov, Leposava Ognjanoska Stavrovska, and Ivana Ranković. Bilateral Disputes and EU enlargement: A Consensual Divorce. Belgrade Centre for Security Policy, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55042/xubk6023.

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Bilateral disputes between European Union member states and candidate countries are one of the key obstacles to EU enlargement. They have been plaguing the EU accession process ever since the breakup of Yugoslavia and the subsequent border dispute between EU member Slovenia and candidate country Croatia which then ensued. More recently we have the case of North Macedonia. It became a candidate country in 2005 but ever since, its accession negotiations have been bogged down by endless bilateral disputes. While the case of North Macedonia and its decades long conflicts with Greece and Bulgaria are the most well-known of such cases, they are not the only ones. In a seminal 2018 publication the Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group (BIEPAG) outlined the most prominent “open” or “latent” disputes between EU member states and candidate countries in the Western Balkans. Ranging from border to territorial disputes, or ones concerning the status of national minorities, four out of five candidate countries in the region – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia or Serbia, has a bilateral dispute with one or more EU member states. If you look at new candidates Ukraine and Moldova and potential candidate Georgia however, the list of active or potential bilateral disputes is even longer. Even when a candidate country meets the criteria to progress in EU accession talks, bilateral disputes can delay it for years or even decades as in the case of North Macedonia. In this way such disputes present a serious challenge to the credibility of the EU enlargement process. In the context of the war in Ukraine, as we have seen with regard to the policies of Viktor Orbán’s Hungary towards Ukraine, invoking bilateral disputes can seriously challenge the geopolitical orientation and the security of the entire Union. On the legal side, since most of these issues fall outside the scope of the EU law and are not covered by the accession criteria, there is a need to think of an institutional mechanism to deal with bilateral disputes. Enlargement policy does not offer an appropriate platform for settlement of bilateral disputes, especially for those that fall outside the EU law. Hence, these issues should be addressed via the international legal dispute resolution toolbox and thus be subjects of separate processes. The EU’s role however cannot be passive. It should invest efforts in these processes in order for them to be mutually reinforcing and so that the accession process has a mollifying rather than tension amplifying effect on the issue. In its policy brief, published at the end of 2023, the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) proposed updating the Copenhagen criteria such that they should include a stipulation to resolve bilateral issues between member states and candidate countries through external dispute resolution mechanisms: Territorial disputes should be referred to arbitration or the International Court of Justice, while those on minority rights should be dealt with by the European Court of Human Rights and other appropriate dispute settlement mechanisms. In this policy brief we suggest ways how to operationalise this proposal. First, we describe different types of vertical bilateral disputes (the ones that include asymmetrical relations) between EU members and Western Balkan candidate countries, then we outline international mechanisms to resolve them, and finally we propose an institutional architecture to remove bilateral disputes that fall outside of the scope of the Copenhagen criteria and the EU acquis from the purview of EU accession talks.
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Becker, Chris, Anny Francis, Calebe de Roure, and Brendan Wilson. Demand in the Repo Market: Indirect Perspectives from Open Market Operations from 2006 to 2020. Reserve Bank of Australia, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rdp2024-03.

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In Australia repurchase (repo) obligations are traded bilaterally 'over-the-counter' between parties, rather than on an exchange. As a result, it is difficult to obtain quotes of executable prices, trading volumes, and related data that are representative of the market. Market conditions are therefore not easy to assess and often dependent on anecdotal evidence. Over the years, the Reserve Bank of Australia has published data and analysis of the repo market by providing indirect perspectives using data from its own open market operations that are conducted using repos. This paper contributes to this work. The Reserve Bank conducts open market operations to manage liquidity in the interbank market, provide settlement balances for the smooth functioning of the payments system, and for the implementation of monetary policy. Repos are an integral part of these operations. The eligible private sector counterparties in these auctions have a variety of reasons for participating. We arrange their bids in an ascending order in a number of distinct phases so that they can be used to make inferences about the demand for repo and hence market operations. Several insights allow us to better understand the dynamics underpinning the repo market. The findings mainly relate to the period prior to the implementation of unconventional monetary policies in March 2020.
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