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1
Ivanova, T. N. "Accounting policy of receivables at construction enterprises." Ways to Improve Construction Efficiency, no. 46 (October 16, 2020): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2707-501x.2020.46.136-143.
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Analysis of existing approaches to the organization of accounting processes at the enterprise shows that an important element of the accounting policy of the construction company is to create approaches to accounting for receivables in the system of settlements with customers and its reflection in the financial statements. The formed accounting policy on receivables significantly affects the value of financial condition and performance of the enterprise.
 The purpose of the study is to analyze existing approaches to determining the accounting policy in terms of receivables, improving the accounting process and improving the efficiency of settlements in construction companies in modern business conditions.
 The article considers the existing requirements of the legislation on the accounting policy of settlement operations of the enterprise, the procedure for creating a reserve for doubtful debts, receivables write-off. The provisions of the accounting policy of receivables proved needed to be clarified and detailed in order to improve the efficiency of settlement management and financial condition of the enterprise.
 It is proposed to develop a work plan of accounts, job descriptions of the accountant for settlement operations, document flow schedule (in particular in terms of settlement operations), registers of analytical accounting of receivables and other applications that directly regulate the accounting of receivables in the system of settlements with buyers. enterprise. The proposed elements of the accounting policy relate to the debts of customers and are subject to disclosure in the Order on the accounting policy of the enterprise. Adherence to the developed elements of accounting policy will provide reliable information on the company's settlements with debtors, rationally organize the accounting of receivables in the system of settlements with customers, to obtain reliable and complete information about the debt.
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Richmond, A. C. "Land Settlement Policy." Journal of proceedings of the Agricultural Economics Society 7, no. 1 (2008): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1946.tb02002.x.
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Safitri, Dian Prima, Agus Hendrayady, Chaerey Ranba Sholeh, et al. "Reconfiguration of Coastal Settlement Policy in Blue Economy Paradigm: Discources and Practices in Bintan Island, Indonesia." BIO Web of Conferences 134 (2024): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202413404006.
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The blue economy paradigm promotes sustainable economic growth by linking social equality, poverty reduction and marine conservation. Bintan Island, a designated Special Economic Zone (SEZ), has faced a challenge in accommodating economic growth and social equality for indigenous people living in coastal settlements. Providing settlement permits and recognition of property rights must consider the sustainability of coastal areas and spatial allocations along the coast of Bintan Island. Policy changes and policy networks in implementing coastal settlement policy become the theoretical framework in this study. Drawing on discourse analysis, key-informant interviews across scales, and secondary data in the regulations, we examine the meanings and practices of the reconfiguration of Coastal Settlement Policy in Blue Economy Paradigm. Policy networks perform in implementing coastal settlement policy to provide legalisation of assets as a form of social equity in the blue economy paradigm. The initiative of the regional head also followed the establishment of Bintan as an SEZ by strengthening the coastal settlement certification programme. However, within the framework of the policy network, the intergovernmental relationship that works in this policy needs strengthening from other networks.
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Dong, Guanglong, Wenxin Zhang, Xinliang Xu, and Kun Jia. "Multi-Dimensional Feature Recognition and Policy Implications of Rural Human–Land Relationships in China." Land 10, no. 10 (2021): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101086.
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Rural decline has become an indisputable fact and a global issue. As a developing country, China is simultaneously facing unprecedented rapid urbanization and severe rural decline. The coordinated development of its rural human–land relationship is therefore of great significance for ensuring the country’s food security and achieving both rural revitalization and sustainable development. Yet, the related research on this complex subject has mostly focused on a single element: rural settlements. Since studies of the rural human–land relationship tend to only discuss the coordinated change in rural populations vis-à-vis rural settlement area, their degree of spatial matching and intensive utilization level of rural settlements has been largely overlooked. To rectify this imbalance, using data on rural populations and rural settlement area in counties of Shandong Province in 2009 and 2018, this paper applied the methods of per capita rural settlement area, the Theil index, and Tapio’s decoupling model to quantitatively identify the rural human–land relationship along three dimensions: intensive utilization level, spatial matching degree, and change coordination degree. The results revealed that the per capita rural settlement area in Shandong Province was as high as 212.18 m2/person in 2018, which exceeded the standard to varying degrees in all cities, having an overall geographical pattern of being high in the north and low in the south. The Theil index for all cities was small, which indicates that the spatial matching between rural population and rural settlements is high. To sum up, there are small differences in the utilization of rural settlements among cities, and their extensive utilization of rural settlements is a common phenomenon. In addition, the relationship between the changes in the rural population size and rural settlement area corresponded to a discordant state, in the form of strong negative decoupling, expansive negative decoupling, and expansive coupling; however, among them, the strong negative decoupling type was the dominant type. It is worth noting that all of these three types will exacerbate the extensive utilization of rural settlements. Accordingly, this paper proposes policies and measures, such as the paid withdrawal of rural homesteads, an expanded scope of homestead transfer, cross-regional “increasing versus decreasing balance”, classified promotion of rural revitalization, and improved village planning.
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Muharam, Riki Satia, Ono Taryono, Lidia Maasir, and Siti Widharetno M. "Policy Networks in Improving the Quality of Housing and Settlements in Indonesia (A Case Research of Bandung District)." Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Taiwan Proceeding 3 (July 17, 2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52162/3.2021116.
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Studies on slum housing and settlements have been carried out in many countries. The various studies show that the problem of housing and settlement areas can no longer be considered a simple problem. Different from the various studies on housing and settlement areas, this research employs the perspective of policy networks as a new public administration paradigm. The development issue on housing and settlement areas is regarded as one of the contemporary international issues contained in one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Several countries have become the focus of attention, such as: India, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Thailand. In Indonesia, the development of housing and settlement areas is mandated by law. The Local Government of Bandung District has made efforts to improve the quality of housing and settlements through such programs as the PLPBK, Rutilahu, and Kotaku. However, the improvement in the quality of housing and settlements in general has not touched the basic problem, namely the welfare of the community. The development is limited to physical improvements and lasts 1 (one) to 2 (two) years. In the third year the restored area becomes irregular / slum again. Therefore, it is recommended that the Bandung District government issue a local regulation in the form of a Regent Regulation concerning the improvement of housing and settlement quality and a plan for handling it as the legal bases. In addition, a collaboration of actors in policy networks should be formed based on the pentahelix model incorporating the actors of business, government, community, academic, and media.
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Lacker, Jeffrey M. "Clearing, settlement and monetary policy." Journal of Monetary Economics 40, no. 2 (1997): 347–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3932(97)00046-9.
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Hugo, Graeme. "Public Policy and Immigrant Settlement." Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 11, no. 1 (2009): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-009-0113-0.
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Morgan, Stephen. "Christian Conversion and Colonial “Native Policy”: The Role of Missionaries in Formulating Reservation Policy in German Southwest Africa." Central European History 53, no. 4 (2020): 741–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938920000023.
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AbstractThis article examines how German Protestant missionaries to the Herero people influenced colonial “native policy” in German Southwest Africa in the years leading up to the Colonial War of 1904 to 1907. By the late 1890s, burgeoning European settlement increasingly displaced the Herero from their traditional territory. While colonial officials promoted more settlement, missionaries had developed a concept of conversion that linked Christianization with living in self-sufficient agricultural communities, and hoped to place limits on Herero displacement. Thus, missionaries and colonial officials engaged in protracted political negotiations over the creation of inalienable “native reservations” for the Herero. I show that missionaries’ model of Herero conversion prompted them to promote an alternative mode of settler colonialism that would make room in Southwest Africa for self-sufficient Herero settlements. Prior to the Colonial War, missionaries succeeded in convincing the colonial government to begin creating reservations, thus shaping colonial policy according to missionary priorities.
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Levenson, Zachary. "Living on the Fringe in Post-Apartheid Cape Town." Contexts 16, no. 1 (2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504217696060.
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South Africa’s post-apartheid government tried to use urban policy to reverse racial segregation. But as shack settlements proliferated on urban peripheries, squatters came to be viewed as a threat to the state rather than its beneficiaries. In Cape Town, urban policy has entrenched, rather than reversed, racially segregated settlement patterns.
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Ehrlich, Daniele, Sergio Freire, Michele Melchiorri, and Thomas Kemper. "Open and Consistent Geospatial Data on Population Density, Built-Up and Settlements to Analyse Human Presence, Societal Impact and Sustainability: A Review of GHSL Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147851.
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This review analyses peer-reviewed scientific publications and policy documents that use built-up density, population density and settlement typology spatial grids from the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) project to quantify human presence and processes for sustainability. Such open and free grids provide detailed time series spanning 1975–2015 developed with consistent approaches. Improving our knowledge of cities and settlements by measuring their size extent, as well as the societal processes occurring within settlements, is key to understanding their impact on the local, regional and global environment for addressing global sustainability and the integrity of planet Earth. The reviewed papers are grouped around five main topics: Quantifying human presence; assessing settlement growth over time; estimating societal impact, assessing natural hazard risk and impact, and generating indicators for international framework agreements and policy documents. This review calls for continuing to refine and expand the work on societal variables that, when combined with essential variables including those for climate, biodiversity and ocean, can improve our understanding of the societal impact on the biosphere and help to monitor progress towards local, regional and planetary sustainability.
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Mntambo, S., and P. ADEBAYO. "DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA’S INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS: POLICY, PRACTICE AND COVID-19 IMPLICATIONS." JOURNAL OF INCLUSIVE CITIES AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2, no. 3 (2022): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.54030/2788-564x/2022/v2s3a7.
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The rise of informal settlements in the global south during the latter part of the twentieth century led to the role of disaster management being recognized as a crucial aspect of urban planning. As a result of this, the United Nations called for all the world’s governments to develop and integrate proactive and preventative disaster management policies into their respective countries’ development plans while integrating informal settlements in their urban planning initiatives in a bid to create inclusive cities. South Africa, being one of the countries that are heavily impacted by informal settlements, was swift to embrace these international recommendations, especially from a policy making perspective. The implementation of these policies has however been overshadowed by lacklustre government performance with respect to reducing the disaster risks associated with informal settlements or the inclusion of these areas in urban development. (hazards and lack of services aggravating disaster vulnerability) This article, therefore, explores the policy-practice realities that have given birth to the challenges faced by South Africa’s post-apartheid disaster management initiatives, especially with regard to the disaster vulnerability of informal settlement dwellers. By assessing how international best practice recommendations have influenced the country’s disaster management policy, the article proceeds to analyse the implementation inadequacies that have induced the existing policy-practice disjuncture, and the resultant safety and socio-economic concerns that arise for the country’s informal settlement dwellers. Also, with the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic triggering a state of national disaster in the country, the article analyses the aggravated vulnerability of contacting and spreading of the virus amongst informal settlement residents, along with the socio-economic implications that the national lockdown restrictions have had on these areas. The findings of this article suggest that, although South Africa’s disaster management policy and legislation has comprehensively developed the necessary guidelines for all the spheres of government to play their respective roles in the country’s disaster reduction and recovery initiatives, Information from the government’s databases suggests that the implementation of risk preventative disaster management approaches has been extremely sporadic in informal settlements, despite these areas accounting for 75 per cent of where the country’s disasters events take place. Findings also suggest that South Africa’s informal settlement dwellers have been the hardest hit by the Covid-19 disaster, intensifying the levels of exclusion in these areas.
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Abdelkader, Mahmood, Richard Sliuzas, Luc Boerboom, Ahmed Elseicy, and Jaap Zevenbergen. "Spatial and Temporal Human Settlement Growth Differentiation with Symbolic Machine Learning for Verifying Spatial Policy Targets: Assiut Governorate, Egypt as a Case Study." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (2020): 3799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223799.
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Since 2005, Egypt has a new land-use development policy to control unplanned human settlement growth and prevent outlying growth. This study assesses the impact of this policy shift on settlement growth in Assiut Governorate, Egypt, between 1999 and 2020. With symbolic machine learning, we extract built-up areas from Landsat images of 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 and a Landscape Expansion Index with a new QGIS plugin tool (Growth Classifier) developed to classify settlement growth types. The base year, 1999, was produced by the national remote sensing agency. After extracting the built-up areas from the Landsat images, eight settlement growth types (infill, expansion, edge-ribbon, linear branch, isolated cluster, proximate cluster, isolated scattered, and proximate scattered) were identified for four periods (1999:2005, 2005:2010, 2010:2015, and 2015:2020). The results show that prior to the policy shift of 2005, the growth rate for 1999–2005 was 11% p.a. In all subsequent periods, the growth rate exceeded the target rate of 1% p.a., though by varying amounts. The observed settlement growth rates were 5% (2005:2010), 7.4% (2010:2015), and 5.3% (2015:2020). Although the settlements in Assiut grew primarily through expansion and infill, with the latter growing in importance during the last two later periods, outlying growth is also evident. Using four class metrics (number of patches, patch density, mean patch area, and largest patch index) for the eight growth types, all types showed a fluctuated trend between all periods, except for expansion, which always tends to increase. To date, the policy to control human settlement expansion and outlying growth has been unsuccessful.
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Rosmansyah, Muhammad, and Asmah Suska. "Implementasi Peraturan Daerah Nomor 1 Tahun 2018 Tentang Pencegahan Dan Peningkatan Kualitas Terhadap Perumahan Kumuh Dan Permukiman Kumuh (Studi Pada Pulau Kambing, Kelurahan Sei. Lakam Barat, Kecamatan Karimun, Kabupaten Karimun)." PUBLIKA : Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik 6, no. 2 (2020): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jiap.2020.vol6(2).5971.
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This research is motivated by the problem of slum settlements, which are settlements that are not suitable for habitation due to building irregularities, high building density, and the quality of buildings and facilities and infrastructure that do not meet the requirements. Slum Monitoring and Control is a process to ensure that an area with a high population density has been implemented properly or not. The implementation of Regional Regulation number 1 of 2018 concerning the prevention and quality improvement of slum housing and slum settlements organized by the Housing and Settlement Service of Karimun Regency is not good, the socialization carried out by the Service has not been optimal. The purpose of this research is to find out how the implementation of regional regulation number 1 of 2018 concerning the prevention and quality improvement of slum housing and slum settlements in Kambing Island, Sei Village. Lakam Barat, Karimun District, Karimun Regency. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The data source used is primary data through interviews with two informants at the Housing and Settlement Area Office of Karimun Regency and two informants from the Kambing Island community, while secondary data is in the form of documents available at the Housing and Settlement Services Office. The data collection techniques used were interviews, questionnaires and observations. And data analysis techniques using a rating scale. This study uses Marrile S. Grindle's theory that the success of policy implementation is largely determined by the policy content (content policy) and the policy environment (context policy). Thus as a whole it can be seen that the implementation of PERDA No. 1 of 2018 concerning the Prevention and Quality Improvement of Slum Housing and Slum Settlements on Kambing Island, Karimun Regency received a total score of 250 in the "Less Good" category. The implementation of this regional regulation has not been maximally carried out. The influence in the community has not been fully implemented. The role of the Agency is related to the ineffective supervision and control carried out.
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Kucik, Jeffrey, and Krzysztof J. Pelc. "Measuring the Cost of Privacy: A Look at the Distributional Effects of Private Bargaining." British Journal of Political Science 46, no. 4 (2015): 861–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123414000520.
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Transparency is one of the most contested aspects of international organizations. While observers frequently call for greater oversight of policy making, evidence suggests that settlement between states is more likely when negotiations are conducted behind closed doors. The World Trade Organization’s (WTO) legal body provides a useful illustration of these competing perspectives. As in many courts, WTO dispute settlement is designed explicitly to facilitate settlement throughprivateconsultations. However, this study argues that the privacy of negotiations creates opportunities for states to strike deals that disadvantage others. Looking at product-level trade flows from all disputes between 1995 and 2011, it finds that private (early) settlements lead to discriminatory trade outcomes – complainant countries gain disproportionately more than the rest of the membership. When the facts of a case are made known through a ruling, these disproportional gains disappear entirely. The article also finds that third-party participation – commonly criticized for making settlement less likely – significantly reduces disparities in post-dispute trade. It then draws parallels to domestic law and concludes with a set of policy prescriptions.
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Sedelnikova, N. A. "Russian Settlement and Development of Middle Irtysh Territories in 17th-19th Centuries." Nauchnyi dialog 13, no. 2 (2024): 522–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-2-522-538.
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This article examines the process of settlement and development of the Middle Irtysh territories. Special attention is given to the northern regions of the Omsk region, characterized by their remoteness and natural-geographical location features. The focus is on the Russian settlers’ colonization of the region. The author highlights the nature and extent of administrative influence by various state authorities on the settlement and development process during the pre-revolutionary period. The author discusses the model of relationships between the Russian population and indigenous inhabitants. It is demonstrated that state policy had a corrective influence on the resettlement and development process. The formation of a settlement network was largely determined by the policy of relocating Russians from less fertile lands of the country’s regions. Favorable geographical and climatic conditions, along with the presence of river arteries, made the Middle Irtysh territory convenient for settlers who established their own settlements or resettled in indigenous villages. The stages of settlement in the Middle Irtysh are identified, and archival data are introduced into scholarly discourse.
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Heng, Jiayao, Hongwei Wang, Ying Fan, Zhengwei Wang, and Yibo Gao. "Simulation and Optimization of Urban–Rural Settlement Development from the Perspective of Production–Life–Ecology Space: A Case Study for Aksu City." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137452.
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To explore the future development state of urban and rural settlements, we combined random forest algorithm (RFA) and cellular automata (CA) to simulate high precision in urban and rural settlements in Aksu city. The settlement distribution was predicted for the next 10 years, and suggestions for urban and rural settlements were proposed based on a “production–life–ecology” space. The results show the following: Transportation factors and administrative location have an important influence on the development of settlements, and infrastructure has a greater impact on the development of settlements. The overall accuracy of the 2019 settlement distribution obtained through the RFA–CA model simulation is 93.8%, with a G-mean coefficient of 0.815. The simulation accuracy is better and more suitable for the simulation and prediction of settlement expansion than the logistic-CA model. The forecasted settlement expansion in 2029 for Aksu city is 58.36 km2 of settlement expansion compared to the 2019 settlement distribution, with an overall growth trend for sparse north-south and dense central areas. This study analyzed the causes of settlement expansion in 19 regions of Aksu city, explored the main function of “production–life–ecology” space in different areas, and proposed layout optimizations from the perspective of production, life, and ecology. The results of this study can provide a reference for the spatial planning and rural revitalization strategy of Aksu city.
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Umar, Iswandi. "IMPLEMENTASI RENCANA TATA RUANG PERMUKIMAN DAN ARAHAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN DI KABUPATEN TANAH DATAR, PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 9, no. 2 (2019): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.9.2.276-287.
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In Indonesia the implementation of the spatial plan is only a small part of the plan. The impact of incompatibility with spatial planning is the deterioration of environmental quality. Tanah Datar District has a growth rate of settlements of 0.8 percent/year period 2000-2017. The purpose of this research is to determine index consistency of spatial plan and determination of policy direction of development of settlement area. To determine the consistency index of spatial planning to do a comparison between land use with the spatial plan. Land use map produced from Landsat ETM + 8, and map spatial plans resulting from the RTRW period 2008-2028 In Tanah Datar District. In addition, to determine the direction of the policy of settlement development using the ISM method. The number of elements analyzed by 10 elements, with 24 experts. The results show that around 43,7 percent of settlement development is incompatible with the spatial plan. Therefore, it is necessary for government policy to be consistent with spatial planning and law enforcement on spatial violation
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De Sousa, Wandicleia Lopes, Neriane Nascimento Da Hora, and Thiago Almeida Vieira. "Territorial Development Public Policy in The Amazon: Agro-Extractivist Settlement Project on The Lower Amazon Floodplain." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 1 (2024): e04878. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-065.
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Objective: To Analyse the advances and obstacles of the land regularization policy implementation based on agro-extractivist settlement projects on the Lower Amazon Floodplain, Santarém municipality, Pará state.
 
 Method: The research has a quantitative and a qualitative approach, based on bibliographic and participant observation data collection. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were applied to understand the studied phenomenon in a depth-way. The bibliographic method contributed to a wider compréhension of the thematic analysis and to identifying relevant aspects of land regularization problems in the communities.
 
 Result and conclusion: It was confirmed the models of agro-extractivist settlement projects and the public policy access on the Lower Amazon Floodplain.
 
 Implications of the research: The study demonstrates the evolution of agro-extractivist settlement projects, their challenges and advances, in Brazil.
 
 Originality/value: This study aimed to analyze the process of implementing the land regularization policy, pointing out the socio-environmental advances and obstacles of agro-extractivist settlements in the floodplain region of the municipality of Santarém, Pará.
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Aronson, Geoffrey, and Merle Thorpe. "Labor's Settlement Policy in Greater Jerusalem." Middle East Policy 1, no. 4 (1992): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.1992.tb00045.x.
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Myagkaya, I. N., E. B. Lazareva, M. A. Gustaitis, I. S. Kirichenko, and B. Yu Saryg-ool. "Mercury in Soils and Air in Areas with Anthropogenic Dispersion Halos and High Natural Geochemical Background." Ecology and Industry of Russia 26, no. 2 (2022): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-2-44-50.
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A monitoring study of Hg distribution in soils and air (pedogenic and atmospheric) in residential settlements and surrounding areas with high natural geochemical Hg background and/or affected by man-caused impacts due to mining activities has been performed. Sites of the AltaiSayan mercury province have been studied: part of the Kurai mercury zone (Aktash settlement, Kurai campo, Chazan-Uzun settlement, Altai Republic) and part of the Ursk ore field (Ursk settlement and Ursk tailing dump, Kemerovo region). The third site is located in Kuznetsk Alatau (part of the Saralinsky gold ore cluster, settlement of Priiskovy and its tailing dump, the settlement of Ordzhonikidzevsky, Republic of Khakassia). Hg background concentrations in air and soils have been detected.
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Shi, Lifeng, and Taiyang Zhong. "The Spatial Pattern of Urban Settlement in China from the 1980s to 2010." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (2019): 6704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236704.
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The dynamic urbanization process of China has stimulated a massive growth of urban settlements in the past few decades. With the development of remote sensing technology and the release of the long-time Landsat archive, spatial characteristics of urban settlement are gradually analyzed on a large scale, and various patterns are developed for describing and analyzing it. However, the urban settlement patterns were mainly quantified by the landscape metrics in existing studies, the underlying features shaping urban settlement pattern were always neglected. In this study, we establish a systematic and comprehensive ‘urban development index system’ for describing China’s urban settlement pattern and its evolutions during the end of the 1980s through to 2010 by using a series of statistical methods. Results show that (1) urban settlement pattern in 2010 is quantified comparatively simpler and more completely than in the end of the 1980s; (2) urban settlements in western and eastern regions present integrated pattern and homogeneous attributes, while urban settlements in central and northeastern regions present relatively complex pattern and various attributes; (3) urban settlements with the most variable pattern are accompanied by the most dynamic population and economic capacity, followed by landscape dispersion. Topographic complexity of urban settlements generally remained unchanged or with slight fluctuations, therefore, it has limited influence on settlement pattern evolution.
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Harirah, Zulfa. "Kerangka Advokasi Koalisi dalam Kebijakan Penataan Pemukiman Bantaran Sungai Winongo di Kota Yogyakarta." Nakhoda: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 17, no. 2 (2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.35967/jipn.v17i2.7065.
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The basic idea of this article is to examine the policy advocacy process on Winongo settlement arrangement riverbanks in Yogyakarta. Problems settlements along the river Winongo become increasingly critical as more densely populated to cause the symptoms of poverty and slums. This condition is then ignited the presence Arkom and FKWA to show arrangement ideas through policy advocacy process. Therefore, this article will focus on answering two things, there are how the coalition framework was formed and how the coalition manage their belief system, resources and strategies. To answer that questions above, this research was escorted by theory Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) of Sabatier and Jenkins Smith. Through the case study method, this research will explore the case of advocacy of policies Winongo settlement on the riverbanks. The results of the research shows that there are two coalitions in structuring settlements along the river Winongo, they are River coalitions and “Right to the city” coalition. Both are proven to stand on two legs, as a member of the coalition and as a policy broker. This shows that the policy is not just a stage of systemic and technocratic, but the policy is a political process that allows each actor to act politically.
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Harirah, Zulfa. "Kerangka Advokasi Koalisi dalam Kebijakan Penataan Pemukiman Bantaran Sungai Winongo di Kota Yogyakarta." Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Nakhoda 17, no. 30 (2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.35967/jipn.v17i30.7065.
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The basic idea of this article is to examine the policy advocacy process on Winongo settlement arrangement riverbanks in Yogyakarta. Problems settlements along the river Winongo become increasingly critical as more densely populated to cause the symptoms of poverty and slums. This condition is then ignited the presence Arkom and FKWA to show arrangement ideas through policy advocacy process. Therefore, this article will focus on answering two things, there are how the coalition framework was formed and how the coalition manage their belief system, resources and strategies. To answer that questions above, this research was escorted by theory Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) of Sabatier and Jenkins Smith. Through the case study method, this research will explore the case of advocacy of policies Winongo settlement on the riverbanks. The results of the research shows that there are two coalitions in structuring settlements along the river Winongo, they are River coalitions and “Right to the city” coalition. Both are proven to stand on two legs, as a member of the coalition and as a policy broker. This shows that the policy is not just a stage of systemic and technocratic, but the policy is a political process that allows each actor to act politically.
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Tatarnikova, A. I. "Network of Settlements in Novosibirsk District in 1920s: Population, Structure and Development Features." Nauchnyi dialog 12, no. 7 (2023): 486–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-486-505.
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The study analyzes the population, typology, and size of settlements in the Novosibirsk district, which was one of the administrative-territorial units of the Siberian region in 1925—1930. The peculiarities of the development of the settlement network in this district are determined in comparison with neighboring districts. Data on the quantitative ratio of settlements of different types, their household and population composition are presented for the first time, and continuity and transformation in the development of the settlement system in the district are traced. The relevance of the study lies not only in the poorly studied nature of the topic but also in the possibility of using historical experience from previous generations to build an effective agricultural policy and revive the Russian village in its modern stage of development. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the functioning of the settlement network in the early years of Soviet power, including the typical structure of its units, the average number of peasant households in settlements of different types, and the placement of mono-ethnic settlements in the Novosibirsk district. A new trend has been noted in transforming rural settlements into urban ones, expressed in a refusal to make purely administrative decisions on this issue in favor of taking into account the sequential evolution of a specific settlement.
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Xu, Sheng, Xichuan Liu, Yu Xiao, and Lu Zhang. "Evaluation of Rural Human Settlement Development Quality and Impact Analysis: Empirical Evidence from China’s Micro Survey?" Land 14, no. 4 (2025): 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040780.
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Improving the quality of rural human settlements is a key objective in China’s rural revitalization strategy. The purpose of this study is to construct and evaluate the quality of rural human settlements in China from a micro perspective. To achieve this objective, the main tasks include constructing an evaluation system for rural human settlement quality from a micro perspective; measuring the overall and dimension-specific quality levels of rural human settlements using the entropy method based on data from 108 villages in Shandong, Jilin, and Hubei provinces; and further analyzing the influencing factors of rural human settlement quality, focusing on village per capita income, resident population, fire incidents, and agricultural input prices. The findings reveal the following: (1) The overall quality of rural human settlements in Hubei, Shandong, and Jilin is at a moderate-to-low level, with no significant differences among provinces. (2) Among the various dimensions of rural human settlement quality, economic development and public services score higher, whereas living facilities and sanitary conditions score relatively lower, reflecting the inertia of long-term resource allocation and the lagged effects of emerging projects. (3) An increase in village per capita net income and the resident population significantly improves rural human settlement quality, whereas incidents such as village fires and sharp increases in agricultural input prices significantly reduce it. This study provides empirical insights into the mechanisms affecting rural human settlement quality from a micro perspective and offers policy implications for its targeted improvement.
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Mwamba, Jonathan Simbeya. "Analysis of Space Manipulation in an Informal Urban Settlement: The Case of Ng’ombe in Lusaka, Zambia." International Journal of Social Science Studies 8, no. 6 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i6.4971.
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Urban informality remains a consistent challenge and matter of debate by planners and policymakers in the urbanising cities of sub-Saharan Africa. A common manifestation of urban informality in African cities is the sprawling informal settlements that constitute the only available housing option for the majority of the urban poor. The analysis of informal urban settlement’s environmental composition, physical modelling and socio-economic and policy analysis have been areas of recent study. However there is limited literature on how the urban poor communities in Zambia manipulate their social, spatial and economic environments to meet their needs. This article seeks to broaden the knowledge base on the way informal urban settlement communities manipulate their urban space. The built environment provides the setting for human interaction and the explanatory theory of Environment-Behaviour Relations provides a suitable analytical framework for the identification of useful parameters for developing future settlement interventions. The study employs a case study method of research to analyse the informal urban settlement settings. Ng’ombe, a peri-urban informal settlement in Lusaka, Zambia is the case study location for this research. Analysis of social, spatial and economic environment at neighbourhood level provides vital information about the informal urban settlement conditions. The study in particular addresses the question of how the social-spatial circumstances of the informal urban population in the developing world influence and defines their built environment. The study shows that systems of settings and system of activities in Ng’ombe offer a suitable analytical framework for studying the settlement characteristics that can guide in formulating strategies for settlement regularisation. Residents devise means of adapting and manipulating their informal urban space to suit their immediate needs and they also devise livelihood coping strategies in the midst of their informal settings. The paper likewise contributes to the growing body of knowledge in urban informality.
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Syaputra, Dedy. "Kebijakan Nonpenal Oleh Kepolisian Resor Batanghari terhadap Tindak Pidana Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga di Kabupaten Batanghari." Wajah Hukum 6, no. 2 (2022): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v6i2.1094.
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In the case of criminal acts of domestic violence in Batanghari Regency, the Batanghari Resort Police has resolved cases of criminal acts of domestic violence using non-penal channels. However, the obstacle that occurs is that there is no understanding from the people of Batangahri Regency regarding non-penal settlements and the Batanghari Resort Police also does not have a special place for non-penal settlement of cases of domestic violence. The research method used is empirical law so that the research is descriptive, the data sources are primary and secondary sources, the research approach is a case approach, the data collection method is a documentary study and the data analysis in this study is qualitative. The results of the study indicate that the non-penal policy by the Batanghari Police for domestic violence in Batanghari Regency is that non-penal applications have been carried out against perpetrators and newspapers of domestic violence by means of mediation which is directly carried out by the Head of the Women and Children Service Unit as a mediator and obstacle. The obstacle faced by the non-penal policy by the Batanghari Resort Police against domestic violence crimes in Batanghari Regency is the minimum number of personnel in the Women and Children Service Unit and there is no special place for non-penal settlement at the Batanghari Resort Police.
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Chen, Sen, Muhammad Sajid Mehmood, Shuchen Liu, and Yimin Gao. "Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Rural Settlements in Qinba Mountains, Shaanxi Province, China." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (2022): 10095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610095.
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Spatial patterns and the influencing determinants of rural settlements are the most important indicators for understanding the constituent structure of rural regional systems. However, there is little knowledge addressing the characteristics from the settlement perspective by realizing the spatial reconstruction and sustainable development of rural settlements. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the geographical, size, and morphological properties of rural settlement patterns in the Qinba Mountains in southern Shaanxi Province, China, using rural settlement and remote sensing data through spatial measurement index, gradient transects, demographic-economic index, and geodetector analysis. The results show the following: (1) Overall, rural settlements have spatial characteristics of “high-density multi-core clusters (0.8–1.6/km2) and low-density broadly scattered (<0.08/km2)”. There is a significant positive correlation between the scale of rural settlement density and the characteristics of high-value agglomeration. (2) The spatial disparities of morphological traits of settlement shapes are significant. Furthermore, 1840 NP/piece of plain basin landform types provide high-value areas for each settlement feature value, and locations with moderate slopes are best for settlement dispersal. Moreover, rivers, roads, and distance from township centers are all examples of beneficial directivity. There is consistency between the spatial differentiation of rural settlement areas per capita and the distribution of settlement scale. Conversely, the settlement density is inconsistent with the agricultural production value density’s spatial distribution features. (3) The impact of geographical factors on the diversification of settlement characteristics has significant spatial differences. Moreover, natural ecological characteristics such as elevation and landform and the distribution of cultivated land strongly influence the spatial pattern of the study region. Finally, the study findings can be beneficial for land and space planning and rural governments to develop sustainable rural settlements.
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Fitzgerald, Brian, Travis O'Doherty, Richard Moles, and Bernadette O'Regan. "Quantitative Evaluation of Settlement Sustainability Policy (QESSP); Forward Planning for 26 Irish Settlements." Sustainability 7, no. 2 (2015): 1819–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7021819.
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Aljurida, A. M. Azhar, Sulaiman Asang, Rakhmat Rakhmat, and Muhammad Rusdi. "Making Benefits in Implementation of the Housing and Residential Policy in the City of Makassar." Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Social Sciences Study 1, no. 2 (2020): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47616/jamrsss.v1i2.64.
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As one of the big cities in Indonesia, Makassar City also experiences problems in the housing sector and residential areas, the high demand for housing which continues to grow from year to year while the land carrying capacity does not increase causing the housing backlog number to increase every year, Law Number 1 of 2011 concerning housing and residential areas is a policy that is expected to solve the dynamic problem of housing and settlement needs through a package of programs and activities, this study aims to understand the form and benefits obtained through the implementation of housing and settlement policies in the city of Makassar using a perspective Grindel, the research method used is a qualitative descriptive method that aims to explore and find implementation performance as an authentic situation and present it through the data analysis process. The housing and settlement policy in the city of Makassar has realized benefits to policy targets, including benefits for the availability of housing for low-income people, further benefits for improving the quality of the environment in slum areas, as well as benefits for the availability of infrastructure, facilities and public utilities in the area of community settlements.
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Sanders, Will, and Sarah Holcombe. "Sustainable governance for small desert settlements: learning from the multi-settlement regionalism of Anmatjere Community Government Council." Rangeland Journal 30, no. 1 (2008): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj07034.
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In light of some basic desert demography, this paper examines governance patterns for small desert settlements. It traces policy histories which led to the emergence of highly localised, single settlement governance arrangements during the 1970s and ’80s. It also identifies the many pushes since within the Northern Territory local government system for more regional, multi-settlement governance structures. The paper goes on to examine the history of one such regional, multi-settlement arrangement in central Australia, the Anmatjere Community Government Council established in 1993. The paper details our work with this Council over the last 4 years on ‘issues of importance or concern’ to them. The paper aims to learn from the ACGC experience in order to inform the more radical restructuring of Northern Territory local government currently underway towards larger multi-settlement regionalism. It concludes with four specific lessons, the most important of which is that regionalism must build on single settlement localism.
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Curley, Andrew. "“Our Winters’ Rights”: Challenging Colonial Water Laws." Global Environmental Politics 19, no. 3 (2019): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00515.
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Much of the scholarship on Indigenous water rights in the United States focuses on legal and political rights awarded or denied in water settlements. This article highlights the voice of settlement opponents within Diné communities over the proposed Little Colorado River Settlement in 2012 between the Navajo Nation and Arizona. Using interviews with key actors, observations of water hearings, and a mini focus group with settlement opponents, my research finds that the proposed water settlement produced contradictory logics, practices, and frameworks that combined two “traditions of Indigenous resistance,” one rooted in the language of self-determination and sovereignty and the other in emerging notions of decolonization. This hybridity of seeking increased water recognition within colonial law, while advocating for decolonial waterscapes, speaks to the complicated and fundamentally entangled political landscapes of Indigenous peoples. Ultimately, in opposing the water settlement, Diné opponents and community members demonstrate that they seek to rectify the injustice of ongoing settler colonialism and realize their collective capabilities as nations, not “Indians,” “tribes,” or “minorities” within and against the authorities of the colonial state.
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Amidu, Mohammed, Albert Ahenkan, James Kwame Mensah, Justice Nyigmah Bawole, and Haruna Issahaku. "Informal Settlements, Pandemic and Consequences: A Cross-Country Analysis." Journal of Health Management 26, no. 5 (2024): 763–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09720634241297448.
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This article focused on the informal settlements and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on vulnerable populations using a data set that covers many countries. We sample 47 cross-country data and employ political ecology and economic contagion to empirically respond to two related questions: What is the impact of pandemics on informal settlement dwellers? How can governments address pandemics among informal settlement dwellers? Our results show that the risk factors for informal settlements concerning COVID-19 include the degree of trade openness, the death rate, family size, population density, geography and airport activity. This article offers several innovations on measures, determinants and the impact of pandemics on vulnerable populations across the globe. By extension, our results have important policy implications for governments in addressing the inequalities between formal and informal settlements during pandemics.
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Tin, Tin Htwe. "Analysis on Spatial Distribution of Settlements in Mingalardon Township." Dagon University Research Journal Vol.6, no. 2014 (2019): Pg.23–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3547077.
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This research aims to describe spatial distribution of settlements in Mingalardon Township. The study area occupies the northern part of Yangon City. It is located in North Yangon District. The areal extent is 106.97 square kilometres in which about 260,000 people are residing. Due to the construction of main road through the township and installation of new infrastructural facilities, settlements have been more spatial distribution with fairly accelerated momentum in the recent years. The analysis spatial distribution of settlements in Mingalardon Township are based the result derived from detecting and comparing the Aerial Photographs (1990), Google Images (2010) as well as information acquired from ground surveys with Geographic Information System (GIS). According to Nearest Neighbour Analysis, the spatial distribution of the settlements is clustered. Kernel Density Analysis reveals that settlement density is highest at Htaukkyant Junction and the wards near Mingalardon Market. Generally, population density coincides with the settlement density. Checked by Euclidean Analysis, most settlements are distributed over an elevation of about 10 metres about sea-level. The type of housing varies from place to place, but the wooden houses are the most dominant. The future more distribution of settlement within the study area depends largely on the government policy and if the adjacent agricultural land is allocated for use as residential land, the pace of settlement growth would be somewhat accelerated in the near future, although about half of the township area is not available for residential use.
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Wu, Feifei, Xiaohua Yang, Bing Lian, Yan Wang, and Jing Kang. "Suitability Evaluation of Human Settlements Using a Global Sensitivity Analysis Method: A Case Study in China." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (2023): 4380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054380.
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The suitability evaluation of human settlements over time and space is essential to track potential challenges towards suitable human settlements and provide references for policy-makers. This study established a theoretical framework of human settlements based on the nature, human, economy, society, and residence subsystems. Evaluation indicators were determined with the consideration of the coupling effect among subsystems. Based on the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test algorithm, the global sensitivity analysis was used to determine the weights of indicators. The human settlement suitability was evaluated in 30 provinces of China between 2000 and 2016. The findings were as follows: (1) human settlement suitability index (HSSI) values increased significantly in all 30 provinces from 2000 to 2016. The suitability index of the residence subsystem in China exhibited the fastest growth, followed by the society and economy subsystems. (2) HSSI in eastern provinces with a developed economy was higher than that in western provinces with an underdeveloped economy. In contrast, the growth rate of HSSI in eastern provinces was significantly higher than that in western provinces. (3) The inter-provincial difference in HSSI narrowed down from 2000 to 2016. For subsystems, the difference narrowed down for the residence system, whereas it widened for the economy system. (4) The suitability of the nature subsystem has become a limiting factor for the improvement of human settlement suitability, especially in economically developed provinces, such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong. The results can be helpful to support decision-making and policy for improving the quality of human settlements in a broad nature, human, economy, society, and residence context.
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Ojok, James Onono, and Arthur Owor. "Public Communication for Effective Service Delivery to Refugees in Uganda. The Case of Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement." East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2024): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajass.7.1.2018.
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This study argues that Public Communication in Refugee Settlements, when managed professionally and structurally with a deliberate open feedback mechanism for the end-users of services provided by the government and its development partners, could be a great tool for the evaluation and enhancement of public services provided in Refugee Settlements. The study analyses the education and health sectors as parameters for the government’s service delivery in the case of the Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement. Taking a qualitative research methodology approach with the case of Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement, the study found that the Uganda Refugees Act (2006), which authorises service provision by the government to the refugees, has no specific public communication strategy or policy clearly spelled as a communication framework to support service provision feedback. Therefore, the study recommends a direct public engagement communication strategy involving refugees and relevant stakeholders in the public service provision with the ultimate goal of improving service delivery at Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement
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Tatarnikova, Anna Ivanovna. "Tomsk Villages in the 1900s-1920s: Dynamics of Population and Size." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 10 (October 2022): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.10.38988.
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The article gives a comparative description of the development of the rural settlement network of the Tomsk county/district in three time slices: for 1904, 1911 and 1926. The object of the study is a network of rural settlements of the named sub–region, the subject is their number, typical structure and size in terms of the number of yards and the number of inhabitants. The author uses historical-comparative, historical-typological and problem methods of research, as well as the method of graphical visualization of the statistical data obtained on the development of the Tomsk settlement network. The influence of political, socio-economic and other factors on the state of the network of rural settlements is traced. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the "Lists of Populated places", which have become the main source for studying rural settlements of the county/district under consideration, the dynamics of their number, number and population are investigated, qualitative changes in the structure of the settlement network are revealed. The conclusion is made about the gradual expansion of the scale of the rural settlement network in the Tomsk subregion, the reduction of the yard and the population of the Tomsk village by 1926, its unbundling. Attention is focused on structural changes in the settlement network caused by the new agrarian and resettlement policy of the state, as well as the economic and socio-cultural modernization of the country and its individual territories.
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Xu, Hui, Qin Guo, Chaoketu Siqin, Yingjie Li, and Fei Gao. "Study of Settlement Patterns in Farming–Pastoral Zones in Eastern Inner Mongolia Using Planar Quantization and Cluster Analysis." Sustainability 15, no. 20 (2023): 15077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152015077.
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Settlements are comprehensive carriers of the material form expression and social appearance of human activities under specific geographical environmental choices. The analysis and preservation of their forms are important principles and strategies for rural settlement planning and construction. In this study, 28 settlements in the farming–pastoral zones in eastern Inner Mongolia were selected as the research objects. By combining fractal geometry and computer programming, the relationship between the boundary form, spatial structure, and architectural order of the settlements was quantitatively expressed, and quantitative indicators that better summarize the form of the settlements in the farming–pastoral zones in eastern Inner Mongolia were extracted. Then, factor analysis and cluster analysis were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS26.0) to obtain the characteristic types of settlement forms. Finally, the classification results were combined with social and humanistic factors and the geographical environment to test the rationality of the results. The results show that (1) five form indicators effectively describe the settlement forms in the research area, among which the shape index, dimension of the public space, and architectural density play a crucial role in the spatial structure factors. (2) In this study, we mainly used a data collection and processing–principal component extraction and systematic clustering-type division method to complete scientific research on settlement form classification. (3) By combining the clustering results with the spatial form features and analysis mainly based on spatial structure factors, the settlement forms in the farming–pastoral zones in eastern Inner Mongolia are described as three typical types: multidirectional expanding settlement, settlement patterns extending at both ends, and centripetal development settlement. Furthermore, the characteristics of the human–land relationship implicit in each type of settlement form are explained, achieving a scientific representation and classification of the settlement forms. The research results provide useful quantitative guidance for rural revitalization, settlement form optimization, and preservation in the farming–pastoral zones in eastern Inner Mongolia
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Lee, Song Ho. "Policy Conflict and its Settlement in Korea: The Case of Regulatory Reform." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 8 (December 31, 1993): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps08004.
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Policy making can be defined as the specification of policy content, a set of policy goals and instruments. This specification can be made through two stages: position taking and coordination. Usually due to their interests and values, major policy actors in the policy making process have not only concern for the content of the policy to be made but also some ideas and preference for it. They internally transform these ideas and preferences into their policy positions, and then push their positions externally against other incompatible positions. When policy actors push different policy positions from somewhat independent power bases, policy conflict ensues. Coordination among them is needed. The outcome of policy coordination can not always be the same as each actor intends. Original policy content can be maintained, or partially deleted from or added to, or changed into completely new one, or evaporated into the air. More than two policy positions can be coordinated in integrative or distributive fashion.
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Hashmi, Zahra Akram. "Land Revenue Settlements: The Magnitudes of Economic Development in the State of Bahawalpur (1866–1947)." Indian Historical Review 48, no. 1 (2021): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836211009711.
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With the advent of the British in India, the colonial institutions were introduced throughout the country. In the Bahawalpur State, the Agency government stimulated the fiscal patterns of British India particularly its settlement policy, which brought amelioration in the native revenue system. This paper traces the historical process of land settlement for revenue generation and their impact over the agrarian economy of the State. These settlements became the major contributing factor towards the economic advancement. The different phases of settlement of land, along with the extent of government demand are established in this research. The third phase of land settlement resulted by the beginning of weir control water system, brought some revolutionary changes in the land pattern and revenue structure therefore, it has been particularly focused in this paper. The data for this study is mainly based on unpublished archival documents and unpublished assessment reports.
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Collins, Jock. "Rethinking Australian Immigration and Immigrant Settlement Policy." Journal of Intercultural Studies 34, no. 2 (2013): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2013.781981.
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Wong, Diana. "Transience and Settlement: Singapore's Foreign Labor Policy." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 6, no. 2 (1997): 135–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689700600201.
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Foreigners constitute 15 percent of the population and over 20 percent of the labor force in Singapore. They are bifurcated into the highly-skilled, high end as well as the unskilled, low end of the labor market. This large foreign labor force is managed by a comprehensive and highly selective foreign labor policy, which is described in this paper. The strict enforcement of a guestworker policy of transience on the one hand, and the liberal encouragement of settlement on the other, are the twin pillars of this policy. Seen originally as a dispensable appendage to a labor-scarce economy, foreign labor has now become integral to the economic and increasingly, population policy of the country, as evidenced by the recent announcement of a national policy to “attract foreign talent.”
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Gurbanov, Abbas. "ARAB ADMINISTRATION AND SETTLEMENT POLICY IN AZERBAIJAN." Islamic History and Literature 2, no. 2 (2024): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.62476/ihl22.87.
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After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the caliphs who came to power continued the conquests started with the aim of spreading Islam. Some of these activities were related to Azerbaijan. Like every state, the Arab caliphate had its own administrative system, which was more or less the same in all regions. The Arab armies governed the newly conquered territories by appointing governors. From the first day of its capture, Azerbaijan began to be governed by governors appointed here. The first governor who adopted Ardabil as his center, as it was during the Sassanid period, was Hüzeyfa b. al-Yaman has been. We can say that the Arab caliphate aimed to reduce the influence of the Byzantine and Khazars, the leading states of that time, in the region by attracting the local people to their side and forming a unified power unit relying on the support of the local people in the future struggle against them.
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Smith, Mark Stafford, Mark Moran, and Kurt Seemann. "The 'viability' and resilience of communities and settlements in desert Australia." Rangeland Journal 30, no. 1 (2008): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj07048.
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There is a continuing policy debate about whether it is possible to have sustainable small settlements in outback regions of Australia, where there is low and variable primary production and a sparse and mobile population. This debate is focused largely on Aboriginal settlements, but applies equally to all desert dwellers. In this contribution, we review the sources of economic flows through settlements occupied by different communities with common livelihood sources, whether based on mining, grazing, tourism, cultural resources, welfare or services, concluding that most desert livelihoods depend directly or indirectly on temporally variable inputs. Individual remote settlements tend to be dominated by one such ‘community of livelihood’, and differ in nature according to the source of that livelihood. These create types of settlement and service aspirations which are alien to more densely settled regions. Settlement ‘viability’ is a measure of the short-term balance between aspirations for services (technical, social, but also for livelihoods and well being) and the costs of fulfilling these aspirations, and consequently is not a simple on/off switch – the community can adjust both its aspirations and the cost factors involved in meeting them. We define a resilient settlement as one that is viable in the long term in the face of its variable inputs. Thus, we determine that the concepts of settlement viability and resilience must be analysed differently according to the strategy adopted by different resident communities. In particular, Aboriginal (and pastoral) communities are particularly dependent on social and natural capital, yet these are not monitored. The whole analysis emphasises the importance of taking a demand- rather than supply-driven approach to services in desert settlements. Our conclusion is that, if top-down solutions continue to be imposed without appreciating the fundamental drivers of settlement in desert regions, then those solutions will continue to be partial, and ineffective in the long term.
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Iliya, Suleiman, and Huriye Gürdallı. "A Sustainable Governmental Intervention Policy for Slum Upgrading: Road Infrastructure in Railway Down Quarter, Kaduna, Nigeria." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (2020): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p581.
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The urban cities in Nigeria are experiencing a deformation causing an urban decay with poor housing construction, improper use of unplanned land hindering urban spatial development. In this paper examination of slum prevalence in Nigeria and aims to propose development scheme to improve informal settlement of the urban cities focusing on governmental intervention and development policies in all level of governmental authorities to upgrade the living conditions and obtain value for the urban low class. Harvesting the potential of the work force of this regions for urban development, aims to provide highlight to the use of infrastructural development particularly road network to aid connectivity and urban design. A review of informal settlement mainly on the absence of infrastructure and degraded environmental conditions in an unplanned settlement in the city of Kaduna popularly known as Railway Down Quarter, proposes a possible strategy and approach for a sustainable upgrading policy. This research develops a conceptual approach of the necessity of mainly road infrastructure a medium that introduces services and a sustainable development in informal settlements in Kaduna, Nigeria by government intervention. 
 Keywords: Slum upgrade, government policy, road infrastructure, Railway Down Quarter, Kaduna, Nigeria
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Cai, Hong Zhuan, and Xiao Hui Li. "Discussion on Price Settlement Policy Influence on the PV Power Generation Business Model." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 1527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.1527.
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To support the development of the PV industry, the China National Energy Bureau has issued some policies to stimulate the domestic PV market consumption, such as the “Golden Sun Demonstration Project”, “Building Integrated PV” policy. But these policies have some great vulnerability. Many developed countries, such as Germany, Japan, USA; they have some mature PV price settlement policies, such as Feed-in Tariff, Net Metering and Self-Consumption. Therefore, according to the needs of domestic situation, China National Energy Bureau needs to refer to those developed countries’ mature PV price settlement policies to formulate a PV price settlement policy. This policy must suit China PV market. And this policy should guide the development of domestic PV market correctly. Herein, I put forward some recommendations to improve our PV price settlement policy.
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RACHKOVSKYI, Hryhorij. "The Liquidation of Small Settlements of the Northern Districts of Lviv Region in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century." Наукові зошити історичного факультету Львівського університету / Proceedings of History Faculty of Lviv University, no. 23 (June 8, 2022): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fhi.2022.22-23.3646.
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The settlement structure of the countryside was the most affected by administrative and territorial reforms during the Soviet period. Radical changes took place in rural settlements in late 1940s and early 1950s. Earlier Soviet regime stopped the transformation of the peasantry into a farming stratum by force. The growth of the farm type motivated the spread of dispersed forms of rural settlement. The main thesis of the article is large-scale process of liquidation of small settlements in the second half of the twentieth century as the result of state policy of the USSR. This led to the destruction of dispersed forms of rural settlements. Khutirs represented sole homekeeping and entrepreneurial initiative in rural areas in the second half of the twentieth century; they were declared a major obstacle to collectivization. Unification of social, political and economic life in the USSR did not provide for the existence of such settlements. The liquidation of the khutirs was to overcome peasant individualism. The scattered form of resettlement and land use contradicted the principles of organizing the work of collective farms. Archival documents show that the khutirs were also considered the main centers of support for the underground movement. The basis for the liquidation of khutirs was the resolution of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) (All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)). CPSU(b) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of May 27, 1939. The total liquidation of khutirs in the western regions of Ukraine was continued by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of Ukrainian SSR and the Central Committee of the VKP(b) № 2467 of August 12, 1950. The new stage of the campaign began on July 4, 1952 with the issuance of another order of the Government of the USSR. The liquidation of farms took other forms in the following years. On the example of the northern districts of Lviv region, changes in the settlement structure are highlighted in this article. In the northern districts of Lviv region, a khutir was the main type of small-scale settlement that belonged to one rural community. The destruction of the khutirs began under the initiative of the central government of the USSR, which did not take into account the interests of the peasants. Lists of settlements to be resettled were formed on the basis of proposals sent to the regional authorities by the heads of district executive committees. The lack of clear criteria for the typology of settlements has led to heterogeneity of the lists. The resettlement process only had a coordinated form at the documentary level. In fact, people have experienced huge difficulties and inconveniences related to the new rural order, housing, land development, shortages of goods and so on. Large-scale process of liquidation of small settlements in the second half of the twentieth century was the result of state policy of the USSR. The disappearance of this type of settlement is connected with the implementation of a purposeful state policy.
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Mudau, Naledzani, and Paidamwoyo Mhangara. "Investigation of Informal Settlement Indicators in a Densely Populated Area Using Very High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (2021): 4735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094735.
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Automation of informal settlements detection using satellite imagery remains a challenging task in urban remote sensing. This is due to the fact that informal settlements vary in shape, size and spatial arrangement from one region to the other in some cases within a city. This paper investigated the methodology to detect informal settlements in a densely populated township by assessing informal settlement indicators observed from very high spatial resolution satellite imagery. We assessed twelve informal settlement indicators to determine the most effective indicators to distinguish between informal and informal classes. These indicators included the spectral indices first and second-order statistical measurements. In addition to the commonly used informal settlement indicators, we assessed the effectiveness of built-up area and iron cover. The GLCM textural measures performed poorly in separating informal and formal settlements compared to first-order statistics measurement and spectral indices. The built-up area index, coastal blue index and the first-order statistics mean measurements produced higher separability distance of informal and formal settlements. The iron index performed better in separating the two settlement types than the commonly used GLCM measure and NDVI. The proposed ruleset that uses the three features with the highest separability distance achieved producer and user accuracies of informal settlements of 95% and 82%, respectively. The results of this study will contribute towards developing methodologies to automatically detect informal settlements.
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Dorling, Kamena. "EU settlement scheme applications." Children and Young People Now 2019, no. 5 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/cypn.2019.5.43.
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Pigawati, Bitta, Nany Yuliastuti, and Tia A. Suryani. "Land Suitability for Settlement Development in Semarang Coastal Area." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1264, no. 1 (2023): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1264/1/012032.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Population growth has an impact on increasing the need for land use. The availability of land for settlement development in urban areas is very limited, so that there are people who occupy land that is unsuitable. The coastal area of Semarang City is located on the northern outskirts of the city, indicating an increase in settlement areas. The characteristics of coastal areas that have flat morphology and border the sea are flood-prone areas. This study aims to analyze land suitability for settlement development in the coastal area of Semarang. Suitability based on land capability, and completeness of settlement facilities. To provide information about settlement development locations that are safe and have complete facilities. Settlement development locations in accordance with spatial planning documents and land availability. Using quantitative descriptive methods and spatial analysis with geographic information systems and remote sensing imagery as spatial data. The stages of analysis include analysis of physical aspects, analysis of land capability, analysis of settlement service levels and analysis of land suitability for settlement development. The results showed that currently there are 1696.80 ha of suitable land for the development of settlements in the Semarang Coastal area. Most of them are in Genuk District (60.88%) and Tugu District (26.89%). The research findings can be used as government considerations in compiling spatial policy recommendations related to Sustainable Settlement Development in the Coastal Areas of the Semarang City.