Journal articles: 'SETTLEMENT POLICY'

1

Richmond, A. C. "Land Settlement Policy." Journal of proceedings of the Agricultural Economics Society 7, no. 1 (November 5, 2008): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1946.tb02002.x.

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Lacker, Jeffrey M. "Clearing, settlement and monetary policy." Journal of Monetary Economics 40, no. 2 (October 1997): 347–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3932(97)00046-9.

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Hugo, Graeme. "Public Policy and Immigrant Settlement." Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 11, no. 1 (November 14, 2009): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-009-0113-0.

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Muharam, Riki Satia, Ono Taryono, Lidia Maasir, and Siti Widharetno M. "Policy Networks in Improving the Quality of Housing and Settlements in Indonesia (A Case Research of Bandung District)." Indonesian Scholars Scientific Summit Taiwan Proceeding 3 (July 17, 2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52162/3.2021116.

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Studies on slum housing and settlements have been carried out in many countries. The various studies show that the problem of housing and settlement areas can no longer be considered a simple problem. Different from the various studies on housing and settlement areas, this research employs the perspective of policy networks as a new public administration paradigm. The development issue on housing and settlement areas is regarded as one of the contemporary international issues contained in one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Several countries have become the focus of attention, such as: India, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Thailand. In Indonesia, the development of housing and settlement areas is mandated by law. The Local Government of Bandung District has made efforts to improve the quality of housing and settlements through such programs as the PLPBK, Rutilahu, and Kotaku. However, the improvement in the quality of housing and settlements in general has not touched the basic problem, namely the welfare of the community. The development is limited to physical improvements and lasts 1 (one) to 2 (two) years. In the third year the restored area becomes irregular / slum again. Therefore, it is recommended that the Bandung District government issue a local regulation in the form of a Regent Regulation concerning the improvement of housing and settlement quality and a plan for handling it as the legal bases. In addition, a collaboration of actors in policy networks should be formed based on the pentahelix model incorporating the actors of business, government, community, academic, and media.

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Morgan, Stephen. "Christian Conversion and Colonial “Native Policy”: The Role of Missionaries in Formulating Reservation Policy in German Southwest Africa." Central European History 53, no. 4 (December 2020): 741–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938920000023.

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AbstractThis article examines how German Protestant missionaries to the Herero people influenced colonial “native policy” in German Southwest Africa in the years leading up to the Colonial War of 1904 to 1907. By the late 1890s, burgeoning European settlement increasingly displaced the Herero from their traditional territory. While colonial officials promoted more settlement, missionaries had developed a concept of conversion that linked Christianization with living in self-sufficient agricultural communities, and hoped to place limits on Herero displacement. Thus, missionaries and colonial officials engaged in protracted political negotiations over the creation of inalienable “native reservations” for the Herero. I show that missionaries’ model of Herero conversion prompted them to promote an alternative mode of settler colonialism that would make room in Southwest Africa for self-sufficient Herero settlements. Prior to the Colonial War, missionaries succeeded in convincing the colonial government to begin creating reservations, thus shaping colonial policy according to missionary priorities.

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Aronson, Geoffrey, and Merle Thorpe. "Labor's Settlement Policy in Greater Jerusalem." Middle East Policy 1, no. 4 (November 1992): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.1992.tb00045.x.

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Levenson, Zachary. "Living on the Fringe in Post-Apartheid Cape Town." Contexts 16, no. 1 (February 2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504217696060.

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South Africa’s post-apartheid government tried to use urban policy to reverse racial segregation. But as shack settlements proliferated on urban peripheries, squatters came to be viewed as a threat to the state rather than its beneficiaries. In Cape Town, urban policy has entrenched, rather than reversed, racially segregated settlement patterns.

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Ehrlich, Daniele, Sergio Freire, Michele Melchiorri, and Thomas Kemper. "Open and Consistent Geospatial Data on Population Density, Built-Up and Settlements to Analyse Human Presence, Societal Impact and Sustainability: A Review of GHSL Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 7851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147851.

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This review analyses peer-reviewed scientific publications and policy documents that use built-up density, population density and settlement typology spatial grids from the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) project to quantify human presence and processes for sustainability. Such open and free grids provide detailed time series spanning 1975–2015 developed with consistent approaches. Improving our knowledge of cities and settlements by measuring their size extent, as well as the societal processes occurring within settlements, is key to understanding their impact on the local, regional and global environment for addressing global sustainability and the integrity of planet Earth. The reviewed papers are grouped around five main topics: Quantifying human presence; assessing settlement growth over time; estimating societal impact, assessing natural hazard risk and impact, and generating indicators for international framework agreements and policy documents. This review calls for continuing to refine and expand the work on societal variables that, when combined with essential variables including those for climate, biodiversity and ocean, can improve our understanding of the societal impact on the biosphere and help to monitor progress towards local, regional and planetary sustainability.

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Heng, Jiayao, Hongwei Wang, Ying Fan, Zhengwei Wang, and Yibo Gao. "Simulation and Optimization of Urban–Rural Settlement Development from the Perspective of Production–Life–Ecology Space: A Case Study for Aksu City." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 7452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137452.

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To explore the future development state of urban and rural settlements, we combined random forest algorithm (RFA) and cellular automata (CA) to simulate high precision in urban and rural settlements in Aksu city. The settlement distribution was predicted for the next 10 years, and suggestions for urban and rural settlements were proposed based on a “production–life–ecology” space. The results show the following: Transportation factors and administrative location have an important influence on the development of settlements, and infrastructure has a greater impact on the development of settlements. The overall accuracy of the 2019 settlement distribution obtained through the RFA–CA model simulation is 93.8%, with a G-mean coefficient of 0.815. The simulation accuracy is better and more suitable for the simulation and prediction of settlement expansion than the logistic-CA model. The forecasted settlement expansion in 2029 for Aksu city is 58.36 km2 of settlement expansion compared to the 2019 settlement distribution, with an overall growth trend for sparse north-south and dense central areas. This study analyzed the causes of settlement expansion in 19 regions of Aksu city, explored the main function of “production–life–ecology” space in different areas, and proposed layout optimizations from the perspective of production, life, and ecology. The results of this study can provide a reference for the spatial planning and rural revitalization strategy of Aksu city.

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Shi, Lifeng, and Taiyang Zhong. "The Spatial Pattern of Urban Settlement in China from the 1980s to 2010." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 6704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236704.

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The dynamic urbanization process of China has stimulated a massive growth of urban settlements in the past few decades. With the development of remote sensing technology and the release of the long-time Landsat archive, spatial characteristics of urban settlement are gradually analyzed on a large scale, and various patterns are developed for describing and analyzing it. However, the urban settlement patterns were mainly quantified by the landscape metrics in existing studies, the underlying features shaping urban settlement pattern were always neglected. In this study, we establish a systematic and comprehensive ‘urban development index system’ for describing China’s urban settlement pattern and its evolutions during the end of the 1980s through to 2010 by using a series of statistical methods. Results show that (1) urban settlement pattern in 2010 is quantified comparatively simpler and more completely than in the end of the 1980s; (2) urban settlements in western and eastern regions present integrated pattern and homogeneous attributes, while urban settlements in central and northeastern regions present relatively complex pattern and various attributes; (3) urban settlements with the most variable pattern are accompanied by the most dynamic population and economic capacity, followed by landscape dispersion. Topographic complexity of urban settlements generally remained unchanged or with slight fluctuations, therefore, it has limited influence on settlement pattern evolution.

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Fitzgerald, Brian, Travis O'Doherty, Richard Moles, and Bernadette O'Regan. "Quantitative Evaluation of Settlement Sustainability Policy (QESSP); Forward Planning for 26 Irish Settlements." Sustainability 7, no. 2 (February 10, 2015): 1819–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7021819.

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Abdelkader, Mahmood, Richard Sliuzas, Luc Boerboom, Ahmed Elseicy, and Jaap Zevenbergen. "Spatial and Temporal Human Settlement Growth Differentiation with Symbolic Machine Learning for Verifying Spatial Policy Targets: Assiut Governorate, Egypt as a Case Study." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 3799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223799.

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Since 2005, Egypt has a new land-use development policy to control unplanned human settlement growth and prevent outlying growth. This study assesses the impact of this policy shift on settlement growth in Assiut Governorate, Egypt, between 1999 and 2020. With symbolic machine learning, we extract built-up areas from Landsat images of 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 and a Landscape Expansion Index with a new QGIS plugin tool (Growth Classifier) developed to classify settlement growth types. The base year, 1999, was produced by the national remote sensing agency. After extracting the built-up areas from the Landsat images, eight settlement growth types (infill, expansion, edge-ribbon, linear branch, isolated cluster, proximate cluster, isolated scattered, and proximate scattered) were identified for four periods (1999:2005, 2005:2010, 2010:2015, and 2015:2020). The results show that prior to the policy shift of 2005, the growth rate for 1999–2005 was 11% p.a. In all subsequent periods, the growth rate exceeded the target rate of 1% p.a., though by varying amounts. The observed settlement growth rates were 5% (2005:2010), 7.4% (2010:2015), and 5.3% (2015:2020). Although the settlements in Assiut grew primarily through expansion and infill, with the latter growing in importance during the last two later periods, outlying growth is also evident. Using four class metrics (number of patches, patch density, mean patch area, and largest patch index) for the eight growth types, all types showed a fluctuated trend between all periods, except for expansion, which always tends to increase. To date, the policy to control human settlement expansion and outlying growth has been unsuccessful.

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Kucik, Jeffrey, and Krzysztof J. Pelc. "Measuring the Cost of Privacy: A Look at the Distributional Effects of Private Bargaining." British Journal of Political Science 46, no. 4 (January 28, 2015): 861–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123414000520.

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Transparency is one of the most contested aspects of international organizations. While observers frequently call for greater oversight of policy making, evidence suggests that settlement between states is more likely when negotiations are conducted behind closed doors. The World Trade Organization’s (WTO) legal body provides a useful illustration of these competing perspectives. As in many courts, WTO dispute settlement is designed explicitly to facilitate settlement throughprivateconsultations. However, this study argues that the privacy of negotiations creates opportunities for states to strike deals that disadvantage others. Looking at product-level trade flows from all disputes between 1995 and 2011, it finds that private (early) settlements lead to discriminatory trade outcomes – complainant countries gain disproportionately more than the rest of the membership. When the facts of a case are made known through a ruling, these disproportional gains disappear entirely. The article also finds that third-party participation – commonly criticized for making settlement less likely – significantly reduces disparities in post-dispute trade. It then draws parallels to domestic law and concludes with a set of policy prescriptions.

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Umar, Iswandi. "IMPLEMENTASI RENCANA TATA RUANG PERMUKIMAN DAN ARAHAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN DI KABUPATEN TANAH DATAR, PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 9, no. 2 (July 11, 2019): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.9.2.276-287.

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In Indonesia the implementation of the spatial plan is only a small part of the plan. The impact of incompatibility with spatial planning is the deterioration of environmental quality. Tanah Datar District has a growth rate of settlements of 0.8 percent/year period 2000-2017. The purpose of this research is to determine index consistency of spatial plan and determination of policy direction of development of settlement area. To determine the consistency index of spatial planning to do a comparison between land use with the spatial plan. Land use map produced from Landsat ETM + 8, and map spatial plans resulting from the RTRW period 2008-2028 In Tanah Datar District. In addition, to determine the direction of the policy of settlement development using the ISM method. The number of elements analyzed by 10 elements, with 24 experts. The results show that around 43,7 percent of settlement development is incompatible with the spatial plan. Therefore, it is necessary for government policy to be consistent with spatial planning and law enforcement on spatial violation

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Collins, Jock. "Rethinking Australian Immigration and Immigrant Settlement Policy." Journal of Intercultural Studies 34, no. 2 (April 2013): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2013.781981.

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16

Wong, Diana. "Transience and Settlement: Singapore's Foreign Labor Policy." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 6, no. 2 (June 1997): 135–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689700600201.

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Foreigners constitute 15 percent of the population and over 20 percent of the labor force in Singapore. They are bifurcated into the highly-skilled, high end as well as the unskilled, low end of the labor market. This large foreign labor force is managed by a comprehensive and highly selective foreign labor policy, which is described in this paper. The strict enforcement of a guestworker policy of transience on the one hand, and the liberal encouragement of settlement on the other, are the twin pillars of this policy. Seen originally as a dispensable appendage to a labor-scarce economy, foreign labor has now become integral to the economic and increasingly, population policy of the country, as evidenced by the recent announcement of a national policy to “attract foreign talent.”

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Curley, Andrew. "“Our Winters’ Rights”: Challenging Colonial Water Laws." Global Environmental Politics 19, no. 3 (August 2019): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00515.

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Much of the scholarship on Indigenous water rights in the United States focuses on legal and political rights awarded or denied in water settlements. This article highlights the voice of settlement opponents within Diné communities over the proposed Little Colorado River Settlement in 2012 between the Navajo Nation and Arizona. Using interviews with key actors, observations of water hearings, and a mini focus group with settlement opponents, my research finds that the proposed water settlement produced contradictory logics, practices, and frameworks that combined two “traditions of Indigenous resistance,” one rooted in the language of self-determination and sovereignty and the other in emerging notions of decolonization. This hybridity of seeking increased water recognition within colonial law, while advocating for decolonial waterscapes, speaks to the complicated and fundamentally entangled political landscapes of Indigenous peoples. Ultimately, in opposing the water settlement, Diné opponents and community members demonstrate that they seek to rectify the injustice of ongoing settler colonialism and realize their collective capabilities as nations, not “Indians,” “tribes,” or “minorities” within and against the authorities of the colonial state.

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Aljurida, A. M. Azhar, Sulaiman Asang, Rakhmat Rakhmat, and Muhammad Rusdi. "Making Benefits in Implementation of the Housing and Residential Policy in the City of Makassar." Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Social Sciences Study 1, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47616/jamrsss.v1i2.64.

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As one of the big cities in Indonesia, Makassar City also experiences problems in the housing sector and residential areas, the high demand for housing which continues to grow from year to year while the land carrying capacity does not increase causing the housing backlog number to increase every year, Law Number 1 of 2011 concerning housing and residential areas is a policy that is expected to solve the dynamic problem of housing and settlement needs through a package of programs and activities, this study aims to understand the form and benefits obtained through the implementation of housing and settlement policies in the city of Makassar using a perspective Grindel, the research method used is a qualitative descriptive method that aims to explore and find implementation performance as an authentic situation and present it through the data analysis process. The housing and settlement policy in the city of Makassar has realized benefits to policy targets, including benefits for the availability of housing for low-income people, further benefits for improving the quality of the environment in slum areas, as well as benefits for the availability of infrastructure, facilities and public utilities in the area of community settlements.

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Mwamba, Jonathan Simbeya. "Analysis of Space Manipulation in an Informal Urban Settlement: The Case of Ng’ombe in Lusaka, Zambia." International Journal of Social Science Studies 8, no. 6 (October 9, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i6.4971.

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Urban informality remains a consistent challenge and matter of debate by planners and policymakers in the urbanising cities of sub-Saharan Africa. A common manifestation of urban informality in African cities is the sprawling informal settlements that constitute the only available housing option for the majority of the urban poor. The analysis of informal urban settlement’s environmental composition, physical modelling and socio-economic and policy analysis have been areas of recent study. However there is limited literature on how the urban poor communities in Zambia manipulate their social, spatial and economic environments to meet their needs. This article seeks to broaden the knowledge base on the way informal urban settlement communities manipulate their urban space. The built environment provides the setting for human interaction and the explanatory theory of Environment-Behaviour Relations provides a suitable analytical framework for the identification of useful parameters for developing future settlement interventions. The study employs a case study method of research to analyse the informal urban settlement settings. Ng’ombe, a peri-urban informal settlement in Lusaka, Zambia is the case study location for this research. Analysis of social, spatial and economic environment at neighbourhood level provides vital information about the informal urban settlement conditions. The study in particular addresses the question of how the social-spatial circumstances of the informal urban population in the developing world influence and defines their built environment. The study shows that systems of settings and system of activities in Ng’ombe offer a suitable analytical framework for studying the settlement characteristics that can guide in formulating strategies for settlement regularisation. Residents devise means of adapting and manipulating their informal urban space to suit their immediate needs and they also devise livelihood coping strategies in the midst of their informal settings. The paper likewise contributes to the growing body of knowledge in urban informality.

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Harirah, Zulfa. "Kerangka Advokasi Koalisi dalam Kebijakan Penataan Pemukiman Bantaran Sungai Winongo di Kota Yogyakarta." Nakhoda: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 17, no. 2 (March 7, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.35967/jipn.v17i2.7065.

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The basic idea of this article is to examine the policy advocacy process on Winongo settlement arrangement riverbanks in Yogyakarta. Problems settlements along the river Winongo become increasingly critical as more densely populated to cause the symptoms of poverty and slums. This condition is then ignited the presence Arkom and FKWA to show arrangement ideas through policy advocacy process. Therefore, this article will focus on answering two things, there are how the coalition framework was formed and how the coalition manage their belief system, resources and strategies. To answer that questions above, this research was escorted by theory Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) of Sabatier and Jenkins Smith. Through the case study method, this research will explore the case of advocacy of policies Winongo settlement on the riverbanks. The results of the research shows that there are two coalitions in structuring settlements along the river Winongo, they are River coalitions and “Right to the city” coalition. Both are proven to stand on two legs, as a member of the coalition and as a policy broker. This shows that the policy is not just a stage of systemic and technocratic, but the policy is a political process that allows each actor to act politically.

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Harirah, Zulfa. "Kerangka Advokasi Koalisi dalam Kebijakan Penataan Pemukiman Bantaran Sungai Winongo di Kota Yogyakarta." Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Nakhoda 17, no. 30 (March 7, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.35967/jipn.v17i30.7065.

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The basic idea of this article is to examine the policy advocacy process on Winongo settlement arrangement riverbanks in Yogyakarta. Problems settlements along the river Winongo become increasingly critical as more densely populated to cause the symptoms of poverty and slums. This condition is then ignited the presence Arkom and FKWA to show arrangement ideas through policy advocacy process. Therefore, this article will focus on answering two things, there are how the coalition framework was formed and how the coalition manage their belief system, resources and strategies. To answer that questions above, this research was escorted by theory Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) of Sabatier and Jenkins Smith. Through the case study method, this research will explore the case of advocacy of policies Winongo settlement on the riverbanks. The results of the research shows that there are two coalitions in structuring settlements along the river Winongo, they are River coalitions and “Right to the city” coalition. Both are proven to stand on two legs, as a member of the coalition and as a policy broker. This shows that the policy is not just a stage of systemic and technocratic, but the policy is a political process that allows each actor to act politically.

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22

Sanders, Will, and Sarah Holcombe. "Sustainable governance for small desert settlements: learning from the multi-settlement regionalism of Anmatjere Community Government Council." Rangeland Journal 30, no. 1 (2008): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj07034.

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In light of some basic desert demography, this paper examines governance patterns for small desert settlements. It traces policy histories which led to the emergence of highly localised, single settlement governance arrangements during the 1970s and ’80s. It also identifies the many pushes since within the Northern Territory local government system for more regional, multi-settlement governance structures. The paper goes on to examine the history of one such regional, multi-settlement arrangement in central Australia, the Anmatjere Community Government Council established in 1993. The paper details our work with this Council over the last 4 years on ‘issues of importance or concern’ to them. The paper aims to learn from the ACGC experience in order to inform the more radical restructuring of Northern Territory local government currently underway towards larger multi-settlement regionalism. It concludes with four specific lessons, the most important of which is that regionalism must build on single settlement localism.

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Iliya, Suleiman, and Huriye Gürdallı. "A Sustainable Governmental Intervention Policy for Slum Upgrading: Road Infrastructure in Railway Down Quarter, Kaduna, Nigeria." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p581.

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The urban cities in Nigeria are experiencing a deformation causing an urban decay with poor housing construction, improper use of unplanned land hindering urban spatial development. In this paper examination of slum prevalence in Nigeria and aims to propose development scheme to improve informal settlement of the urban cities focusing on governmental intervention and development policies in all level of governmental authorities to upgrade the living conditions and obtain value for the urban low class. Harvesting the potential of the work force of this regions for urban development, aims to provide highlight to the use of infrastructural development particularly road network to aid connectivity and urban design. A review of informal settlement mainly on the absence of infrastructure and degraded environmental conditions in an unplanned settlement in the city of Kaduna popularly known as Railway Down Quarter, proposes a possible strategy and approach for a sustainable upgrading policy. This research develops a conceptual approach of the necessity of mainly road infrastructure a medium that introduces services and a sustainable development in informal settlements in Kaduna, Nigeria by government intervention. Keywords: Slum upgrade, government policy, road infrastructure, Railway Down Quarter, Kaduna, Nigeria

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Mudau, Naledzani, and Paidamwoyo Mhangara. "Investigation of Informal Settlement Indicators in a Densely Populated Area Using Very High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 4735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094735.

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Automation of informal settlements detection using satellite imagery remains a challenging task in urban remote sensing. This is due to the fact that informal settlements vary in shape, size and spatial arrangement from one region to the other in some cases within a city. This paper investigated the methodology to detect informal settlements in a densely populated township by assessing informal settlement indicators observed from very high spatial resolution satellite imagery. We assessed twelve informal settlement indicators to determine the most effective indicators to distinguish between informal and informal classes. These indicators included the spectral indices first and second-order statistical measurements. In addition to the commonly used informal settlement indicators, we assessed the effectiveness of built-up area and iron cover. The GLCM textural measures performed poorly in separating informal and formal settlements compared to first-order statistics measurement and spectral indices. The built-up area index, coastal blue index and the first-order statistics mean measurements produced higher separability distance of informal and formal settlements. The iron index performed better in separating the two settlement types than the commonly used GLCM measure and NDVI. The proposed ruleset that uses the three features with the highest separability distance achieved producer and user accuracies of informal settlements of 95% and 82%, respectively. The results of this study will contribute towards developing methodologies to automatically detect informal settlements.

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Hashmi, Zahra Akram. "Land Revenue Settlements: The Magnitudes of Economic Development in the State of Bahawalpur (1866–1947)." Indian Historical Review 48, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836211009711.

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With the advent of the British in India, the colonial institutions were introduced throughout the country. In the Bahawalpur State, the Agency government stimulated the fiscal patterns of British India particularly its settlement policy, which brought amelioration in the native revenue system. This paper traces the historical process of land settlement for revenue generation and their impact over the agrarian economy of the State. These settlements became the major contributing factor towards the economic advancement. The different phases of settlement of land, along with the extent of government demand are established in this research. The third phase of land settlement resulted by the beginning of weir control water system, brought some revolutionary changes in the land pattern and revenue structure therefore, it has been particularly focused in this paper. The data for this study is mainly based on unpublished archival documents and unpublished assessment reports.

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Smith, Mark Stafford, Mark Moran, and Kurt Seemann. "The 'viability' and resilience of communities and settlements in desert Australia." Rangeland Journal 30, no. 1 (2008): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj07048.

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There is a continuing policy debate about whether it is possible to have sustainable small settlements in outback regions of Australia, where there is low and variable primary production and a sparse and mobile population. This debate is focused largely on Aboriginal settlements, but applies equally to all desert dwellers. In this contribution, we review the sources of economic flows through settlements occupied by different communities with common livelihood sources, whether based on mining, grazing, tourism, cultural resources, welfare or services, concluding that most desert livelihoods depend directly or indirectly on temporally variable inputs. Individual remote settlements tend to be dominated by one such ‘community of livelihood’, and differ in nature according to the source of that livelihood. These create types of settlement and service aspirations which are alien to more densely settled regions. Settlement ‘viability’ is a measure of the short-term balance between aspirations for services (technical, social, but also for livelihoods and well being) and the costs of fulfilling these aspirations, and consequently is not a simple on/off switch – the community can adjust both its aspirations and the cost factors involved in meeting them. We define a resilient settlement as one that is viable in the long term in the face of its variable inputs. Thus, we determine that the concepts of settlement viability and resilience must be analysed differently according to the strategy adopted by different resident communities. In particular, Aboriginal (and pastoral) communities are particularly dependent on social and natural capital, yet these are not monitored. The whole analysis emphasises the importance of taking a demand- rather than supply-driven approach to services in desert settlements. Our conclusion is that, if top-down solutions continue to be imposed without appreciating the fundamental drivers of settlement in desert regions, then those solutions will continue to be partial, and ineffective in the long term.

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Bektaş, Erhan. "Ottoman Settlement Policy in Iraq: Negotiation and Coercion." History Studies International Journal of History 11, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.9737/hist.2019.745.

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Cantarow, Ellen, and Merle Thorpe. "Prescription for Conflict: Israel's West Bank Settlement Policy." MERIP Reports, no. 131 (March 1985): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3011012.

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Gilbert, Alan, D. Dewar, A. Todes, and V. Watson. "Regional Development and Settlement Policy: Premises and Prospects." Geographical Journal 153, no. 2 (July 1987): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/634899.

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Goel, Rajeev K., and Michael A. Nelson. "The Master Settlement Agreement and cigarette tax policy." Journal of Policy Modeling 29, no. 3 (May 2007): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.03.005.

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RAINES, J. PATRICK. "Common Market Competition Policy: The EC-IBM Settlement." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 24, no. 2 (December 1985): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1985.tb00089.x.

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LaFrance, Arthur B. "Tobacco Litigation: Smoke, Mirrors and Public Policy." American Journal of Law & Medicine 26, no. 2-3 (2000): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800011059.

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My experience and reflections concerning tobacco litigation stem from representing the American Cancer Society in November of 1998,' when the State of Oregon asked Judge Anna Brown of the Circuit Court of Multnomah County in Portland to approve the settlement agreement reached between Oregon and the major tobacco manufacturers. The American Cancer Society inteivened in opposition. The agreement was a part of a multi-state settlement reached by forty-six state Attorneys Generals and the tobacco industry proposed to state courts during that same week and the ensuing weeks around the country. By October of 1999, the Master-Settlement Agreement (MSA) was approved by enough states that it was effectuated. Distributions pursuant to the agreement will begin in 2000 or 2001. Total disbursements over twenty years will exceed $240 billion, a huge amount of money by anyone's standards.

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Wang, Hai-fan, and Shang-chia Chiou. "Study on the Sustainable Development of Human Settlement Space Environment in Traditional Villages." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 4186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154186.

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The sustainability of the human settlement space environment is an eternal subject of human exploration. There hides the idea of human settlement space in an externally displayed material environment. This paper takes Dai villages in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan as the research object. Dai villages are the place where the ancestors of Dai people live, produce, and collectively construct human settlement, production, and spirit. Taking field investigation data and maps of Dai settlement areas as data sources, this paper explores Dai people’s view of human settlement space, analyzes the spatial cultural connotation of Dai villages, and the concept of sustainable human settlements ecology through the analysis of the factors of the villages’ spatial form. The survey results are as follows: (1) the villages are usually located at river valleys and basin areas, which are characteristic of facing the sun and near the water, embodying the persevering ecological concept of “adapting to local conditions and coexisting with nature”. (2) Dai people are one of the earliest “rice-growing nationalities”. Dai people’s settlements have formed a sustainable human settlement ecological space and the spatial pattern of “water-forest-field-village” is an organic whole. (3) The combination of Dai’s primitive religious ecology and Southern Buddhist culture has formed the characteristic of “advocating nature and Buddhism” and a unique concept of settlement space.

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Cai, Hong Zhuan, and Xiao Hui Li. "Discussion on Price Settlement Policy Influence on the PV Power Generation Business Model." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 1527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.1527.

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To support the development of the PV industry, the China National Energy Bureau has issued some policies to stimulate the domestic PV market consumption, such as the “Golden Sun Demonstration Project”, “Building Integrated PV” policy. But these policies have some great vulnerability. Many developed countries, such as Germany, Japan, USA; they have some mature PV price settlement policies, such as Feed-in Tariff, Net Metering and Self-Consumption. Therefore, according to the needs of domestic situation, China National Energy Bureau needs to refer to those developed countries’ mature PV price settlement policies to formulate a PV price settlement policy. This policy must suit China PV market. And this policy should guide the development of domestic PV market correctly. Herein, I put forward some recommendations to improve our PV price settlement policy.

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Kumar N., Subrahmanya, and Puttanna K. "Payments transition in India – consumer preferences and policy shifts." Banks and Bank Systems 13, no. 4 (November 8, 2018): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.13(4).2018.02.

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Economic growth should be supplemented by an efficient payment and settlement system. Many attempts have been made to improve the efficiency of payment and settlement system in India. Especially the effort has been in terms of promoting digital economy. But the stickiness to payments through currency notes by the people has had a moderating effect on these efforts. The policy shift of Government of India towards demonetization of higher denomination currency notes has given thrust to digital payments. The study hypothesizes that post demonetization, the payment and settlement system indicators would show moderate to high deviation from the volume and value that can be forecasted using the historical data. Using Automatic ARIMA Forecasting in EViews, the forecasted values for the indicators for a period from November 2016 to March 2018 were estimated based on the historical data of the indicators from April 2011 to October 2016. The forecasted values of the indicators are then compared with the actual values of the indicators to see if they differ significantly by using paired t-test. The study finds evidence to suggest that the policy of demonetization and resultant reduced supply of currency notes has provided impetus to the Indian public to move towards digital platforms, and the increased supply of currency notes thereafter has not led to complete reversal of this shift in this change in consumer preference. This leads to the conclusion that through effective policy shifts, consumer preferences can be altered, and the Indian economy could become a less cash economy.

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Toft, Monica Duffy. "Ending Civil Wars: A Case for Rebel Victory?" International Security 34, no. 4 (April 2010): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2010.34.4.7.

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Since 1990, negotiated settlements have become the preferred means for settling civil wars. Historically, however, these types of settlements have proven largely ineffective: civil wars ended by negotiated settlement are more likely to recur than those ending in victory by one side or the other. A theoretical and statistical analysis of how civil wars end reveals that the type of ending influences the prospects for longer-term outcomes. An examination of all civil war endings since 1940 finds that rebel victories are more likely to secure the peace than are negotiated settlements. A statistical analysis of civil wars from 1940 to 2002 and the case of Uganda illustrate why rebel victories result in more stable outcomes. Expanding scholarly and policy analysis of civil war termination types beyond the current default of negotiated settlement to include victories provides a much larger set of cases and variables to draw upon to enhance understanding of the conditions most likely to support long-term stability, democracy, and prosperity.

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Kuswati, Atik S. "Ringkasan Studi Sinergi Antara Jaringan Kereta Api Perkotaan Dengan Properti Pemukiman." Warta Penelitian Perhubungan 22, no. 8 (August 31, 2010): 817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/warlit.v22i8.1142.

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Kinds of urban transportation policy are used to overcome public transportation's problemin big cities. One of them is the development of public transportation based on railways.This policy has already implemented in J abodetabek as public transportation besides buses.The potency of J abodetabek railways development can be seen from the trends of passengersand land use patterns. In addition, the synergy of settlement area in cities and railwaysdevelopment can be seen as potency as well. The cooperation between PT.KA and privatecompanies has already exists and can be improved by considering the potency. The growthsof those settlements area refers to the regional planning which can take advantage fromthe railways track through on the area, conversely PT.KA will gain profit from the passengerswho stay in that area. This matter is explained in the study of The Synergy of UrbanRailways Network and Settlement Property conducted by Research and Development ofTransportation Agency in 2008.

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Mutu. "The Treaty Claims Settlement Process in New Zealand and its Impact on Māori." Land 8, no. 10 (October 15, 2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8100152.

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This article considers research conducted on the impact of the Crown’s treaty claims settlement policy on Māori in New Zealand. It provides a brief background to the Treaty of Waitangi and the subsequent British colonisation process that relied on the Doctrine of Discovery in breach of the treaty. It outlines how colonisation dispossessed Māori of 95 percent of their lands and resources, usurped Māori power and authority and left them in a state of poverty, deprivation and marginalisation while procuring considerable wealth, prosperity and privilege for British settlers. The work of the Waitangi Tribunal, the commission of inquiry set up to investigate those breaches, is considered, as is the Crown’s reaction to the 1987 Lands case in developing its treaty claims settlement policy. The Crown unilaterally imposed the policy despite vehement opposition from Māori. Since 1992, it has legislated more than seventy ‘settlements’. The research shows that overall, the process has traumatised claimants, divided their communities, and returned on average less than one percent of their stolen lands. Proposals for constitutional transformation have drawn widespread support from Māori as a solution to British colonisation. United Nations treaty-monitoring bodies have recommended that the government discuss this with Māori.

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Fiebiger, Brett. "Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy and the Mechanics of Modern Clearing and Settlement Systems." Review of Political Economy 28, no. 4 (September 28, 2016): 590–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2016.1225445.

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Jonghyug Choi and Young-Ju Yu. "The practitioners‘ perceptions on settlement of cultural welfare policy." Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies 43, no. 2 (June 2012): 179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.16999/kasws.2012.43.2.179.

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Tanimura, Joseph, and C. Paul Wazzan. "Public Policy by Settlement of Litigation: A Case Study." California Journal of Politics and Policy 6, no. 4 (January 30, 2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p2kp4q.

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Wijaya, Mendra, and Tengku Fahrul Gafar. "POLICY ANALYSIS ON INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF HOUSING AND REGION SETTLEMENT." JDP (JURNAL DINAMIKA PEMERINTAHAN) 2, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/jdp.v2i1.735.

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The distribution of government task is divided into two kinds, the absolute task performed by the central government; and concurrent task (the task of choice and mandatory) that are a joint task between the central and local governments. Based on Law Number 23 the Year 2014 on Regional Government, the task of housing and settlement area is a mandatory task (basic service) of the (central and local) government tasks. However, there is a policy change that states that providing housing is not only a government (central and local) task, but also requires the involvement of other government agencies associated with this task, thus have to create a separate unit of work in handling it. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and analyze various policies and institutional coordination in the field of Housing and Settlement Area with the approach of Law of Governance, then provide solutions to efforts in increasing the institutional capacity so as not to overlap.

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HOLMES, JOHNH. "Policy issues concerning rural settlement in Australia's pastoral zone." Australian Geographical Studies 23, no. 1 (April 1985): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8470.1985.tb00475.x.

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Kim, Jung Ho. ""Policy Issues for Institutional Settlement of Cultural Impact Assessment"." Journal of Convergence Society and Public Policy 12, no. 4 (February 28, 2019): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37582/cspp.2019.12.4.105.

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Williams, Neil. "Evidence and Policy: Towards a New Politico‐Administrative Settlement." Political Quarterly 73, no. 1 (January 2002): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.00445.

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Fenn, George W., and Paul Kupiec. "Prudential margin policy in a futures-style settlement system." Journal of Futures Markets 13, no. 4 (June 1993): 389–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fut.3990130406.

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Jansen Calamita, N. "Dispute Settlement Transparency in Europe’s Evolving Investment Treaty Policy." Journal of World Investment & Trade 15, no. 3-4 (July 28, 2014): 645–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-01504014.

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In a number of documents released (and leaked) over the past two years, the European Commission has made clear that future treaty arrangements on investment between the European Union (eu) and third states will include robust provisions on transparency in investor-state dispute settlement. The Commission’s position reflects the acceptance of a “new normal” with respect to transparency in the investment treaty making practice of states. This article discusses the global context of the Commission’s conclusion and the rapid evolution of treaty provisions and arbitral rules on transparency in investor-state dispute settlement and non-disputing party participation. This article then analyses the Commission’s 2012 leaked draft negotiating text and reflects upon the Commission’s choice to adopt the 2013 uncitral Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration for its future treaties.

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Kliot, N., and A. Medzini. "Bedouin settlement policy in Israel, 1964–1982: Another perspective." Geoforum 16, no. 4 (January 1985): 428–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(85)90050-8.

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Van Alphen Fyfe, Monique. "Woe Unto Them That Lay Field to Field: Closer Settlement in the Early Liberal Era." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 47, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v47i1.4881.

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This article undertakes a re-examination of the origins, construction and application of the Land for Settlements legislation in the early Liberal era. The Liberal's commitment to closer settlement reveals part of the story of highly contested land policy in colonial New Zealand. Land for Settlements legislation of the 1890s, aimed at "bursting up" the great estates, was predominantly the product of settlers' ideological aspirations and two determined politicians: John Ballance and John McKenzie. When measured against the rhetoric used to promote it, however, the policy was not necessarily effective: it was complicated by practical realities and a narrow vision of New Zealand as a vigorous Arcadian paradise. When contrasted with the treatment of Māori land, yet more of the complexity of the land issue and the frailties of the actors facing it are revealed. The article concludes by proposing that Liberal policy, while flawed in execution, may have nevertheless contributed something to the consolidation of the concept of New Zealand as an agrarian ideal, a concept that remains largely intact today.

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Zheng, Minrui, Wenwu Tang, Akinwumi Ogundiran, and Jianxin Yang. "Spatial Simulation Modeling of Settlement Distribution Driven by Random Forest: Consideration of Landscape Visibility." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 4748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114748.

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Settlement models help to understand the social–ecological functioning of landscape and associated land use and land cover change. One of the issues of settlement modeling is that models are typically used to explore the relationship between settlement locations and associated influential factors (e.g., slope and aspect). However, few studies in settlement modeling adopted landscape visibility analysis. Landscape visibility provides useful information for understanding human decision-making associated with the establishment of settlements. In the past years, machine learning algorithms have demonstrated their capabilities in improving the performance of the settlement modeling and particularly capturing the nonlinear relationship between settlement locations and their drivers. However, simulation models using machine learning algorithms in settlement modeling are still not well studied. Moreover, overfitting issues and optimization of model parameters are major challenges for most machine learning algorithms. Therefore, in this study, we sought to pursue two research objectives. First, we aimed to evaluate the contribution of viewsheds and landscape visibility to the simulation modeling of - settlement locations. The second objective is to examine the performance of the machine learning algorithm-based simulation models for settlement location studies. Our study region is located in the metropolitan area of Oyo Empire, Nigeria, West Africa, ca. AD 1570–1830, and its pre-Imperial antecedents, ca. AD 1360–1570. We developed an event-driven spatial simulation model enabled by random forest algorithm to represent dynamics in settlement systems in our study region. Experimental results demonstrate that viewsheds and landscape visibility may offer more insights into unveiling the underlying mechanism that drives settlement locations. Random forest algorithm, as a machine learning algorithm, provide solid support for establishing the relationship between settlement occurrences and their drivers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'SETTLEMENT POLICY'

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