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1

Geller, Jay. On Freud's Jewish body: mitigating circumcisions. New York: Fordham University Press, 2007.

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2

Berry, Pam. Biodiversity in the balance: Mitigation and adaptation conflicts and synergies. Sofia: Pensoft, 2009.

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3

Lefeber, R. An inconvenient responsibility. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Eleven, 2009.

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An inconvenient responsibility. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Eleven, 2009.

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5

Sen lin tan hui wen ti yan jiu. Ha'erbin Shi: Dongbei lin ye da xue chu ban she, 2006.

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6

California. Bureau of State Audits. Salton Sea Restoration Fund: The state has not fully funded a restoration plan and the state's future mitigation costs are uncertain. Sacramento, California: California State Auditor, 2013.

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7

Environmental Studies Revolving Funds (Canada). Wildlife and wildlife habitat restoration and compensation in the event of an oil spill in the Beaufort Sea: Revised edition of the Report for Beaufort Sea Steering Committee Task Group 2 - remedial and mitigative measures. Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Studies Research Funds, 1993.

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8

Company, Environmental. Draft environmental impact statement: Seabird interaction mitigation methods under the Fishery Management Plan, Pelagics Fisheries of the Western Pacific Region ; and pelagic squid fishery management under the Fishery Management Plan, Pelagics Fisheries of the Western Pacific Region and the High Seas Fishing Compliance Act. [Honolulu, HI]: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Regional Office, 2004.

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9

How to go carbon neutral: A practical guide to treading more lightly upon the Earth. Oxford: How To Books, 2008.

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10

New Jersey. State Beach Erosion Commission. Commission meeting of State Beach Erosion Commission: Sand and gravel mining off the New Jersey shoreline : [July 24, 1996, Sea Bright, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 1996.

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11

United States. Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works). Shoreline erosion and storm damages at Lake Worth Inlet, Palm Beach Harbor, Florida: Communication frrom the Acting Assistant Secretary (Civil Works), the Department of the Army, transmitting a report on a project for mitigation of shoreline erosion and storm damages caused by existing federal navigation improvements at Lake Worth Inlet, Palm Beach Harbor, Florida, pursuant to Pub. L. 104-303, sec. 101(b)(8). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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12

Commission, New Jersey State Beach Erosion. Commission meeting of State Beach Erosion Commission: The need for increasing the annual Shore Protection Fund appropriation, the feasibility of state ownership and operation of dredging equipment, the status of state education/outreach on engineered beach requirements : [April, 27, 1998, Sea Isle City, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: The Unit, 1998.

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13

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Mitigating systemic risk in financial markets through Wall Street reforms: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, on examining efforts by the SEC and CFTC to improve financial stability and reduce systemic risk in the financial markets through implementation of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act and the Consumer Protection Act of 2010, July 30, 2013. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

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14

Karpyn, Allison. Obesogenic Environments and Public Health Mitigation Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0008.

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The chapter begins with a description of the Health Impact Pyramid, which in many ways has set the stage for addressing challenges in the food environment. A definition and history of the term obesogenic environment is offered alongside the challenges less healthy food environments create. A brief description of the growth in the fast food industry is also provided in this context. Efforts to address challenges are later discussed in terms of strategies to reduce food deserts, improve the product mix in corner stores, and increase access to farmers markets.
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15

Wang, Fawu, and Tonglu Li. Landslide Disaster Mitigation in Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Springer, 2016.

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16

Wang, Fawu, and Tonglu Li. Landslide Disaster Mitigation in Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Springer, 2009.

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17

Satellite-Based Mitigation and Adaptation Scenarios for Sea Level Rise in the Lower Niger Delta. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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18

Musa, Zahrah Naankwat. Satellite-Based Mitigation and Adaptation Scenarios for Sea Level Rise in the Lower Niger Delta. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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19

Musa, Zahrah Naankwat. Satellite-Based Mitigation and Adaptation Scenarios for Sea Level Rise in the Lower Niger Delta. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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20

Musa, Zahrah Naankwat. Satellite-Based Mitigation and Adaptation Scenarios for Sea Level Rise in the Lower Niger Delta. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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21

Musa, Zahrah Naankwat. Satellite-Based Mitigation and Adaptation Scenarios for Sea Level Rise in the Lower Niger Delta. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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22

On Freud's Jewish Body: Mitigating Circumcisions. Fordham University Press, 2007.

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23

On Freud's Jewish Body: Mitigating Circumcisions. Fordham University Press, 2007.

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24

O'Sullivan, Bob, and Charlotte Streck. A Jigsaw Waiting to be Assembled? Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0025.

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This chapter describes the current treatment of the land-use sector under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. It discusses how various financial incentive and accounting frameworks can complement each other under a future climate treaty. Despite recognizing the importance of forestry and agriculture, the climate change regime has failed to formulate incentives to encourage mitigation in the land-use sector while maintaining the ecological and social functions of landscapes. Unfortunately, the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol only formulate a fragmented set of rules, incentives, and obligations. The Protocol considers forest emissions in developed countries, but fails to create incentives for the sector’s highest emissions reduction and carbon storage potential in developing countries. This phenomenon highlights the importance of a new future climate treaty. Its discussion creates an integrated accounting and incentive framework that facilitates the formulation of robust and complementary adaptation and mitigation strategies.
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25

Tim, Stephens. 34 Warming Waters and Souring Seas: Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715481.003.0034.

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This chapter examines the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on the oceans and their implications for the international law of the sea. In particular, it assesses the implications of rising sea levels for territorial sea baselines, the seawards extent of maritime zones, and maritime boundaries. It also considers the restrictions placed by the UN Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) upon States in pursuing climate mitigation and adaptation policies, such as attempts to ‘engineer’ the global climate by artificially enhancing the capacity of the oceans to draw CO2 from the atmosphere. The chapter analyzes the role of the LOSC, alongside other treaty regimes, in addressing the serious threat of ocean acidification.
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26

Climate Change in Bangladesh: Confronting Impending Disasters. Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2013.

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27

David W, Rivkin, and Amirfar Catherine. Part III Public International Law Disputes, Climate Disputes, and Sustainable Development in the Energy Sector, 18 Climate Disputes and Sustainable Development in the Energy Sector: Future Directives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0018.

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This chapter addresses both climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation. It makes ‘the case for international arbitration’, analyzing in particular current dispute resolution structures on carbon trading and the specific set of arbitration rules developed by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) to resolve environmental disputes. It shows how increased awareness of climate change and its effects have clearly influenced the litigation and arbitration worlds. Developing bespoke environmental arbitration rules offers a number of benefits, including transparency, procedural flexibility, access to technical experts and arbitrators with key climate change expertise, and the possibility of multiparty involvement. Such rules may be of particular benefit to parties involved in carbon credit trading systems and investment projects motivated by such systems.
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28

Baird, Sarah, and Berk Özler. Transactional Sex in Malawi. Edited by Scott Cunningham and Manisha Shah. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199915248.013.7.

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This chapter examines transactional sex as a distinctive feature of traditional “dating” in Malawi. It begins with a review of the existing literature on transactional sex in sub-Saharan Africa, with particular emphasis on the distinction between commercial sex work, informal sex work, and transactional sex. It then analyzes transactional sex among a sample of 13- to 22-year-old, initially never-married females in southern Malawi. It also considers the role that cash-transfer programs in particular and social safety-net programs in general might play in mitigating transactional sex. The findings suggest that cash-transfer programs that focus on adolescent girls can allow them to steer away from “relationships of need” toward “relationships of want,” reduce risky sexual behavior as a result, and thus reduce their subsequent risk of HIV infection.
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29

Gabriele, Goettsche-Wanli. Part I Assessing the UN Institutional Structure for Global Ocean Governance: The UN’s Role in Global Ocean Governance, 1 The Role of the United Nations, including its Secretariat in Global Ocean Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198824152.003.0001.

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This chapter examines the role of the United Nations and its related institutions for global ocean governance, including those established by the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It first considers the main issues that these institutions have addressed, ranging from sustainable fisheries, via ecosystem protection, to marine biodiversity conservation; and more recently, maritime security. It then argues that the impacts of climate change have arguably not been directly addressed by either the global ocean governance regime, as it is currently constituted, nor by the climate change regime, at least until recent developments through the 2015 Paris Agreement relating to adaptation and mitigation measures in direct response to sea-level rise and the effects of ocean acidification. The chapter proceeds by discussing UNCLOS and its related legal instruments, UN Conferences and Summit on sustainable development, and the role played by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in global ocean governance.
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30

Addison, Tony. Climate Change and the Extractives Sector. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0022.

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Climate change is one of the world’s most complex and urgent global problems—many argue that it is the greatest challenge. Climate change adaptation and mitigation are fundamental to the evolution of our economies and societies over the rest of the twenty-first century and beyond. The extractive industries are in many ways at the heart of the challenge. The extractives sector must support national and international efforts to respond to climate change, by adjusting exploration and production to shifting patterns of demand for energy and minerals—as policies and new technologies encourage progress along low-carbon pathways. None of this is easy; success is not assured. This is a large topic, and the task of this chapter is to set out some of its main issues as they relate to the extractives sector.
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31

Koalisi Rakyat untuk Keadilan Perikanan., ed. Perdebatan belum usai: Apakah laut penyerap atau pelepas karbon?. Jakarta: Koalisi Rakyat Untuk Keadilan Perikanan, 2009.

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32

Muhammad, Karim, Damanik Riza 1980-, and Koalisi Rakyat untuk Keadilan Perikanan., eds. Perdebatan belum usai: Apakah laut penyerap atau pelepas karbon? Jakarta: Koalisi Rakyat Untuk Keadilan Perikanan, 2009.

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33

Dayna Nadine, Scott. Part IV Federalism, B Federalism in Context, Ch.23 The Environment, Federalism, and the Charter. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0023.

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This chapter reviews the key jurisprudential developments in relation to the division of powers in Canada, exploring how the shared jurisdiction over the “environment” created by sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution has historically shaped and continues to shape environmental law and policy. In addition to this federal-provincial struggle, the chapter considers the current trend towards local regulation of environmental matters according to the principle of “subsidiarity”, and the growing recognition of the “inherent jurisdiction” of Indigenous peoples. The contemporary dynamics are explored through two critical policy case studies highlighting barriers to environmental justice: safe drinking water on reserves, and climate change mitigation. The review reveals that Canada’s constitutional framework, although not solely responsible, has contributed to our collective failure to achieve a coordinated and effective set of environmental laws and policies, which translates to unequal distribution of environmental benefits and burdens on the ground.
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34

Levy, Barry S., and Jonathan A. Patz. Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0032.

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Environmental consequences of climate change include increases in temperature as well as frequency, severity, and/or duration of heat waves; heavy precipitation events; intensity and/or duration of drought; intense tropical cyclone activity, and sea level. Adverse health consequences of climate change include heat-related disorders, respiratory disorders, allergic disorders, vector-borne diseases, waterborne and foodborne disease, and injuries related to extreme weather events. Adverse health consequences also include indirect effects of climate change on health related to decreased agriculture yields and food shortages, distress migration, and collective violence. In addition, all of the consequences of climate change can adversely affect the mental health of individuals, communities, and entire nations. The primary ways of addressing climate change are mitigation (policies and actions to stabilize or reduce the emission of greenhouse gases) and adaptation (policies and actions to reduce the impact of climate change). Building popular and political will to address climate change is essential.
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35

Sealevel Rise For The Coasts Of California Oregon And Washington Past Present And Future. National Academies Press, 2012.

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36

Jenkins, Jesse D., and Valerie J. Karplus. Carbon Pricing under Political Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0003.

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The economic prescription for mitigating climate change is clear: price carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions to internalize climate damages. In practice, a variety of political economy constraints have prevented the introduction of a carbon price equal to the full social cost of emissions. This chapter develops insights about the design of climate policy in the face of binding political constraints. Using a stylized model of the energy sector, the authors identify welfare-maximizing combinations of a CO2 price, subsidy for clean energy production, and lump-sum transfers to energy consumers or producers under a set of constraints: limits on the CO2 price, on increases in energy prices, and on energy consumer and producer surplus loss. The authors find that strategically using subsidies or transfers to relieve political constraints can significantly improve the efficiency of carbon pricing policies, while strengthening momentum for a low-carbon transition over time.
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37

Munro, James. Exceptions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828709.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 provides an overview of the availability and applicability of exceptions that could potentially save aspects of emissions trading schemes that otherwise violate international economic law. Drawing on the justifications set out in respect of those impugned aspects of emissions trading schemes in Chapter 8, Chapter 9 explains which of those justifications might be permissible under international economic law, and the kind of evidence that would be required to make out a successful defence. This chapter finds that justifications that are rationally connected to the goal of mitigating climate change or safeguarding financial markets, and which deploy the least trade-restrictive means possible, could form the basis of a defence in many instances. However, justifications that are grounded in other economic or social policy goals, or for which there is a less trade-restrictive means of achieving that end, will be less likely to save a measure that is otherwise a violation of international economic law.
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38

Gray, Kevin R., Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne, eds. The Oxford Handbook of International Climate Change Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.001.0001.

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Climate change presents one of the greatest challenges of our time, and has become one of the defining issues of the twenty-first century. The radical changes which both developed and developing countries will need to make, in economic and in legal terms, to respond to climate change are unprecedented. International law, including treaty regimes, institutions, and customary international law, needs to address the myriad challenges and consequences of climate change, including variations in the weather patterns, sea level rise, and the resulting migration of peoples. This book provides an authoritative overview of all aspects of international climate change law as it currently stands, with guidance for how it should develop in the future. This book sets out to analyse the legal issues that surround this vitally important but still emerging area of international law. This book addresses the major legal dimensions of the problems caused by climate change: not only in the content and nature of the international legal frameworks, which need implementation at the national level, but also the development of carbon trading systems as a means of reducing the costs of meeting emission reduction targets. After an introduction to the field, the book assesses the relevant institutions, the key applicable principles of international law, the international mitigation regime and its consequences, and climate change litigation, before providing perspectives focused upon specific countries or regions.
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39

Arent, Douglas, Channing Arndt, Mackay Miller, Finn Tarp, and Owen Zinaman, eds. The Political Economy of Clean Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.001.0001.

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The 21st Conference of the Parties (CoP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) shifted the nature of the political economy challenge associated with achieving a global emissions trajectory that is consistent with a climate. The shifts generated by CoP21 place country decision-making and country policies at centre stage. Under moderately optimistic assumptions concerning the vigour with which CoP21 objectives are pursued, nearly every country in the world will set about to design and implement the most promising and locally relevant policies for achieving their agreed contribution to global mitigation. These policies are virtually certain to vary dramatically across countries. In short, the world stands at the cusp of an unprecedented era of policy experimentation in driving a clean energy transition. This book steps into this new world of broad-scale and locally relevant policy experimentation. The chapters focus on the political economy of clean energy transition with an emphasis on specific issues encountered in both developed and developing countries. Lead authors contribute a broad diversity of experience drawn from all major regions of the world, representing a compendium of what has been learned from recent initiatives, mostly (but not exclusively) at country level, to reduce GHG emissions. As this new era of experimentation dawns, their contributions are both relevant and timely.
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40

Hägel, Peter. Billionaires in World Politics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852711.001.0001.

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This book shows how the privatization of politics assumes a new dimension when billionaires wield power in world politics, which requires a re-thinking of individual agency in International Relations. Structural changes (globalization, neoliberalism, competition states, and global governance) have generated new opportunities for individuals to become extremely rich and to engage in politics across borders. The political agency of billionaires is being conceptualized in terms of capacities, goals, and power, which is contingent upon the specific political field a billionaire is trying to enter. Six case studies explore the power of billionaires in their pursuit of security, wealth, and esteem. The chapter on security analyzes Raj Rajaratnam’s relationship to the Tamil cause in Sri Lanka, and Sheldon Adelson's transnational electioneering in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Regarding the economy, the book studies how the Koch brothers' political protection of fossil fuels is affecting climate change mitigation, and how Rupert Murdoch's opinion-shaping is valorizing conservatism across borders. The chapter on social entrepreneurship and esteem examines the role of Bill Gates in the governance of global health and George Soros's attempts to build open societies as a 'stateless statesman'. An analytical conclusion evaluates the prior findings in order to address three major questions: Is it more appropriate to see billionaires as 'super-actors', or as a global 'super-class'? What is the relative power of billionaires within the international system? What does the power of billionaires mean for the liberal norms of legitimate political order?
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41

Armstrong, Christopher. Climate Change and Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.231.

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Understanding the complex set of processes collected under the heading of climate change represents a considerable scientific challenge. But it also raises important challenges for our best moral theories. For instance, in assessing the risks that climate change poses, we face profound questions about how to weigh the respective harms it may inflict on current and future generations, as well as on humans and other species. We also face difficult questions about how to act in conditions of uncertainty, in which at least some of the consequences of climate change—and of various human interventions to adapt to or mitigate it—are difficult to predict fully. Even if we agree that mitigating climate change is morally required, there is room for disagreement about the precise extent to which it ought to be mitigated (insofar as there is room for underlying disagreement about the level of temperature rises that are morally permissible). Finally, once we determine which actions to take to reduce or avoid climate change, we face the normative question of who ought to bear the costs of those actions, as well as the costs associated with any climate change that nevertheless comes to pass.
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42

Estlund, Cynthia. Automation Anxiety. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197566107.001.0001.

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This book confronts the hotly debated prospect of mounting job losses from automation, and the divergent hopes and fears that prospect evokes, and proposes a strategy for mitigating the losses and spreading the gains from shrinking demand for human labor. Leading economists have concluded that automation is already exacerbating inequality by destroying more decent middle-skill jobs than it is creating. As ongoing innovations in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics continue to chip away at the comparative advantages of human labor in a range of work tasks, those innovations are likely to yield growing job losses in the foreseeable future—or likely enough that we should reckon with this prospect. The book argues that we should set our collective sights on ensuring broad access to adequate incomes, more free time, and decent remunerative work even in a world with less of it. That will require not a single “magic bullet” solution like universal basic income or a federal job guarantee, but rather a multifaceted strategy centered on conserving, creating, and spreading work. The book elaborates that strategy in the US context, but much of it is broadly relevant to other advanced economies. And while the proposed strategy is designed to address a foreseeable future of job scarcity, it will also help to rebalance lives already plagued by either too much work or not enough and to counter both economic inequality and racial stratification. The proposed strategy makes sense here and now, and especially as we face up to a future of less work.
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43

Cook, Kerry H. Climate Change Scenarios and African Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.545.

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Accurate projections of climate change under increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas levels are needed to evaluate the environmental cost of anthropogenic emissions, and to guide mitigation efforts. These projections are nowhere more important than Africa, with its high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and, in many regions, limited resources for adaptation. Climate models provide our best method for climate prediction but there are uncertainties in projections, especially on regional space scale. In Africa, limitations of observational networks add to this uncertainty since a crucial step in improving model projections is comparisons with observations. Exceeding uncertainties associated with climate model simulation are uncertainties due to projections of future emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Humanity’s choices in emissions pathways will have profound effects on climate, especially after the mid-century.The African Sahel is a transition zone characterized by strong meridional precipitation and temperature gradients. Over West Africa, the Sahel marks the northernmost extent of the West African monsoon system. The region’s climate is known to be sensitive to sea surface temperatures, both regional and global, as well as to land surface conditions. Increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases are already causing amplified warming over the Sahara Desert and, consequently, increased rainfall in parts of the Sahel. Climate model projections indicate that much of this increased rainfall will be delivered in the form of more intense storm systems.The complicated and highly regional precipitation regimes of East Africa present a challenge for climate modeling. Within roughly 5º of latitude of the equator, rainfall is delivered in two seasons—the long rains in the spring, and the short rains in the fall. Regional climate model projections suggest that the long rains will weaken under greenhouse gas forcing, and the short rains season will extend farther into the winter months. Observations indicate that the long rains are already weakening.Changes in seasonal rainfall over parts of subtropical southern Africa are observed, with repercussions and challenges for agriculture and water availability. Some elements of these observed changes are captured in model simulations of greenhouse gas-induced climate change, especially an early demise of the rainy season. The projected changes are quite regional, however, and more high-resolution study is needed. In addition, there has been very limited study of climate change in the Congo Basin and across northern Africa. Continued efforts to understand and predict climate using higher-resolution simulation must be sustained to better understand observed and projected changes in the physical processes that support African precipitation systems as well as the teleconnections that communicate remote forcings into the continent.
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44

Grant, James P. The State of the World's Children 1995 (State of the World's Children). Oxford University Press, USA, 1995.

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