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Books on the topic 'Severe punishment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 15 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

North, Carolina General Assembly Joint Select Committee on Capital Trial Sentencing and Post Conviction Procedures for Persons Who Suffer Severe Mental Disabilities. Joint Select Committee on Capital Trial, Sentencing, and Post Conviction Procedures for Persons Who Suffer Severe Mental Disabilities: Report to the 2009 session of the 2009 General Assembly. Joint Select Committee on Capital Trial, Sentencing, and Post Conviction Procedures for Persons Who Suffer Severe Mental Disabilities, 2009.

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North Carolina. General Assembly. Joint Select Committee on Capital Trial, Sentencing, and Post Conviction Procedures for Persons Who Suffer Severe Mental Disabilities. Joint Select Committee on Capital Trial, Sentencing, and Post Conviction Procedures for Persons Who Suffer Severe Mental Disabilities: Report to the 2009 session of the 2009 General Assembly. Joint Select Committee on Capital Trial, Sentencing, and Post Conviction Procedures for Persons Who Suffer Severe Mental Disabilities, 2009.

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3

Lovato, Andrea. Il carcere nel diritto penale romano: Dai Severi a Giustiniano. Cacucci, 1994.

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4

Rise, Eric W. The Martinsville Seven: Race, rape, and capital punishment. University Press of Virginia, 1995.

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5

Condry, Rachel, and Peter Scharff Smith, eds. Prisons, Punishment, and the Family. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810087.001.0001.

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This book draws together chapters from eight countries to explore the severe effects that prison has on the families of prisoners. There are millions of people affected by the imprisonment of a family member each year and they suffer a wide range of difficulties. This has important implications for society as prisoners’ families experience social exclusion and inequality, despite being innocent citizens. This is important for how we think about the use of imprisonment in society and how it has a wide reach beyond the wall of the prison.

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6

Lerman, Dorothea C. Intermittent schedules of reinforcement and punishment: Implications for the treatment of severe behavior disorders in individuals with developmental disabilities. 1995.

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7

Metelko, Garfield. Judicial System of the U. S : the Truth about Severe Punishment and Mass Incarceration in the U. S: Story of Redemption Audio. Independently Published, 2021.

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8

van Prooijen, Jan-Willem. Punishing Dangerous Outsiders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609979.003.0008.

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The second, between-group function of punishment asserts that people are motivated to protect their group from dangerous outsiders. Consistently, people assign severe punishment to offenders belonging to societal groups that are stereotypically associated with crime. Moreover, people are particularly punitive when an out-group offender harms an in-group victim. People are parochial altruists who sacrifice their self-interest to protect their own group, sometimes to the detriment of other groups. I then describe how parochial altruism evolved as a consequence of war and inter-group conflict, an

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9

Severed heads and martyred souls: Crime and capital punishment in French romantic literature. P. Lang, 2003.

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10

Guay, Robert, ed. Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464011.001.0001.

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In Crime and Punishment, Fyodor Dostoevsky uses the commission of a double-murder to initiate and organize a diverse set of philosophical reflections. This volume contains seven essays that approach the novel through philosophical themes in order to offer both readings of the text and continuations of its reflections. The topics addressed include Dostoevsky’s presentation of mind and psychological investigation, as well as the nature of self-knowledge; emotions, in particular guilt and love, and their role in overcoming ambivalence toward existence; the nature of agency; the metaphysical condi

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11

Osanloo, Arzoo. Forgiveness Work. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691172040.001.0001.

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Iran's criminal courts are notorious for meting out severe sentences—according to Amnesty International, the country has the world's highest rate of capital punishment per capita. Less known to outside observers, however, is the Iranian criminal code's recognition of forgiveness, where victims of violent crimes, or the families of murder victims, can request the state to forgo punishing the criminal. This book shows that in the Iranian justice system, forbearance is as much a right of victims as retribution. Drawing on extended interviews and first-hand observations of more than eighty murder

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12

Kello, Lucas. Cyber Defence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0039.

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Europe confronts an enormous cyber threat. The continent hosted the first international cyber crisis—the 2007 attacks by Russian political activists that crashed computer infrastructures in Estonia. Large European nations such as the UK and France focus their defensive efforts on proactive measures, which seek to neutralize threats before they materialize. Another tool of large powers is deterrence by punishment, an attempt to prevent hostile action with the pledge of severe reprisal. Smaller powers, by contrast, lack the resources necessary to implement proactive measures or deterrence. They

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13

Nowak, Manfred. Powerlessness as a Defining Characteristic of Torture. Edited by Metin Başoğlu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374625.003.0014.

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During the author’s six-year term as UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, he interviewed many hundreds of torture survivors in all world regions. This unique practical experience confirmed his legal analysis that intention and powerlessness, rather than the intensity of pain or suffering, are the decisive criteria that distinguish torture from other forms of cruel and inhuman treatment or punishment. This legal conclusion fully corresponds to the psychological findings of Başoğlu’s analysis of the question of whether the “enhanced interrogation techniques” applied by the Bush administration in th

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14

Vannier, Marion. Normalizing Extreme Imprisonment. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827825.001.0001.

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Normalizing Extreme Imprisonment offers a new explanation for how penal reforms and those driving them can end up normalizing, in the sense of making the public view as acceptable, incredibly severe punitive practices. Since its introduction in 1978 as an alternative to the death penalty, there has been a dramatic increase and expansion of life without parole (LWOP) in the United States, including beyond the scope of capital crimes for which it was originally conceived. Despite this growth, limited attention has been given to this punishment and very few attempts made to narrow its scope or cu

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15

Severed: A History of Heads Lost and Heads Found. Liveright, 2014.

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16

van Prooijen, Jan-Willem. Black Sheep versus In-Group Favoritism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609979.003.0007.

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Sometimes people punish offenders from their own group more severely than offenders from a different group (the “black sheep effect”). At other times, however, people punish offenders from a different group more severely than offenders from their own group (the “in-group favorability effect”). Punishment regulates social groups in two complementary ways: (1) punishment stimulates and stabilizes cooperative within-group relations (within-group function); and (2) punishment protects the group from outside threats (between-group function). The chapter then examines the within-group function of pu

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17

Bublitz, Jan Christoph. ‘The Soul is the Prison of the Body’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758617.003.0017.

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The promise of neurobiological interventions that afford improving pro-social behavior is particularly interesting for criminal justice systems. After all, rehabilitation of offenders is one of their central objectives. This raises the question of whether states can deploy such means to rehabilitate offenders against the latters’ will, as part of—or instead of—punishment. Some advocates of compulsory treatments of offenders consider them more humane (and effective) than current forms of hard treatment such as incarceration. This chapter critically engages with suggestions to treat legally comp

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18

Rise, Eric W. The Martinsville Seven: Race, Rape, and Capital Punishment (Constitutionalism and Democracy). University of Virginia Press, 1998.

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19

Crime and punishment in the Royal Navy of the Seven Years' War, 1755-1763. Ashgate, 2004.

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20

Crime and punishment in the Royal Navy of the Seven Years' War, 1755-1763. Markus Eder:Rotdornweg 9, 86567 Hilgertshausen-Tandern, Germany, e-mail: MEdermark@aol.com, 2010.

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21

Mott, Christian. Statutes of Limitations and Personal Identity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815259.003.0011.

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Legal theorists have proposed several theories to justify statutes of limitations in the criminal law, but none of these normative theories is generally accepted. This chapter investigates the related descriptive question as to whether ordinary people have the intuition that legal punishment becomes less appropriate as time passes from the date of the offense and, if they do, what factors play a role in these intuitions. Five studies demonstrate that there is an intuitive statute of limitations on both legal punishment and moral criticism, and that these intuitions arise, in part, from judgmen

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22

Roberts, Julian V., and Richard S. Frase. Paying for the Past. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190254001.001.0001.

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Virtually all modern sentencing systems consider the offender’s prior record to be an important determinant of the form and severity of punishment, often carrying more weight than the crime being sentenced. Repeat offenders “pay for their past,” even though they have already been punished for their prior crimes. And the majority of sentenced offenders have at least one prior conviction. This topic thus lies at the heart of the sentencing process; every well-designed sentencing scheme needs to have a carefully conceived approach to the use of prior convictions. But the vast literature on senten

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23

O'Donnell, Ian. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798477.003.0001.

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Before the First World War capital punishment was practically obsolete in Ireland. It was used by the British during the Easter Rising of 1916 and the War of Independence, and with greater enthusiasm by the nascent Irish Free State during the civil war, when eighty-one prisoners (inaccurately eulogized as ‘the seventy-seven’) were executed. Kevin O’Higgins, instrumental in these executions, was himself assassinated by the IRA. The level of executions remained high throughout the 1920s despite the continued secular decline in lethal violence. Annie Walsh, the only woman executed during independ

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24

Erbas, Rahime, ed. Global Problems in Sexual Offenses. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666988642.

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Sexual offences pose severe violations of human rights that necessitate criminal law intervention in every democratic society. Using a holistic and integrated approach, this book examines sexual offenses through criminal law and criminal procedure within different jurisdictions. Impunity or lenient punishment enjoyed by perpetrators appears as a fundamental concern and contribute to low(er) reporting rates. Attrition, from the perspective of criminal law, is not only caused by issues in criminal procedure, like a lack of victim support or insufficient evidence, but is primarily linked to the d

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25

Meconi, Honey. Hildegard of Bingen. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252033155.001.0001.

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The book provides a short but thorough introduction to twelfth-century composer and visionary St. Hildegard of Bingen, creator of seventy-seven plainchant melodies (her Symphonia armonie celestium revelationum) as well as a complete play set to music, the Ordo virtutum. Six chapters chronicle her eventful life, incorporating information about her compositions in the Dendermonde and Riesencodex manuscripts as appropriate: enclosure at the monastery of Disibodenberg; the catalytic vision that spurred her multifaceted creativity; her founding of the convent at Rupertsberg; preaching tours and exo

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26

William A, Schabas. Part 2 Jurisdiction, Admissibility, and Applicable Law: Compétence, Recevabilité, Et Droit Applicable, Art.6 Genocide/Crime de génocide. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0008.

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This chapter comments on Article 6 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 6 defines the crime of genocide, one of four categories of offence within the subject-matter jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. The first important ruling on genocide by one of the ad hoc tribunals — the September 2, 1998 judgment of a Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Prosecutor v. Akayesu — was issued several weeks after the adoption of the Rome Statute. Since then there have been several important judicial pronouncements by the Appeals Chambers

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27

Sommerstein, Alan H. Hesiod and Tragedy. Edited by Alexander C. Loney and Stephen Scully. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190209032.013.19.

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The only Hesiodic myths taken up by the Greek tragic dramatists are the related stories of Prometheus and the first woman (Pandora); these were exploited in satyr-dramas by Aeschylus and Sophocles, respectively. More important are the tragedies Prometheus Bound and Prometheus Unbound, attributed to Aeschylus (but probably in fact by another hand, perhaps his son Euphorion), in which the tale of Prometheus’s punishment is combined with several other myths into a new story of a god who becomes the savior both of the human race (twice) and of Zeus (also twice), and who endures terrible suffering

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28

Fludernik, Monika. Metaphors of Confinement. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840909.001.0001.

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Metaphors of Confinement: The Prison in Fact, Fiction, and Fantasy focuses on a historical survey of our imaginings of the prison as expressed in carceral metaphors that occur in great numbers in texts about imprisonment from Antiquity to the present but are also used to describe many non-penal situations as confining or restrictive. These imaginings are argued to coalesce into a ‘carceral imaginary’ that determines the way we think about prisons, just as social debates about punishment and criminals feed into the way our carceral imaginary develops over time. The book juxtaposes literary and

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29

Kantor, Martin. Homophobia. 2nd ed. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400666285.

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Ten years after he first brought us the book Homophobia, which laid bare the harsh realities and harmful effects of this sexual bigotry, psychiatrist Martin Kantor delves again into prejudice and discrimination—even flat-out acts of absolute hatred—against gays in the United States. Have things changed? One might think so. Ten years ago Matthew Shephard was strung up to die on a fence because he was gay. But no such blatant hatred has made headlines here since the turn of the millennium. Ten years ago, Pat Robinson authored a book that assured lasting peace would only occur when a group includ

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30

Hoskins, Zachary. Multiple-Offense Sentencing Discounts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0005.

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This chapter examines one intuitively appealing legal practice for which retributivist accounts struggle to find justification: multiple-offense sentencing discounts. It also considers several proposed strategies for justifying bulk discounts on the basis of retributivism. Three strategies are discussed: those that appeal to an absolute punishment maximum, those that appeal to interpersonal practices of blame and making amends, and those that suggest that perpetrators of multiple offenses sometimes have reduced culpability. The chapter argues that each of these strategies either is implausible

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31

Dubber, Markus D. The Rhetoric of Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744290.003.0003.

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Dual Penal State is about the collective failure to address the fundamental challenge of legitimating the threat and use of penal violence in modern liberal states. The first part of the book investigates various ways in which criminal law doctrine and scholarship have managed not to meet the continuing challenge of legitimating state penal power: the violent violation of the autonomy of the very persons upon whose autonomy the legitimacy of state power supposedly rests in a state under the rule of law (Rechtsstaat). Part I focuses primarily on German criminal law, and German criminal law scie

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32

Hornsey, Matthew J., and Jolanda Jetten. Stability and Change Within Groups. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.10.

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This chapter examines the psychological tensions between protecting the status quo within groups and engaging in intragroup change. In the first section we review two research traditions that imply self-reinforcing cycles of stability and preservation of the status quo: (a) research on conformity and the punishment of deviance and (b) research examining biases toward shared knowledge in small decision-making groups. In the second section we provide the counterpoint to these theoretical traditions, exploring several reasons why, despite psychological pressures that appear to favor majority opin

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33

Tomlin, Patrick. Violence in Proportion. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780191898402.001.0001.

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Abstract Almost everyone agrees that in order to be justified, violence must be proportionate. This claim, and related claims, extends across an array of moral, political, and legal contexts—including just war, self-defence, punishment, and human rights law. This proportionality principle may seem fairly simple: in order to be justified, inflicted harm must produce enough good. But this simple idea conceals hidden philosophical depths. In this book, Patrick Tomlin uncovers, explores, and proposes solutions to several philosophically knotty problems that any account of proportionate violence wi

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34

Lichtman, Robert M. Deportations, Fallout from Dennis, and the Rosenberg Case. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037009.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1951 and 1952 terms and Special term in 1953. The decisions in the 1951 and 1952 terms largely sustained government action. Deportation issues predominated, with the Court issuing seven signed decisions in deportation cases over the two-year span. Three other decisions were spawned by Dennis, two relating to punishment of Dennis defense attorneys. The Court also ruled on the validity of a loyalty oath required of Oklahoma’s public-school teachers and on New York City’s loyalty program for its teachers. And it consider

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35

Blidstein, Moshe. Purity and Defilement in the Greco-Roman East and in Judaism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791959.003.0002.

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This chapter describes how purity and defilement were practiced and discussed in diverse cults throughout the Hellenistic and Roman Empires and in contemporary Judaism. There were several types of purity and defilement. The first, a “truce” impurity perception, was temporary and mundane, a defilement occurring when there was an obstruction to the normal order or when categories were mixed up. A second type, the “battle” impurity perception, followed exceptional actions, typically deliberate, such as murder or adultery. Here purification required both punishment by the community and ritual acti

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36

Blidstein, Moshe. Early Christian Attitudes Towards Dietary Impurity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791959.003.0003.

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This chapter describes how purity and defilement were practiced and discussed in diverse cults throughout the Hellenistic and Roman Empires and in contemporary Judaism. There were several types of purity and defilement. The first, a “truce” impurity perception, was temporary and mundane, a defilement occurring when there was an obstruction to the normal order or when categories were mixed up. A second type, the “battle” impurity perception, followed exceptional actions, typically deliberate, such as murder or adultery. Here purification required both punishment by the community and ritual acti

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37

Buchstein, Hubertus, and Lisa Klingsporn, eds. Otto Kirchheimer - Gesammelte Schriften. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845289991.

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The third of the six-volume publication on Otto Kirchheimer (1905–1965) collates all his important works on the development of criminal law, the prison system and criminology in order to facilitate comparative analysis of them. It contains a new edition of his monograph ‘Sozialstruktur und Strafvollzug’ (Punishment and Social Structure), which he wrote with Georg Rusche at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, which was published in 1939 and which today is regarded as one of the fundamental works of critical criminology. Furthermore, this volume contains several of Kirchheimer’s quin

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38

Lewis, Court D., and Gregory L. Bock, eds. Ethics of Anger. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978733442.

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The Ethics of Anger provides the resources needed to understand the prevalence of anger in relation to ethics, religion, social and political behavior, and peace studies. Providing theoretical and practical arguments, both for and against the necessity of anger, The Ethics of Anger assembles a variety of diverse perspectives in order to increase knowledge and bolster further research. Part one examines topics such as the nature and ethics of vengeful anger and the psychology of anger. Part two includes chapters on the necessity of anger as central to our moral lives, an examination of Joseph B

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39

Snow, Robert L. Murder 101. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400688409.

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Of all crimes, murder fascinates the public more than any other. While considered a detestable act, for which society reserves its severest punishments, homicide still captivates the American public. But the way homicide and its investigation are depicted in our media fail to capture just how murders get solved. Here, Snow takes us on a tour of murder, its investigation, and its prosecution from the perspective of a seasoned homicide detective. From the commission of the crime to the collection of evidence, examination of the crime scene, roundup of suspects, interrogation, and resolution, he

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40

Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr, and Wiener Michael, Dr. Part 1 Freedom of Religion or Belief, 1.3.11 Conscientious Objection. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0016.

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This chapter addresses issues concerning conscientious objection, notably the refusal by individuals to perform compulsory military service based on their genuinely held religious or other beliefs that forbid the use of lethal force. Throughout the past five decades, various international and regional human rights mechanisms have significantly changed their interpretation with regard to the existence and normative basis of a right to conscientious objection to military service. This chapter also discusses the question of who can claim conscientious objection; procedural issues; the problem of

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41

Tonry, Michael. Doing Justice, Preventing Crime. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320503.001.0001.

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In the 2020s, no informed person disagrees that punishment policies and practices in the United States are unprincipled, chaotic, and much too often unjust. The financial costs are enormous. The moral cost is greater: countless individual injustices; mass incarceration; the world’s highest imprisonment rate; extreme disparities, especially affecting members of racial and ethnic minority groups; high rates of wrongful conviction; assembly-line case processing; and a general absence of respectful consideration of offenders’ interests, circumstances, and needs. The main ideas in this book about d

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42

Veverková, Kamila, and Angelo Shaun Franklin. Four Articles of Prague within the Public Sphere of Hussite Bohemia. Lexington Books, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978732735.

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The Hussites’ contribution to the transformation of the Czech state and its influence upon constitutional development were substantial. Various Hussite factions united over a program known as the Four Articles of Prague. InThe Four Articles of Prague within the Public Sphere of Hussite Bohemia, Kamila Veverková situates the Four Articles—presented here in a new translation by Angelo Franklin—in their political and economic context, emphasizing the societal reforms stimulated by the Hussite theological program. The Hussites demanded free proclamation of God's word, advocated public punishment o

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43

Cardoso, Leonardo. Sound-Politics in São Paulo. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660093.001.0001.

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This book is an ethnographic study of controversial sounds and noise control debates in Latin America’s most populous city. It discusses the politics of collective living by following several threads linking sound-making practices to governance issues. Rather than discussing sound within a self-enclosed “cultural” field, I examine it as a point of entry for analyzing the state. At the same time, rather than portraying the state as a self-enclosed “apparatus” with seemingly inexhaustible homogeneous power, I describe it as a collection of unstable (and often contradictory) sectors, personnel, s

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44

Kapoor, Reena, and Ezra E. H. Griffith. Cultural competence. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0060.

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Disparities exist in the rate of incarceration of minorities, with substantial elevations occurring in African American, Latino, and Native populations. Cultural competence is an essential aspect of providing mental health care in any setting. An understanding of culture is even more important in correctional settings, as several unique factors may lead to conflict and misunderstanding if not adequately addressed. First, minority ethnic groups are vastly overrepresented in prisons and jails, so a familiarity with the predominant culture of those groups is necessary to engage inmates in treatme

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45

Bell, Carl C. Juveniles. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0056.

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The incarceration of juveniles occurs in both juvenile systems and adult correctional systems, depending on jurisdiction, age, and criminal charges. Holding adolescents responsible for behavior that sometimes leads to juvenile crimes ensures that offenders will be held accountable, but also provides justice to victims. However, children are still developing, and their brains develop from bottom up and inside out causing their flight, fight, or freeze (limbic) systems to be fully engaged before their judgment and wisdom (frontal lobe) systems are in place to mediate their behavior. Children are

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46

Bell, Carl C. Juveniles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0056_update_001.

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The incarceration of juveniles occurs in both juvenile systems and adult correctional systems, depending on jurisdiction, age, and criminal charges. Holding adolescents responsible for behavior that sometimes leads to juvenile crimes ensures that offenders will be held accountable, but also provides justice to victims. However, children are still developing, and their brains develop from bottom up and inside out causing their flight, fight, or freeze (limbic) systems to be fully engaged before their judgment and wisdom (frontal lobe) systems are in place to mediate their behavior. Children are

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47

Pringle, Mary Beth. John Grisham. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400674563.

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With his seven legal thrillers, all published since 1989, John Grisham has won a huge following of readers and set a standard few contributors to the genre can match. Because of the success of his novels, the legal thriller is the most popular genre in American fiction today. In this study, Pringle explains how Grisham's legal thriller evolved from the thriller tradition and borrowed from the heroic romance novel, gothic novel, crime novel, and detective fiction. She shows how his novels examine contemporary social and legal problems that do not have simple solutions—ecology, ethnic relations,

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48

Tham, Henrik, ed. Retreat or Entrenchment? Drug Policies in the Nordic Countries at a Crossroads. Stockholm University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.16993/bbo.

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The drug policies of the Nordic countries have been relatively strict. Since this seems to contradict the internationally recognized liberal criminal policy in general, analyses have been devoted to try to understand this gap. Why doesn’t the “Scandinavian exceptionalism” apply to the drug policies? The new question in relation to drug policy is, however, if and how the Nordic countries will adapt to a situation when several countries all over the world are questioning ‘the war on drugs’ and orienting themselves in the direction of decriminalization and legalization. An analysis of a possible

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