Journal articles on the topic 'Sevmek zamanı'

Yeni yerler görmeyi, farklı kültürleri tanımayı çok seven Polonya toplumunun seyahat edebiyatı da bu bağlamda oldukça zengindir. Tarihi boyunca yaşanan savaş ve işgaller nedeniyle ülke dışına çıkan siyasi göçmenlerin döndükten sonra yazdıkları hatıratların yanı sıra misyonerlerin ya da hacıların yazmış oldukları seyahatnamelerin de bu zenginlikte rolü büyüktür. Bunlar arasında, çalışmamamıza da konu olacak olan Leh rahip Ignacy Hołowiński'nin 1839'da kutsal topraklara yaptığı seyahatin gözlem ve bilgilerini aktardığı seyahatnamesi, içerik olarak en zengin ve en renkli olanlarından birisidir. Seyahati sırasında uğradığı Osmanlı şehirlerine dair de detaylı bilgiler veren Hołowiński'nin bu seyahatnamesi tarihimiz açısından önemli bir kaynak teşkil etmektedir. Bu şehirler arasında, iki kez uğradığı İzmir ve çevresi hakkında verdiği tarihi, kültürel ve toplumsal bilgiler özellikle dikkat çekicidir. Rahip olması nedeniyle gezdiği yerlerde öncelikli olarak Hristiyanlık geçmişinin izini sürdüğü, seyahati sırasında yalnız olmadığı ve her gittiği yerde Hristiyan din adamları ve misyonerlerin, zaman zaman da İzmir'de olduğu gibi Aleksander Spitznagel ve August Kosciesza-Żaba gibi şarkiyatçı hemşehrilerinin bilgi ve tecrübeleriyle ona eşlik ettikleri görülür.

The manuscripts as cultural documents inherited from Sundanese past ancestors are plentiful and still very relevant to be introduced and revealed at the present. The values of local wisdom contained and revealed in the manuscript, covers various aspects of people's lives concerning the seven elements of Sundanese culture, i.e. religious systems or beliefs, technology, material items, government/society, livelihoods/economics, science/education, language, and arts. The expectations implied and expressed in the texts revealed in this article are still intertwined with the current life of the Sundanese people, especially regarding communication and political ethics, which of course is inseparable from reliable human resources, those are the stakeholders, the government, and the young generation as heirs of the nation. This article is presented and examined through descriptive analytical research methods, involving philological study, historiography, and cultural studies methods in general, which are expected to be able to uncover the local wisdom of government system and political communication contained in the XVI century Sundanese manuscripts, and its constellation with current Sundanese culture.AbstrakNaskah sebagai dokumen budaya tinggalan karuhun orang Sunda masa lampau, sungguh sangat melimpah dan masih sangat relevan untuk dikenalkan dan diungkap isinya pada masa kini. Kearifan lokal nilai-nilai yang terkandung dan terungkap dalam naskah, meliputi beragam aspek kehidupan masyarakat yang menyangkut tujuh unsur budaya Sunda, yakni: sistem religi atau kepercayaan, teknologi dan benda materiil, pemerintahan/kemasyarakatan, mata pencaharian hidup/ekonomi, ilmu pengetahuan/pendidikan, bahasa, dan seni. Harapan yang tersirat maupun tersurat dalam naskah-naskah yang diungkap dalam artikel ini masih terjalin adanya benang merah dengan kehidupan masyarakat Sunda saat ini, khususnya tentang komunikasi dan etika berpolitik”, yang tentu saja tidak terlepas dari sumber daya manusia yang andal, yakni para pemangku kebijakan, pemerintahan, dan generasi muda sebagai pewaris bangsa. Artikel ini dipaparkan dan dikaji melalui metode penelitian deskriptif analisis, dengan melibatkan metode kajian filologis, historiografi, dan kajian budaya secara umum, yang diharapkan mampu mengungkap kearifan lokal sistem pemerintahan dan komunikasi politik yang terkandung dalam naskah Sunda abad XVI Masehi, konstelasinya dengan budaya Sunda masa kini.

Abstract Teaching counting lessons to kindergarten students is often considered taboo. Some people assume that should not teach counting lessons to children who have not even reached the age of seven years. A long debate arose due to an elementary school admission test that contained numerical questions. Is it true that kindergarten students are not allowed to learn numeracy lesson? The purpose of this study is to introduce a montessori approach, a feasible approach used to teach the concept of counting in kindergarten students. This research is a qualitative descriptive research conducted on TK A Putera Zaman students. The research begins with the conduct of obeservasi and interview, then proceed with applying montessori approach in learning done with teacher in class. The results of the research with the stand on the opinion of Maria Montessori that the early age to the age of six years is the phase Absorbent Minds, the child's brain will continue to change, grow rapidly, and open to new stimuli, so kindergarten A students have learned to count. Some steps to embed the concept of counting to the students of Kindergarten A Putera Zaman can be done with the following delivery steps: (1) Introduction to quantity 1 - 10, (2) What is zero, (3) Matching numbers with quantity 0 - 10, (4) Relation of 1 – 10, (5) Basic sum operation, and (8) Basic reduction operation. The result of cultivating the concept of chopping with montessori approach is that students can use mathematics based on reasoning, not just counting without logic. Keywords: montessori, concept, whole number, counting atkindergarten

An athlete always wants to be appreciated, loved and respected. In this study conducted with the purpose of determining the basic psychological needs of the students studying in schools of physical education and sports, faculties of sports sciences and other higher education institutions offering sports education, whether the athlete students are aware of their basic psychological needs has been analyzed. Another purpose of the research is to determine which psychological needs the students receiving sports education have most and to make interpretations as per the results yielded by the sub-dimensions of the scale. The questionnaire method was used in the research with the purpose of determining the basic psychological needs of students. The scale used in the research is New Psychological Needs Scale (NPNS) developed by Heckert et al. (2000) and adapted into Turkish and its reliability and validity tests conducted by Kesici (2007). NPNS is a 20-item five point Likert grading scale (“1” for totally disagree, “2” for disagree, “3” for hesitant, “4” for agree, “5” for totally agree). SPSS 18.0 package program was used in analysis of data. Percentage, frequency, average, standard deviation values were used for descriptive information; independent t-test was used for the comparison of different groups and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) was used for the comparison of multiple groups. In sports with the significance level of p<0.05 obtained after the statistical calculation between the variables of students, some differences were ascertained between sexes and the point average of basic psychological needs of girls was found to be higher than boys. It is known very well that women are more sensitive and emotional in their nature. Their special days and the hormones secreted considerably affect and change their feelings and thoughts. ÖzetSosyal bir olgu olan sporunda kişilerde birçok psikolojik ihtiyaç ortaya çıkardığı bir gerçektir. Bir sporcu takdir edilmek, sevilmek, saygınlık kazanmak her zaman isteyecektir. Beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokullarında, spor bilimleri fakültelerinde ve spor eğitimi veren diğer yükseköğretim kurumlarında öğrenim gören öğrencilerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmada aynı zamanda sporcu öğrencilerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının farkında olup olmadıkları da incelenmiştir. Araştırmada öğrencilerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarını belirlemek amacıyla anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan ölçek Heckert ve Ark. (2000) tarafından geliştirilen Türkçeye uyarlaması ve geçerlilik güvenilirlik testini Kesici (2007)’nin yapmış olduğu (YPİÖ) Yeni Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar Ölçeğidir. YPİÖ 20 madden oluşan beş basamaklı Likert (“1” hiç katılmıyorum, “2” katılmıyorum, “3” kararsızım, “4” katılıyorum, “5” tamamen katılıyorum) bir dereceleme ölçeği şeklindedir. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 18.0 paket programından yararlanılmıştır. Betimleyici bilgiler için yüzde, frekans, ortalama, standart sapma değerleri, farklı grupların karşılaştırılmasında bağımsız t-testi, çoklu grupların karşılaştırılmasında ise tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada verilerin analizi sonucunda spor eğitimi alan öğrencilerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmiş ve cinsiyetler arasında p<0,05 düzeyinde anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre kadın katılımcıların, erkek katılımcılara göre temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları düzeyi daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Diğer değişkenler arasında anlamlı farklılıklara rastlanmamıştır.

Bu çalışmada, beyin ölümü gerçekleşmiş adli olgularda hastanın yüksek yararı gözetilerek organ naklinin gerçekleştirilmesi konusunda adli tıp ve hukuk açısından tartışılması amaçlanmıştır. Olgu: 16 yaşmda, erkek, mutfak tüpü ile zehirlenme öyküsü ile Silifke Devlet Hastanesi’den entübe halde Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesine sevk edildiği, yapılan muayenede; bilincin kapalı, pupillerin fiks dilate, ışık refleksinin bilateral (-), GKS’nın 3 olduğu, Reanimasyona yatırıldığı, BT’de subaraknoid kanama, beyin ödemi saptandığı, medikal tedavi başlandığı, tedaviye yanıt vermediği, aile tarafından transplantasyona izin verildiği, 18.04.2007 tarihinde beyin ölümü tanısı konulduğu, operasyon planlandığı belirtilen hastayla ilgili adli olgu ve de transplantasyon için donör olması nedeniyle Adli Tıp Ana-bilim Dalına bilgi verildi. Adli Tıp Anabilim Dalı tarafından Cumhuriyet Savcısı ile yapılan görüşmede; alman organların ölüme katkısının olmasının beklenmeyeceği ve organ nakli için gerekli operasyonun yapılmasından sonra otopsinin yapılabileceği yönünde görüş bildirildi. Cumhuriyet Savcısı tarafından prosedüre onay verildikten sonra operasyona alındı. Operasyon sonrası ölü muayene ve otopsi işlemi yapıldı. Adli ölüm olgularında organ transplantasyonu söz konusu olduğunda postmortem muayenenin ne zaman yapılacağı, ölüm ihbarının transplantasyondan önce mi yoksa sonra mı yapılacağı gibi problemler yaşanabilmektedir. Alıcı hastanın yüksek yararı prensibi ile 2238 sayılı kanunun ll.maddesinde belirtilen “yaşamı organ ve doku nakline bağlı olan kişilere ve naklinde ivedilik ve tıbbi zorunluluk bulunan durumlar” kavramı göz önünde bulundurularak donör olan adli olgularda süreçte Adli Tıp Anabilim Dallarının etkin rol alması gerektiğini düşünmekteyiz.Anahtar kelimeler: Beyin ölümü, organ transplantasyonu, adli olgu

The increase at the internet usage in recent years brings negative outcomes as well as positives like access to information in a short time and being economical as time and cost. One of these consequences is negative usage of technology and increased internet addiction. One of the factors effective on internet usage is media. The purpose of this study is to examine the news, at Turkish media, related to internet addiction and usage. Based on this purpose, the reflections of internet addiction at the media, its way of appearence and individuals’ reactions to the internet’s effects are examined and the way of internet’s effects with positive and negative aspects on life are emphasized. In a qualitative method, the news at seven different newspapers are examined in this study. The data are analysed with NVivo 9 pocket program by content analyses. As the result of the study, the news at the media consist under seven themes as protective-preventive activities, education, negative consequences, legal issues, diagnosis-treatment, communication and research. Although internet has positive aspects as using in education and online libraries; increase in children’s level of violence tendency by internet games, its triggering effect obesity and unhealthy diet, the negative expression of aggression by cyberbullying, causing some legal issues, and communication problems in family are among the reflections of internet in the media, too. ÖzetSon yıllarda artan internet kullanımının bilgiye kısa sürede erişim imkanı sunma, hizmetlerin sunumunda zaman ve maliyet açısından ekonomiklik sağlama gibi pozitif sonuçlarının yanı sıra birçok olumsuz sonucu da beraberinde getirdiği görülmektedir. Bu sonuçlardan biri de teknolojinin olumsuz kullanımı ve artan internet bağımlılığıdır. İnternet kullanımında etkiye sahip olduğu düşünülen yapılardan biri medyadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; Türk medyasında yer alan internet kullanımı ve internet bağımlılığıyla ilgili haberlerin incelenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, internet bağımlılığının medyada yansımaları, haber içeriklerindeki görünüş tarzı ve insanların internetin etkilerine yönelik tepki biçimleri incelenmiş olup, internet kullanımının hayatı olumlu ve olumsuz yönleriyle etkileme biçimi üzerinde durulmuştur. Nitel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada, 7 farklı ulusal gazetenin internet sitesinde yer alan haberler incelenmiştir. Veriler içerik analizi kullanılarak, NVivo 9.0 paket programında analiz edilmiştir. Bu araştırmanın sonucu olarak, medyada yer alan haberler koruyucu-önleyici çalışmalar, eğitim, olumsuz sonuçlar, yasal konular, tanı-tedavi, iletişim ve araştırma temaları altında toplanmıştır. İnternetin eğitim-öğretimde kullanılması, online kütüphaneler gibi olumlu yönlerine rağmen; internet oyunlarının çocuklarda görülen şiddet eğilimini artırdığı, obezite ve sağlıksız beslenmeyi tetikleyici etkisi, siber zorbalık yoluyla saldırganlığın olumsuz ifadesine yol açtığı, yasal bir takım durumlara neden olduğu, aile içi iletişim sorunlarına yol açtığı gibi olumsuz durumlar da yapılan bu araştırmada internetin medyada yansımaları arasındadır.

Makam Belanda (kerkhof) dengan inkripsi (prasasti) di Kebon Jahe merupakan sumber data arkeologis, menjadi petunjuk awal untuk penelusuran arsip kolonial sebagi sumber data sejarah. Sumber data sejarah dan arkeologis menjadi satu kolaborasi data yang saling melengkapi, yang dapat menjelaskan keberadaan perkebunan zaman Belanda yang sekarang sudah tidak ada. Apa dan bagaimana kedua sumber data tersebut menjadi bukti penting tentang keberadaan Perkebunan Cisarua Selatan di masa lalu, menjadi permasalahan dalam tulisan ini. Dengan demikian, tulisan ini bertujuan mengungkap jejak sejarah Perkebunan Cisarua Selatan berdasarkan arsip kolonial dan prasasti makam Belanda. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian arkeologi dengan pendekatan sejarah dan symbolic meaning, yang menerangkan tentang keberadaan Perkebunan Cisarua Selatan di masa lalu, melalui arti inskripsi dan ragam hias makam, serta identitas orang yang dimakamkan melalui sumber arsip Belanda. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah kepastian tentang keberadaan Perkebunan Cisarua Selatan di daerah Cisarua Bogor, dengan bukti fisik berupa tujuh Makam Belanda di Kampung Kebon Jahe, serta dokumen tertulis (rekaman sejarah) dalam Arsip Kolonial Indische Navorsher 1934 dan Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indie 1920 No. 72.The Dutch tomb (kerkhof) with the inscription in Kebon Jahe is the source of archaeological data, becoming the initial guidance for searching colonial archives as a source of historical data. The source of historical and archaeological data becomes a collaboration of complementary data, which could explain the existence of a now-defunct Dutch plantation. What and how these two sources of data become important evidence of the existence of South Cisarua Plantation in the past, is a problem in this paper. Thus, this paper aims to reveal traces of the history of South Cisarua Plantation based on colonial archives and inscription of the Dutch tomb. The method used archaeological research with historical approach and symbolic meaning, which explains about the existence of South Cisarua Plantation in the past, through the meaning of inscriptions and decorative graves of the tomb, as well as the identity of people buried through the source of the Dutch archives. The results obtained certainty about the existence of South Cisarua Plantation in Cisarua Bogor area, with physical evidence in the form of seven Dutch Tombs in Kampung Kebon Jahe, as well as written documents as historical record in Colonial Archive of Indische Navorsher 1934 and Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indie 1920 No. 72.

In this research, it is aimed to analytically investigate simple compound and asymmetric measures in Traditional Turkish folk music. Despite various shortcomings, mistakes and controversial aspects, the "TRT Turkish Folk Music Repertory", which has about 5,000 folk songs, is also an important source for such purposes as research and investigation. In this research, based on this source, the simple, compound and error measures discussed are reclassified and used in Turkish Folk Music; beats, time and sequence. Approximately five thousand folk songs and seven hundred non-verbal melody are supported by selected examples from the air, explained with figures and tables. In this research, which is carried out in a scaning model and a descriptive approach, the data are presented with an analysis of sources and an analytical point of view. As a result of the research, it is found that the compound which is written in simple, compound and faulty measurements is very different from the compound 9/8, the measurements of 10/16 are very few, 6/8, 12/8, 9/4, 9/16, 7/16 measurements were found to be widely used in certain regions 2/4, 4/4, 9/8 and it was also found that one of the main determinants of the metrics was the metronome speed. ÖzetBu araştırma, Geleneksel Türk halk müziğindeki basit, bileşik ve aksak ölçülerin analitik incelenmesini amaçlamıştır. Çeşitli eksikleri, yanlışları ve tartışmalı yanlarına rağmen, yaklaşık 5000 türküden oluşan “TRT Türk Halk Müziği Repertuarı” araştırma ve inceleme gibi amaçlara yönelik olarak önemli bir kaynak oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, bu kaynağa dayalı olarak, ele alınan basit, bileşik ve aksak ölçüler yeniden sınıflandırılarak, Türk halk müziğindeki kullanım biçimleri; vuruş, zaman ve dizilim olarak belirlenmiştir. Yaklaşık 5000 türkü ve yedi yüz sözsüz oyun havası içerisinden seçilmiş örneklerle de desteklenerek, şekil ve tablolarla açıklanmıştır. Tarama modelinde ve betimsel bir yaklaşımla gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmada veriler, kaynak taraması yapılarak ve analitik bir bakış açısıyla ortaya konmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda, incelenen basit, bileşik ve aksak ölçüyle yazılmış oldukça çeşitli türküler olduğu, bunlardan bileşik 9/8, 10/16’lık ölçülerin çok az, 6/8, 12/8, 9/4, 9/16, 7/16’lık ölçülerin belirli bölgelerde, 2/4, 4/4, 9/8’lik ölçülerin oldukça yaygın olarak kullanıldığı belirlenmiş, ayrıca ölçülerle ilgili temel belirleyici unsurlardan birinin de metronom hızı olduğu anlaşılmıştır.

Abstract It can be argued that in facing the paramount problems of the twenty first century, one of the core elements of establishing a world with friendly relation among States is by the constitution of a healthy judicial field considering the fact that disputes among States are in no way can be avoided. For more than seven decades the International Court of Justice has served the world and the Member States of the United Nations in particular with judicial service as it bears the function as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. However, by analyzing the development of international law, while the ICJ has contributed to improving the relation between States by way of providing States with the proper settlement of disputes, the current system—mostly designed at a time of different global challenges and priorities—seems to have exceeded its capacity to be nimble and responsive to the needs of today’s world. This article seeks to offer recommendations on how to optimize the Court’s function by means of reforming its contentious jurisdiction. The purpose of this article is to open more possibilities to optimize the Court, by making the Court’s jurisdiction mandatory and compulsory to all States and offer a possibility of expansion of jurisdiction as to include ratione materiae jurisdiction. Keywords: Jurisdiction, International Court of Justice, Reform Abstrak Dapat dikatakan bahwa dalam menghadapi masalah terpenting di abad dua puluh satu, salah satu unsur utama dalam menciptakan dunia dengan hubungan baik antar negaranya adalah melalui terciptanya ranah peradilan yang sehat, menimbang sengketa antar negara yang merupakan sebuah keniscayaan. Selama lebih dari tujuh dekade, Mahkamah Internasional telah melayani dunia dan negara anggota dari Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa terkhusus dalam hal penyediaan pelayanan peradilan terkait dengan fungsinya sebagai organ peradilan utama Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Bagaimanapun, dengan menganalisa perkembangan hukum internasional, walaupun Mahkamah Internasional telah berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan hubungan baik antar negara dengan cara menyediakan cara penyelesaian sengketa yang memadai, sistem yang ada sekarang ini—sebagian besar dirancang pada masa dengan tantangan dan prioritas global yang berbeda—tampaknya telah tidak efektif dalam menanggapi kebutuhan dunia zaman ini. Tulisan ini bertujuan menawarkan rekomendasi-rekomendasi perihal optimalisasi dari fungsi Mahkamah Internasional dengan cara reformasi yurisdiksi kasus kontensius yaitu diantaranya dengan menjadikan yurisdiksi Mahkamah sebagai wajib bagi setiap negara anggota, serta memperluas jangkauan yurisdiksi Mahkamah berdasarkan prinsip ratione materiae. Kata Kunci: Mahkamah Internasional, Reformasi, Yurisdiksi

Along with the times, humans gradually growing too. This different time which is the main holder of changes in human nature that unconsciously causing many things, like in social terms. Technology, economy, knowledge, safety, social level, and place become a factor that affect human’s social changes. These social changes can refer to individualistic and do not care about the surrounding environment, so empathy seems to never be heard agin in this era, especially in urban. Empathy includes the ability to feel the emotional statre of others, feel sympathetic and try to slove problems, and take other people’s perspective (Baron & Byrne, 2004),. While the fact from recent studies have shown that empathy in a person is becoming increasingly rare, as many as 65 percent of people do not care or lose empathy (Daily Mail, 2019). Though empathy itself is important according to Graaff et al (2014) where empathy which underlines the importance of ability, behavior and a very important role in the development of moral and prosocial. The reduced level of empathy in urban is a major factor for designers to design a Pegadungan Empathy Development a place that can maintain and develop empathy through the phemomenology approach using human senses, as a training to feel the emotions of others through architectural space, one of them by labyrinth. The method project from Juhani Pallasmaa theories “An Architecture of Seven Sense” and “The Eyes of The Skin: Architecture and Sense” and through data collection from DKI Jakarta BPS, scientific journals, e-books, survey, interview and questionnaires, and local society needs analysis. With this, this project expected that empathy can be felt and maintained at any time, with a design in accordance with the characteristic of empathy.Keywords: empathy; labyrinth; Pegadungan; phenomenology; sense AbstrakSeiring perkembangan zaman, manusia semakin berkembang pula. Perubahan sifat manusia menjadi pemegang kunci utama yang tanpa disadari menimbulkan salah satunya dalam hal sosial. Teknologi, ekonomi, pengetahuan, keamanan, tingkat sosial, dan tempat menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan sosial manusia. Perubahan sosial tersebut seperti manusia yang individualis dan tidak peduli terhadap lingkungan sekitar, sehingga kata empati seakan tidak ada saat ini, terutama di daerah perkotaan. Empati termasuk kemampuan untuk merasakan keadaan emosional orang lain, merasa simpatik dan mencoba menyelesaikan masalah, dan mengambil perspektif orang lain (Baron & Byrne, 2004). Faktanya, studi terbaru menunjukan rasa empati dalam diri seseorang semakin langka, sebanyak 65% orang bersikap tidak peduli atau kehilangan empati (Daily mail, 2019). Padahal empati merupakan hal penting menurut Graaff dkk, (2014), empatilah yang menggaris bawahi pentingnya kemampuan, tingkah laku dan sebuah peran yang sangat penting dalam pengembangan moral dan perilaku prososial. Menurutnya tingkat empati masyarakat di kota besar menjadi faktor utama bagi perancang untuk merancang sebuah Wadah Pengembangan Empati Pegadungan yang dapat menjaga maupun mengembangkan rasa empati tersebut melalui pendekatan fenomenologi indera manusia, sebagai wadah pelatihan untuk merasakan emosi sesama melalui ruang arsitektur, salah satunya pada labirin. Proyek ini menggunakan metode dari teori Juhani Pallasmaa “An architecture of seven sense” dan “The eyes of the skin: architecture and sense” dan melalui pengumpulan data dari BPS DKI Jakarta, jurnal ilmiah, e-book, survei, wawancara dan kuisioner, serta analisis kebutuhan masyarakat sekitar. Dengan ini diharapkan rasa empati tetap terasa dan terjaga sampai kapanpun, dengan desain sesuai dengan karakteristik empati.

In recent years, Turkey has become more important than ever in Arabic. In order to be able to read religious texts before, with the knowledge of Arabic, there is a need for qualified personnel who know Arabic in many of the official institutions due to economic, political and cultural reasons. It is not easy for non-Arab societies to acquire these skills. The Turks are a nation that later met with non-Arab Arabic. The relationship of Turks with Arabic dates back centuries. Although Turks never forget their own language, they did not use Turkish as a state language with the influence of Arab culture and civilization. In addition, the Ottomans, not only in the homeland; The school opened its doors to four corners of the empire. In almost every age of our history, Arabic has always found its place in our education system for different reasons, especially for religious reasons. In this study, the grammar teaching method of ral Silsiletul-Lisan lar which was prepared by the educational institution Arap el-Lisanu'l-Umm er in the United Arab Emirates, which was taught in private courses and later in the preparatory classes of the university, has been studied in our country since 2013/14. . Set consists of eight books, the first two books sekiz The Beginning ”, the third and the fourth book kitabı Introduction sekiz, the five and sixth books are“ Intermediate cı, the seven and the eighth books are “Advanced ve. In the examination, önce Silsiletu'l-Lisan sır Arabic education set has been successful in terms of grammar teaching despite some deficiencies, with the completion of the set, the subjects will be completed, the grammar activities should be increased, the reading pieces should be selected to include the grammar subjects and the basic subjects should be given before the topics In addition, it was concluded that a grammar book may have to be followed in addition to such a set. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Son yıllarda Türkiye’de Arapça her zamankinden daha fazla önem kazanmıştır. Önceleri dinî metinleri okuyabilmek için öğrenilen Arapça, günümüzde ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel sebeplerden dolayı resmi kurumların birçoğunda aranılan dil haline gelmiştir. Arap olmayan toplumların bu dili öğrenmeleri çok kolay olmamaktadır. Türkler de Arap olmayan ve Arapçayla sonradan tanışan bir millettir. Türklerin Arapça ile olan ilişkisi asırlar öncesine dayanmaktadır. Türkler, kendi dillerini hiçbir zaman unutmasalar da Arap kültür ve medeniyetinin etkisiyle Türkçeyi devlet dili olarak kullanmamışlardır. Ayrıca Osmanlılar, sadece anavatanda değil, imparatorluğun dört bir yanına açtıkları medreselerde de öğretimi Türkçe yerine Arapça olarak yapmışlardır. Tarihimizin hemen her çağında başta dinî olmak üzere değişik nedenlerle Arapça daima eğitim sistemimizin içinde kendisine yer bulmuştur. Bu çalışma, ülkemizde 2013/14 yıllarından beri önceleri özel kurslarda daha sonraları ise üniversitelerin hazırlık sınıflarında okutulan ve Birleşik Arap Emirliklerinde bulunan “el-Lisanu’l-Umm” adlı eğitim kurumunca hazırlanan “Silsiletul-Lisan” isimli eğitim setinin dilbilgisi öğretim metodu ele alınmıştır. Set, ilk iki kitabı “Başlangıç”, üç ve dördüncü kitabı “Giriş”, beş ve altıncı kitabı “Orta Seviye”, yedi ve sekizinci kitabı ise “İleri Düzey” olmak üzere sekiz kitaptan oluşmaktadır. Yapılan incelemede, “Silsiletu’l-Lisan” Arapça eğitim setinin bazı eksikliklerine rağmen dilbilgisi öğretimi açısından başarılı olduğu, setin bitimiyle beraber konuların tamamlanacağının anlaşıldığı, dilbilgisi etkinliklerinin artırılmasının gerekliliği, okuma parçalarının dilbilgisi konularını içerecek şekilde seçilmesi ve konuların sıralamasında temel konuların daha önce verilmesi gerektiği, aksi taktirde hiç gerek yokken böyle bir sete ek olarak bir dilbilgisi kitabı takip edilmek zorunda kalınabileceği sonuçlarına varılmıştır.

The attitudes of people towards international sport organizations, the structures that organize these events and the level of importance of the organizations. The cognitive and affective reactions of the individual act as behaviors to them, and they take the time to participate and encourage them to watch these contests. This situation is moving the countries in line with political, political and economic values. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to develop a scale that can be used to determine the attitudes of individuals towards international sport organizations. A test form consisting of 26 items was applied to 299 students from 4 different faculties at Gazi University. Explanatory factor analysis (EFA) was used to test the construct validity of the scale and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine the accuracy of the structure reached. In order to determine the reliability, the cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients and the item total test correlations were examined. It was observed that the scale of EFA was composed of 20 items and 3 sub-dimensions. These three components account for 64.91% of the variance explained. It has been determined the substances that load the factors values are in the range of .50 to .90. For the sub-dimensions, the Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was .89, .93, .88, and for the whole scale it was .90. Substance total test correlations range from .48 to .85. The structure reached in EFA was tried to be confirmed by applying confirmatory factor analysis. The RMSEA value was found to be .08 and other compliance indices were examined and it was proven that compliance is acceptable. In conclusion, the EFA, CFA, reliability analysis and item analysis showed that the scale achieved was valid and reliable for determining attitudes towards international sport organizations.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetUluslararası spor organizasyonlarına insanların verdikleri tepkilerin derecesi bu oluşumları düzenleyen yapıları etkilemekte ve dolayısıyla bu organizasyonların önem düzeyini arttırmakta ya da azaltmaktadır. Bireylerin bilişsel ve duyuşsal tepkileri onları davranış olarak harekete geçirmekte gerek katılımla gerekse zaman ayırıp bu yarışmaları izlemeye sevk etmektedir. Bu durum ise ülkeleri siyasi, politik ve ekonomik değerler doğrultusunda harekete geçirmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada bireylerin uluslararası spor organizasyonlarına yönelik tutumlarını belirlemek amacıyla kullanılabilecek bir ölçek geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır. 26 maddeden oluşan denemelik form Gazi Üniversitesi’nde 4 ayrı fakültede öğrenim gören 299 öğrenciye (136 Kadın, 163 Erkek ) uygulanmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini test etmek amacıyla öncelikle açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA), ulaşılan yapının doğruluğunu tespit etmek amacıyla doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Güvenirliği belirlemek amacıyla Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı değerleri ve madde toplam test korelasyonları incelenmiştir. AFA sonucunda ölçeğin, 20 madde ve 3 alt boyuttan oluştuğu gözlenmiştir. Bu 3 bileşenin (1. Bileşen %36.57, 2. Bileşen %21.65, 3. Bileşen %6.69 ) açıklanan varyansın %64.91’lik kısmını açıkladığı görülmüştür. Maddelerin faktör yüklerinin .50 ile .90 aralığında değer aldıkları belirlenmiştir. Güvenirliğe ait bulgular incelendiğinde sırasıyla alt boyutlar için Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı .89, .93, .88 ve ölçeğin tamamı için ise bu değerin .90 olduğu gözlenmiştir. Madde toplam test korelasyonları .48 ile .85 aralığında değişmektedir. AFA sonucunda ulaşılan yapı doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) uygulanarak doğrulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ulaşılan RMSEA değeri .08 olduğu bulgulanmış diğer uyum indeksleri de incelenerek uyumun kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, AFA, DFA, güvenirlik analizi ve madde analizi, sonucunda ulaşılan değerler ölçeğin, uluslararası spor organizasyonlarına yönelik tutumları belirlemek için geçerli ve güvenilir olduğunu göstermektedir.

Background Positron emission tomography (PET) using 18Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) provides independent prognostic informations in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients (Moreau et al, ASH 2019; Moreau et al, JCO 2017; Zamagni et al, Blood 2011). At baseline, FDG-PET/CT characteristics such as maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), presence of extramedullary disease (EMD), and paramedullary disease (PMD) define high-risk NDMM patients. Similarly, the presence of negative FDG-PET/CT at baseline has been associated with favorable outcome in NDMM patients (Abe et al, EJNMMI 2019; Moreau et al, ASH 2019). The aim of the present study was to identify MM molecular features associated with these functional imaging biomarkers. Methods A group of 136 patients from CASSIOPET, a companion study of the CASSIOPEIA cohort (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02541383) were subjected to whole genome expression profiling using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on sorted bone marrow plasma cells in addition to FDG-PET/CT imaging at baseline. RNA-seq reads were aligned to hg38 reference genome with STAR and subjected to differential expression testing with DESeq2 with sample purity treated as a model covariate. High risk group with the GEP70 signature and classification from the seven molecular subgroups (CD-1, CD-2, HY, LB, MF, MS, and PR) were determined by weighted mean value of gene expression (Zhan et al, Blood 2006). Special attention was paid to genes associated with glucose metabolism and related to plasma cells proliferation. On FDG-PET/CT, SUVmax of areas of focally increased tracer uptake on bone was determined and the presence of EMD or PMD identified. Results FDG-PET/CT was positive in 108 patients out of 136 (79,4%), with 19 (14%) and 15 (11%) of them presenting PMD and EMD disease respectively. Expression level of glucose transporter GLUT1 was independent of these three imaging biomarkers (FDG-PET/CT positivity, EMD and PMD), while HK2 was downregulated in negative scans only (Fold Change = 2.1, padj=0.02). GLUT5 expression was associated with positive FDG-PET/CT (Fold Change = 3.5, padj = 8E-4). Both GLUT1 and HK2 weakly correlated with SUVmax (r=0.26 and 0.36, respectively). Of note, negative FDG-PET/CT were enriched for the LB group of patients, consistent with the lower incidence of MRI-defined bone lesions reported in this subgroup, and it remained independent of the GEP70 signature. Furthermore, high risk GEP70 signature was associated with a SUVmax ≥ 4, and correlated with the presence of PMD (OR=3.2, CI=[0.95-10.6], p=0.03), but not with EMD (p=0.7).Conversely, there was no patient from the LB group with detected PMD on imaging, but 25% (2/8) showed EMD, suggesting that different biological features support both disease patterns. Finally, positive PET/CT profiles seemed to display two distinct signatures with either high expression of proliferation genes (MKI67, PCNA, TOP2A, STMN1), or high expression of GLUT5 and lymphocyte antigens (CD19, CD30L, and CCR2), suggesting a different phenotype for this subgroup. This finding was independent of a high SUVmax. Conclusion Our study confirmed that negative FDG-PET/CT at baseline is associated with low HK2 expression while positive exams showed increased GLUT5 expression and proliferation markers. We describe a strong correlation between two imaging biomarkers (baseline SUVmax and PMD) and high risk signature and molecular subgroup with highly proliferative disease. On the contrary, EMD appeared independent of high risk signature or molecular subgroups. Additional studies will confirm and extend the correlation between imaging and clinical features of the disease and molecular characteristics of malignant plasma cells. Disclosures Touzeau: Sanofi: Honoraria, Research Funding; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses; GlaxoSmithKline: Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses. Moreau:Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria.

Abstract F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography integrated with computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) enables to detect with relatively high sensitivity and specificity myeloma bone disease and extramedullary sites of metabolically active clonal plasma cells. FDG-PET/CT has also been used to assess and monitor the metabolic response to therapy and to predict the prognosis. One of the major limitation of PET/CT is the lack of standardized image criteria and of inter-observer reproducibility in interpreting the results. Aim of the present sub-study was to prospectively evaluate FDG-PET/CT at diagnosis, after 4 cycles of induction therapy and prior to maintenance therapy in a sub-group of patients enrolled into EMN02/HO95 MM international phase III trial. In particular, the two primary end-points were firstly to assess the prognostic significance of PET/CT at diagnosis and after therapy and secondly to standardize PET/CT evaluation by centralized imaging and revision and definition of criteria for interpretation. Seven hundred and 18 patients with newly diagnosed transplant-eligible symptomatic MM have been prospectively randomized in Italy from February 2011 through April 2014 to receive 4 cycles of bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone (VMP) vs high-dose melphalan and single or double autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) as intensification following induction with bortezomib-cyclophosphamide-dexamethasone (VCD). Consolidation therapy with bortezomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone vs no consolidation was planned after VMP or ASCT(s), followed by lenalidomide maintenance until progression or toxicity. One hundred and three patients were included in the PET/CT imaging sub-study, and followed for a median of 24 months. By study design, PET/CT was performed and analysed in each of the 8 participating centres at baseline, after induction therapy and prior to the start of maintenance (EOT). Each PET scan was a posteriori re-interpreted in a blinded independent central review process, managed by WIDEN®, by a panel of 5 expert nuclear medicine physicians. They described the following characteristics: bone marrow metabolic state (BM), number (Fx) and score (Fs) of focal PET positive lesions, osteolysis (Lx), presence and site of extramedullary disease (EM), and fractures(Fr), according to the IMPeTUs criteria (Nanni et al, EJNM 2015). Moreover, a global score (GS), from 1 to 5, was given to each patient, considering the highest score among BM, Fx, Fs and EM. Concordance among reviewers on different metrics was calculated using Krippendorf's alpha (AK) coefficient Baseline characteristics of the patients were the following: median age 58 years, ISS and R-ISS stage III 15% and 10%, high-risk cytogenetics (t(4;14) ± del(17p) ±del (1p)±1q gain detected by FISH) 42%. At baseline, 78% of the patients had FLs, with a median SUVmax of 6.0. The percentages of PET positive patients for the different characteristics are summarized in table 1. The agreement among reviewer was good for BM (AK=0.49), Fx (AK=0.65), Fs (AK=0.62), Lx (AK=0.62) and EM (AK=0.40). Of all parameters, only Fx ≥ 4 was associated with worse PFS and OS (P = 0.06) Following 4 cycles of VCD, PET/CT remained positive in 59% of the patients, with a median SUVmax of 3.7. Of all parameters, only Fs ≥ 4 was predictive of worse OS (P= 0.05). Prior to maintenance therapy, PET/CT remained positive in 34% of the patients, with a median SUVmax of 3.4. Normal PET/CT findings before maintenance (66%) were associated with a significant improvement in PFS, in particular the following: presence of FLs (P=0.03), Fx ≥ 4 (P=0.001), Fs ≥2 (P=0.03), 3 (P=0.03) and 4 (P=0.006) and SUVmax ≥ 3.4 (p=0.002). GS was also predictive for PFS if ≥ 3 (P=0.033), 4 (P=0.0001) and 5 (P=0.004). The same parameters were also predictive for OS. The prognostic relevance of pre-maintenance PET/CT was retained across the randomization arm (VMP or ASCT), in terms of PFS and OS. In conclusion, PET/CT was confirmed to be a reliable predictor of outcome in newly diagnosed transplant eligible MM patients, whatever the treatment. Normalization of PET/CT before maintenance was associated with a significant improvement for PFS and OS. FDG-PET/CT is by now the preferred imaging technique for evaluating and monitoring response to therapy. Acknowledgments: this study was partially supported by a grant to Elena Zamagni from Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna Table 1 Table 1. Disclosures Gay: Amgen: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Mundipharma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Larocca:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria. Sonneveld:Celgene: Other: Advisory board, Research Funding; Onyx: Other: Advisory board, Research Funding; Millennium: Other: Advisory board, Research Funding; Janssen-Cilag: Other: Advisory board, Research Funding. Cavo:Amgen: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria.

Abstract F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography integrated with computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) is actually considered as the standard technique to assess and monitor the metabolic response to therapy and to define minimal residual disease (MRD) status outside the bone marrow (BM) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. In this regard, standardization of image criteria and definition of cut-offs for positivity/negativity is of highly importance. Aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate FDG-PET/CT at diagnosis and prior to maintenance therapy in a joined analysis of a sub-group of patients with newly diagnosed transplant-eligible MM, enrolled in 2 independent European randomized phase III trials (EMN02/HO95 and IFM2009) (Cavo M et al, Blood 2017 abs; Attal M et al, NEJM 2017). The primary end-point was to standardize PET/CT evaluation by centralized imaging and revision and to define criteria for PET negativity after therapy (MRD definition). 236 patients (102 and 134 from the EMN02 and IFM2009 trial, respectively) were enrolled in the PET/CT imaging sub-studies and followed for a median of 62.9 (IQR: 44.9-67.9) months. By study design, PET/CT scans were performed locally at baseline (B) and prior to the start of maintenance (PM), uploaded in a central website and re-interpreted a-posteriori in a blinded independent central review process, by a panel of expert nuclear medicine physicians. According to the IMPeTUs criteria (Nanni C et al, EJNM 2017), the five-point Deauville scores (between 1 and 5) were applied to the following parameters: bone marrow (BM), focal lesions (FLs), extramedullary disease (EMD). The impact of each parameter on outcomes was evaluated by landmark analyses at PM; the univariate and multivariate analyses were stratified by trial to smooth out differences between the 2 studies. Baseline characteristics of the patients were generally homogeneous between the 2 trials and as follows: median age 59 years, ISS and R-ISS stage III 15.8% and 11.5%, respectively, high-risk cytogenetics (t(4;14) ± del(17p) ± t(14;16) detected by FISH) 14%. Fifty seven percent of the patients were randomized in the transplant arm, and 43% in the bortezomib-intensification arm, with a higher percentage in the IFM2009 vs EMN02 trial (54% vs 24%, respectively). At baseline, 80% of the patients had FLs, with a median maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 5. Median BM SUVmax was 3. Both median FLs and BM SUVmax were slightly higher in the IFM2009 vs the EMN02 trial (5.7 vs 4.2 and 3.7 vs 2.68, respectively), while reference SUVmean (mediastinal blood pool and liver) did not differ between the 2 studies. FLs Deauville score (FS) and BM Deauville score (BMS) > 3 (higher than the liver) were present in 79.8% and 35.5% of the patients, respectively, with no difference between the 2 trials. EMD was present in 11% of the patients. Prior to maintenance therapy, median FLs and BM SUVmax were 3.6 and 2.3, respectively, with 53.5% and 71.2% of the patients obtaining a FS and BMS ≤ 2 and 79% and 91.4% ≤ 3, respectively. In univariate analysis, at Landmark time prior to maintenance, attaining a FS and BMS ≤ 3 was the strongest predictor for prolonged PFS (FS≤ 3 vs >3: median 40 vs 26.6 months, HR 0.6, CI 0.39-0.98, P= 0.0019; BMS≤ 3 vs >3: median 39.8 vs 26.6 months, HR 0.47, CI 0.24-0.91, P= 0.024, respectively) and OS (FS≤ 3 vs >3: estimate at 63 months 73% vs 63.6% months, HR 0.51, CI 0.26-0.98, P= 0.028; BMS≤ 3 vs >3: estimate at 75.5% vs 49.7%, HR 0.28, CI 0.12-0.64, P= 0.002, respectively) and could be identified as the most representative cut-off values for PET negativity after therapy. Of the two PM scores, only FS ≤ 3 retained prognostic relevance in the subgroup of patients not receiving transplant, in terms of PFS. In Cox multivariable analysis, FS and BMS ≤ 3 at PM were independent predictors of prolonged PFS (FS: HR 0.58, CI 0.35-0.96, P= 0.036; BMS HR 0.41, CI 0.20-0.84, P= 0.014) and OS (FS: HR 0.36, CI 0.17-0.74, P= 0.005; BMS HR 0.24, CI 0.09-0.63, P= 0.004). In conclusion, FDG PET/CT was confirmed to be a reliable predictor of outcomes in newly diagnosed MM, regardless of treatment. Reduction of FDG uptake lower than the liver after therapy, both in the FLs and in the BM (FS and BMS), was an independent predictor for improved PFS and OS. Findings from this analysis could be proposed as standardized criteria to define PET negativity after therapy, confirming the value of Deauville scores in MM. Disclosures Zamagni: Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Tacchetti:Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Honoraria. Gallamini:Takeda: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Patriarca:Jazz: Other: Travel, accommodations, expenses; Medac: Other: Travel, accommodations, expenses; Celgene: Other: Advisory Role; Travel, accommodations, expenses; Janssen: Other: Advisory role; MSD Italy: Other: Advisory Role. Macro:Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Financial support for congress; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Financial support for congress; Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Financial support for congress; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Financial support for congress. Boccadoro:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Sanofi: Honoraria, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Research Funding. Garderet:Takeda: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy. Perrot:Takeda: Honoraria; Sanofi: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Sonneveld:Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Honoraria, Research Funding; Karyopharm: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding. Karlin:Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: travel support; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: travel support. Cavo:Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; AbbVie: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; GlaxoSmithKline: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Adaptive Biotechnologies: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Moreau:Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Abbvie: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Beberapa indikasi menunjukan adanya jejak muka laut cukup tinggi di zaman Kuarter, ketinggiannya mencapai ±250 meter diatas muka laut masa kini, ditemukan pada kawasan pantai Tira hingga Tanjung Labokeh, Buton bagian selatan. Jejak tersebut terrekam pada permukaan terumbu karang yang membentuk undak laut di kawasan pantai Buton Selatan. Tujuh buah hasil pentarikhkan Radiokarbon memberikan tiga contoh berumur 1500 hingga 3000 tahun dan contoh terumbu karang lainnya berumur lebih tua dari 40.000 tahun sebelum saat ini. Runtunan data Radiokarbon secara garis besar menunjukan kesesuaian dengan perubahan muka laut pada zaman Kuarter yang telah di prakirakan oleh teori astronomi perubahan cuaca masa lalu. Jika dibandingkan data Radiokarvbon dengan data urutan undak laut menunjukan bahwa rata-rata aktivitas tektonik pengangkatan dikawasan pantai Tira hingga Tanjung Labokeh adalah 0,7 = 0,8 mm/tahun. Pengangkatan rata-rata Pulau Buton tampak lebih cepat dari Pulau Muna akibat adanya sesar aktiv diantara kedua pulau tersebut. Several indicators of a slightly higher Quaternary sea-level, reaching about ± 250 meters above the present situation have been found along the coastas of Tira to Cape Labokeh. South Buton. They are corrals in growth position on the surface of reef platform of South Buton. Seven Radiocarbbon datings have provided ages of three samplewsa are 1500 to 3000 and the other four samples are more older than 40.000 years BP. The Radiochronological data are thus broadly consistent with the timing of sea-level fluctuations predicted by the astronomical theory of paleoclimates. Comparision with the data from terraces sequences and from Radiocarbon dating records indicates that the average tectonic uplift rate at Tira and Cape Labokeh, South Buton is on the order of 0,7 – 0.8 mm / years. The uplift rate of Buton is more faster than Muna because of the active fault in between.

Islam emphasizes on the empowerment of the poor and needy. This empowerment initiative can be seen since the time of the Prophet SAW where effective management and the growth of waqf, zakah and charity were optimised. This peak of excellence can be witnessed in the reign of ʿUmar bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz where the initiative of strengthening the impoverished population was so effective in a way that it was difficult to find the poor who were eligible for zakat. This achievement is different from the reality of Muslims nowadays. Survey from the United Nations indicates that a large number of Muslim countries are classified as 'poverty' or 'extreme poverty'. Therefore, this study aims to study the method used by the Prophet to address the poverty problem. The Hadith of impoverished man from Anṣār narrated by Anas bin Mālik was chosen because it was believed to contain comprehensive strategies for empowering the poor. Inductive and deductive research techniques are used consistently. The results show that there are at least seven empowerment strategies that can be extracted from this hadith. It includes satisfying basic needs, outreach and accessibility, screening process, financial intermediary, cash liquidity, technical support as well as education and awareness. These strategies have the potential to be implemented by agencies involved in empowering the poor in order to initiate greater social impacts. Abstrak Islam amat menekankan soal pemerkasaan populasi fakir dan miskin. Usaha pemerkasaan ini dapat dilihat sejak dari zaman Nabi SAW di mana pengurusan berkesan dan pemesatan harta wakaf, zakat dan sedekah berlaku dengan optimum. Kemuncak kecemerlangan ini dapat dilihat pada era pemerintahan ʿUmar bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz di mana inisiatif pemerkasaan populasi miskin dilakukan dengan begitu efektif hinggakan amat sukar untuk menjumpakan golongan asnaf atau miskin yang layak menerima zakat. Pencapaian tersebut berbeza dengan realiti umat Islam hari ini. Dapatan kajian dari Pertubuhan Bangsa Bangsa Bersatu mendapati sejumlah besar negara-negara Islam dikelaskan sebagai berpopulasi ‘miskin’ atau ‘miskin tegar’. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji metode yang digunakan oleh Nabi SAW dalam manyantuni golongan miskin. Hadis lelaki miskin Anṣār yang diriwayatkan oleh Anas bin Mālik telah dipilih kerana dipercayai mengandungi strategi yang komprehensif untuk memperkasakan golongan miskin. Kaedah penyelidikan secara induktif dan deduktif digunakan secara konsisten. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat sekurang-kurangnya tujuh strategi pemerkasaan yang dapat diekstrak dari hadis ini. Ia merangkumi penyelesaian keperluan asas, capaian dan akses mudah, proses tapisan kemampuan, perantara kewangan, kecairan tunai, sokongan teknikal serta pendidikan dan kesedaran. Strategi-strategi ini amat berpotensi untuk dilaksanakan oleh agensi yang terlibat dengan pemerkasaan populasi miskin agar inisiatif yang dijalankan mampu memberi impak sosial yang lebih berkesan.