Academic literature on the topic 'Sewage disposal in rivers, lakes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sewage disposal in rivers, lakes"
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Goda, Takeshi, and Masataka Watanabe. "Some Basic Considerations for Marine Disposal of Wastewater and Solid Wastes." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0155.
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Renewal time and circulation rate are calculated for lakes, rivers and oceans. The annual circulation of the oceans is found to be only four times that of lakes in absolute amount. The dump sites, categories of wastes and tonnages for the disposal of wastes in the sea in Japan are discussed in detail. The dumping of sewage sludge in Japan is severely restricted due to the effects of trace elements on the marine ecosystem. Results of laboratory tests on the settling characteristics of sewage sludge, toxic effects of ammonia on fish and biomagnification are summarized.
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Li, Chengzhe. "Impact of Human Factors on Nature and Corresponding Measures." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 91 (April 15, 2024): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/sbex8772.
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As people in nowadays are paying more and more attention on environmental problems, we have noticed that human factors are great contributors to many problems on nature. This essay mainly discusses about the effects of human factors on nature in the aspects of atmosphere, rivers, oceans, and soil. In the paper, various of human factors including burning fossil fuels, sewage disposal, etc. are studied. Industrial processes emit significant greenhouse gases, disrupting Earth's balance and contributing to global warming and acid rain. Sewage and improper waste disposal in rivers and oceans turn once-pristine waters toxic, imperiling marine life. The urgency to address disposal habits is evident in cases like turtles ingesting plastic bags. Plant life is also affected as sewage laden with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium leads to ecological degradation, causing algal blooms and creating "dead lakes" or "dead seas." On land, human activities like desertification, deforestation, and urbanization have degraded soil health. Additionally, past imprudent infrastructure development has left scars of mudslides, emphasizing the vulnerability of ecosystems to human disregard. Lastly, the paper discusses some possible solutions due to this situation. This paper hopes to find out ways to solve environmental problems caused by human factors.
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Ankit, Ankit, and S. K. Singh. "An Overview of Performance Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plant." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 05 (May 28, 2021): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/04238.
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Sewage whether treated or untreated, ultimately discharge in lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans. We consider groundwater as pure, but unfortunately, sewage is one of the major reasons behind wastewater-associated diseases. Nearly 78% of the water flows back to the environment without any treatment. This can lead to numerous health and environmental problems so it is better to treat wastewater before disposal and further proper management can help in meeting the public’s water demand. As per today’s scenario, a number of innovations are required to operate treatment plants at high efficiency because of increasing domestic, commercial, and industrial waste. And this rise is taking place due to several reasons – urbanization, increasing population, economic development, and improved living conditions, etc. Nowadays people of both urban and peri-urban areas are using wastewater to irrigate their crops, often because they do not have any alternate source of irrigation water. New technologies are continuously being introduced in the sewage treatment plants to exhibit good performance. The paper focuses on reviewing the various sewage treatment methods and their results.
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Pickup, R. W., G. Rhodes, T. J. Bull, S. Arnott, K. Sidi-Boumedine, M. Hurley, and J. Hermon-Taylor. "Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Lake Catchments, in River Water Abstracted for Domestic Use, and in Effluent from Domestic Sewage Treatment Works: Diverse Opportunities for Environmental Cycling and Human Exposure." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (June 2006): 4067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02490-05.
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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from infected animals enters surface waters and rivers in runoff from contaminated pastures. We studied the River Tywi in South Wales, United Kingdom, whose catchment comprises 1,100 km2 containing more than a million dairy and beef cattle and more than 1.3 million sheep. The River Tywi is abstracted for the domestic water supply. Between August 2002 and April 2003, 48 of 70 (68.8%) twice-weekly river water samples tested positive by IS900 PCR. In river water, the organisms were associated with a suspended solid which was depleted by the water treatment process. Disposal of contaminated slurry back onto the land established a cycle of environmental persistence. A concentrate from 100 liters of finished water tested negative, but 1 of 54 domestic cold water tanks tested positive, indicating the potential for these pathogens to access domestic outlets. In the separate English Lake District region, with hills up to 980 m, tests for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the high hill lakes and sediments were usually negative, but streams and sediments became positive lower down the catchment. Sediments from 9 of 10 major lakes receiving inflow from these catchments were positive, with sediment cores indicating deposition over at least 40 to 50 years. Two of 12 monthly 1-liter samples of effluent and a single 100-liter sample from the Ambleside sewage treatment works were positive for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Since Lake Ambleside discharges into Lake Windermere, which is available for domestic supply, there is a potential for these organisms to cycle within human populations.
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Gupta, Gyandeep, and Mr Rajneesh. "Partial Use of Bakelite Powder in Concrete Structures as an Alternative to Natural Sand." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 680–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46707.
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Abstract: As we know that construction is a very important and basic part of development. In todays scenario every developed or developing are more focused in developing their infrastructure , which should be aesthetically beautiful, durable ,last but but not least Economical also. Specially in India which is a developing nation is going through lots of infrastructure development needs a durable and also economical construction materials specially sand, cement and concrete.so in this project more focus is on making the construction more cheaper and affordable to all the classes of society.so in this we have used Bakelite powder as adultrent in concrete to check its effect on its durability and effectiveness.as Bakelite is a thermoplastic material. It can not be reused to manufacture a modern products, so therefore it is either dumped or burnt both are which are harmful to the environment. As we have seen that influence of water on Bakelite best determined by oxidisabilty of the material and presence of phenol in water, so as if Bakelite powder is dumped in water it causes very serious sewage problem, so using Bakelite partial in place of sand may be a another way of treating problem of both construction and disposal of Bakelite. We have encountered problems in digging sand illegally like dregeing the sand from river beds and lakes which causing the thinning of rivers and lakes, this also leads to various environmental problems .
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Nuwanka, M. W. R., and M. D. K. L. Gunathilaka. "Complexities of Water Pollution: A Review of Surface Water Contamination in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education 5, no. 2 (August 12, 2023): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v5i2.97.
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Water is indispensable for sustaining life, food production, economic growth, and well-being. However, the growing population and industrialization have intensified the demand for freshwater, posing significant challenges to water resources in Sri Lanka. This review paper focuses on understanding the types and causes of water pollution, with a particular emphasis on surface water pollution, as well as exploring preventive measures in the context of Sri Lanka. Given its severe consequences and the global issue of water scarcity, water pollution has gained attention from researchers, scientists, and organizations. Surface water bodies, such as lakes and rivers, face pollution primarily due to inadequate management of sewage and industrial effluents. Insufficient sanitation facilities in low-income settlements further exacerbate the problem, affecting the country. Despite existing regulations, the lack of monitoring allows improper waste disposal practices to persist. Rural areas experience groundwater contamination from agrochemicals, while urban areas suffer from pollution caused by domestic sewage. Considering the limited resources, prioritizing pollution prevention proves to be a cost-effective approach. Effective control measures are required to address marine pollution, adversely impacting fisheries and tourism. Recognizing the interconnected nature of all types of water pollution is crucial, as they contribute to ecological degradation. To safeguard water resources, several measures must be implemented. These include improving sewage treatment systems, implementing better management practices for industrial effluents, prioritizing pollution prevention strategies, and strengthening monitoring mechanisms. Prioritizing water resource preservation will safeguard ecosystems, support sustainable development, and ensure well-being.
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Anisuzzaman, S. M., Collin G. Joseph, Chuan Kian Pang, Nur Ammarah Affandi, Sitti Nurazida Maruja, and Veena Vijayan. "Current Trends in the Utilization of Photolysis and Photocatalysis Treatment Processes for the Remediation of Dye Wastewater: A Short Review." ChemEngineering 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6040058.
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Development in the textile industry leads to an increased demand for the use of various dyes. Moreover, there is the use of some dyes in the food industry as well as medical diagnostics. Thereby, increased demand for dyes in various fields has resulted in dye-containing wastewater. Only a small portion of the generated wastewater is adequately treated. The rest is usually dumped or otherwise directly discharged into the sewage system, which ultimately enters rivers, lakes, and streams. The handling and disposal of such concentrated wastewater, especially the dye-containing wastewater, is considered to be a major environmental issue from the moment of its generation to its ultimate disposal. Conventional water treatment methods such as flotation, filtration, adsorption, etc., are non-destructive physical separation processes. They only transfer the pollutants to other phases, thereby generating concentrated deposits. The advanced oxidation process (AOP) is one of the most effective emerging methods for the treatment of wastewater containing chemical pollutants. The method involves the formation and interaction of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals under suitable activation conditions. These radicals are non-selective and efficient for the destruction and eventual mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants. This review aims at the pros and cons of using photocatalysis as an efficient AOP to degrade dye-containing wastewater.
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Grishina, Nina. "Environmental Aspects of the State of African Coastal Territories." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 60, no. 3 (September 7, 2022): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-60-3-110-118.
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To preserve the ecological balance and health of the population of the African continent, it is necessary to maintain the cleanliness of the surrounding rivers, lakes and ocean coasts. Oil production, transportation of oil and petroleum products inevitably lead to pollution of sea waters due to accidents on tankers, equipment breakdowns, and fires. Oceanic coasts are of great importance for the development of the tourism industry, which plays a significant role in the national economies of African countries. However, many coastal areas are contaminated with industrial and household waste, oil refining waste and sewage. As a result of the growth of cities, the increase in the number of urban residents and the development of industry, a huge number of substances that do not decompose naturally is discharged into water sources. Currently, domestic sewage in most coastal cities does not meet modern sanitary requirements, since the repair of old and the laying of new sewage treatment plants require large financial investments. In the interests of nature and human health, a number of international instruments has been adopted prohibiting the import of hazardous and radioactive waste, as well as the dumping or incineration of hazardous waste in the oceans and inland waters on the African continent. In some African countries, periodic clean-up activities are carried out on ocean and river coasts, but they are ad hoc and do not have a decisive impact on the state of contaminated areas. Experts of international environmental organizations have proposed a set of measures for the conservation and rational use of water resources: construction of wastewater treatment plants; mandatory environmental assessment of all major water management projects; development of measures to eliminate possible damage; control of new industrial installations and industrial waste disposal; design and operation of landfills based on reliable hydrogeological information and environmental expertise. However, these regulations are often violated, and solving the problem of coastal water pollution remains a distant prospect.
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AKASH, R. "Design and Development of River Cleaning Robot Using Iot Technology." International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 03, no. 04 (April 23, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/isjem01627.
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The issue of waterlogging due to plastic, thermocole and metal is prompting bother development, and it favors ailments like intestinal sickness, typhoid and so on. Cleaning the wastes by utilizing manual procedures would be insufficient as it regularly covers immense territory of works and endeavors with plausibility to getting influenced by different sicknesses from the irresistible microorganisms present in the sewage while cleaning manually. This study features a proposed plan of garbage gathering system viable and effective for tidying up waste from rivers, channels and lakes. The trash gathering system is explicitly coordinated to application for getting up a wide assortment of debris, including gliding litter, trash, logs, disposed tires and others. The integrated system incorporates the usage of IoT technology that has the ability to monitor and control the entire process. From the interest and need of cleaning contaminations in the conduits territory, the vessel has been created to suit the prerequisite of working at places other than seaward zone, giving more decisions for the utilization of cleaning garbage and waste from the water environment. Keywords— river cleaning robot, design & simulation, IoT
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LEE, RUBY M., and PAUL A. HARTMAN. "Inexpensive, Disposable Presence-Absence Test for Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Water." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.3.162.
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Six-ounce (151-g) Whirl-Pak® bags containing 3.05 g of dehydrated Presence-Absence (P-A) Broth and 5 mg of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) were pasteurized with 10 kGy of gamma irradiation. To conduct a “bag” P-A test, 100 ml of water sample were added to a bag. The bag was closed, the medium was dissolved by massaging the bag for about 15 sec, and the bag was then placed in a rack for incubation. The bag method was compared with P-A tests conducted in 160-ml glass bottles and 200-ml polysulfone bottles, as well as with a 5-tube Laury] Tryptose Broth (LTB) most-probable-number (MPN) method. Twenty-nine surface-water samples (11 streams, 7 rivers, and 11 lakes), 9 well-water samples, and 2 sewage effluents were examined. Chi-square analyses of the results revealed that no significant difference (P≤0.1) existed among the different P-A tests. The hydrolysis of MUG provided excellent Escherichia coli detection and was easiest to determine in the bags.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sewage disposal in rivers, lakes"
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O'Hearn, Rebecca Jones John R. "Nutrients, chlorophyll and bacterial fecal indicators in coves and open water areas of Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6563.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on November 19, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. John R. Jones. Includes bibliographical references.
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Li, Lin. "A semi-analytical self-similar solution of a bent-over jet in crossflow /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20353029.
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Li, Lin, and 李琳. "A semi-analytical self-similar solution of a bent-over jet in crossflow." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221373.
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Esposito, David M. "Hydrogeochemistry of stream channel recharge of sewage effluent, northwest of Tucson, Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191176.
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This investigation has documented the water quality impacts of stream channel recharge of sewage effluent northwest of Tucson and has evaluated the hydrogeochemical mechanisms potentially responsible for observed water quality changes. The evaluation was accomplished partly through construction of twelve monitor wells and implementation of a quarterly water quality monitoring program for surface water and groundwater. Constituents monitored included major inorganic chemical constituents, trace inorganics, trace metals, priority pollutants/trace organics and microbiological contaminants. ¹⁵N also proved useful in the study. The significance of a reducing zone immediately beneath the bed of the Santa Cruz River with respect to denitrification was documented. Findings of this investigation indicate that while sewage effluent is of poor quality with respect to drinking water standards, groundwater recharged by sewage effluent is of improved quality. Other findings include: * Nitrate in shallow groundwater near the Santa Cruz River in the Cortaro area appears to be primarily from stream channel recharge of sewage effluent; * Nitrate-N contents of effluent recharged groundwater averaged about 5 mg/1, well below the maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 10 mg/1, representing a 75 percent loss in total nitrogen during stream channel recharge of sewage effluent (assuming no mixing); * Both stream channel recharge of sewage effluent and agricultural deep percolation contribute to nitrate in shallow groundwater near the Santa Cruz River in the Marana area; * The reducing zone beneath the Santa Cruz River may be responsible for denitrification losses of up to 5 mg/1 of nitrate-N. This would explain approximately 30 percent of nitrogen losses, on average, between effluent and recharged groundwater; * The mechanisms of cation exchange and mixing with groundwater from other sources can explain the major changes in water quality between effluent and groundwater with respect to major inorganic chemical constituents; * Renovation of effluent with respect to coliform bacteria and enteric viruses content during recharge is not complete.
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Lacher, Laurel Jane 1964. "Recharge characteristics of an effluent dominated stream near Tucson, Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191199.
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Almost 90% of the treated sewage effluent processed by the two treatment plants serving the greater Tucson area is available for passive recharge through the Santa Cruz River streambed north of Tucson. In the absence of any major disturbance of the effluent channel, the recharge capacity of the streambed materials decreases over time as microbial activity, and possibly suspended sediments settling out of solution, act to clog the surficial sediments under the effluent stream. Effluent stream transmission-loss measurements made over the period from November 1994 to August 1995 provided data used to determine the average vertical hydraulic conductivity of the low-flow channel in the study reach through simulations using the computer model known as KINEROS2. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (KSAT) served as the calibration parameter in the model. The appropriate KSAT value was chosen for each set of field data by matching the observed and simulated downstream hydrographs for the study reach. KSAT values were corrected for viscosity changes resulting from changing average daily surface water temperatures over the study period. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values for the effluent stream channel ranged from a maximum of 37 mm/hr in January, 1995, following several major winter storms, to a minimum of 11 mm/hr in August, 1995, after a nearly six-month interstorm period. The saturated hydraulic conductivity values decay exponentially with time after the last major winter storm. The mathematical model describing this decay may be used to estimate effluent recharge rates under similar future meteorological and climatological conditions.
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Muller, Matthew Justin. "Linking institutional and ecological provisions for wastewater treatment discharge in a rural municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013048.
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The Green Drop Certification Programme, launched in 2008 alongside the Blue Drop Certification Programme, aims to provide the Department of Water Affairs with a national overview of how municipalities and their individual wastewater treatment works (WWTW) are complying with licence conditions set by the National Water Act (NWA) (No. 36 of 1998; DWAF 1998) and the Water Services Act (No. 108 of 1997; DWAF 1998). By publishing the results of each municipality’s performance, the programme aims to ensure continuous improvement in the wastewater treatment sector through public pressure. The programme has been identified by this project as a necessary linking tool between the NWA and the Water Services Act to ensure protection and sustainable use of South Africa’s natural water resources. It does this through assisting municipalities to improve their wastewater treatment operations which in theory will lead to discharged effluent that is compliant with discharge licence conditions. These discharge licences form part of the NWA’s enforcement tool of Source Directed Controls (SDC) which help a water resource meet the ecological goals set for it as part of Resource Directed Measures (RDM). The link between meeting the required SDC and achieving the RDM goals has never been empirically tested. This project aimed to determine the present ecological condition of the Uie River, a tributary of the Sundays River which the Sundays River Valley Municipality (SRVM) discharges its domestic effluent into. It then determined whether the SRVM’s WWTW was complying with the General Standard licence conditions and what the impact of the effluent on the river was through the analysis of monthly biomonitoring, water chemistry and habitat data. Lastly, the project examined the effectiveness of the Green Drop Certification Programme in bringing about change in the SRVM’s wastewater treatment sector, which previously achieved a Green Drop score of 5.6 percent. It wanted to examine the underlying assumption that a WWTW which improves its Green Drop score will be discharging a better quality effluent that will help a water resource meets the RDM goals set for it. The Kirkwood WWTW did not have a discharge licence at the time of assessment and was thus assessed under the General Standard licence conditions. It was found that the Kirkwood WWTW was not complying with the General Standard discharge licence conditions in the Uie River. This was having a negative impact on the river health, mainly through high concentrations of Total Inorganic Nitrogen (TIN-N), orthophosphate and turbidity. The SRVM should see an improvement in its Green Drop score for the Kirkwood WWTW. However, the municipality showed no implementation of necessary programmes. Implementation of these programmes would help the SRVM meet the General Standard licence conditions (part of SDC) which would help the Uie River meet the RDM goals set for it.
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De, Almeida Louise. "The effect of sewage effluent from De Beers marine diamond mining operations on the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A) and vitellogenin (vtg)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009440.
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Sewage effluents disposed into the marine environment from De Beers Marine Namibia diamond mining vessels have the potential to cause endocrine disruptive effects in marine organisms. Endocrine disruption refers to the alteration of the normal functioning of the endocrine system and various chemicals have the ability to mimic hormones, effecting endogenous hormone synthesis, transport, receptor interaction and intracellular signaling. The potential endocrine disruptive effects, caused by the release of different types of sewage effluents into the ocean, on fish species is a concern due to the commercial importance of fish species found in the mining area e.g. hake, sole, horse mackerel. Increased awareness of marine environmental degradation due to the presence of chemical contaminants has resulted in research being done on early warning systems, in the form of biomarkers. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 1A (CYP1A) and vitellogenin (vtg) are important proteins found in fish liver and blood, that have been used as biomarkers for the detection of pollutants in fish. CYP1A is a subfamily of the P450 superfamily of enzymes and catalyzes the oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction of exogenous and endogenous compounds (phase I reactions) and thus has the capacity to regulate the metabolism of several organic contaminants. CYP1A expression is altered by exposure to planar xenobiotic compounds e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Vtg is an important precursor for egg yolk proteins and plays a role in the growth and development of an oocyte. Expression of this protein is altered upon exposure to estrogenic compounds. The aim of this project was to isolate CYP1A from fish liver by differential centrifugation and optimize conditions for the CYP1A-mediated ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase (EROD) assay and western blot analysis (to assess CYP1A expression). Another aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of biologically disruptive chemicals from sewage effluents, discharged into the marine environment, on the expression of CYP1A in two species of hake, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus (Cape hake). CYP1A in Cape hake is approximately a 60 kDa protein and the highest EROD activity was detected in the microsomal fraction after differential centrifugation. Optimal EROD assay conditions were observed at pH 7.5, a temperature of 25 °C, 10 μl of sample and a reaction time of 30 seconds. Enzyme stability assays indicated a drastic decrease in enzyme activity after 30 seconds. The EROD assay was not NADPH dependent but was limited by NADPH supply, with an increase of 300% in EROD activity being observed with the addition of 0.1 M exogenous NADPH. The addition of dicumarol (40 μM), a phase II enzyme inhibitor, showed a 232% increase in EROD activity. This is because dicumarol inhibited enzymes with the capacity to metabolize the product (resorufin) of the EROD reaction. With regard to western blot analysis, the optimal primary (rabbit antifish CYP1A peptide) and secondary (anti-mouse/rabbit antibody-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (POD)) antibody dilutions were determined to be 1:1000 and 1:5000, respectively. The comparison of CYP1A expression in Cape hake samples from De Beers Marine mining area and reference sites showed higher EROD activity (16.29 ± 0.91 pmol/min) in fish samples from the mining area in comparison to the reference site (10.42 ± 2.65 pmol/min). Western blot analysis was in agreement with the EROD assay results and a higher CYP1A expression was observed in fish from the mining sites. The increased CYP1A expression observed in fish from the mining area is not definitively an indication of a pollutant effect in the environment, as several environmental and biological factors (e.g. photoperiod and age) must also be considered before reaching this conclusion. Another aim of this study was to purify vtg from Cape hake blood samples. Cape hake vtg was purified from fish plasma by selective precipitation with MgCl2 and EDTA. Precipitated sample was subjected to anion exchange chromatography using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). Vtg eluted as two broad peaks and had a molecular weight above 200 kDa. SDS-PAGE analysis also resolved smaller molecular weight proteins below 70 kDa, which were thought to be vitellogenin cleavage proteins, lipovitellin and phosphovitins. Western blot analysis was performed; however, it did not produce any conclusive results. The purification of vtg enables further studies in characterizing this protein and developing assay aimed at detecting estrogenic pollutants in the marine environment
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Yau, Yick-yee Joyce. "Bacterial indicators for beach water quality /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301554.
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Yau, Yick-yee Joyce, and 丘奕怡. "Bacterial indicators for beach water quality." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254445.
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Gola, Nontutuzelo Pearl. "The value of locally isolated freshwater micro-algae in toxicity testing for water resource management in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017873.
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The ecological position of micro-algae at the base of the aquatic food web makes them critical components of aquatic ecosystems. Their short generation time also makes them useful biological indicators because they respond quickly to changes in environmental condition, enabling timely identification and assessment of water quality changes. The inclusion of micro-algae as indicators in water resource regulation and management in South Africa has started recently, their more extensive use in biomonitoring and ecotoxicology programmes for water resource management would contribute to the South African policy if water resource protection. The standard algal growth inhibition assay with the species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata is currently used for monitoring toxicity of in-stream and industrial wastewater discharges to freshwater micro-algae. The relevance of the data generated by standard toxicity bioassays has been questioned, since micro-algae in particular are extremely variable in their sensitivity to a range of contaminants and these standard species used may not occur in the local aquatic environment. As a result, international regulatory agencies, have recommended algal growth inhibition tests be changed from a single standard species to tests with a number of species. One recommendation, in addition to the use of standard toxicity tests, is the use of species isolated from the local environment which may be more relevant for assessing site specific impacts. This study investigated the value and application of locally isolated South African freshwater micro-algae in toxicity tests for water resource management and was carried out in three phases. The first phase involved isolating micro-algae from South African aquatic resources. Micro-algae suitable for toxicity testing were identified and selected using as set of criteria. Three (Scenedesmus bicaudatus, Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella vulgaris) out of eight successfully isolated species satisfied the prescribed selection criteria and these were selected as potential toxicity test species. The second phase focused on refining and adapting the existing algal toxicity test protocol (the algal growth inhibition assay) for use on the locally isolated algal species. The refinement of the test protocol was achieved by exposing the locally isolated species to reference toxicants in order to assess and compare their growth and sensitivity to the toxicants under the prescribed toxicity test conditions with that of the standard toxicity test species (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and a commercial laboratory species (Chlorella protothecoides). During this phase, one of the three local species (Scenedesmus bicaudatus) was eliminated as a potential toxicity test species due to inconsistent growth. The third phase of the study involved assessing the sensitivity of the two remaining species (C. vulgaris and C. sorokiniana) to a range of toxicants (reference toxicants, salts, effluents and a herbicide) and comparing it to that of the standard toxicity test species P. subcapitata and C. protothecoides. The toxicants were selected based on their relative importance in the South African context, as well as the practicality of using these local micro-algae to routinely determine the impact of these toxicants on local aquatic resources. The growth of the four micro-algae was stimulated by the selected effluents. The standard toxicity test species P. subcapitata was ranked the most sensitive and of the four species to two reference toxicants and two inorganic salts. Chlorella sorokiniana was ranked the most sensitive of the three Chlorella species to two reference toxicants and two inorganic salts. The herbicide stimulated the growth of C. vulgaris while inhibiting the growth of the other species. Pseudokirchneriela subcapitata and C. sorokiniana showed high intra-specific variability in growth, which made it difficult to determine the effective concentrations of the herbicide and therefore compare the sensitivity of the species. This varied response of micro-algal species to toxicants may result in the biodiversity shifts in aquatic ecosystems, and also supports the recommendation of using a battery of different species to support more informed decisions in water resource management.
Books on the topic "Sewage disposal in rivers, lakes"
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Reddy, Leo. Sewage treatment advances in Athlone. Dublin: National Council for Educational Awards, 1995.
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Geological Survey (U.S.), Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, and Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership, eds. Reconnaissance of contaminants in selected wastewater-treatment-plant effluent and stormwater runoff entering the Columbia River, Columbia River Basin, Washington and Oregon, 2008-10. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2012.
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Office, General Accounting. Water quality, an evaluation method for the construction grants program: Report to the Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Subcommitee on Investigations and Oversight. Cleanup of the Tijuana River: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, April 13, 1994. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
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Golding, Steven. METRO Renton wastewater treatment plant: Class II inspection, January 24-26, 1994. Olympia, WA: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services Program, 1995.
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Huff, Glenn F. Water-quality data for the Rio Grande between Picacho Bridge near Las Cruces and Calle del Norte Bridge near Mesilla, New Mexico, 1996-97. Albuquerque, N.M: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.
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Huff, Glenn F. Water-quality data for the Rio Grande between Picacho Bridge near Las Cruces and Calle del Norte Bridge near Mesilla, New Mexico, 1996-97. Albuquerque, N.M: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.
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Huff, Glenn F. Water-quality data for the Rio Grande between Picacho Bridge near Las Cruces and Calle del Norte Bridge near Mesilla, New Mexico, 1996-97. Albuquerque, N.M: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.
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Huff, Glenn F. Water-quality data for the Rio Grande between Picacho Bridge near Las Cruces and Calle del Norte Bridge near Mesilla, New Mexico, 1996-97. Albuquerque, N.M: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.
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Las Cruces (N.M.) and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Water-quality data for the Rio Grande between Picacho Bridge near Las Cruces and Calle del Norte Bridge near Mesilla, New Mexico, 1996-97. Albuquerque, N.M: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Sewage disposal in rivers, lakes"
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Ullah Bhat, Sami, and Umara Qayoom. "Implications of Sewage Discharge on Freshwater Ecosystems." In Sewage - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100770.
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Freshwater ecosystems such as lakes and rivers are among the sensitive ecosystems, which host rich biodiversity. Being major freshwater resources, they provide a wide range of ecosystem services, making their existence essential for the well-being of human societies. However, in the past few decades, there have been adverse impacts on the health of these ecosystems due to uncontrolled sewage disposal throughout the world. This is increasingly becoming a tough challenge to protect the freshwater ecosystems from the ramifications of the entry of untreated sewage. Loss of biodiversity, physiological and behavioral changes in species, community shifts, and fish mortality have been witnessed in aquatic ecosystems, which are the recipients of untreated or partially treated sewage. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are abundant in sewage and are one of the leading causes of eutrophication of water bodies. Several freshwater ecosystems around the world have become a victim of eutrophication due to untreated sewage disposal, leading to a change in trophic status.
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Singh, Anubhav, Anuj Sharma, Rohit K. Verma, Rushikesh L. Chopade, Pritam P. Pandit, Varad Nagar, Vinay Aseri, et al. "Heavy Metal Contamination of Water and Their Toxic Effect on Living Organisms." In The Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105075.
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Water has become a major threat in today’s world. Collection of heavy metals, a few of them, is potentially toxic and these get distributed to different areas through different pathways. With an increase in the earth’s population, development and industrialization are taking place rapidly and these get the major source of water contamination. With heavy metals in lakes, rivers, groundwater, and various water sources, water gets polluted by the increased concentration of heavy metals and metalloids through release from the suddenly mine tailings, disposal of high metal wastes, growing industrial areas, leaded gasoline and paints, usage of fertilizers inland, animal manures, E-waste, sewage sludge, pesticides, wastewater irrigation, coal, etc. Exposure to heavy metals has been linked to chronic and acute toxicity, which develops retardation; neurotoxicity can damage the kidneys, lead to the development of different cancers, damage the liver and lungs; bones can become fragile; and there are even chances of death in case of huge amount of exposure. This chapter mainly focuses on heavy metal pollution in water and its toxic effect on living organisms.
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Condron, Leo M., and Emmanuel Frossard. "Use of 31P NMR in the Study of Soils and the Environment." In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Environment Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097511.003.0021.
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Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plants and animals because of its vital role in energy transformation processes such as photosynthesis and glycolysis. Soil is the primary source of P for plants (and animals), and while native soil P is mainly derived from the mineral apatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH,F)2) present in soil parent material, supplementary P is added in fertilizers. In addition, large quantities of P are present in household and industrial chemicals such as detergents, and as a result organic wastes such as municipal sewage sludge contain significant amounts of various chemical forms of inorganic and organic P. The biogeochemical cycling of P in soil is determined by a complex interaction of chemical, biochemical and biological processes, which in turn are influenced by a variety of environmental and anthropogenic factors in natural and agro-ecosystems. It is clear that P is a key element in the environment; it is indispensable for plant growth, but its release into water bodies such as rivers and lakes can cause significant environmental damage as a result of eutrophication. The detailed chemical nature and associated transformations of P in the soil—plant system, and the fate of native and applied P in particular, must be fully understood in order to maximize the agronomic benefits of P while minimizing any adverse environmental impacts. The latter is particularly important in view of the growing importance of land application as a disposal option for organic wastes such as animal manures and municipal sewage sludge. The large gyromagnetic ratio of the 31P nucleus and its 100% natural abundance make 31P easy to detect by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and accordingly NMR has been used to examine P in a wide variety of environments. In particular, NMR spectroscopy has been shown to be a valuable tool for investigating the chemical nature and transformations of P in the soil environment and the associated fate of fertilizers, pesticides and organic wastes. This chapter includes a brief summary of the use of liquid-state 31P NMR to investigate the chemical nature and cycling of P in the soil-plant system and the fate of selected pesticides.
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Scanlan, Melissa K. "Water." In Prosperity in the Fossil-Free Economy, 235–51. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300253993.003.0011.
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This chapter talks about water, which is essential for life and is recognized as a human right. It emphasizes how the invisible system of buried pipes and infrastructure that delivers water is largely forgotten when it is easy, clean, and inexpensive to turn on the tap. It also mentions that climate change threatens water security, even for those with generally reliable water services. The chapter emphasizes that flooding and drought challenge the systems for supplying water and cleaning sewage before returning to rivers and lakes. It clarifies the relation between water and energy, which shows how the energy footprint of delivering clean water and then treating it as municipal sewage is part of the water–energy nexus.
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Cumbler, John T. "“Most Beautiful Sewer”." In Reasonable Use. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138139.003.0013.
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The reforms of the late nineteenth century did help protect New England’s drinking water. The plague of water-borne diseases that made the region’s cities so infamously dangerous to live in seemed to be in retreat. For a moment, it looked as if the new century would bring a world in which there did not have to be trade-offs between economic development and environmental quality. The ideal articulated by Lyman and Mills—that professional expertise would transcend conflicts of interests between manufacturers and reformers—seemed at hand. Yet there were still problems that these optimists overlooked. And these problems broke into view again in the new century. Despite the health gains, New England’s rivers and streams continued to receive massive influxes of pollution of both industrial wastes and human sewage. The larger cities along the major river systems continued their practice of dumping raw sewage downstream, while manufacturers still saw running water as a natural disposal system for their wastes. Industrial wastes, although less central in the conversation around public health and the environment, were clearly polluting water systems, and reformers never completely gave up the struggle to clean water of industrial pollutants. In its 1896 report, the Massachusetts State Board of Health discussed possible solutions to the problems of “waste liquors or sewage from those manufacturing industries in the State which pollute or threaten to pollute our rivers and ponds.” The Lawrence station experimented with different methods of removing industrial wastes. Yet the “problem of successful and economical disposal of this sewage [remained].” As people began to look at clean water as an aesthetic as well as a health issue, the ability of water to sustain live fish, which had been dismissed twenty years earlier, now became a concern. Commissions on fisheries that had focused attention on fishways and fish cultivation in the nineteenth century began to revisit the issue of water pollution as they noticed their hatchery fish dying in polluted waters; oyster growers complained to the commissions that their oyster beds were being polluted.
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Sperber, Daniel. "Water Supply, Sewage, and Drainage." In The City in Roman Palestine. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098822.003.0013.
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It is well known that Erez Yisrael was not blessed with a plentiful supply of water. Other than the narrow winding Jordan, there are few rivers in the country and hardly any fresh water lakes, other than the Sea (!) of Galilee and Huleh Lake (which virtually no longer exists). Consequently, the cities, which required an abundant and regular flow of water, relied mostly on wells and on rainwater trapped in numerous small private and public cisterns. Fountains (springs) might have been situated at considerable distances from the city, and water would have been transported via an open canal (such as in present-day Wadi Kelt between Jerusalem and Jericho), through a closed piping system, which sometimes spanned hills and valleys for many miles, or by aqueducts (such as those near Caesarea). There were also large underground water systems with vent pipes surfacing at regular intervals to relieve water and air pressure and to enable workers to inspect and clear out the silt deposits and other obstructions (witness the magnificent complex bringing water to Jerusalem through the adjacent Armon ha-Naẓiv). There were also overhead pipes made of lead, earthenware, or at times even wood that were laid out carefully above ground, taking advantage of the lay of the land and using gravitational force to transport water over a great distance from a source high in the hills to a city situated low on the plains. Such piping systems required considerable sophistication in planning and construction, not only in choosing optimal routes but also in calculating water pressures and the strengths and diameters of piping units, in placing air vents to relieve excessive pressure, and in installing sludgecocks for removing silt deposits and for filtering the water. A detailed description of different water-supply systems can be found in the work of the great first century C.E. Roman architect Vitruvius in his De Architectura.
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LeDonne, John P. "Civil Law." In Absolutism And Ruling Class, 218–35. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195068054.003.0012.
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Abstract Russian law distinguished between real (“immovable’’) and personal (“movable”) property, and real property was in turn divided into patrimonial (rodovoe) and acquired (blagopriobretennoe) property.1 Real property-land, whether settled with peasants or empty-included its fixtures, such as forests, orchards, gardens, hayfields, houses, church and factory buildings, saltworks, trade shops (lavk1), barns and cellars (pogreby); and its appurtenances, such as rivers, lakes and swamps, roads, metals and minerals in the subsoil, mills, dams, bridges, and landings, as well as deeds, survey maps, and ledgers. Until 1714 real property held “in service” (pomest’e) was distinguished from that held “in demesne” (votchina), the chief difference being that the disposal of the former required the assent of the Pomestnyi Prikaz.
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Levy, Sharon. "The Fight This Time." In The Marsh Builders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190246402.003.0018.
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Forty- five years after the passage of the Clean Water Act (CWA), water pollution remains a profound problem. More than forty- seven thousand US waters are impaired. At the rate these lakes, rivers, and estuaries are being cleaned up, it will take more than five hundred years to make them all safe for swimming and fishing. Oliver Houck, a professor of law at Tulane University who has focused on environmental protection since the 1970s, sums up the situation: “We have not had clean water in America,” he writes, “in the lifetime of anyone living.” The major source of pollution in the waters of the US, as in other developed countries, is now runoff from farm fields and city streets. These nonpoint sources remain difficult to control. More than 75 percent of the rivers and lakes that fail to meet water quality standards are tainted by nonpoint sources. In terms of nutrient pollution, agricultural runoff is by far the dominant source, triggering harmful algal blooms from Chesapeake Bay to Puget Sound. The CWA of 1972 addressed point sources of pollution in a decisive and radical way. Section 402 of the CWA applies effluent standards based on the best available treatment technology to city sewage and industrial wastewaters, and puts regulatory power in the hands of the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Regulation under this scheme has brought dramatic improvement in water quality. Before the CWA was enacted, major urban river systems throughout the country had such low levels of dissolved oxygen that fish kills became routine, and urban beaches were often closed due to fecal contamination. By the late 1990s, dissolved oxygen levels had improved in about 70 percent of river reaches and watersheds studied by the EPA, and fish had returned to many waters. Beach closures decreased. Problems remain, especially in cities like Chicago and Baltimore, where heavy rains can overwhelm treatment systems, releasing raw sewage downstream. Still, in terms of curbing point source pollution, the CWA has made a critical difference. The rise of pollution from unregulated nonpoint sources has eaten away at these water quality gains. The Mississippi River basin, whose waters flow into the northern Gulf of Mexico, may be the most dramatic example. In August 2017, the Gulf’s dead zone grew to an unprecedented 8,776 square miles, about the size of New Jersey.
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Bajpai, Mukul, Samriddhi Sharma, and Surjit Singh Katoch. "Optimization Through Box-Behnken Design for Cr(VI) Degradation from Real Tannery Wastewater Using Graphite Electrode by Electrocoagulation." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde221008.
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The mitigation of tannery effluents is a rising issue owing to the complex mixture of contaminants and hazardous chemicals, mostly chromium. The disposal of tannery effluent into the various water sources such as ponds, lakes, rivers, etc., affects the ecosystem and aquatic lives. The current work scrutinizes the performance of EC unit for Cr(VI) degradation from real tannery effluent. The chromium removal efficiency was evaluated using an iron and graphite electrode in parallel arrangement (MP-P). The iron anode was employed to generate metal coagulant species whereas, graphite served as the cathode. Furthermore, based upon factors mainly pH, current density (CD), electrolysis duration and initial pollutant concentration, the process was statistically optimized using BBD-based response surface methodology (RSM). Optimization of all the four independent variables was determined to be pH = 5.27, CD = 6.26 mA/cm2, electrolysis time = 26.7 minutes and initial concentration = 133.62 mg/L respectively based on which maximum chromium removal efficiency of 89.12% was obtained. Residual, response, probability, 3D surfaces, and contour plots were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA).
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Velayatzadeh, Mohammad. "Heavy Metals in Surface Soils and Crops." In Heavy Metals - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108824.
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In the era of industrialization and technological progress, pollution has reduced the quality of life for humans. Heavy metal pollution is one of the main causes of environmental degradation. The underlying causes are natural as well as human. Heavy metal contamination of soil has become a worldwide environmental issue that has attracted considerable public attention, mainly due to increased concern for the safety of agricultural products. Heavy metals refer to some metals and metals with biological toxicity such as cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead and chromium. These elements enter the soil agricultural ecosystem through natural processes resulting from raw materials and through human activities. Heavy metal pollution is a great threat to the health and well-being of animals and humans due to the risk of potential accumulation through the food chain. The main sources of heavy metal pollution are air pollution, river sediments, sewage sludge and municipal waste compost, agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, and industrial wastes such as factories that release chemicals. Heavy metals can enter the water supply through industrial and consumer wastes or even from acid rain that decomposes soils and releases heavy metals into streams, lakes, rivers and groundwater.
Conference papers on the topic "Sewage disposal in rivers, lakes"
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Vasanth, Adwaith B., G. S. Gargi, Suja Paulose, R. Divya, P. Ashly, and Chandra K. Lekshmi. "Advanced Disinfecting, Analysis and Collection of Garbage from Aquatic Resources." In 2nd International Conference on Modern Trends in Engineering Technology and Management. AIJR Publisher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.160.20.
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In the last 20 years almost all the water resources in the world are suffering from pollution. Now a days water bodies are destroyed by the disposal of untreated sewage and solid wastes. During this current scenario, these water bodies are highly polluted, then become landfills leads to the destruction of water bodies and thereby the aquatic organisms. Approximately 70% of sewage goes untreated, resulting in over 40 million litres of raw sewage being discharged directly into oceans, rivers, and lakes on a daily basis. To address these issues, various governmental initiatives and programs have been implemented with the goal of decreasing water pollution levels. Due to this issue of increasing level of pollution of water bodies, this project “Advanced Disinfection, Analysis and collection of garbage from water sources” is to analyse the water quality, collect waste from water bodies and at the same time disinfect the water. This project is remote controlled, we use DC pumps to control the direction and arrange the steering servo motor. To make the ship self-sufficient, we need to implement solar panels that would charge the battery. Wire gauges are used for waste collection. Here we use Arduino mega controller and UV light to disinfect the water and various sensors to sense the quality from the water.
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Reinert, Pedro Antonio Galacci, Jhenifer Scarlet de Sousa Monteiro, Mara Heloisa Neves Olsen Scaliante, and Bruna Gonçalves de Souza. "Synthesis, characterization and application of Clinoptilolite-based catalysts for the degradation of Reactive Blue dye via photo-Fenton process." In V Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvmulti2024-166.
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Water is the most important natural resource for society, being essential to satisfy the basic and industrial needs of the population. However, the pollution of water bodies by the enormous amount of chemicals released each year into rivers, lakes and oceans represents a serious risk to this valuable resource, with the primary cause being the inadequate disposal of wastewater from industrial processes (Adam et al., 2022). As a result, there is a continuous effort by the scientific community, mainly in the engineering area, to propose ways to treat such pollutants in an attempt to stop the growing contamination of water bodies.
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Panicker, Philip K., and Amani Magid. "Microwave Plasma Gasification for the Restoration of Urban Rivers and Lakes, and the Elimination of Oceanic Garbage Patches." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59632.
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This review paper describes techniques proposed for applying microwave-induced plasma gasification (MIPG) for cleaning rivers, lakes and oceans of synthetic and organic waste pollutants by converting the waste materials into energy and useful raw materials. Rivers close to urban centers tend to get filled with man-made waste materials, such as plastics and paper, gradually forming floating masses that further trap biological materials and animals. In addition, sewage from residences and industries, as well as rainwater runoff pour into rivers and lakes carrying solid wastes into the water bodies. As a result, the water surfaces get covered with a stagnant, thick layer of synthetic and biological refuse which kill the fish, harm animals and birds, and breed disease-carrying vectors. Such destruction of water bodies is especially common in developing countries which lack the technology or the means to clean up the rivers. A terrible consequence of plastic and synthetic waste being dumped irresponsibly into the oceans is the presence of several large floating masses of garbage in the worlds’ oceans, formed by the action of gyres, or circulating ocean currents. In the Pacific Ocean, there are numerous debris fields that have been labeled the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. These patches contain whole plastic litters as well as smaller pieces of plastic, called microplastics, which are tiny fragments that were broken down by the action of waves. These waste products are ingested by animals, birds and fishes, causing death or harm. Some of the waste get washed ashore on beaches along with dead marine life. The best solution for eliminating all of the above waste management problems is by the application of MIPG systems to convert solid waste materials and contaminated water into syngas, organic fuels and raw materials. MIPG is the most efficient form of plasma gasification, which is able to process the most widest range of waste materials, while consuming only about a quarter of the energy released from the feedstock. MIPG systems can be scaled in size, power rating and waste-treatment capacity to match financial needs and waste processing requirements. MIPG systems can be set up in urban locations and on the shores of the waterbody, to filter and remove debris and contaminants and clean the water, while generating electric power to feed into the grid, and fuel or raw materials for industrial use. For eliminating the pelagic debris fields, the proposed design is to have ships fitted with waste collector and filtration systems that feeds the collected waste materials into a MIPG reactor, which converts the carbonaceous materials into syngas (H2 + CO). Some of the syngas made will be used to produce the electric power needed for running the plasma generator and onboard systems, while the remainder can be converted into methanol and other useful products through the Fischer-Tropsch process. This paper qualitatively describes the implementation schemes for the above processes, wherein MIPG technology will be used to clean up major waste problems affecting the earth’s water bodies and to convert the waste into energy and raw materials in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner, while reducing the dependence on fossil fuels and the release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
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Liang, Hao, Weiding Long, Yingqian Song, and Fang Liu. "The Analysis and Application of Energy-Internet in the Low-Carbon Community." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90338.
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The energy-Internet is a new energy supply method based on urban compact and densely populated community in a low-carbon city. The principle is to connect small energy generation stations and combined heat and power system (CHP) based on distributed energy technology and renewable energy into a network in the urban district. In this way, the cooling, heating and electricity could all back each other up. Each building of the community could collect the energy and then put that energy into the energy-internet to supply the heating and power to buildings. The power in the energy-internet could also be used for charging electric vehicles. So the energy use in the urban community would be basically self-sufficient. The energy generation stations in the energy-internet could be solar power, wind power, biomass cogeneration (including refuse power generation), household fuel cell, low-grade heat in rivers, lakes, urban sewage and soil. In this way, large-scale renewable energy and unused energy could be fully used and applied in a compact and dense community. If the energy-internet is suitable designed, the equipment capacity, energy consumption and CO2 emission of the community could be greatly reduced, energy efficiency could be optimized and improved and the heat island effect could also be alleviated. This article explores three major problems of the construction of energy internet and their solutions: namely, the location and layout of the energy station, the environmental economic dispatch model of the energy internet with power dispatching as an example, the optimal path design of hot water pipe network combined with graph theory and genetic algorithms.
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Geddes, Brian, Chris Wenzel, Michael Owen, Mark Gardiner, and Julie Brown. "Remediation of Canada’s Historic Haul Route for Radium and Uranium Ores: The Northern Transportation Route." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59303.
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Established in the 1930s, the Northern Transportation Route (NTR) served to transport pitchblende ore 2,200 km from the Port Radium Mine in Canada’s Northwest Territories to Fort McMurray in Alberta. From there, the ore was shipped 3,000 km by rail to the Town of Port Hope, Ontario, where it was refined for its radium content and used for medical purposes. Later, transport and refinement focussed on uranium. The corridor of lakes, rivers, portages and roads that made up the NTR included a number of transfer points, where ore was unloaded and transferred to other barges or trucks. Ore was occasionally spilled during these transfer operations and, in some cases, subsequently distributed over larger areas as properties were re-developed or modified. In addition, relatively small volumes of ore were sometimes transported by air to the south. Since 1991, the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Office (LLRWMO), working with communities and its consulting contractors, has conducted surveys to identify and characterize spill sites along the NTR where soils exhibit elevated concentrations of uranium, radium and/or arsenic. In addition to significant areas of impact in Fort McMurray, contamination along the NTR was centred in the Sahtu region near Great Bear Lake and along the southern part of the Slave River. Early radiological investigations found contaminated buildings and soil and occasionally discrete pieces of pitchblende ore at many transfer points and storage areas along the NTR. Where possible, survey work was undertaken in conjunction with property redevelopment activity requiring the relocation of impacted soils (e.g., at Tulita, Fort Smith, Hay River, and Fort McMurray). When feasible to consolidate contaminated material locally, it was placed into Long Term Management Facilities developed to manage and monitor the materials over extended timelines. Radiological activity generated by these engineered facilities are generally below thresholds established by Canadian regulators, meaning they are straightforward to maintain, with minor environmental and community impacts. Securing community acceptance for these facilities is critical, and represents the predominant development component of plans for managing ore-impacted soils. In those circumstances where local consolidation is not achievable, materials have been relocated to disposal facilities outside of the region. The LLRWMO is continuing a program of public consultation, technical evaluation and environmental assessment to develop management plans for the remaining ore-impacted sites on the NTR. This paper will highlight current activities and approaches applied for the responsible management of uranium and radium mining legacies.
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Freeborn, S. S., J. Hannigan, H. A. MacKenzie, and F. Greig. "An In-Line Photoacoustic Sensor for Environmental Monitoring in Water." In Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.1996.lwb.2.
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During the operation of offshore production platforms, sea contamination occurs from leakage, spillage and from the overboard discharge of produced water. Produced water is the terminology applied to water which is obtained during oil production from two main sources. These are naturally from within the oil reservoirs and from sea water used in the oil recovery process. Legislative limits are set in the most of the major oil production regions world wide. These limits vary from region to region but are generally set between 15ppm and 40ppm for dispersed hydrocarbon concentration in water. The volumes of produced water are exceeding that of crude oil production in many offshore oil fields, such as in the North Sea fields to the north-east of the U.K. where in 1994 for a total crude oil production of 114.4 million tonnes, 147 million tonnes of water was produced, the majority of which was discharged back into the sea. The volumes of oil discharged within produced water are the single greatest source of oil contamination from oil production facilities in the North Sea and with similar situations replicated world wide represents a global concern to sensitive marine environments. The present methods for the detection of oil in produced water are based either on chemical analysis of intermittent samples or bypass pipelines with instrumentation to detect either dissolved or dispersed hydrocarbons by a variety of optical techniques including absorption, scattering and fluorescence. Tests in the U.K. on a range of commercially available instruments have shown that no single one entirely meets either the present needs or satisfies the requirements of the more stringent future legislation which is likely to be introduced in the atmosphere of growing concern for our environment. New instrumentation is required to meet these needs and will require a specification to include both in-line and on-line operation and sensitive measurements on dissolved and dispersed hydrocarbons. The requirement for in-line operation introduces further complexities to the specification due to the optical scattering which can be introduced by sand and other sediments which could not be filtered, and from the high sample flow rates and turbulence which is introduced by the flow rate of 1ms 1 typically encountered in the discharge pipes. To meet these needs a new generation of in-line systems for environmental monitoring are being developed based upon the Photoacoustic Spectroscopy technique. The instrumentation is being developed initially for the online monitoring of hydrocarbons in produced water but may also find application in the detection of oil and other pollutants in the open sea, rivers, lakes and sewage.