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1
Goda, Takeshi, and Masataka Watanabe. "Some Basic Considerations for Marine Disposal of Wastewater and Solid Wastes." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0155.
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Renewal time and circulation rate are calculated for lakes, rivers and oceans. The annual circulation of the oceans is found to be only four times that of lakes in absolute amount. The dump sites, categories of wastes and tonnages for the disposal of wastes in the sea in Japan are discussed in detail. The dumping of sewage sludge in Japan is severely restricted due to the effects of trace elements on the marine ecosystem. Results of laboratory tests on the settling characteristics of sewage sludge, toxic effects of ammonia on fish and biomagnification are summarized.
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Li, Chengzhe. "Impact of Human Factors on Nature and Corresponding Measures." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 91 (April 15, 2024): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/sbex8772.
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As people in nowadays are paying more and more attention on environmental problems, we have noticed that human factors are great contributors to many problems on nature. This essay mainly discusses about the effects of human factors on nature in the aspects of atmosphere, rivers, oceans, and soil. In the paper, various of human factors including burning fossil fuels, sewage disposal, etc. are studied. Industrial processes emit significant greenhouse gases, disrupting Earth's balance and contributing to global warming and acid rain. Sewage and improper waste disposal in rivers and oceans turn once-pristine waters toxic, imperiling marine life. The urgency to address disposal habits is evident in cases like turtles ingesting plastic bags. Plant life is also affected as sewage laden with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium leads to ecological degradation, causing algal blooms and creating "dead lakes" or "dead seas." On land, human activities like desertification, deforestation, and urbanization have degraded soil health. Additionally, past imprudent infrastructure development has left scars of mudslides, emphasizing the vulnerability of ecosystems to human disregard. Lastly, the paper discusses some possible solutions due to this situation. This paper hopes to find out ways to solve environmental problems caused by human factors.
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Ankit, Ankit, and S. K. Singh. "An Overview of Performance Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plant." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 05 (May 28, 2021): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/04238.
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Sewage whether treated or untreated, ultimately discharge in lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans. We consider groundwater as pure, but unfortunately, sewage is one of the major reasons behind wastewater-associated diseases. Nearly 78% of the water flows back to the environment without any treatment. This can lead to numerous health and environmental problems so it is better to treat wastewater before disposal and further proper management can help in meeting the public’s water demand. As per today’s scenario, a number of innovations are required to operate treatment plants at high efficiency because of increasing domestic, commercial, and industrial waste. And this rise is taking place due to several reasons – urbanization, increasing population, economic development, and improved living conditions, etc. Nowadays people of both urban and peri-urban areas are using wastewater to irrigate their crops, often because they do not have any alternate source of irrigation water. New technologies are continuously being introduced in the sewage treatment plants to exhibit good performance. The paper focuses on reviewing the various sewage treatment methods and their results.
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Pickup, R. W., G. Rhodes, T. J. Bull, S. Arnott, K. Sidi-Boumedine, M. Hurley, and J. Hermon-Taylor. "Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Lake Catchments, in River Water Abstracted for Domestic Use, and in Effluent from Domestic Sewage Treatment Works: Diverse Opportunities for Environmental Cycling and Human Exposure." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (June 2006): 4067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02490-05.
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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from infected animals enters surface waters and rivers in runoff from contaminated pastures. We studied the River Tywi in South Wales, United Kingdom, whose catchment comprises 1,100 km2 containing more than a million dairy and beef cattle and more than 1.3 million sheep. The River Tywi is abstracted for the domestic water supply. Between August 2002 and April 2003, 48 of 70 (68.8%) twice-weekly river water samples tested positive by IS900 PCR. In river water, the organisms were associated with a suspended solid which was depleted by the water treatment process. Disposal of contaminated slurry back onto the land established a cycle of environmental persistence. A concentrate from 100 liters of finished water tested negative, but 1 of 54 domestic cold water tanks tested positive, indicating the potential for these pathogens to access domestic outlets. In the separate English Lake District region, with hills up to 980 m, tests for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the high hill lakes and sediments were usually negative, but streams and sediments became positive lower down the catchment. Sediments from 9 of 10 major lakes receiving inflow from these catchments were positive, with sediment cores indicating deposition over at least 40 to 50 years. Two of 12 monthly 1-liter samples of effluent and a single 100-liter sample from the Ambleside sewage treatment works were positive for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Since Lake Ambleside discharges into Lake Windermere, which is available for domestic supply, there is a potential for these organisms to cycle within human populations.
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Gupta, Gyandeep, and Mr Rajneesh. "Partial Use of Bakelite Powder in Concrete Structures as an Alternative to Natural Sand." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 680–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46707.
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Abstract: As we know that construction is a very important and basic part of development. In todays scenario every developed or developing are more focused in developing their infrastructure , which should be aesthetically beautiful, durable ,last but but not least Economical also. Specially in India which is a developing nation is going through lots of infrastructure development needs a durable and also economical construction materials specially sand, cement and concrete.so in this project more focus is on making the construction more cheaper and affordable to all the classes of society.so in this we have used Bakelite powder as adultrent in concrete to check its effect on its durability and effectiveness.as Bakelite is a thermoplastic material. It can not be reused to manufacture a modern products, so therefore it is either dumped or burnt both are which are harmful to the environment. As we have seen that influence of water on Bakelite best determined by oxidisabilty of the material and presence of phenol in water, so as if Bakelite powder is dumped in water it causes very serious sewage problem, so using Bakelite partial in place of sand may be a another way of treating problem of both construction and disposal of Bakelite. We have encountered problems in digging sand illegally like dregeing the sand from river beds and lakes which causing the thinning of rivers and lakes, this also leads to various environmental problems .
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Nuwanka, M. W. R., and M. D. K. L. Gunathilaka. "Complexities of Water Pollution: A Review of Surface Water Contamination in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education 5, no. 2 (August 12, 2023): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.55151/ijeedu.v5i2.97.
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Water is indispensable for sustaining life, food production, economic growth, and well-being. However, the growing population and industrialization have intensified the demand for freshwater, posing significant challenges to water resources in Sri Lanka. This review paper focuses on understanding the types and causes of water pollution, with a particular emphasis on surface water pollution, as well as exploring preventive measures in the context of Sri Lanka. Given its severe consequences and the global issue of water scarcity, water pollution has gained attention from researchers, scientists, and organizations. Surface water bodies, such as lakes and rivers, face pollution primarily due to inadequate management of sewage and industrial effluents. Insufficient sanitation facilities in low-income settlements further exacerbate the problem, affecting the country. Despite existing regulations, the lack of monitoring allows improper waste disposal practices to persist. Rural areas experience groundwater contamination from agrochemicals, while urban areas suffer from pollution caused by domestic sewage. Considering the limited resources, prioritizing pollution prevention proves to be a cost-effective approach. Effective control measures are required to address marine pollution, adversely impacting fisheries and tourism. Recognizing the interconnected nature of all types of water pollution is crucial, as they contribute to ecological degradation. To safeguard water resources, several measures must be implemented. These include improving sewage treatment systems, implementing better management practices for industrial effluents, prioritizing pollution prevention strategies, and strengthening monitoring mechanisms. Prioritizing water resource preservation will safeguard ecosystems, support sustainable development, and ensure well-being.
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Anisuzzaman, S. M., Collin G. Joseph, Chuan Kian Pang, Nur Ammarah Affandi, Sitti Nurazida Maruja, and Veena Vijayan. "Current Trends in the Utilization of Photolysis and Photocatalysis Treatment Processes for the Remediation of Dye Wastewater: A Short Review." ChemEngineering 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6040058.
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Development in the textile industry leads to an increased demand for the use of various dyes. Moreover, there is the use of some dyes in the food industry as well as medical diagnostics. Thereby, increased demand for dyes in various fields has resulted in dye-containing wastewater. Only a small portion of the generated wastewater is adequately treated. The rest is usually dumped or otherwise directly discharged into the sewage system, which ultimately enters rivers, lakes, and streams. The handling and disposal of such concentrated wastewater, especially the dye-containing wastewater, is considered to be a major environmental issue from the moment of its generation to its ultimate disposal. Conventional water treatment methods such as flotation, filtration, adsorption, etc., are non-destructive physical separation processes. They only transfer the pollutants to other phases, thereby generating concentrated deposits. The advanced oxidation process (AOP) is one of the most effective emerging methods for the treatment of wastewater containing chemical pollutants. The method involves the formation and interaction of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals under suitable activation conditions. These radicals are non-selective and efficient for the destruction and eventual mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants. This review aims at the pros and cons of using photocatalysis as an efficient AOP to degrade dye-containing wastewater.
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Grishina, Nina. "Environmental Aspects of the State of African Coastal Territories." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 60, no. 3 (September 7, 2022): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-60-3-110-118.
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To preserve the ecological balance and health of the population of the African continent, it is necessary to maintain the cleanliness of the surrounding rivers, lakes and ocean coasts. Oil production, transportation of oil and petroleum products inevitably lead to pollution of sea waters due to accidents on tankers, equipment breakdowns, and fires. Oceanic coasts are of great importance for the development of the tourism industry, which plays a significant role in the national economies of African countries. However, many coastal areas are contaminated with industrial and household waste, oil refining waste and sewage. As a result of the growth of cities, the increase in the number of urban residents and the development of industry, a huge number of substances that do not decompose naturally is discharged into water sources. Currently, domestic sewage in most coastal cities does not meet modern sanitary requirements, since the repair of old and the laying of new sewage treatment plants require large financial investments. In the interests of nature and human health, a number of international instruments has been adopted prohibiting the import of hazardous and radioactive waste, as well as the dumping or incineration of hazardous waste in the oceans and inland waters on the African continent. In some African countries, periodic clean-up activities are carried out on ocean and river coasts, but they are ad hoc and do not have a decisive impact on the state of contaminated areas. Experts of international environmental organizations have proposed a set of measures for the conservation and rational use of water resources: construction of wastewater treatment plants; mandatory environmental assessment of all major water management projects; development of measures to eliminate possible damage; control of new industrial installations and industrial waste disposal; design and operation of landfills based on reliable hydrogeological information and environmental expertise. However, these regulations are often violated, and solving the problem of coastal water pollution remains a distant prospect.
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AKASH, R. "Design and Development of River Cleaning Robot Using Iot Technology." International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 03, no. 04 (April 23, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/isjem01627.
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The issue of waterlogging due to plastic, thermocole and metal is prompting bother development, and it favors ailments like intestinal sickness, typhoid and so on. Cleaning the wastes by utilizing manual procedures would be insufficient as it regularly covers immense territory of works and endeavors with plausibility to getting influenced by different sicknesses from the irresistible microorganisms present in the sewage while cleaning manually. This study features a proposed plan of garbage gathering system viable and effective for tidying up waste from rivers, channels and lakes. The trash gathering system is explicitly coordinated to application for getting up a wide assortment of debris, including gliding litter, trash, logs, disposed tires and others. The integrated system incorporates the usage of IoT technology that has the ability to monitor and control the entire process. From the interest and need of cleaning contaminations in the conduits territory, the vessel has been created to suit the prerequisite of working at places other than seaward zone, giving more decisions for the utilization of cleaning garbage and waste from the water environment. Keywords— river cleaning robot, design & simulation, IoT
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LEE, RUBY M., and PAUL A. HARTMAN. "Inexpensive, Disposable Presence-Absence Test for Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Water." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.3.162.
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Six-ounce (151-g) Whirl-Pak® bags containing 3.05 g of dehydrated Presence-Absence (P-A) Broth and 5 mg of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) were pasteurized with 10 kGy of gamma irradiation. To conduct a “bag” P-A test, 100 ml of water sample were added to a bag. The bag was closed, the medium was dissolved by massaging the bag for about 15 sec, and the bag was then placed in a rack for incubation. The bag method was compared with P-A tests conducted in 160-ml glass bottles and 200-ml polysulfone bottles, as well as with a 5-tube Laury] Tryptose Broth (LTB) most-probable-number (MPN) method. Twenty-nine surface-water samples (11 streams, 7 rivers, and 11 lakes), 9 well-water samples, and 2 sewage effluents were examined. Chi-square analyses of the results revealed that no significant difference (P≤0.1) existed among the different P-A tests. The hydrolysis of MUG provided excellent Escherichia coli detection and was easiest to determine in the bags.
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Ulfig, Krzysztof. "Keratinophilous fungi in the sediments of the surface waters bottoms." Acta Mycologica 23, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1987.011.
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Bao, Zhen Bo, Deng Chao Jin, and Hong Jun Teng. "Hazards and Treatment Methods of Large-Scale Livestock Sewage Pollution in China." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1954.
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Large-scale livestock pollution has become the third largest source of pollution following industrial pollution and domestic pollution. The possible dangers of livestock sewage pollution on rivers, lakes, underground water, soil, human health are pointed out. Pretreatment is necessary for processing of livestock sewage treatment. The principle, advantages and disadvantages, applicability of three modes of livestock sewage treatment including land spreading, natural treatment and industrialized treatment are summarized. It is very necessary to study and develop efficient, low-cost, resource utilization of livestock sewage treatment technology according to local conditions.
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Hou, Yongmei, Xiaolong Liu, Guilin Han, Li Bai, Jun Li, and Yusi Wang. "The Impacts of Nitrogen Pollution and Urbanization on the Carbon Dioxide Emission from Sewage-Draining River Networks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 10296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610296.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from river water have sparked worldwide concerns due to supersaturate CO2 levels in the majority of global rivers, while the knowledge on the associations among nitrogen pollution, urbanization, and CO2 emissions is still limited. In this study, the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2), carbon and nitrogen species, and water parameters in sewage-draining river networks were investigated. Extremely high pCO2 levels were observed in sewage and drainage river waters, such as Longfeng River, Beijing-drainage River, and Beitang-drainage River, which were approximately 4 times higher than the averaged pCO2 in worldwide rivers. Correlations of carbon/nitrogen species and pCO2 indicated that carbon dioxide in rural rivers and sewage waters primarily originated from soil aeration zones and biological processes of organic carbon/nitrogen input from drainage waters, while that in urban rivers and lakes was mainly dominated by organic matter degradation and biological respiration. Enhanced internal primary productivity played critical roles in absorbing CO2 by photosynthesis in some unsaturated pCO2 sampling sites. Additionally, higher pCO2 levels have been observed with higher NH4+-N and lower DO. CO2 fluxes in sewage waters exhibited extremely high levels compared with those of natural rivers. The results could provide implications for assessing CO2 emissions in diverse waters and fulfilling water management polices when considering water contamination under intense anthropogenic activities.
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Johnston, P. A., M. MacGarvin, R. L. Stringer, S. Troendle, and R. J. Swindlehurst. "Sewage: Towards Realistic Environmental Protection." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0525.
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The disposal of sewage into aquatic systems is attracting increasing regulation at the European Community level. Initially, pollution control strategies focussed on the protection of rivers and inland waters from excessive oxygen demand loading. This has led to an increasing use of marine waters for the disposal of sewage effluents and sludges. The bacteriological hazards associated with these practices are now well understood and have led in turn to restrictions on such disposal activities. This problem is illustrated with data from Venice Lagoon showing extreme bacterial contamination. A less commonly appreciated problem relates to the chemical contamination of sewage from both household and industrial chemicals. Results from analyses of a variety of sewage effluents are presented in this paper and the implications of the inventory of chemicals found are discussed.
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Liu, Zheng Hua, Gai Mei Guo, and Hong Ying Chen. "Effect of Tide on Sewage Disposal by Bio-Film Process Dosing with Enzyme." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.126.
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The paper studied the effect of tide on the removal rate of COD, NH3-N and TP in the dosing pool in order to provide data to simulate disorderly discharged sewage in tidal rivers. Due to the dilute effect of rivers, the removal rate of COD, NH3-N and TP at the tidal state was higher than that at no tidal state. At the tidal state, the average removal rate of COD, NH3-N and TP was 60.8%, 55.7%, 55.6%. At no tidal state, the average removal rate of COD, NH3-N and TP was 57.5%, 47.5%, 8.6%. At the tidal state, the upper bio-film was exposed to air and the activity of microorganism decreased, and the activity of microorganism was high at middle-level bio-film. Therefore, the utilization of bio-film at the tidal state was lower than that at no tidal state. However, due to the tidal action, rivers entered into the dosing pool and the dilute effect of rivers on the pollutants was obvious.
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Easwaramoorthi, M., B. Manibarathi, R. Mathesan, M. Mithiran, R. Rajesh, and T. Sivakumar. "Investigation of water recovery from sewage using solar thermal technology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012025.
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Abstract The availability of potable water for human use, agriculture, and industrial usage is a major challenge both in undeveloped and developing countries. Water, like food and air, is considered essential for human survival, and the majority of people rely on untreated water from rivers, lakes, and groundwater reservoirs. Oceans are the only place where enormous amount of water is found and desalination of the water is needed because they consists high levels of salt. But, the increase in population, urbanization and industrialization resulted in higher release of sewage and industrial effluents into water bodies and subsequent water pollution. It results in a scarcity of pure water in many towns and villages, despite their proximity to lakes and rivers. Water scarcity is anticipated to worsen in the next years, with the majority of the world’s population experiencing it in the near future. Potable water is essential not just for survival, but also for industrial and agricultural processes. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are normally used to remove contaminants from wastewater and produce pure water. In this context, an attempt is made in this paper to use the concept of solar still for sewage treatment. The experimental setup was created to examine the performance of a solar still with an evaporator and condenser. The results revealed that combining a heater and a condenser with a pyramid solar system enhanced solar still production by 4 to 8 l/Sq.m/day when using saline water, 4 to 7 l/Sq.m/day when using sewage water, and 3 to 6 l/Sq.m/day when using effluent water.
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Liu, Zheng Hua, and Hong Ying Chen. "Study on Sewage Disposal by Bio-Film Process Dosing with Enzyme." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.478.
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The paper studied enhanced treatment of sewage from discharging points of rivers by bio-film process dosing with enzyme and investigated the promotion effect of enzyme on treatment of sewage by bio-film process. The removal of phenol in sewage was also researched. The experiments results indicated that during the ebb tide, the remove rate of phenol was stable (33%) on the eighth day in the dosing pools and it was stable (31.6%) on the eighth day in the contrast pool. During the rising tide, the remove rate of phenol was stable (30%) on the eighth day in the dosing pools and it was stable (27.2%) on the eighth day in the contrast pool. It indicated that enzyme had good promotion effect on bio-film process during the sewage treatment process. Biological accelerator-bio-film process could effectively reduce the impact of sewage on river and it had a good application prospect as the auxiliary means for water restore.
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R, Harish. "Water and Sanitation Services Have a Profound Effect on the Life of Metropolis." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 12 (December 30, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27838.
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The critical global issue of inadequate access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene for a significant portion of the world's population, amounting to approximately 40%. In India, disparities exist in water and sanitation access between urban and rural areas. While 97% of urban regions have upgraded water supplies and 58% improved sanitation, rural areas show lower access rates at 90% for water and a mere 23% for sanitation. India's rivers suffer from severe water quality degradation due to untreated sewage, with inadequate sewage treatment infrastructure, particularly in swiftly growing urban areas like Delhi. Despite initiatives like the Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans, major rivers remain highly polluted. The flush toilet system further exacerbates the water crisis by consuming significant volumes of fresh water for waste disposal. This paper also underscores the link between water supplies, sanitation, and health, citing classifications of water-related infections and the pressing need to bridge the disparities in access. However, reports note progress in drinking water and sanitation coverage globally since 1990. The analysis concludes that India's cities struggle to meet basic living standards amidst rapid urbanization, emphasizing the profound impact of education, awareness, and service availability on residents' lives. Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, Population, Access, Rural, Urban Rivers, Sewage, Pollution, Infrastructure, Health, Flush toilets, Disparities Key Words: Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, Population, Access, Rural, Urban Rivers, Sewage, Pollution, Infrastructure, Health, Flush toilets, Disparities
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Osborne, P. L., and R. G. Totome. "Long-Term Impacts of Sewage Effluent Disposal on a Tropical Wetland." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0170.
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Waigani Lake, near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, is part of an extensive wetland dominated by the Laloki and Brown Rivers. The wetland has received sewage effluent from stabilisation ponds for over 25 years. Water quality of the sewage, Waigani Lake and its outflow assessed in 1985 indicated that the wetland was significantly reducing suspended solid loads and the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus. Aerial photographs of Waigani Lake taken between 1966 and 1991 document the complete loss of submerged and floating-leaved plants and the decline in the extent of the littoral, emergent vegetation. These changes are related to sewage effluent disposal and, possibly, alterations in the magnitude of annual water level fluctuations. This study of a tropical wetland to which very large quantities of sewage effluent have been added demonstrates that the capacity of wetlands for water purification is limited and that further study on tropical wetlands is imperative before management strategies developed for temperate wetlands are applied directly to them.
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Hu, Beibei, Dongqi Wang, Jun Zhou, Weiqing Meng, Chongwei Li, Zongbin Sun, Xin Guo, and Zhongliang Wang. "Greenhouse gases emission from the sewage draining rivers." Science of The Total Environment 612 (January 2018): 1454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.055.
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Zhelev, Zhivko, Georgi Popgeorgiev, Atanas Arnaudov, Katerina Georgieva, and Nikolay Mehterov. "Fluctuating asymmetry in Pelophylax ridibundus (Amphibia: Ranidae) as a response to anthropogenic pollution in south Bulgaria." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 3 (2015): 1009–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs141210064z.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the integral indicator for developmental stability, the fluctuating asymmetry (FA), in the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus populations that inhabit biotopes of different types (running rivers and still, dam lakes), when exposed to different types of anthropogenic pollution (domestic sewage pollution and heavy metal pollution) in south Bulgaria. A total of 920 P. ridibundus individuals were used for FA analyses over three years (2009-2011). Fluctuating asymmetry was defined by 10 morphological traits, using the index frequency of asymmetric manifestation of an individual (FAMI). In closed water basins, regardless of the nature of toxicants, the FA values in P. ridibundus populations were statistically lower than those in river populations. The FA values were constantly the highest under conditions of sustained anthropogenic pollution, with high concentrations of toxicants in rivers with domestic sewage pollution and heavy-metal pollution. The results provide better opportunities to use FA in P. ridibundus populations for bioindication and biomonitoring, and for parallel and independent analyses of the physicochemical assessment of the environmental condition.
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BB, Jana. "Floating Islands for Urban Resilience Aquatic Resources Management in the Tropics: Win-Win-Win Strategies for Eutrophication Control, Aquafarming and Waterborne Green Transport System." International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture 7, no. 4 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijoac-16000288.
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Various wastes from ever rising populations, widespread use of fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, hormones for intensified agriculture, aquaculture, livestock farming, direct sewage discharge have been the major drivers of excess phosphorus responsible for eutrophication in inland freshwaters. Reduction of nitrogen did not prove effective for eutrophication control, while multiple lines of evidence indicate that phosphorus control works best to mitigate eutrophication in freshwaters. More specifically, it is the N:P ratio that modulates the types of algal bloom as NP ratio > 16:1 favours the bloom of harmful blue green algae and the reverse for green algae. Although there are different physical, chemical and biological methods used for phosphorus removal, the constructed floating islands have proved immense potentials to remove phosphorus mediated through plant-microbe uptake mechanism to restore clean habitat for sustainable development. The current challenge of the conversion of numerous valuable lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, rivers into wastewater systems unacceptable for fish farming and other economic driven activities can be confronted with win- win- win strategies of environmentally safe and sustainable solutions of floating landmass for agriculture, bio-reclamation of eutrophic lakes and rivers, a farming in these water and urban resilience waterborne green transport system across small to medium scale rivers. It is that floating islands made of selective powerful plants and microbes can be installed not only in the confined polluted lakes and reservoirs, but this facility can be extended to rivers of different dimensions for clean up as well as a network of waterborne public transport in the form of environmentally- safe passage boat, water taxi across the rivers. This is of special significance in small to medium scale rivers in India, Bangladesh and other rich countries in Asia not only for public transport and fish farming as well. However, multidimensional technological approaches and strategies with innovative cutting edge technical nature based solutions are most welcome to achieve the success of such giant holistic functionality project.
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Wang, Jinhu, Qiangying Zhang, Junyu Chen, Jinna Zhou, Jing Li, Yanli Wei, Balmukunda Regmi, and Duo Bu. "Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of a New Species of Microalgae from the Tibetan Plateau and Its Response to Sewage Treatment." Water 14, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 3391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213391.
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Microalgae are pivotal in maintaining water quality in the lakes and rivers of Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The optimum sewage treatment conditions for Desmodesmus sp. Are, temperature: 20–25 °C, light intensity: 3000–8000 lx, and pH: 7.0–7.5, identified based on orthogonal experiments. The maximum removal rate of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand was more than 95% in the actual sewage treatment. The sewage treatment capacity of Desmodesmus sp. From plateau is higher than that from plains under the same treatment conditions. To identify the differentially expressed genes and metabolites in Desmodesmus sp. In response to sewage treatment, a combination of metabolomics and transcriptomics was employed to the microalgae with and without sewage treatment. The results showed that the oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis, and propanoate metabolism pathways were the most significantly enriched pathways in sewage treatment. Furthermore, the metabolism of adenosine diphosphate, 2-oxobutanoate, and succinate were significantly upregulated, downregulated, and both upregulated and downregulated, respectively, as shown by the combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis. Additionally, we found that sewage treatment could also induce numerous changes in the primary metabolism, such as carbohydrate, fatty acid biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism when compared with control. Overall, our results should improve fundamental knowledge of molecular responses to Desmodesmus sp. in sewage treatment and contribute to the design of strategies in microalgae response to sewage treatment.
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Gaudard, Adrien, Christine Weber, Timothy J. Alexander, Stefan Hunziker, and Martin Schmid. "Impacts of using lakes and rivers for extraction and disposal of heat." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 5, no. 5 (May 23, 2018): e1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1295.
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Guo, Gai Mei. "Effect of Mineral Oil on Sewage Disposal by Biofilm Process Dosing with Enzyme." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 3743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.3743.
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The research studied enhanced treatment of sewage from discharging points of rivers by biofilm process dosing with enzyme and the effect of mineral oil on removal rates of the main pollution indexes, and investigated promotion effect of enzyme (including the laboratory developed compounded enzyme and the foreign composite enzyme) on treatment of sewage by biofilm process. The research results indicated that when mineral oil with the concentration of 20mg/L was added to reactor A, B and C, respectively, the removal rates of mineral oil, CODCrand ammonia nitrogen all obviously decreased. Meanwhile, the removal rates of mineral oil, CODCrand ammonia nitrogen were higher in reactor B and C than in reactor A, and the removal rates of them in reactor B were similar to them in reactor C, which indicated that enzyme had good promotion effect on biofilm process during the sewage treatment process.
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Yang, Bai, and Ya Guai Yu. "The Experience of Aquatic Ecosystems Protection in Wuhan." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1006.
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Relying on its abundant water resources and strong technical supports, Wuhan has overcome the deterioration of water environment, ecosystem degradation, and the lag in environmental protection facilities construction. Wuhan recent years hammers at finding ways to protect and rehabilitate water environment through managing sewage, building ecology network of rivers and lakes, and also developing a train of system construction. By the approaches mentioned previously, the achievement on meliorating quality of water within Wuhan is surely unprecedented. Analyzing the actions this city has implemented, together with the work experience on law, construction and system will easily harvest.
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Marcus Vinicius Faria de Araujo, Luisa Jardim Faria de Araujo e Sousa, and Marina Jardim Faria de Araujo. "Performance evaluation of the sewage treatment system SANEBOX." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2021.7.1.0091.
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Sewage treatment processes have been increasingly the target of research aimed at developing solutions that meet environmental standards at lower costs for society. The generation of sanitary sewage and its final release, without treatment or with inefficient treatment in sewage networks, lakes, rivers or oceans have aggravated the quality of water resources and put at risk the health of the population given water-delivery diseases. This article aimed to evaluate the results obtained by the Treatment System called SANEBOX, for the treatment of sanitary sewage, considering a period of two years of monitoring campaigns in it. Additionally, a comparison is made in terms of achieving environmental goals of this System with other conventional technologies that have usually been implemented in Brazil. The guiding parameters for this evaluation were Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sedimentable Materials (SM), Total Suspension Solids (TSS), Vegetable or Animal Oils and Greases (OGv/a), Tensoactive Substances That React to Methylene Blue (MBAS), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (N-NH4+) and Phosphorus (P). The results obtained show that the SANEBOX System has similar performance and, in some parameters, much higher than the conventional Sewage Treatment System, either in terms of removal of pollutants, or in terms of occupied area, energy consumption and nuisance to neighborhoods by bad odors.
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Garcia-Armisen, Tamara, Ken Vercammen, Julien Passerat, David Triest, Pierre Servais, and Pierre Cornelis. "Antimicrobial resistance of heterotrophic bacteria in sewage-contaminated rivers." Water Research 45, no. 2 (January 2011): 788–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.003.
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Kurrey, Ramsingh, Anushree Saha, and Manas Kanti Deb. "Distribution of Some Selected Surface Active Agents (SAAs) in the Aquatic and Global Environment with Their Toxic Impact: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 33, no. 1 (July 4, 2020): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2020-33-1-6.
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Surface active agents (SAAs) are a class of compounds, which find various applications in different fields of human activities. Surfactants are generally amphiphilic molecules, which are strongly adsorbed at interfaces between the phases. Surfactants windily used as detergency, emulsion, stabilizing and dispersing agents have led to the discharge of highly contaminated wastewaters in aquatic environment. Once reached in the various compartments of the environment such as rivers, lakes, soils, and sediments, surfactants can undergo aerobic or anaerobic degradation. Concentrations of surfactants in wastewaters, river waters, and sewage waters can range milligrams in maximum cases, while it reaches several grams in sludge, soil and sediments in environments. The environmental facts of SAAs and concentration in surface waters, soils or sediments are reviewed in details. This review provides information on levels of surface-active agents in various environmental samples including soil, sediments, sewage wastewater, river wastewater and aerosols.
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Jones, F., and A. F. Godfree. "Recreational and Amenity Use of Surface Waters: The Public Health Implications." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0091.
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Rivers, lakes and coastal waters in the United Kingdom are increasingly being used for water sports and recreation. These waters may receive treated and untreated sewage, storm water, trade effluent and agricultural waste. The potential for harmful health effects exists. Relatively little medical or scientific information is available which allows sound health guidance to be given in this respect. Current advice regarding the suitability of UK waters for contact pursuits remains conditioned by the results of a national retrospective epidemiological and bacteriological survey carried out some thirty years ago. Moreover this study was concerned only with the use of sewage-contaminated coastal waters for bathing. The practical difficulties experienced in giving advice has led to the development of a scheme designed to assess health effects in a consistent manner. This scheme is illustrated by reference to a case study which clearly demonstrates its value as a management tool.
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Heinzmann, Bernd. "Improvement of the surface water quality in the Berlin region." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (September 1, 1998): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0252.
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The waterbodies of the Berlin region are intensively used for different purposes. High importance is given to the water supply to gain drinking water from groundwater and bank filtrate and for the recharge of groundwater. For these applications a good surface water quality would be an advantage, but the water bodies are loaded with treated sewage, stormwater and combined sewer overflow. This leads to quality problems in the water bodies, especially eutrophication, requiring scientifically based water quality targets for phosphorus. Measures for the reduction of eutrophication in rivers and lakes are presented in this paper, illustrating two different situations, that have been achieved through Berlin's efforts at reducing phosphorus loading.
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Et al., Pratim Bhosale. "IOT BASED SYSTEM FOR DETECTION OF SEWAGE BLOCKAGES." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i1.224.
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In smart cities, the Internet of Things(IoT) is a key aspect providing seamless and unique access to public resources, with the aim of achieving better utilization and optimization of power, water and transportation facilities. Today urban India is faced with a water crisis, about 80% of sewage enters lakes, rivers and groundwater untreated, due to the lack of effective wastewater infrastructure management. This research focuses mainly on monitoring of sewage infrastructure, to predict blockages, preventing them from turning into Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSO). This paper proposes an IoT based full-fledged system to tackle this issue. The system monitors the working of access manholes in a network, collecting multiple data parameters, generated in and around these manholes, and sends alerts when the development of a blockage is detected. This geospatial data along with the alerts are observed via a centralized visual dashboard. Through this system, the objectives that the paper proposes to achieve, are generation of dynamic geo-spatial map of manhole networks, enabling the stakeholders to perform proactive maintenance of this infrastructure. Another goal of this work is to generate a data set for developing machine learning models for advanced maintenance methods.
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Chambers, P. A., M. Allard, S. L. Walker, J. Marsalek, J. Lawrence, M. Servos, J. Busnarda, et al. "Impacts of Municipal Wastewater Effluents on Canadian Waters: a Review." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 659–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.038.
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Abstract Domestic sewage is a major threat to receiving waters throughout the world. In Canada, a high proportion of the population (81%) is served by municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Nevertheless, discharges from wastewater treatment plants, stormwater sewers and combined sewers have caused adverse impacts on some lakes, rivers and coastal waters. The most publicly recognized impacts are shellfish harvesting restrictions and beach closures resulting from microbial contamination. Habitat degradation and contamination also occur and these, in turn, have altered the abundance and diversity of aquatic organisms. Our findings on the effects of municipal wastewater discharge suggest that there is a need to review sewage treatment requirements in Canada. Further research is also required on the interactive and cumulative responses to habitat degradation and to long-term exposure to persistent and bioaccumula-tive pollutants. Finally, an integrated approach to wastewater management is needed that addresses loadings from treatment plants, stormwater sewers, combined sewer overflows and other wastewater sources.
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Jamur, Jasim M. S. "ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN PHARMACEUTICAL POLLUTION OF THE WORLD’S RIVERS; A REVIEW." ChemChemTech 67, no. 5 (April 4, 2024): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20246705.7017.
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Recent reports of new pollution issues brought on by the presence of medications in the aquatic environment have sparked a great deal of interest in studies aiming at analyzing and mitigating the associated environmental risks, as well as the extent of this contamination. The main sources of pharmaceutical contaminants in natural lakes and rivers include clinic sewage, pharmaceutical production wastewater, and sewage from residences that have been contaminated by drug users' excretions. In evaluating the health of rivers, pharmaceutical pollutants have been identified as one of the emerging pollutants. The previous studies showed that the contaminants in pharmaceuticals that are widely used are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antiretrovirals, and anticancer drugs. Additionally, this review demonstrated the use of analytical techniques to examine these contaminants in various kinds of River water. Due to their extremely low concentrations in the aqueous environment (about in the range of ng/L to g/L), it is necessary to apply a technique for highly sensitive and selective multicomponent simultaneous analysis to identify and quantify these products. This analytical technique provides a flexible and reliable means to identify and evaluate pharmaceutical contaminants in river water samples by combining solid phase extraction and hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques. SPE-LC/MS/MS is the main method for estimating the level of pollution. For citation: Jamur Jasim. M.S. Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers; a review. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 5. P. 6-16. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246705.7017.
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Martin, J. C., C. Hoggart, and A. Matisa. "Improvement priorities for sewage treatment in Latvian small and medium sized towns." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 8 (April 1, 1998): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0318.
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This paper describes the development of a strategy to identify the priorities for investment in sewage treatment in the rural areas in Latvia. The strategy is developed from the baseline conditions ascertained for the present quality of the many receiving waters (rivers, lakes, ground water and the Baltic Sea) and from the condition of the 800 Plus sewerage systems which serve all of the small and medium sized towns in the country. Technical solutions are developed consistent with Latvian policy goals and the priorities established for improvement to the environment and public health. An investment strategy has been prepared to optimise the use of the available funds, to achieve the best value for money. It has been agreed in consultation with interested parties at national, regional and local levels, to produce a plan with wide acceptance. The strategy is known in Latvia as ‘800 Plus’.
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Mastrović, M. I., and G. D. Šilović. "Wastewater Disposal in the Rijeka Region." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0080.
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This paper emphasizes the need for detailed analysis of wastewaters and their impact on the environment in physical plans for urban/tourist coastal areas, as a significant contribution to environmentally sound development, especially the development of tourism in these areas. The paper describes an analysis of this kind, prepared as part of the Regional Physical Plan for the Rijeka Region to the Year 2000. (The Rijeka Region is a major part of the Yugoslav Upper Adriatic.) The existing situation regarding sewerage systems, sewage treatment methods and disposal methods of the communes of the Region is presented. The quantities of wastewaters generated by the residential and tourist populations and by industry are given (by sub-regions) as calculated in 1981 and as estimated for the year 2000. A survey was made of the impact of wastewater on receiving rivers and coastal waters, and the quality of the receiving waters is given, in grades as compared with those prescribed by the Yugoslav legal regulations. Based on urban development concepts, and on the estimated wastewater quantities, alternative forecasts are made of the future impact of wastewater on coastal waters. General guidelines are presented for the provision of adequate sewage disposal facilities in order to achieve the optimum situation.
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Bajpai, Mukul, Surjit Singh Katoch, and Naveen Kumar Chaturvedi. "Comparative study on decentralized treatment technologies for sewage and graywater reuse – a review." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 11 (December 1, 2019): 2091–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.039.
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Abstract Currently, reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc. are being overloaded by the demand for fresh water, due to rapid industrialization and population explosion, and also the effluents from industries and domestic wastewater are continuously polluting these resources. To address this issue, several decentralized wastewater treatment system (DWTS) have been installed all over the globe to reuse and recycle wastewater/graywater for non-potable uses such as fire protection, toilet-flushing, and landscape irrigation. In this review, a comparison between different DWTS was carried out to evaluate their performance, merits and limitations. Hybrid technologies like the electrically enhanced biomass concentrator reactor and integration of physical/ biological methods with bio-electrochemical systems such as microbial fuel cells were found to be the most promising methods for near complete removal of pollutants from wastewater and also the issue of membrane fouling was reduced to a good extent.
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Johnstone, D. W. M., and N. J. Horan. "Institutional developments, standards and river quality: a UK history and some lessons for industrialising countries." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 3 (February 1, 1996): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0072.
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From the middle ages until the early part of the nineteenth century the streets of European cities were foul with excrement and filth to the extent that aristocrats often held a clove-studded orange to their nostrils in order to tolerate the atmosphere. The introduction in about 1800 of water-carriage systems of sewage disposal merely transferred the filth from the streets to the rivers. The problem was intensified in Britain by the coming of the Industrial Revolution and establishment of factories on the banks of the rivers where water was freely available for power, process manufacturing and the disposal of effluents. As a consequence the quality of most rivers deteriorated to the extent that they were unable to support fish life and in many cases were little more than open sewers. This was followed by a period of slow recovery, such that today most of these rivers have been cleaned with many having good fish stocks and some even supporting salmon. This recovery has not been easy nor has it been cheap. It has been based on the application of good engineering supported by the passing and enforcement of necessary legislation and the development of suitable institutional capacity to finance, design, construct, maintain and operate the required sewerage and sewage treatment systems. Such institutional and technical systems not only include the disposal of domestic sewage but also provisions for the treatment and disposal of industrial wastewaters and for the integrated management of river systems. Over the years a number of institutional arrangements and models have been tried, some successful other less so. Although there is no universally applicable approach to improving the aquatic environment, many of the experiences encountered by the so-called developed world can be learned by developing nations currently attempting to rectify their own aquatic pollution problems. Some of these lessons have already been discussed by the authors including some dangers of copying standards from the developed world. The objective of this paper is to trace the steps taken over many years in the UK to develop methods and systems to protect and preserve the aquatic environment and from the lessons learned to highlight what is considered to be an appropriate and sustainable approach for industrialising nations. Such an approach involves setting of realistic and attainable standards, providing appropriate and affordable treatment to meet these standards, establishment of the necessary regulatory framework to ensure enforcement of the standards and provision of the necessary financial capabilities to guarantee successful and continued operation of treatment facilities.
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Zhao, Bo, Norihide Nakada, Kohei Okumura, Jiajun Zhou, and Hiroaki Tanaka. "N-nitrosomorpholine behavior in sewage treatment plants and urban rivers." Water Research 163 (October 2019): 114868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.114868.
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Kasulkar, Subodh, and Mahendra Thakre. "Investigation of the impacts of industrial towns on urban rivers through physicochemical analysis of water quality and the water quality index (WQI)." Environment Conservation Journal 25, no. 2 (January 15, 2024): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.26762652.
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The present study was undertaken to assess the pollution status of Erai and Zarpat rivers flowing through industrial Chandrapur City, Maharashtra, India. The obtained data of physicochemical parameters were processed to calculate Water Quality Index (WQI). The obtained data revealed that the physicochemical parameters such as turbidity (20.2-28.7 NTU), hardness (236-276 mg/l), total dissolved solids (1586-1730 mg/l), nitrates (49-53 mg/l), phosphate (0.7-0.9 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (53.2-69.2 mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (19-22 mg/l) were beyond the permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS).The concentrations of toxic metals viz. cadmium (0,006-0.008 mg/l), lead (0.03-0.05 mg/l), arsenic (0.0-0.03 mg/l) and molybdenum (0.05-0.07 mg/l) in river water were also recorded higher than permissible limits of BIS. The WQI values of both the rivers at different sampling stations ranged from 144 to 220 indicating poor to very poor water quality. The sources of pollution in both the rivers were disposal of fly ash, mining, disposal of treated and untreated domestic and industrial effluent due to lack of sewage treatment plants (STPs), effluent treatment plant (ETP), and common effluent treatment plant (CETP). Therefore, there is a need of construction of STP, ETP, CETP, proper disposal of fly ash, and desludging of rivers at regular intervals.
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Gaudard, Adrien, Alfred Wüest, and Martin Schmid. "Using lakes and rivers for extraction and disposal of heat: Estimate of regional potentials." Renewable Energy 134 (April 2019): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.095.
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Hu, Ming, and Lei Li. "Treatment Technology of Microbial Landscape Aquatic Plants for Water Pollution." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 20, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4409913.
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With the rapid development of industrial and agricultural production, the rapid growth of population, and the acceleration of urbanization, the problem of water pollution is becoming more and more serious. Water shortages and pollution disrupt the balance of ecosystems and seriously limit people’s health and rapid economic development. Nowadays, the method of repairing sewage bodies using microbial landscape aquatic plants is attracting more and more attention, and it is a big challenge to maintain the sustainable development of human beings and nature. This paper uses floating rafts to combine microorganisms and landscape aquatic plants to conduct sewage treatment experiments. According to microorganisms, landscape aquatic plants absorb nutrients in the water body, examine the changes in water quality during the restoration of microorganisms’ landscape aquatic plants, and establish the growth of microorganisms’ landscape aquatic plants. The relationship with changes in water quality aims to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of slow-flowing water bodies such as lakes, reservoirs, large artificial ponds, and rivers. In this paper, the experiments are divided into four groups (A (experimental sewage + microbial inoculant), B (experimental sewage + plant), C (experimental sewage + microbial inoculant + plant), and D (experimental sewage)). It can be divided into the total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, and COD value data, and chromaticity detection of each group of the test is continuously monitored weekly to comprehensively detect and observe the repair effect on contaminated water bodies. The experiment proved that the water quality of the three treatment groups was significantly clearer than that of the blank control group, and its clarity: microorganism + plant > microorganism > plant > blank control group. This shows that the combination of microorganisms and landscape aquatic plants can effectively reduce the various pollutants contained in sewage and reduce the color of sewage. Treating sewage using plant technology that combines microorganisms is feasible and promising.
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Khan, M. M. H., Hira Khalique, and S. Shams. "Treatment of Public Sewage Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Process." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 14, no. 2 (2023): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2023.14.2.1423.
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Sewage needs to be treated before it is discharged into the water bodies such as rivers and lakes. Sewage wastewater were analyzed in this study, by electrocoagulation process using an alternating power source with current density of 10 A/m2 and 20 A/m2 at treatment time of 10, 20, 40, 60 minutes respectively using copper and zinc electrodes. The effect of electrode material was determined and how chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), Conductivity, pH and turbidity were affected by changing contact time and with changing the current density. We obtained very satisfactory results for the two electrochemical cells such as copper and zinc electrodes. The optimum conditions were determined at treatment time of 20 minutes for a current density of 10 A/m2 with TSS removal efficiency of 92%, COD removal efficiency of 91.5%, pH of 7.50 , with a low turbidity value of 4.27 turbidity (NTU) and the conductivity of 108 μs for copper electrodes. Whereas, using zinc electrodes, the optimum treatment time was 20 minutes at 10 A/m2 current density, TSS removal efficiency was of 92%, COD removal efficiency of 85.7%, pH of 7.80 with turbidity removal efficiency of 87.3 % and the conductivity of 117.3 μs. This electrocoagulation process has attracted a great deal of attention in treating various wastewaters because of its versatility and environmental compatibility.
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Guo, Gai Mei, Hong Ying Chen, Chun Hu Wang, Peng Fei Liu, You Han Wang, and Jin Jun Wang. "Effect of Sewage Load Shock on Channel Disposal by Bio-Film Process." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.134.
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The paper studied the removal rate of COD under the impact of an instantly big flow of wastewater, and restoring capacity of bio-film after the impact in order to provide data to simulate disorderly discharged sewage in tidal rivers. At 2h after rising tide, the concentration of COD in the dosing pool was 187mg/L and the removal rate of COD was 33.2%. The removal rate of COD before the impact was similar to that after the impact, which indicated that bio-film had the adaptive ability. At 2h after ebb tide, the removal rate of COD was 30.7% after the impact in the dosing pool. The removal rate of COD was 32.0% before the impact in the dosing pool. Compared to the removal rate of COD before the impact, the removal rate of COD after the impact slightly decreased and the reason was that multiple enzyme stimulant had the positive effect on restoring capacity of bio-film.
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Karra, Theresa, and D. Sayantan. "Occurrence of Cladocera Populations in Three Treated Sewage Water Fed Ponds in CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 44, no. 24 (December 14, 2023): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2023/v44i243809.
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Cladocerans are a ubiquitously prominent component of zooplankton and limnological systems. In aquatic ecosystems, cladocerans play a significant role in the food chain and secondary production. 620 species of cladocerans have been reported worldwide to far, making them a very old group with Palaeozoic origins. There are currently over 130 species known to exist in India, with Northeastern India having the greatest taxonomic status. A wide variety of small crustaceans known as Cladocera are found in a variety of aquatic settings, from shallow temporary ponds to deep lakes and wide rivers. Cladocerans are a vital source of food for crustaceans, tiny fish, and aquatic insects. Three treated sewage water fed ponds at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka's Main Campus (MCP: 12.555°N, 77.361° E), Bannerghatta Campus (BCP: 12.523°N, 77.354° E), and Kengeri Campus (KCP: 12.514° N, 77.261° E), have been undertaken to study the composition of and occurrence of Cladocera species. In the above study there were 3 species caldoceras observed from all the three study sites of treated sewage water.
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Rao, Sudhakar M., Priscilla Anthony, and Nitish Mogili Venkateswarlu. "Biochemical Indicators of Algal Bloom in Sewage-Contaminated Lakes." Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 23, no. 4 (October 2019): 04019019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000459.
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Nielsen, Anders, Dennis Trolle, Wang Me, Liancong Luo, Bo-Ping Han, Zhengwen Liu, Jørgen E. Olesen, and Erik Jeppesen. "Assessing ways to combat eutrophication in a Chinese drinking water reservoir using SWAT." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 5 (2013): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12106.
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Across China, nutrient losses associated with agricultural production and domestic sewage have triggered eutrophication, and local managers are challenged to comply with drinking water quality requirements. Evidently, the improvement of water quality should be targeted holistically and encompass both point sources and surface activities within the watershed of a reservoir. We expanded the ordinary Soil Water Assessment Tool – (SWAT) with a widely used empirical equation to estimate total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in lakes and reservoirs. Subsequently, we examined the effects of changes in land and livestock management and sewage treatment on nutrient export and derived consequences for water quality in the Chinese subtropical Kaiping (Dashahe) drinking water reservoir (supplying 0.4 million people). The critical load of TP was estimated to 13.5 tonnes yr–1 in order to comply with the minimum drinking water requirements, which corresponds to 87% of the simulated load to the reservoir at present. Both the implementation of buffer zones along rivers and removal of sewage discharges showed marked improvement in reservoir water quality. Future research should focus on both hydrological model performance and nutrient transport pathways, which are challenged by a complex artificially altered water infrastructure in the form of ditches, channels and ponds in monsoon-influenced subtropical watersheds.
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Devi, Ms K. Brunda. "Robotic Pool Cleaning Machine Using Arduino." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 2996–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50760.
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Abstract: Plastic, thermocol and metal usage contributing to water plugging, which is causing problems and promoting diseases like typhoid and intestinal illness. Manually cleaning the wastes would not be sufficient because it frequently entails a large amount of work and effort and there is a chance that the irresistible germs present in the sewage could cause various illnesses. This study includes a suggested design for a garbage collection system that is practical and efficient for cleaning up trash from rivers, channels, and lakes. The system for collecting trash is specifically designed to work with applications for picking up a variety of material, including gliding litter, trash bags, discarded tyres, and others. IoT technology which has the ability to track and control the entire process, is utilized as part of the integrated system. The watercraft was developed in response to the need for cleaning contaminants in the rivers territory and to meet the requirement of working in locations other than the seaward zone, providing more options for the use of cleaning trash and waste from the aquatic environment.
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Fagundes, O. S., L. C. A. Oliveira, O. M. Yamashita, I. V. Silva, M. A. C. Carvalho, and D. V. Rodrigues. "The water crisis and its implications in Brazilian agribusiness: A bibliographic review." Scientific Electronic Archives 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/1312020801.
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Water scarcity has become one of the main global problems, since of all the water of the terrestrial surface, only 2.5% represents fresh water, and of this, only 0.3% corresponds to the water of the rivers and lakes that are available to supply the demand for food production and other uses. The present work consisted in surveying the scenario related to the global water crisis and presenting evidence that even Brazil being abundant in the amount of water available, tends to face serious problems because of its scarcity, affecting two of the main economic pillars, agribusiness and industry. It was observed that the main negative effects on water resources occur due to urban occupation and agricultural practices in a disorderly way, causing destruction of natural resources through the discharge of domestic sewage, industrial effluents and agrochemicals. In general, the lack of control of the use of the water directed to the productive processes is one of the major generators of the water shortage, since 69% of the water derived from rivers, lakes and aquifers underground is turned to irrigated agriculture, using 70 times more water than for domestic purposes. Thus, it is necessary to adopt policies aimed at the conservation and efficient use of water resources, to value water as a social, social and environmental good, since their scarcity can generate instability in economic sectors such as agriculture, generating production insecurity in industry, as well as affecting the supply of drinking water, basic sanitation and public health.
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Lucena, Leda C., José F. T. Juca, Jorge B. Soares, Suelly H. A. Barroso, and Manoel G. Portela. "CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL USE OF SLUDGE FROM STP AND WTP IN PAVING." Engenharia Agrícola 36, no. 1 (February 2016): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v36n1p166-178/2016.
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ABSTRACT Water and sewage treatment plants (STP and WTP) generate as byproduct a significant amount of sludge with environment harmful elements. Sending to landfills or depositing on the ground or rivers are respectively expensive and dangerous alternatives. In this scenario, the use of this waste in paving processes is a promising alternative for disposal thereof. In this study, we focused on characterizing sludge and evaluating its use in paving, which showed satisfactory results for use in base and sub-base floors.