Dissertations / Theses: 'Sewage disposal in rivers'

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O'Hearn, Rebecca Jones John R. "Nutrients, chlorophyll and bacterial fecal indicators in coves and open water areas of Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6563.

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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on November 19, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. John R. Jones. Includes bibliographical references.

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Li, Lin. "A semi-analytical self-similar solution of a bent-over jet in crossflow /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20353029.

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3

Esposito, David M. "Hydrogeochemistry of stream channel recharge of sewage effluent, northwest of Tucson, Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191176.

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This investigation has documented the water quality impacts of stream channel recharge of sewage effluent northwest of Tucson and has evaluated the hydrogeochemical mechanisms potentially responsible for observed water quality changes. The evaluation was accomplished partly through construction of twelve monitor wells and implementation of a quarterly water quality monitoring program for surface water and groundwater. Constituents monitored included major inorganic chemical constituents, trace inorganics, trace metals, priority pollutants/trace organics and microbiological contaminants. ¹⁵N also proved useful in the study. The significance of a reducing zone immediately beneath the bed of the Santa Cruz River with respect to denitrification was documented. Findings of this investigation indicate that while sewage effluent is of poor quality with respect to drinking water standards, groundwater recharged by sewage effluent is of improved quality. Other findings include: * Nitrate in shallow groundwater near the Santa Cruz River in the Cortaro area appears to be primarily from stream channel recharge of sewage effluent; * Nitrate-N contents of effluent recharged groundwater averaged about 5 mg/1, well below the maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 10 mg/1, representing a 75 percent loss in total nitrogen during stream channel recharge of sewage effluent (assuming no mixing); * Both stream channel recharge of sewage effluent and agricultural deep percolation contribute to nitrate in shallow groundwater near the Santa Cruz River in the Marana area; * The reducing zone beneath the Santa Cruz River may be responsible for denitrification losses of up to 5 mg/1 of nitrate-N. This would explain approximately 30 percent of nitrogen losses, on average, between effluent and recharged groundwater; * The mechanisms of cation exchange and mixing with groundwater from other sources can explain the major changes in water quality between effluent and groundwater with respect to major inorganic chemical constituents; * Renovation of effluent with respect to coliform bacteria and enteric viruses content during recharge is not complete.

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Li, Lin, and 李琳. "A semi-analytical self-similar solution of a bent-over jet in crossflow." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221373.

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Cousineau, Lisa Marie. "Pharmaceutical and personal care product concentrations in the upper Susquehanna River." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.

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6

Muller, Matthew Justin. "Linking institutional and ecological provisions for wastewater treatment discharge in a rural municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013048.

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The Green Drop Certification Programme, launched in 2008 alongside the Blue Drop Certification Programme, aims to provide the Department of Water Affairs with a national overview of how municipalities and their individual wastewater treatment works (WWTW) are complying with licence conditions set by the National Water Act (NWA) (No. 36 of 1998; DWAF 1998) and the Water Services Act (No. 108 of 1997; DWAF 1998). By publishing the results of each municipality’s performance, the programme aims to ensure continuous improvement in the wastewater treatment sector through public pressure. The programme has been identified by this project as a necessary linking tool between the NWA and the Water Services Act to ensure protection and sustainable use of South Africa’s natural water resources. It does this through assisting municipalities to improve their wastewater treatment operations which in theory will lead to discharged effluent that is compliant with discharge licence conditions. These discharge licences form part of the NWA’s enforcement tool of Source Directed Controls (SDC) which help a water resource meet the ecological goals set for it as part of Resource Directed Measures (RDM). The link between meeting the required SDC and achieving the RDM goals has never been empirically tested. This project aimed to determine the present ecological condition of the Uie River, a tributary of the Sundays River which the Sundays River Valley Municipality (SRVM) discharges its domestic effluent into. It then determined whether the SRVM’s WWTW was complying with the General Standard licence conditions and what the impact of the effluent on the river was through the analysis of monthly biomonitoring, water chemistry and habitat data. Lastly, the project examined the effectiveness of the Green Drop Certification Programme in bringing about change in the SRVM’s wastewater treatment sector, which previously achieved a Green Drop score of 5.6 percent. It wanted to examine the underlying assumption that a WWTW which improves its Green Drop score will be discharging a better quality effluent that will help a water resource meets the RDM goals set for it. The Kirkwood WWTW did not have a discharge licence at the time of assessment and was thus assessed under the General Standard licence conditions. It was found that the Kirkwood WWTW was not complying with the General Standard discharge licence conditions in the Uie River. This was having a negative impact on the river health, mainly through high concentrations of Total Inorganic Nitrogen (TIN-N), orthophosphate and turbidity. The SRVM should see an improvement in its Green Drop score for the Kirkwood WWTW. However, the municipality showed no implementation of necessary programmes. Implementation of these programmes would help the SRVM meet the General Standard licence conditions (part of SDC) which would help the Uie River meet the RDM goals set for it.

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Lacher, Laurel Jane 1964. "Recharge characteristics of an effluent dominated stream near Tucson, Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191199.

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Almost 90% of the treated sewage effluent processed by the two treatment plants serving the greater Tucson area is available for passive recharge through the Santa Cruz River streambed north of Tucson. In the absence of any major disturbance of the effluent channel, the recharge capacity of the streambed materials decreases over time as microbial activity, and possibly suspended sediments settling out of solution, act to clog the surficial sediments under the effluent stream. Effluent stream transmission-loss measurements made over the period from November 1994 to August 1995 provided data used to determine the average vertical hydraulic conductivity of the low-flow channel in the study reach through simulations using the computer model known as KINEROS2. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (KSAT) served as the calibration parameter in the model. The appropriate KSAT value was chosen for each set of field data by matching the observed and simulated downstream hydrographs for the study reach. KSAT values were corrected for viscosity changes resulting from changing average daily surface water temperatures over the study period. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values for the effluent stream channel ranged from a maximum of 37 mm/hr in January, 1995, following several major winter storms, to a minimum of 11 mm/hr in August, 1995, after a nearly six-month interstorm period. The saturated hydraulic conductivity values decay exponentially with time after the last major winter storm. The mathematical model describing this decay may be used to estimate effluent recharge rates under similar future meteorological and climatological conditions.

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Rui, Li. "The use of treated effluent for agricultural irrigation in the Bottelary River area: Effluent quality, farmers perception and potential extent." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_1918_1177917293.

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The Bottelary River area is located in a Mediterranean climate region, where the agricultural sector plays an important role. During the dry summer season, there is not enough precipitation to meet the agricultural irrigation requirements. Some farmers extract river water which is practically the final treated effluent from the Scottsdene Wastewater Treatment Works to irrigate crops. This research investigated the use of treated effluent for agricultural irrigation in this area, particularly focused on the effluent quality, farmers perception, and the potential extent.

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Songkiatisak, Preeyaporn. "A simulation model for triclosan concentrations in the North and Middle Rivers, Virginia /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (1.47 MB), 2009. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2009/Masters/Songkiatisak_Preeyaporn/songkipx_masters_11-20-2009.pdf.

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Goudreau, Stephanie E. "Effects of sewage treatment plant effluents on mollusks and fish of the Clinch River in Tazewell County, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43404.

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The Clinch River is renown for its rich mollusk and fish assemblages, including many endemic species. New sewage treatment plants (STP's) have recently been constructed along the Clinch River in Virginia, raising concern because of the disappearance of mollusks below existing STP's. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine mollusk and fish distribution in proximity to two STP's in Tazewell County, and the tolerance of two mollusk species to mono chloramine and unionized ammonia, the major toxicants in domestic STP effiuent.

River reaches up to 3.75 km downstream of the STP outfalls at Tazewell and Richlands were depauperate of mussels. Tolerance to effluent seemed to vary among snails, sphaeriid clams, and the Asiatic clam Corbicula flumineaK. After an initial toxic zone below the Tazewell outfall, abundance of fish appeared to increase by 0.45 km below the outfall. The effluent at Richlands eliminated intolerant species, and more tolerant species were present as far as 0.45 km below the outfall.

Laboratory bioassays with glochidia of Villosa nebulosa resulted in 24-h EC₅₀ and LC₅₀ values of 0.042 and 0.084 mg/L monochloramine, respectively, and 24-h EC₅₀ and LC₅₀values of 0.237 and 0.284 mg/L unionized ammonia, respectively. Glochidia rank among the most sensitive invertebrates in their tolerance to these toxicants. The snail Pleurocera unciale unciale was moderately sensitive, with 96-h LC₅₀ values of 0.252 mg/L mono chloramine and 0.742 mg/L unionized ammonia. Comparison of monochloramine and unionized ammonia concentrations monitored at 0.10 km below the outfalls indicated that mono chloramine was the major toxicant likely affecting fauna.

Master of Science

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De, Almeida Louise. "The effect of sewage effluent from De Beers marine diamond mining operations on the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A) and vitellogenin (vtg)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009440.

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Sewage effluents disposed into the marine environment from De Beers Marine Namibia diamond mining vessels have the potential to cause endocrine disruptive effects in marine organisms. Endocrine disruption refers to the alteration of the normal functioning of the endocrine system and various chemicals have the ability to mimic hormones, effecting endogenous hormone synthesis, transport, receptor interaction and intracellular signaling. The potential endocrine disruptive effects, caused by the release of different types of sewage effluents into the ocean, on fish species is a concern due to the commercial importance of fish species found in the mining area e.g. hake, sole, horse mackerel. Increased awareness of marine environmental degradation due to the presence of chemical contaminants has resulted in research being done on early warning systems, in the form of biomarkers. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 1A (CYP1A) and vitellogenin (vtg) are important proteins found in fish liver and blood, that have been used as biomarkers for the detection of pollutants in fish. CYP1A is a subfamily of the P450 superfamily of enzymes and catalyzes the oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction of exogenous and endogenous compounds (phase I reactions) and thus has the capacity to regulate the metabolism of several organic contaminants. CYP1A expression is altered by exposure to planar xenobiotic compounds e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Vtg is an important precursor for egg yolk proteins and plays a role in the growth and development of an oocyte. Expression of this protein is altered upon exposure to estrogenic compounds. The aim of this project was to isolate CYP1A from fish liver by differential centrifugation and optimize conditions for the CYP1A-mediated ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase (EROD) assay and western blot analysis (to assess CYP1A expression). Another aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of biologically disruptive chemicals from sewage effluents, discharged into the marine environment, on the expression of CYP1A in two species of hake, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus (Cape hake). CYP1A in Cape hake is approximately a 60 kDa protein and the highest EROD activity was detected in the microsomal fraction after differential centrifugation. Optimal EROD assay conditions were observed at pH 7.5, a temperature of 25 °C, 10 μl of sample and a reaction time of 30 seconds. Enzyme stability assays indicated a drastic decrease in enzyme activity after 30 seconds. The EROD assay was not NADPH dependent but was limited by NADPH supply, with an increase of 300% in EROD activity being observed with the addition of 0.1 M exogenous NADPH. The addition of dicumarol (40 μM), a phase II enzyme inhibitor, showed a 232% increase in EROD activity. This is because dicumarol inhibited enzymes with the capacity to metabolize the product (resorufin) of the EROD reaction. With regard to western blot analysis, the optimal primary (rabbit antifish CYP1A peptide) and secondary (anti-mouse/rabbit antibody-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (POD)) antibody dilutions were determined to be 1:1000 and 1:5000, respectively. The comparison of CYP1A expression in Cape hake samples from De Beers Marine mining area and reference sites showed higher EROD activity (16.29 ± 0.91 pmol/min) in fish samples from the mining area in comparison to the reference site (10.42 ± 2.65 pmol/min). Western blot analysis was in agreement with the EROD assay results and a higher CYP1A expression was observed in fish from the mining sites. The increased CYP1A expression observed in fish from the mining area is not definitively an indication of a pollutant effect in the environment, as several environmental and biological factors (e.g. photoperiod and age) must also be considered before reaching this conclusion. Another aim of this study was to purify vtg from Cape hake blood samples. Cape hake vtg was purified from fish plasma by selective precipitation with MgCl2 and EDTA. Precipitated sample was subjected to anion exchange chromatography using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). Vtg eluted as two broad peaks and had a molecular weight above 200 kDa. SDS-PAGE analysis also resolved smaller molecular weight proteins below 70 kDa, which were thought to be vitellogenin cleavage proteins, lipovitellin and phosphovitins. Western blot analysis was performed; however, it did not produce any conclusive results. The purification of vtg enables further studies in characterizing this protein and developing assay aimed at detecting estrogenic pollutants in the marine environment

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Yau, Yick-yee Joyce. "Bacterial indicators for beach water quality /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301554.

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Yau, Yick-yee Joyce, and 丘奕怡. "Bacterial indicators for beach water quality." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254445.

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Gola, Nontutuzelo Pearl. "The value of locally isolated freshwater micro-algae in toxicity testing for water resource management in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017873.

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The ecological position of micro-algae at the base of the aquatic food web makes them critical components of aquatic ecosystems. Their short generation time also makes them useful biological indicators because they respond quickly to changes in environmental condition, enabling timely identification and assessment of water quality changes. The inclusion of micro-algae as indicators in water resource regulation and management in South Africa has started recently, their more extensive use in biomonitoring and ecotoxicology programmes for water resource management would contribute to the South African policy if water resource protection. The standard algal growth inhibition assay with the species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata is currently used for monitoring toxicity of in-stream and industrial wastewater discharges to freshwater micro-algae. The relevance of the data generated by standard toxicity bioassays has been questioned, since micro-algae in particular are extremely variable in their sensitivity to a range of contaminants and these standard species used may not occur in the local aquatic environment. As a result, international regulatory agencies, have recommended algal growth inhibition tests be changed from a single standard species to tests with a number of species. One recommendation, in addition to the use of standard toxicity tests, is the use of species isolated from the local environment which may be more relevant for assessing site specific impacts. This study investigated the value and application of locally isolated South African freshwater micro-algae in toxicity tests for water resource management and was carried out in three phases. The first phase involved isolating micro-algae from South African aquatic resources. Micro-algae suitable for toxicity testing were identified and selected using as set of criteria. Three (Scenedesmus bicaudatus, Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella vulgaris) out of eight successfully isolated species satisfied the prescribed selection criteria and these were selected as potential toxicity test species. The second phase focused on refining and adapting the existing algal toxicity test protocol (the algal growth inhibition assay) for use on the locally isolated algal species. The refinement of the test protocol was achieved by exposing the locally isolated species to reference toxicants in order to assess and compare their growth and sensitivity to the toxicants under the prescribed toxicity test conditions with that of the standard toxicity test species (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and a commercial laboratory species (Chlorella protothecoides). During this phase, one of the three local species (Scenedesmus bicaudatus) was eliminated as a potential toxicity test species due to inconsistent growth. The third phase of the study involved assessing the sensitivity of the two remaining species (C. vulgaris and C. sorokiniana) to a range of toxicants (reference toxicants, salts, effluents and a herbicide) and comparing it to that of the standard toxicity test species P. subcapitata and C. protothecoides. The toxicants were selected based on their relative importance in the South African context, as well as the practicality of using these local micro-algae to routinely determine the impact of these toxicants on local aquatic resources. The growth of the four micro-algae was stimulated by the selected effluents. The standard toxicity test species P. subcapitata was ranked the most sensitive and of the four species to two reference toxicants and two inorganic salts. Chlorella sorokiniana was ranked the most sensitive of the three Chlorella species to two reference toxicants and two inorganic salts. The herbicide stimulated the growth of C. vulgaris while inhibiting the growth of the other species. Pseudokirchneriela subcapitata and C. sorokiniana showed high intra-specific variability in growth, which made it difficult to determine the effective concentrations of the herbicide and therefore compare the sensitivity of the species. This varied response of micro-algal species to toxicants may result in the biodiversity shifts in aquatic ecosystems, and also supports the recommendation of using a battery of different species to support more informed decisions in water resource management.

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Lau, Chor-to. "Evaluation of the strategic sewage disposal scheme for Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13813766.

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16

Mess, Harold. "Sewage sludge disposal constraints and opportunities." Thesis, Aston University, 1985. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/15168/.

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Hon, Chi-keung. "Provision of sewage services : a case study of the trading fund established in the Drainage Services Department /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18596320.

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18

Ng, Yue-hang. "Dewatering and treatment of sewage sludge before landfill /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14723232.

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Fong, Chun-yau. "Latest development in waterworks sludge treatment and disposal in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498733.

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20

Shum, Ngai-on William. "Deodorisation of sewage treatment plant /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14723864.

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21

Lam, Chun-tak, and 林振德. "Hong Kong's sewage strategy: an analysis of the strategic sewage disposal scheme." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964965.

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22

Stephenson, Jaynie M. "Macroinvertebrate Community Structure as an Indicator of Watershed Health in the Upper Trinity River Basin, North Central Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2445/.

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This study describes macroinvertebrate community structure and assesses its potential in detecting point and non-point sources of disturbance associated with rural and urban areas in the Upper Trinity River Basin. Geospatial techniques were used to quantify landuse within the watershed in a GIS. At rural sites near the headwaters of the Trinity River, collector-gathering burrowers that are adapted to minimal flow comprised the majority of taxa. Destinies of taxa compositions at downstream sites increased and shifted toward psammophilic and rheophilic invertebrates, including primarily collector-filtering clingers, that are characteristic of shifting sand habitats in large prairie rivers. Benthic community structure generally benefited from point source impacts including wastewater treatment plant effluents that maintained higher flow. Community indices were negatively associated with forest landuse and positively associated with urban landuse. Partial CCA determined that flow and landuse contributed equally to species dispersions. Comparisons with historical biomonitoring studies in upper Trinity River Basin indicate improved watershed health.

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23

沈儀芝 and Ne-chi Alice Shing. "Actual effect of implementation of Hong Kong Island south sewerage master plan (SMP)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893697.

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24

Wan, Ka-hung. "Computer simulation of a local municipal wastewater treatment plant." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17508939.

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Li, Chunju. "Dynamic variations of carbonaceous and nitrifying activities in hybrid reactors with different operating conditions /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202004%20LI.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-188). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Shing, Ne-chi Alice. "Actual effect of implementation of Hong Kong Island south sewerage master plan (SMP)." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17665875.

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Lau, Yip Hang. "Maximization of treatment capacity of a full-scale biological nitrogen removal plant through model simulation and full-scale stress test /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?EVNG%202005%20LAU.

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Ling, Wai-chung Jackson. "Biological nutrient removal in sequencing batch reactors using fibrous packing medium /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17489477.

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Zapf-Gilje, Reidar. "Treatment and disposal of secondary sewage effluent through snowmaking." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26034.

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When secondary sewage effluent is converted to snow, the nutrients and residual organics become concentrated in the early meltwater discharge through melt-freeze processes within the snow-pack. The early season melt comes off relatively slowly. Providing the soil can absorb the early melt, the bulk of the nutrients will be removed even if later season melt rates exceeds the soil's infil-trability. This could provide an inexpensive method for nutrient removal from secondary sewage effluents. Laboratory experiments showed that the degree of impurity concentration was largely independent of the number of diurnal melt-freeze cycles, snow depth, snow temperature and initial concentration of impurity in the snow. As a result, the removal of impurities from a snowpack can be expressed in terms of the cumulative melt discharge. A simple exponential decay process was found to describe the impurity removal well for most cases. The first 20% of the melt removed, on the average, 65% of the phosphorus and 86% of the nitrogen from snow made from sewage effluent; and 92% of the potassium chloride from snow made from potassium chloride solution. Stripping of ammonia during snow production and melting increased the overall nitrogen removal to about 90%. A field investigation of salt movement through a natural snowpack confirmed the laboratory results.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Kozlowski, David Richard. "Systems engineering analysis of urban region sludge disposal alternatives." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76041.

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A microcomputer simulation model was developed to compare sludge disposal alternatives for an urban region. The model calculates both capital and operation costs for sludge treatment and disposal operations. For a study of an urban region with an equilibrium wastewater generation rate of 44.74 million m³/yr, the optimum sludge disposal alternative was dedicated land disposal for a baseline analysis of wastewater sludge treated by gravity thickening and anaerobic digestion. The capital cost at system equilibrium is $6.09 million and the total cumulative operation and maintenance cost over 100 years is $103.2 million. The operation and maintenance cost is 94% of the total capital and cumulative operation and maintenance cost. A description of the investigation and the criteria used for selection of this sludge disposal alternative ls included
Master of Science

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Hon, Chi-keung, and 韓志強. "Provision of sewage services: a case study ofthe trading fund established in the Drainage Services Department." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965234.

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32

Kellam, J. Lee. "Evaluation of the performance of five aerated package treatment systems." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01242009-063226/.

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Chung, King Chuen. "Biological processes involved in two wetland plants and their associated bacteria for the treatment of municipal wastewaters." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1005.

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Chan, Lap-man. "Sludge management : oversea experience and application in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13813560.

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Mbulawa, Siyasanga. "Bio-delipidation of pre-treated poultry slaughterhouse wastewater by enzymes from the wastewater isolates." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2743.

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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
Pre-treatment of wastewater such as that from poultry slaughterhouses, which contains fats, oil,and grease (FOG) is necessary prior to the primary biological treatment of the wastewater to meet legislated discharge standards and to prevent environmental pollution. Physico- chemical pre-treatment is often applied to remove FOG in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) before biological treatment. These pre-treatment methods, in particular physical pre- treatment systems, use synthetic chemicals, known to cause environmental contamination challenges, with FOG being inefficiently removed in certain instances. Biological techniques such as bio-delipidation using enzymatic catalysis for the pre-treatment of FOG-laden PSW could enhance the efficiency of the downstream biological treatment processes. This research focused on further bio-delipidation of PSW pre-treated with a dissolved air flotation system (DAF) for FOG removal using microbial lipases from bacterial strains isolated from the PSW itself. Bacterial strains (n = 2) isolated from the PSW and screened for their potential to produce lipases were found to have a higher bio-delipidation potential when compared to other isolates (n = 18). Both isolates were identified using 16s rRNA as Bacillus sp., i.e. both Bacillus cereus AB1 (BF3) and CC-1 (B3O). These isolates were used to produce lipases, whereby are sponse surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise pH (4-8) and temperature (30-60°C) as critical production conditions. achieving an optimum lipase production was achieved, with activity of 11.25 U/mL at 60°C, a pH of8 for BF3, and 15.50U/mL at 45°C and pH of 8.8 for B3O respectively, after 72 hours of bioreactor operation. The enzymes produced from both isolates were partially purified using a Bio-Rad size exclusion chromatography column (Bio-Gel® P-60) prior to use in subsequent experiments. The presence and activity of lipase were further determined using p-nitrophenyl acetate (p- NPA) as a substrate with the functionality of the semi-purified enzymes being characterized by optimizing the conditions in which the enzymes were required to function. Lipase activity was enhanced by Mg2+ while Fe2+, Na+, K+, Ca2+ were observed to have an inhibitory effect on the enzymes from both strains. Similarly, reduced stability of the lipases in organic solvents, namely toluene, methanol, and isopropanol, was also established. Additionally, detergents, Triclosan (TCS) (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy-phenol) and trichlorocarbonilide (3,4,4- trichlorocarbonilide)(TCC), usually found in PSW as antimicrobial and disinfectant agents to sanitise poultry product processing facilities, were used assess the activity of the enzyme in their presence at a concentration of 30% (v/v) (although these anti- microbial agents are used in minute quantities in cleaning products). The lipases from isolate BF3 maintained an activity of 91.43% and 81.36% in the presence of TCS and TCC, while that of B3O enzyme had 85.32% and 73.91% acitivity, when compared to the reference (control) experiments. The bio-delipidation efficacy was studied under varying pH and temperature conditions using DAF pre-treated PSW, observing a further removal efficiency of fatty acids from the protein- laden PSW at different pH and temperature. Bio-delipidation was found to be largely influenced by pH, as a pH below 7 and above 10 at 40°-45°C, calculated in the bio- delipidation efficiency reduction to below 50%. The temperature range mentioned, i.e 40°- 45°C, had a positive effect on further deffating of the protein-rich DAF pre-treated PSW, as high removal efficiency was observed at this temperature range. This could be due to the characteristic of the enzymes used,or the formation of stable FOG agglomerates and/oremulsion. Overall, a DAF effluent containing residual FOG and proteins was bio-delipidated effectively using enzymes from the PSW isolates, achieving further removal of FOG and proteins by 64.35% to 80.42%, culminating in tCOD reduction and reduced PSW turbidity, further resulting in improved wastewater quality characteristics meeting disposal standards. This study demonstrated that sequential DAF pre-treated PSW bio-delipidation has the potential to enhance the efficiency of downstream biological anaerobic treatment processes for PSW by further reducing residual FOG from a DAF system.

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36

Fong, Chun-yau, and 方鎮猷. "Latest development in waterworks sludge treatment and disposal in HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125259X.

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37

Lau, Chor-to, and 劉楚濤. "Evaluation of the strategic sewage disposal scheme for Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252898.

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38

Chilibeck, Barry Michael. "Operation and diagnostics of wastewater treatment facilities using an expert system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29495.

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This research examines the use of microcomputer-based expert systems as a diagnostic tool and an operational aid of conventional secondary wastewater treatment facilities. The research has shown that rule-based systems are well suited for the domain of wastewater treatment facilities operations using observational information. Advances in expert systems software combined with increased microcomputer processing power have made this development work possible with personal computers. These systems possess the capability to provide fully automated diagnostics and process control as well as acting as a teaching and development tool for operators in full-scale treatment facilities. The thesis describes the technical aspects of wastewater treatment as applied to the development of a finished knowledge base system called WASTES (WAStewater Treatment Expert System). The thesis also discusses the development of the knowledge bases from their sources to implementation in the system. Recommendations and conclusions are also presented along with potential areas for further research.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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39

劉偉藻 and Wai-cho Ivan Lau. "Performance and characteristics of biogranules in thermophilic UASB reactors." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31213261.

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Lau, Wai-cho Ivan. "Performance and characteristics of biogranules in thermophilic UASB reactors /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17546059.

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41

Hooper, Jonathan Nigel. "A knowledge based system for strategic sludge disposal planning." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262163.

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42

Shum, Ngai-on William, and 岑毅安. "Deodorisation of sewage treatment plant." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253258.

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43

Degen, Marcia J. "Denitrification in low pressure distribution onsite wastewater disposal systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29272.

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44

Farahazad, Maryam. "The problems with water quality standards in Oakland Bay associated with the Shelton sewage treatment plant." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2009. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Farahzad_MTMESThesis2009.pdf.

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45

Ip, Ho-yin Nelson. "Oceanic treatment : is this the only way out? /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23424618.

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46

Hendricks, Rahzia. "Assessment of the biological quality of raw and treated effluents from three sewage treatment plants in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6966_1331032010.

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The aim of this study was to compare the water quality of raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents from three different sewage treatment plants in the Western Cape, South Africa. The treatment plants investigated are on the same river system. Sewage treatment plant 1 and 2 use older technologies, while sewage treatment plant 3 has been upgraded and new technologies (membrane bioreactor) were incorporated in the treatment processes. The first objective was to determine the occurrence of total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and fluoroquinolone and sulfamethoxazole antibiotic residues in raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents. Bacteria in treated sewage effluents can result in diseases such as dysentery, gastroenteritis, and typhoid upon exposure. A chromogenic test was used to screen for coliforms and E. coli. Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) were used to quantitate antibiotic residues (fluoroquinolones and sulfamethoxazole) in raw wastewater and treated sewage effluents. This study showed that bacteria are present in raw wastewater and residual bacteria are released with treated sewage effluents from sewage treatment plants.

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47

Thota, Ravi Meher. "Comparison of lime and sodium hydroxide for the control of gas production from sewage sludges." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10312009-020112/.

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48

Al-Shiekh, Khalil Wael R. "Integrated land capability for ecological sustainability of on-site sewage treatment systems." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16171/.

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The research project was formulated to solve serious environmental and possible public health problems in rural and regional areas caused by the common failure of soil disposal systems used for application of effluent from on-site domestic sewage treatment systems. On-site sewage treatment systems adopt a treatment train approach with the associated soil disposal area playing a crucial role. The most common on-site sewage treatment system that is used is the conventional septic tank and subsurface effluent disposal system. The subsurface effluent disposal area is given high priority by regulatory authorities due to the significant environmental and public health impacts that can result from their failure. There is generally very poor householder maintenance of the treatment system and this is compounded by the failure of the effluent disposal area resulting in unacceptable surface and groundwater contamination. This underlies the vital importance of employing reliable science-based site suitability assessment techniques for effluent disposal. The research undertaken investigated the role of soil physico-chemical characteristics influencing the behaviour of effluent disposal areas. The study was conducted within the Logan City Council area, Queensland State, Australia. About 50% of the Logan region is unsewered and the common type of on-site sewage treatment used is a septic tank with subsurface effluent disposal area. The work undertaken consisted of extensive field investigations, soil sampling and testing, laboratory studies and extensive data analysis. In the field study, forty-eight sites were investigated for their effluent application suitability. The sites were evaluated based on the soil physico-chemical characteristics. The field investigation indicated that there were nine soil orders in the study area. These soil orders were Dermosols, Chromosols, Kandosols, Kurosols, Vertosols, Sodosols, Tenosols, Rudosols and Anthrosols. The soils in all the investigated sites were acidic soils in the pH range between 5 and 6.5. The complexity of the large data matrix obtained from the analysis was overcome by multivariate analytical methods to assist in evaluating the soils' ability to treat effluent and to understand the importance of various parameters. The analytical methods selected to serve this purpose were PROMETHEE and GAIA. The analysis indicated that the most suitable soils for effluent renovation are the Kandosols whilst the most unsatisfactory soil order was found to be Podosol. The GAIA analysis was in agreement with quantitative analysis conducted earlier. An extensive laboratory column study lasting almost one year was undertaken to validate the results of the data analysis from the field investigation. The main objectives of this experiment were to examine the soil behaviour under practical effluent application and to investigate the long-term acceptance rate for these soils. Twelve representative soils were selected for the column experiment from the previously investigated sites and undisturbed soil cores were collected for this purpose. The results from the column study matched closely with the evaluation conducted at the earlier stages of the research. Soil physico-chemical analysis before and after effluent application indicated that the soils' acidity was improved toward neutrality after effluent application. The results indicated that soils have a greater ability to handle phosphorus than nitrogen. The most favorable cation exchange capacity for soils to treat and transmit effluent was between 15 and 40 meq/100g. Based on the results of the column study, the long-term acceptance rate (LTAR) was determined for the investigated twelve soil types. Eleven out of twelve soils reported specific LTAR values between 0.18-0.22 cm/day. For the duration of the laboratory study, the Podosol order did not reach its LTAR value due to the extremely sandy nature of the soil. The time required to achieve LTAR varied between different soils from 40 to 330 days. The outcomes of this research was integrated into a soil suitability map for on-site sewage treatment systems for Logan City Council. This will assist the authorities in providing sustainable solutions for on-site systems failure.

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Walsh, Joseph W. "Analysis of a uniform, comprehensive cost analysis method for Virginia municipal water and wastewater systems." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/80086.

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Municipal water and wastewater systems in Virginia are faced with substantial capital needs for the expansion, replacement, and improvement of existing facilities, and the construction of new facilities. To compound this problem, the financial environment surrounding these utilities is changing from one in which grant financing is being replaced by debt financing, and the overall availability of federal and state aid is declining. The literature on utility management emphasizes the use of a "user-pays" approach that makes use of a comprehensive method of cost analysis. This thesis tests the hypothesis that a uniform, comprehensive cost analysis method can be developed to effectively meet the cost analysis needs of municipal water and wastewater systems in Virginia. This is accomplished in a four step process: development and distribution of a questionnaire to all municipal water and wastewater systems in Virginia; analysis of the survey results; description and analysis of the Government Finance Officers Association's comprehensive cost analysis workbook for water and wastewater utilities; and evaluation of this workbook in several Virginia communities. The results of this work show that a comprehensive cost analysis method can be developed which will effectively meet the cost analysis needs of water and wastewater operations in Virginia. However, such a method does have its shortcomings, and further research is recommended.
Master of Urban Affairs

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50

Hall, Sandra J. "The study and development of microbial quantification methods for use in activated sludge /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17582.pdf.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sewage disposal in rivers'

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