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Journal articles on the topic "Sewage disposal in the ground – Health aspects"
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Mattli, Karl, and Jörg Gasser. "A neutral, impartial and independent approach: key to ICRC's acceptance in Iraq." International Review of the Red Cross 90, no. 869 (March 2008): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383108000209.
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AbstractThe article describes the context of the ICRC's operations in Iraq, where the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, the Gulf War in 1990–1 and the effects of sanctions preceded the 2003 conflict and the spread of sectarian violence. The many serious attacks, including the bombing of the ICRC delegation in Baghdad in 2003 and continuing threats to the ICRC delegates, led to a low-visibility presence and required a new modus operandi in which a real presence on the ground was backed up by remote-control mechanisms for assistance activities in the most insecure areas. Projects to cover essential needs by ensuring water supplies and sewage disposal and supporting health facilities exemplify this new ICRC operational framework. Whereas remote control and support operations enabled programmes of increasing scope and size to be implemented, they could not replace a direct physical presence on the ground, and acceptance-building had to be reinforced through networking and communicational aspects. The authors argue, however, that there is still room for independent, neutral and impartial humanitarian action in Iraq – despite inherent security risks.
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Heninger, I., M. Potin-gautier, M. Astruc, D. Snidaro, V. Vignier, and J. Manem. "Selenium in Sewage Sludge; General Aspects and Analytical Challenge." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 67, no. 1-4 (June 1997): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319708031389.
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Schrale, G., R. Boardman, and M. J. Blaskett. "Investigating Land Based Disposal of Bolivar Reclaimed Water, South Australia." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0022.
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The Bolivar Sewage Treatment Works (STW) processes the urban and industrial sewage from the northern and eastern suburbs of Adelaide. The treatment capacity is equivalent to the sewage production of 1.1 million people. The disposal of more than 40 000 ML of reclaimed water into the sea has caused a progressive degradation of about 950 ha of seagrass beds which threatens the sustainability of the fisheries and marine ecosystems of Gulf St. Vincent. The current practice will no longer be viable to achieve compliance with the SA Marine Environment Protection Act, 1990. A Inter-Departmental Working Party recommmended that the Bolivar reclaimed water be disposed by irrigation of suitable land on the coastal plains north of Adelaide. They proposed the construction of two pipelines: a 12 km long pipeline to extend the distribution of reclaimed water in the most intense portion of the 3 500 hectares of irrigated horticulture on the Northern Adelaide Plains, and a second, 18 km long pipeline to deliver the remainder to a more northerly site for irrigation of an estimated 4 000 hectares of hardwood plantations. The paper summarizes the findings as they relate to public health, environmental, technical and financial aspects of land based disposal. Land based disposal would completely eliminate the marine degradation and also arrest the over-use of the NAP underground water resources for horticulture. The total net costs over thirty years for land based disposal are about $ 21.8 million. The ‘horticultural' pipeline of the land based disposal scheme is expected to be commercially viable. A shortfall in revenue from the afforestation component is expected and may need to be considered as an environmental cost of ceasing marine disposal.
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Verdhen, Anand. "Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation: A Typical Syndrome in Sub-Urban Rural Areas: Require Scientific and Technological Intervention." Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2015/3029.
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The population and industrial growths are demanding for sustainable and safe drinking water and waste disposal in rural and urban belts. Deficiency and lack of fresh water supply and sewage disposal/treatment affects the health and hygiene of household, community dwellers and local/regional environment. The paper highlights the problems around Farukh Nagar of Gurgaon District in Haryana and suggests for scientific and technological study to address the issue. Preliminary field visit and study show the gravity of problem and possible reasons. However, detailed study is required adopting scientific and technological viable strategy including methodology, questionnaire based interaction with beneficiaries and agencies to collect stratified socio-economic and technical primary and secondary details/records, people perceptions and experiences, Ground water details (level, yield, point source and quality fluctuations), Surface water source, rainfall, water supply system/parameters, population and growth, waste water and sludge production, treatment and disposal system, recharge and outfall zone in the study/nearby areas, etc. Further, analysis of data employing hydrological/hydraulic software, testing/verification of quality parameters with Indian and international standards, physical models, workshops among beneficiaries and user agencies addressing the points of innovation to implement viable and sustainable water supply and sewage disposal plans are needed.
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Evans, L. J., G. A. Spiers, and G. Zhao. "Chemical Aspects of Heavy Metal Solubility with Reference to Sewage Sludge Amended Soils." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 59, no. 2-4 (April 1995): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319508041335.
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Arora, A., and S. Saxena. "Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Anaerobic Sludge and its Disposal by Landspreading." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.213.
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Sludge, a natural, uncalled for byproduct of aerobic/ anaerobic biological digestion of organic matter present in wastewaters, also known as biosolids, is a thick, black and viscous substance comprising of dead and degraded microbial cells that digested the influents. This dead microbial material, accumulates on the bottom of anaerobic lagoons/ reactors, is organic in nature and rich in plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and essential trace elements. It must be removed periodically. Therefore, the objective is to use the sludge as a fertilizer on agricultural land. It is an environmentally acceptable and economical method of sludge disposal. The application of organic wastes to farmland has increased over the years as it contributes to the preservation of the environment and results in an improvement of chemical, biochemical and physical properties of soil, although there is an increased risk of soil and ground water being contaminated by pollutants. Sewage sludge may contain heavy metals whose presence in soil may reduce enzyme activities and affect microbial communities in soil. They accumulate in soil and are taken up by crop plants thus posing health hazard. The study was conducted to characterize anaerobic sludge and quantify the concentration of heavy metals in it, to determine the suitability of the sludge as fertilizer for crops. Physicochemical and biochemical analyses showed that anaerobic sludge produced at Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) sewage treatment plant at Faridabad (an industrial town), Haryana, India, contained total organic C 15.714 percent, total Kjeldahl N 0.795 percent, available P 8 3g g-1and heavy metals Zn 1500 3g g-1, Ni 226 3g g-1, Fe 3000 3g g-1 and high activity of enzymes like alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase in the sludge. These enzymes are important for soil fertility and nutrient cycling. The toxic heavy metals have been accumulated by bacteria from sewage waters. The ideal C/N ratio, P and enzyme activities show its suitability as fertilizer but presence of heavy metals is a matter of concern. Therefore its application as crop fertilizer or onto land has to be carefully managed.
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Lewis, Jennifer. "The Environment and Health: An Alternative Perspective." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 2 (1998): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98017.
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A theoretical approach which may be used to increase understanding of the dynamics of environmental and health policy is outlined. The approach deals with conceptualisations or 'ways of knowing', and, as such, tends to raise questions for debate, rather than advance policy solutions. First, it considers ways in which people have thought about and 'known' the world around them and traces how this has been important in shaping our attitudes and values in relation to it, especially in influencing environmental and health policy. Three aspects are considered: the legacy of Enlightenment and Romantic philosophical frameworks, the significance of underlying contradictory assumptions within these frameworks, and some of the implications of this for public policy. Second, it advances a specific theoretical approach ? the dialectic ? as a means of exploring the relationship between ways of thought and providing insight into the complex dynamics of policy making. It looks briefly at the example of sewage disposal policy before arguing that a dialectic approach may be applied to a range of environmental and health policy situations.
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Amaral, Karina Guedes Cubas do, Julio Cezar Rietow, and Miguel Mansur Aisse. "Evaluation of the environmental life cycle of an STP that employs a low-rate trickling filter as post-treatment of a UASB reactor and different sludge-management alternatives." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 16, no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2648.
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This study aimed to undertake an environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of a sewage treatment plant (STP) equipped with low-rate trickling filters (TFs) as post-treatment of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The STP is located in South Brazil and uses landfill and agriculture as sludge-disposal alternatives. The evaluation was performed using the LCA technique and SimaPro® 9 software. The results revealed that the gases methane (CH4) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), emitted into the atmosphere after the partial burning of the biogas in flares, are mainly responsible for impacts in the categories of global warming (GW) and terrestrial acidification (TA), respectively. Due to the low rate of hydraulic sewage application in TFs, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions stood out due to their high impact in the category of stratospheric ozone depletion (SOD). The use of sludge in agriculture obtained a greater potential for environmental impact compared to landfills in five of the eight categories evaluated. The main impacts of agricultural use were in the category of human toxicity (HT), due to the high concentration of zinc present in the sludge, and in the category TA, due to the emission of ammonia (NH3) during hygienization of the sludge. In turn, the main positive aspects were avoided products, such as urea, phosphate fertilizer and limestone. The results contribute to a greater discussion of sewage-treatment processes, as well as sludge-management alternatives used in developing countries.
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Obiri-Danso, K., C. A. A. Weobong, and K. Jones. "Aspects of health-related microbiology of the Subin, an urban river in Kumasi, Ghana." Journal of Water and Health 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2005.0007.
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The aim of this study was to assess the influence of urban waste, sewage and other human centred activities on the microbiological quality of the river Subin, which flows through the metropolis of Kumasi, Ghana, and serves as drinking water for communities downstream. Three sites, Racecourse, Asafo and Asago, on the Subin were monitored over a year for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, enterococci and biochemical oxygen demand. Bacterial indicator numbers (geometric mean 100 ml−1) varied from 1.61 × 109 to 4.06 × 1013 for total coliforms, 9.75 × 108 to 8.98 × 1012 for faecal coliforms and 1.01 × 102 to 6.57 × 106 for enterococci. There was a consistent increase in bacterial loading as the river flows from the source (Racecourse) through Kumasi. Bacterial numbers were significantly (p≤0.05) higher during the rainy season compared with the dry (harmattan) season. The biochemical oxygen demand ranged from 8 mg l−1 at the source of the river to 419 mg l−1 at Asago; none of the sites achieved internationally accepted standards for water quality. The River Subin becomes grossly polluted as it flows through Kumasi and at Asago, a rural community downstream of Kumasi that abstracts water from the river for drinking, this probably contributes to the observed high levels of diarrhoeal disease.
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Winkler, Marjorie G., and Calvin B. DeWitt. "Environmental Impacts of Peat Mining in the United States: Documentation for Wetland Conservation." Environmental Conservation 12, no. 4 (1985): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900034433.
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In this paper we present documentation for the realistic assessment of the concept of peat as an energy alternative in the United States. A proposal to mine peat in north-central Florida provides the framework from which a community worksheet for the evaluation of a peat-mining proposal has been developed. Documentation is also given of crucial local and regional environmental impacts that would result from large-scale disturbance of peatlands and the subsequent removal of peat, among which are:1) toxic-metal release from peat,2) eutrophication of surface waters,3) increased runoff (including flooding and impacts on fisheries),4) release of organic pollutants,5) changes of salt and freshwater systems,6) changes in ground-water supply, and7) air pollution and fires.Other community concerns, such as zoning regulations, sewage disposal impacts, and disruption of stable industries, must also be considered.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sewage disposal in the ground – Health aspects"
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Prinz, William Ernst. "The management and regulation of the beneficial use of sewage sludge as an agricultural soil amendment in Riverside County." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1190.
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Geertsema, Wesley S. "Long-term effects of alum sludge application to land." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12232009-020505/.
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Gauthier, Francis. "Study of coliform bacteria in Canadian pulp and paper mill water systems : their ecology and utility as health hazard indicators." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33401.
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Coliform bacteria have long been used to indicate fecal contamination of food, water, and solid surfaces, and thus the presence of a health hazard. In this study, the in-mill water and external effluent treatment systems of seven typical Canadian pulp and paper mills were shown to support the growth of numerous coliforms, especially Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., and Citrobacter spp . Mill coliforms were shown to be not just simple transients from feedwater or furnish (wood), but to be continuously growing, especially in the primary clarifiers. Therefore, coliforms and fecal coliforms cannot be used as fecal contamination indicators in pulp and paper mill water and effluent treatment systems.N2-fixing coliform populations were detected in mill water systems and were analyzed using N2-fixation assays and nitrogenase gene (nifH) probing. Both active in situ populations and cultured microbial isolates were tested. Active N2-fixation was demonstrated in six primary clarifiers. Measurement of the numbers and composition of the total culturable bacterial community in a primary clarifier revealed that approximately 50% of all aerobic cells contained nifH , of which >90% were Klebsiella. Coliforms growing on MacConkey agar plates from the primary clarifier were all identified as Klebsiella and 100% of these Klebsiella contained the nifH gene. Preliminary estimates indicate that the amount of N2 fixed per day is substantial in some clarifiers.
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Bellingieri, Paulo Henrique. "Avaliação de impactos em agua subterranea e solo, pela pratica de disposição de efluente desinfetado de lagoa anaerobia na agricultura." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258248.
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Orientador: Bruno Coraucci FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T22:16:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bellingieri_PauloHenrique_M.pdf: 9365011 bytes, checksum: 6c7e81559cc6178c82c39aab2cd464f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: As águas subterrâneas representam a principal preocupação no processo de viabilização do reúso agrícola, como prática de pós-tratamento e disposição final de esgotos sanitários. O presente trabalho visa avaliar a possível contaminação gerada pela disposição controlada de efluente de tratamento secundário no cultivo de milho, e identificar a lâmina hídrica ideal para a irrigação da cultura, aliando as necessidades da engenharia sanitária com as da engenharia agrícola. Consistiu na análise de amostras do lençol freático, coletadas periodicamente durante duas saltas consecutivas, sendo uma na estação chuvosa e outra na estação seca. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, condutividade elétrica, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn e N-N03-. Uma rede de poços de monitoramento foi instalada na área de pesquisa, contendo 10 poços locados a jusante de cada parcela para avaliação em função do risco à saúde pública. A variação do comportamento do lençol freático foi monitorada pela confecção de mapas potenciométricos sazonais e realização de slug test para obtenção da condutividade hidráulica dos poços de monitoramento. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a aplicação de efluentes sanitários na agricultura, via sulcos rasos, causou alguns impactos negativos às propriedades do solo e água subterrânea, além de proporcionar benefícios para a cultura, quando da reposição de água ao solo em períodos de estiagem
Abstract: Groundwaters represent the main concern in the process of viabilization of agriculture reuse, as practice of post-cure and final disposal of sanitary sewers. The present research aims to evaluate the possible contamination generated for the controlled disposal of the sewer of secondary treatment in the maize culture, and to identify the ideal hydric blade for the irrigation of the maize culture, uniting the necessities of sanitary and agricultural engineering. It consisted in the analysis of samples of the water table, collected periodically during two consecutive harvests, one in the rainy and another in the dry period. Were analyzed the following parameters: pH, electrical conductance, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn and N-NO3 . A net of monitoring wells was installed in the research area, with 10 leased wells the downward of each parcel for evaluation in function of the risk to the public health. The variation of the behavior of the water table was monitored by the confection of potenciometric maps and accomplishment of slug test for attainment by the hydraulic conductivity of the monitoring wells. The results allowed to conclude that the application of sanitary effluent in agriculture, in saw ridges fIat, did not cause significant negative alterations in the properties of the ground and underground water, besides providing benefits for the maize culture, within of the replacement water soil in dry periods
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Stephenson, Jaynie M. "Macroinvertebrate Community Structure as an Indicator of Watershed Health in the Upper Trinity River Basin, North Central Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2445/.
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This study describes macroinvertebrate community structure and assesses its potential in detecting point and non-point sources of disturbance associated with rural and urban areas in the Upper Trinity River Basin. Geospatial techniques were used to quantify landuse within the watershed in a GIS. At rural sites near the headwaters of the Trinity River, collector-gathering burrowers that are adapted to minimal flow comprised the majority of taxa. Destinies of taxa compositions at downstream sites increased and shifted toward psammophilic and rheophilic invertebrates, including primarily collector-filtering clingers, that are characteristic of shifting sand habitats in large prairie rivers. Benthic community structure generally benefited from point source impacts including wastewater treatment plant effluents that maintained higher flow. Community indices were negatively associated with forest landuse and positively associated with urban landuse. Partial CCA determined that flow and landuse contributed equally to species dispersions. Comparisons with historical biomonitoring studies in upper Trinity River Basin indicate improved watershed health.
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Gusha, Siyabulela Stability. "Productions of high quality wastewater final effluents remain a challenge in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/489.
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Water is an indispensible and yet a difficult resource to be renewed, thus water scarcity has become one of the major challenges faced worldwide, with the Southern regions of Africa being the most impacted and affected, especially the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa where rural communities depend on receiving waterbodies that are often negatively impacted by wastewater final effluents. This present study was conducted between August and December 2010 to assess the physicochemical and microbial qualities of the final effluents of peri-urban and rural communities based wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape Province. The physicochemical parameters were determined on site and in the laboratory, while bacteriological qualities were determined using culture based techniques. The virological qualities were determined by molecular methods using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the target RNA virus and the conventional polymerase chain reaction for the target DNA virus. For both wastewater treatment plants, the physicochemical parameters ranged as follows: chemical oxygen demand (5.95-45 mg/L); total dissolved solids (114.5-187.0 mg/L); salinity (0.12-0.20 psu); temperature (14.2-25.7oC); pH (6.0-7.6); nitrate and nitrites (1.55-6.7 mg/L and 0.023-1.15 mg/L respectively); biological oxygen demand (3.5-7.8 mg/L); turbidity (1.49-6.98 NTU); and chlorine residual (0-2.97 mg/L). Feacal indicator bacteria counts ranged as follows: feacal coliforms (0-1.25×104 cfu/100 ml); total coliforms (0-3.95×104 cfu/100 ml); and enterococci (0-5.0×103 cfu/100 ml). xviii Seventy five percent of the rural community based plant and 80 percent of the peri-urban community based plant were positive for coxsackie A virus, while hepatitis A virus was detected in all the rural community based plant 80 percent of the peri-urban community based plant. This study suggests the need for intervention by appropriate regulatory agencies to ensure regular monitoring of the qualities of final effluents of wastewater treatment facilities in the Eastern Cape Province and ensure compliance to established guidelines.
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Adadzi, Patrick Cudjoe. "Deep row trenching of pit latrine and waste water treatment works sludge : water and nutrient fluxes in forest plantations." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10034.
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The deep row trenching of ventilated improved pit-latrine (VIP) and waste water treatment
works (WWTW) sludge is a unique alternative cost effective land application method that will
prevent odour and health problems and may permit higher application rates than surface
application. The goal of this research is to assess the environmental consequences of employing
deep row incorporation of VIP and WWTW sludge to forest plantation lands for the production
of Eucalyptus dunnii. The objectives are to monitor, define and quantify the fluxes of nutrients
(nitrate and phosphorus) from the buried sludge to the surrounding soils, groundwater and
surface water. The WWTW study was conducted on a forestry plantation located near the
Shafton Karkloof Falls, about 10 km from Howick in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South
Africa. The land for the research is owned by SAPPI, a timber plantation company. The
trenching was done with stockpiled secondary sludge from Umgeni WWTW in Howick. VIP
sludge trenching was done at the Umlazi E-ponds site in Durban owned by EThekwini
Municipality. This site was formally used as a wastewater treatment plant sludge drying bed. The
treatment works comprised three oxidation ponds and was operated until 1999, when it was
decommissioned after a heavy flood, resulting in damage to the oxidation ponds. The sites were
instrumented with wetting front detectors, piezometers and boreholes for collection and analysis
of leachate from which were determined subsurface loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. Soil water
status and groundwater levels were also monitored. Simulation of the process of water, nitrate
and phosphorus transport was performed in order to aid the development of the sustainable
management methodologies for land application and the trenching of VIP/WWTW sludge. The
study focuses on the entrenched sludge to determine the concentration of pollutants, monitorchanges in concentration over time and to monitor the movement of solutes and any change
taking place in the surrounding soil water and groundwater. The results contribute to the
development of guidelines and protocols for VIP/WWTW sludge handling and trenching in
South Africa. It was demonstrated that the nutrient migration processes can be approximated
with the conceptual simplifications of the inputs to the model based on field evidence, soil
survey data and applicable literature. In the study, it was found that high concentrations of
nutrients were evident in the water infiltrating into and through the sludge in all trench types.
The nitrate concentration median values in the trenches were 234mg/l and 36mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively, while the recorded median value for phosphorus was 1.0mg/l and 3.5mg/l
for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively. However the effect of vertical seepage of nutrients, into the
deep aquifer in fractured rock has not been observed in the deep borehole with the nitrate
concentration median values at 5mg/l and 0.6mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively, while the
phosphorus concentration median values were 0.03mg/l and 0.15mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi
sites respectively. The study revealed significant differences between the sandy alluvial site at Umlazi and the shale
dolorite site at the SAPPI forests. Where an unsaturated zone below the entrenched sludge
existed at the Umlazi site, nutrient transport was retarded, whereas in the shales of the SAPPI
site, preferential delivery flowpaths transported high concentrations of nutrients rapidly from the
entrenched sludge to the base of the hillslope. These mechanisms needed to be treated differently
in the simulation exercise.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Titshall, Louis William. "The characterisation of some South African water treatment residues and glasshouse pot experiments to investigate the potential of two residues for land disposal." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4574.
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Water treatment residues (WTRs) are the by-product from the production of potable water.
They consist mainly of the precipitated hydrous oxides of the treatment chemicals, and
materials removed from the raw water. This study investigated the range of treatment
processes and residues produced in South Africa, and two WTRs were selected for testing on
selected soils and mine materials.
A questionnaire was developed and sent to water treatment authorities across South Africa.
Information on the treatment chemicals, dosages, volumes and current disposal practices, and
a sample of WTR from each treatment plant were requested. Eleven, of 21 authorities,
returned completed questionnaires, representing 37 water treatment facilities. Organic
polymers were the most commonly used treatment chemical, with most plants also using lime.
Other less frequently used chemicals and additives were Alz(S04)3.14I-hO, Fe2(S04)3, FeC!),
sodium aluminate, activated silica, activated charcoal, CO2 and bentonite. Information given
regarding residue thickening and disposal was poor. Samples from Rand Water, Umgeni
Water (Midmar), Midvaal Water Company, Amatola Water and Cape Metropolitan Council
(Faure) were received or collected. An additional sample from Faure was also received,
representing a change in the treatment process. These samples were analysed for a range of
chemical and physical characteristics. These analyses showed that the WTRs had the potential
to supply some plant nutrients (Ca, Mg, Fe, S) but that metal toxicity may be a problem, in
particular Mn in the Faure WTR, and that P adsorption may be severe. The samples selected
to test the potential for land disposal were from Rand Water and Faure.
A pot experiment tested the growth of Eragrostis tefJ, Cenchrus ciliaris and Digitaria
eriantha in mixtures of Rand WTR and material from a coal mine i.e., a sandy soil material,
spoil material and coal combustion ash, at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 g kg" with a
uniform fertiliser treatment applied to all mixtures. The grass was harvested on three
occasions and the mean total yield (dry mass) determined, as well as nutrient uptake. The pots
were leached after each harvest and the pH and electrical conductivity determined. The soil,
spoil and ash were characterised and pH, EC and water retention characteristics of the
mixtures determined. Growth of the grasses in the ash treatments was poor and these were
terminated. Eragrostis tefJ grown in the soil showed a decrease in mean total yield with
increasing WTR application rate, but yield was good up to the 200 g kg" treatment at the first harvest, declining substantially by the second harvest. In general C. ciliaris and D. eriantha
grown in the soil showed a decrease in mean total yield for all harvests with increasing WTR
application. The yield of E. /ejJ, grown in the spoil, increased up to 100 g kg,l WTR
addition, but decreased thereafter. Digitaria eriantha showed a decrease in yield, and C.
ciliaris an increase, with increasing WTR application rate , but for all treatments the
differences were non-significant. The pH and EC of the leachates generally increased with
increasing WTR addition. The concentration of nutrients in the grasses did not indicate any
deficiencies or toxicities.
As the growth of grass was poor in the ash treatments, another pot experiment was established
to test the growth of two creeping grass species grown in the Rand WTR as a cover over the
ash material. Cynodon dactylon and Stenotaphrum secundatum were grown in 20, 40 and 60
mm layers of Rand WTR, with and without a fertiliser treatment. Both species performed best
in the 60 mm layer with fertiliser, and C. dactylon performed better than S. secundatum. The
former species was more tolerant of the high pH, but both have potential as cover vegetation
on the ash dumps when these are covered with Rand WTR.
A further glasshouse study investigated the effect of Faure WTR mixed with a nutrient poor
sandy soil on the nutrient uptake and seed yield of common dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
The WTR was added to the soil at 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 g kg" each with five levels of
fertiliser (0, 25, 50, 100 (recommended optimum) and 150 %). Bean pods were harvested
once the plants had senesced. The number of pods and mass and number of seeds per
treatment were determined. The seeds were analysed for nutrient uptake. Interveinal chlorosis
and necrotic lesions were evident on cotylendonous and new leaves in the WTR treated soils,
the severity of the symptoms increasing with increasing rate of WTR. Additional pots were
established at the 400 g kg" rate (without fertiliser) and leaf material collected for chemical
analysis. This showed that Mn toxicity was the cause, with leaf concentrations about 12 times
the recommended 100 mg kg" upper limit. However, mass of bean seed was highest in the
400 g kg" Faure WTR treatment with 150 % fertiliser. Nutrient translocation to the seed
seemed to be relatively consistent regardless of treatment, with little accumulation ofMn.
The data collected illustrated the range of conditions and types of WTRs produced in South
Africa, and that in some instances these residues have favourable characteristics for land
application. The use of the Rand WTR showed that it could be applied to the spoil medium at
relatively high concentrations without severely negatively impacting on grass growth, but more caution should be used when applying this material to the soil medium. While the grass
did not grow in the ash treatments, it would seem that with suitable species the Rand WTR
could be beneficially applied to ash material as a cover layer. The use of the Faure WTR on a
sandy soil seemed to potentially improve the yield of the indicator crop, but caution should be
exercised due to the possibility of Mn toxicity. The use of additional fertiliser would seem to
be essential. Further research would require that field scale investigation of both WTRs be
conducted, as well as further studies of applicat ion rates and techniques in laboratory and
glasshouse investigations.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.
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Chuma, Mathudi. "The perceptions of the residents of Polokwane on alternative faecal sludge management." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2207.
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Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2017The World Health Organisation (WHO) and World Bank (WB) state that worldwide access to sanitation has improved with countries in the north having 100% access to sanitation. However, only 64% of the world's population has access to improved sanitation. Sub-Saharan Africa has a noticeable improvement with South Africa improving from 73% in 2010 to 74% in 2014. They further estimate that $260 billion is lost globally each year due to lack of adequate water supply and sanitation. Universal access to water and sanitation would result in an estimated $32 billion in economic benefits per year globally from reductions in health care costs and increased productivity from reduced illness. Sub-Saharan Africa loses an estimated 4.3% ($US694 billion) of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) each year due to lack of adequate water supply and sanitation. Furthermore, the UNDP (2015) indicates that sanitation is one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), however many regions are performing poorly in attaining their declared sanitation targets. South African has not reached its target but it is maintaining its commitment to the provision of sanitation as a basic human right. However, it has left the responsibility to local government to work out how this should be done with no legislation. Currently there is no policy on sanitation and municipalities only develop by-laws that serve as guidelines in managing waste and providing the service. The available literature on this subject speaks very little about the knowledge and understanding that the communities have with regard to faecal sludge management and no study at all deals with the perceptions of people on this issue, particularly around Polokwane Municipality. It is for these reasons that the study was aimed at investigating the perceptions of Polokwane residents regarding alternative faecal sludge management. Methodologically the study used qualitative research approach where in face-to-face interviews and focus group interviews were conducted around Polokwane Municipality. Among the participants interviewed were Ward Councillors, Community Development Workers, Ward Committees and Traditional Authorities. These stakeholders were intentionally chosen as they are at the coalface of service delivery on a daily basis and they are part of the forums that interact with the Municipality on basic services and other related community matters. Data for this study were analysed using thematic data analysis approach. vi The findings of this study suggest that the “concerned residents” under Polokwane Municipality see themselves being victims and vulnerable to controllable health threats. In addition, the study discovered that the majority of participants were aware of the delegated sewage maintenance duties on the Polokwane Municipality. This study findings further indicated that there is a growing concern among municipal authorities and communities‟ especially in Africa and South Africa in particular, to improve the inadequate faecal management. The objectives of the study were among others to determine the perceptions and awareness of the Polokwane Local Municipality residents regarding alternative faecal sludge management methods. Indeed, it has been discovered that some of the residents are aware of various management methods but expect authority to develop policies and improve the inadequate methods that are currently used in managing faecal sludge. The study among others discovered that this study should be used as a point of reference for municipal projects administration, i.e. for the development of Integrated Development Plan (IDP) on the water and sanitation and faecal sludge management in future. The Ministry of environmental health and management at Polokwane Local Municipality should organise solid and integrated awareness with the community to ensure a healthy environment for all. The study further realised that there is a need to equip most of residents in Polokwane Local Municipality with knowledge on how best man can improve environmental health, as well as how worse can a person destroy the environment. It should be an important task for the Polokwane Local Municipality to ensure that residents understand the faecal sludge management enterprise developments in the area to reduce the incompleteness of the perceptions among the residents. Various faecal sludge methods should be adopted and encouraged among the Polokwane Local Municipality residents in order to promote the preference for the sanitation methods. Key words: Sanitation, Faecal sludge, Faeces, Health hazards and Sub-Saharan Africa
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Mofokeng, Dikonketso Shirley-may. "Analyses of the impacts of bacteriological seepage emanating from pig farming on the natural environment." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19820.
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Modern pig farming production may over burden the environment with organic substances, exposure of bacterial pathogens and introduction of resistance gene. This may be caused by the pig’s droppings, lack of seepage management or accidental spillage of seepage which may impact on the environment and its physicochemical parameters. The objective of this study is to determine and assess the level of bacteriological pollution emanating from the pig farm and their impact on the physicochemical parameters of soil and water as well as to identify the presence of antibiotic resistance gene of these prevailing bacteria. Soil and water samples were collected monthly for a period of six months (March- August 2013). Samples were collected at pig enclosures, soil 20 m and 100 m away from pig enclosures, constructed wetland used for treating pig farm wastewater, soil 20m and 100 m away from constructed wetland. Procedure followed for analysing soil and water samples includes physicochemical analyses, viable cell counts of 10-1 to 10-8 dilutions, identification of bacteria using API 20E test kit, antibiotic susceptibility analyses, and identification of resistance gene using molecular procedures. The media that were used for viable cell counts were, Nutrient agar, MacConkey Agar, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD agar), and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB). Physicochemical parameters of water showed unacceptable high levels of analysed parameters for BOD (163 mg/L to 3350 mg/L), TDS (0.77 g/L to 6.48 mg/L), COD (210 mg/L to 9400 mg/L), NO3 (55 mg/L to 1680 mg/L), NO2 (37.5 mg/L to 2730 mg/L), and PO43− (50 mg/L to 1427 mg/L) were higher than the maximum permissible limits set by Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). For soil samples TDS (0.01g/L to 0.88 g/L), COD (40 mg/L to 304 mg/L), NO3 (32.5 mg/L to 475 mg/L), and NO2 (7.35 mg/L to 255 mg/L) and PO43- (32.5 mg/L to 475 mg/L ) were observed to be higher than recommended limits set by Federal Ministry for the Environmental (FME). The viable cells in soil samples 30cm depth ranged from 0 cfu/mL to 2.44 x 1010cfu/mL, in soil 5cm depth ranged from 1.00 x 101 cfu/mL to 1.91 x 1010 cfu/mL, and in water samples viable cells ranged from 5.00 x 101 to 5.05 x 109. Pseudomonas luteola (Ps. luteola), Escherichia vulneris (E. vulneris), Salmonella choleraesuis spp arizonae, Escherichia coli 1(E. coli 1), Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas flourescens/putida (Ps. flourescens/putida), Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia ordoriferal, Pasteurella pneumotropica, Ochrobactrum antropi, Proteus vulgaris group, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella spp, Aeromonas Hydrophila/caviae/sobria1, Proteus Mirabillis, Vibrio fluvials, Rahnella aquatillis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps. aeruginosa), Burkholderia Cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (St. maltophilia), Shwenella putrefaciens, Klebsiela pneumonia, Cedecea davisa, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia plymuthica, Enterobacter sakaziki, Citrobacter braakii, Enterobacter amnigenus 2, Yersinia pestis, Serratia ficaria, Enterobacter gergoriae, Enterobacter amnigenus 1, Serratia marcescens, Raoutella terrigena, Hafnia alvei 1, Providencia rettgeri, and Pantoa were isolated from soil and water samples from the pig farm. Isolates were highly resistant to Penicillin G, Sulphamethaxazole, Vancomycin, Tilmocozin, Oxytetracycline, Spectinomycin, Lincomycin, and Trimethoprim. The most resistance genes detected in most isolates were aa (6’)-le-aph (2”)-la, aph (2”)-lb, aph (3”)-llla, Van A, Van B, Otr A and Otr B. Pig farm seepage is causing bacterial pollution which is impacting negatively on the natural environment in the vicinity of pig farm by introducing bacterial pathogens that have an antibiotic resistance gene and is increasing the physicochemical parameters for soil and water in the natural environment at the pig farm.
It is therefore recommended that pig farms should consider the need to implement appropriate regulatory agencies that may include the regular monitoring of the qualities of final effluents from waste water treatment facilities. In addition there is a need to limit soil pollution in order to safe guard the natural environment in the vicinity of pig farm from bacteriological pollution and introduction of antibiotic resistance gene. It is also recommended that more advanced technologies should be introduced that will assist pig farms to manages the seepage properly.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Sciences)
Books on the topic "Sewage disposal in the ground – Health aspects"
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Virginia. Department of Health. Report of the Virginia Department of Health on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's response to the National Research Council's report pertaining to the land application of biosolids to the Governor and the General Assembly of Virginia. Richmond, Va: Commonwealth of Virginia, 2004.
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Virginia. General Assembly. Joint Legislative Audit & Review Commission. Review of land application of biosolids in Virginia: Report of the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission to the Governor and the General Assembly of Virginia. Richmond, Va: Commonwealth of Virginia, 2005.
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Blanchard, Paul J. Ground-water quality and susceptibility of ground water to effects from domestic wastewater disposal in eastern Bernalillo County, central New Mexico, 1990-91. Albuquerque, N.M: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.
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Blanchard, Paul J. Ground-water quality and susceptibility of ground water to effects from domestic wastewater disposal in eastern Bernalillo County, central New Mexico, 1990-91. Albuquerque, N.M: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.
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5
Blanchard, Paul J. Ground-water quality and susceptibility of ground water to effects from domestic wastewater disposal in eastern Bernalillo County, central New Mexico, 1990-91. Albuquerque, N.M: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.
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Kowal, Norman Edward. Health effects of land application of municipal sludge. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Research Laboratory, 1985.
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Kowal, Norman Edward. Health effects of land application of municipal sludge. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Research Laboratory, 1986.
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Desimone, Leslie A. Ground-water quality near a septage-treatment facility, Orleans, Massachusetts, 1997-98. Northborough, Mass: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.
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Kowal, Norman Edward. Health effects of land treatment: Toxicological. Research Triangle Park, NC: Health Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985.
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Blanchard, Paul J. Ground-water quality and susceptibility of ground water to effects from domestic wastewater disposal in eastern Bernalillo County, central New Mexico, 1990-91. Albuquerque, N.M: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.
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