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Journal articles on the topic 'Sewage disposal plants – Costs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Looker, Norman D., Edward A. McBean, and Grahame J. Farquhar. "Economic Analysis of Electroplating Discharges to Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Quality Research Journal 25, no. 1 (1990): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1990.006.

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Abstract A comparison of costs of implementing an advanced wastewater treatment system for a cadmium plating plant, versus the sludge disposal costs of the sewage treatment plant to which the plating plant is discharging its effluent, is described. An economic analysis spreadsheet approach using Lotus 1-2-3 is employed. A case study application demonstrates for overall society net benefit that it is cost-effective to initiate pretreatment at electroplating facilities which allows a municipal facility to dispose of its sludge on agricultural land rather than be required for landfilling. Sensiti

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Ciuła, Józef, Krzysztof Gaska, Dariusz Siedlarz, and Viktor Koval. "Management of sewage sludge energy use with the application of bi-functional bioreactor as an element of pure production in industry." E3S Web of Conferences 123 (2019): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912301016.

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The increase in sewage sludge makes it necessary to improve the direction of sewage sludge management policy and disposal, which requires a larger amount of incineration or land reclamation. It was shown that the result of methane fermentation, which is a more complex process of extracting energy contained in waste. High costs of implementation of sludge processing technology and low efficiency of sewage treatment plants in which sewage sludge is insufficient to recover energy from them, have a negative impact on the development of energy generation from sediments. The model waste system for e

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3

Bode, Harro, and Klaus R. Imhoff. "Current and planned disposal of sewage sludge and other waste products from the ruhrverband wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (1996): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0339.

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From the year 2005 onwards German waste disposal regulations prevent the disposal of residual wastes from sewage treatment plants in landfills if the waste contains more than 5% volatile solids by dry mass. As a result of this requirement the Ruhrverband, one of Germany's largest sewage treatment plant operators, needs to change its disposal methods to a certain extent. This paper describes the present ways to dispose of sludge as well as of screenings and grit. After that it outlines the concept for future disposal. Besides the legal framework the technical solutions for the different disposa

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Smurzyńska, Anna, Kamil Kozłowski, Marta Cieślik, et al. "Methane fermentation as a possibility of utilization and energy – efficient management of sewage sludge." BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181001016.

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Sewage sludge contains organic and biogenic substances that should be used. These materials may also contain toxic substances and heavy metals, and therefore require proper management in accordance with applicable law. Sewage sludge disposal is important for the protection of the environment, but also for the costs associated with the disposal of sludge. There are many technologies that are designed to use the properties of sewage sludge. It should be emphasized, however, that the proposed sewage sludge management technologies require investment outlays. In the present situation, research expe

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Hassebrauck, Martin, and Gerrit Ermel. "Two examples of thermal drying of sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (1996): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0341.

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The increasing amount of sewage sludge, legal requirements and a change in the assessment of common disposal paths lead more and more to thermal drying of sewage sludge. During the last years a lot of sludge drying plants in Germany were planned, built and brought into service. This paper describes two different kinds of sludge drying plants with their determining and operating values, the costs and the reasons for the choice of the drying method. The examples given are the sludge drying plant at Darmstadt (2 lines with a 2 stage dryer) and in the surrounding area of Frankfurt (1 line with a d

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Lowe, Paul, and Georg Groeger. "The Revival of Incineration in the UK." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (1991): 1803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0635.

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Incineration of sewage sludge was regarded In the UK In the 1970s as a viable method for the disposal of sludge. Towards the end of the 70s the operating costs, compared with those of other routes, were very high and all but 4 plants were closed down. In 1986 a contract was let to Lurgi (UK) by Yorkshire Water to construct the first new incinerator in almost a decade. The integrated design approach has resulted in competitive operating costs. This, together with environmental pressures to control or reduce other disposal routes such as recycling to agricultural land, landfill, and sea, has led

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Bucksteeg, K. "German Experiences with Sewage Treatment Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (1987): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0121.

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In Germany there are both highly industrialized regions with large towns as well as extended rural areas with small communities. Most of these communities need regular sewage disposal systems. Sewage treatment plants have to be adapted to special situations in rural villages. Ponds fulfil the requirements in an excellent way. Many hundred of ponds are in operation and three kinds of pond systems are in use:▸facultative ponds (more than 1000 plants) for serving less than about 1000 i+ie*;▸artificially aerated ponds (more than 300 plants) for treating sewage of about 1000 to 10000 i+ie especiall

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8

Campo, Giuseppe, Alberto Cerutti, Claudio Lastella, et al. "Production and Destination of Sewage Sludge in the Piemonte Region (Italy): The Results of a Survey for a Future Sustainable Management." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (2021): 3556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073556.

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The management of sewage sludge originated from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is an urgent issue. In 2019, the local authority of the Piemonte region started a survey with the aim of collecting recent data concerning wastewater and sludge management in the WWTPs located in its own territory. The survey’s results revealed that 60% of the sludge (51,000 t, as dry substance, d.s.) produced by the local WWTPs was recovered or disposed of outside of the region, and a similar amount of sludge was recovered in agriculture directly or after composting. The increase in the costs to acco

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Yermekov, M. T., O. V. Rozhkova, S. G. Sandibekova, and Ye T. Tolysbayev. "CHALLENGES OF SNOW DISPOSAL AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF NUR-SULTAN." Water and Ecology 26, no. 1 (2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2021.26.1.20-29.

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Introduction. In this paper, we analyze various methods of snow removal in urban areas and consider the most cost-effective and efficient solutions for snow removal and disposal using heat from sewage drains by means of stationary snow-melting points (SMP) in Nur-Sultan. In cooperation with Astana su Arnasy specialists, responsible for the operation of the city sewer system, as well as cleaning and disinfection of urban sewage drains, we reviewed the main advantages and disadvantages. Methods. The paper looks into the possibility of utilizing heat from sewage drains with the help of heat pumps

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Schopf, Kerstin, Johannes Judex, Bernhard Schmid, and Thomas Kienberger. "Modelling the bioenergy potential of municipal wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 11 (2018): 2613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.222.

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Abstract A municipal wastewater treatment plant accounts for a large portion of the total energy consumption of a municipality. Besides their high energy demand, the plants also display a significant bioenergy potential. This is due to the utilisation of the energy content of digester gas and sewage sludge if there exist suitable units. To maximise the energy recovery efficiency of wastewater treatment systems (WWTS), it is important to analyse the amount of digester gas and sludge produced in different types of plants. Therefore, the present paper deals with designing a tool to answer the fol

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11

Winter, A. "Minimisation of costs by using disintegration at a full-scale anaerobic digestion plant." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 4-5 (2002): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0637.

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Various half-scale and lab-scale investigations have already shown that the disintegration of excess sludge is a possible pre-treatment to optimise anaerobic digestion. To control these results different methods of disintegration were investigated at a full-scale plant. Two stirred ball mills and a plant for oxidation with ozone were applied. A positive influence of disintegration on the anaerobic biodegradability can be established with application of a stirred ball mill. Biogas production as well as the degree of degradation were increased by about 20%. Laboratory investigations also validat

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Szostková, M., and T. Vítěz. "Microbial contamination of the sand from the wastewater treatment plants." Research in Agricultural Engineering 56, No. 4 (2010): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2009-rae.

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Primary treatment of domestic wastewater represents an extensive range of physical and chemical activities which directly or indirectly affect functionality of the treatment plant as a whole. The aforementioned effect might be rather significant in many respects. However, an incorrectly designed or operated primary treatment might result in an unnecessary increase of operating costs and, principally, a negative impact on the biological level or sludge treatment and disposal. The subject matter of this contribution comprises contemplations related to functionality of this level, both with respe

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13

Sakai, S., M. Hiraoka, N. Takeda, and T. Tsunemi. "Sewage Sludge Melting Process: Preliminary System Design and Full-Scale Plant Study." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 12 (1990): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0127.

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A sewage sludge melting process has been developed and some full-scale planls have been installed or are now under construction in Japan. Sludge melting process has its main advantages in that most sorts of hazardous materials, such as heavy metals, are tightly fixed in solid phase and the slag produced by this process can be used as construction materials. This article analyzes sludge treatment and disposal costs of the popular sludge treatment alternatives with emphasis on thermal processes, especially the sludge melting process. From preliminary system designs on a common design basis, rela

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Yu., Sniezhkin, Zh Petrova, V. Paziuk, and Yu Novikova. "STATE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES IN UKRAINE AND THE WORLD." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 43, no. 1 (2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.1.2021.1.

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In sewage treatment plants, sludge is formed during wastewater treatment, in addition to treated water. They are dumped on silt sites, which occupy large areas and almost all overcrowding. The content of large amounts of minerals and toxic substances in sediments leads to the deterioration of underwater waters and land, which in turn leads to the deterioration of ecology and life in Ukraine. An urgent task in Ukraine is to create a comprehensive processing of sludge, which includes economic, technological, social and environmental aspects. The main methods of sludge disposal are use in a

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Akgul, D., M. A. Cella, and C. Eskicioglu. "Temperature phased anaerobic digestion of municipal sewage sludge: a Bardenpho treatment plant study." Water Practice and Technology 11, no. 3 (2016): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.059.

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The disposal of waste sludge generated from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a growing problem worldwide, and contributes to over 50% of the operating costs of current WWTPs. In this study, temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD) and conventional (single-stage) mesophilic anaerobic digestion were investigated in order to determine the most beneficial process for the intended digester facility to be constructed for the fermented primary and secondary sludge from a Bardenpho type biological nutrient removal plant. This was accomplished by considering several operational control param

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16

Suschka, Jan, and Klaudiusz Grübel. "Low intensity surplus activated sludge pretreatment before anaerobic digestion." Archives of Environmental Protection 43, no. 4 (2017): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2017-0038.

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AbstractSewage sludge (municipal, or industrial) treatment is still a problem in so far that it is not satisfactorily resolved in terms of cost and final disposal. Two common forms of sludge disposal are possible; the first being direct disposal on land (including agriculture) and the second being incineration (ash production), although neither of these methods are universally applied. Simplifying the issue, direct sludge disposal on land is seldom applied for sanitary and environmental reasons, while incineration is not popular for financial (high costs) reasons. Very often medium and large w

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Svanström, Magdalena, Giorgio Bertanza, David Bolzonella, et al. "Method for technical, economic and environmental assessment of advanced sludge processing routes." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 12 (2014): 2407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.092.

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The legislative framework in force in Europe entails restrictive effluent standards for sensitive areas, and quite severe restrictions on the properties of residual sewage sludge, both for landfill disposal and for agricultural use. Several technologies and management strategies have been proposed and applied in wastewater treatment plants to minimise sludge production and contamination. However, their techno-economic and environmental performance has to be carefully evaluated. The ROUTES project, funded within the EU Seventh Framework programme, aims to find new routes for wastewater treatmen

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San Juan, Jayne Lois, Carlo James Caligan, Maria Mikayla Garcia, et al. "Multi-Objective Optimization of an Integrated Algal and Sludge-Based Bioenergy Park and Wastewater Treatment System." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (2020): 7793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187793.

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Given increasing energy demand and global warming potential, the advancements in bioenergy production have become a key factor in combating these issues. Biorefineries have been effective in converting biomass into energy and valuable products with the added benefits of treating wastewater used as a cultivation medium. Recent developments enable relationships between sewage sludge and microalgae that could lead to higher biomass and energy yields. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization model that would assist stakeholders in designing an integrated system consisting of wastewater t

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Schertenleib, R. "From conventional to advanced environmental sanitation." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (2005): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0345.

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The basic concept of collecting domestic liquid waste in water-borne sewer systems goes back more than 100 years and became in the last century the conventional approach to sanitation in urban areas. Over the years, these sewage disposal systems had to be successively upgraded by additional sewage treatment plants increasing investment, operating and maintenance costs. Although these conventional sanitation systems could improve significantly the public health situation in those countries who could afford to install and operate them, it is highly questionable, if they are economically and ecol

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Phothilangka, P., M. A. Schoen, and B. Wett. "Benefits and drawbacks of thermal pre-hydrolysis for operational performance of wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 8 (2008): 1547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.500.

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This paper presents benefits and potential drawbacks of thermal pre-hydrolysis of sewage sludge from an operator's prospective. The innovative continuous Thermo-Pressure-Hydrolysis Process (TDH) has been tested in full-scale at Zirl wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), Austria, and its influence on sludge digestion and dewatering has been evaluated. A mathematical plant-wide model with application of the IWA Activated Sludge Model No.1 (ASM1) and the Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) has been used for a systematic comparison of both scenarios—operational plant performance with and without th

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Nakamura, Masato, Hirohiko Shibata, Masaru Yamaoka, and Fumiko Oritate. "Trace metal requirements for anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge from rural areas and food waste in Japan." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 2 (2020): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.034.

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Abstract For small-scale wastewater treatment plants in rural areas (WWTPRs) of Japan, reducing sludge disposal costs is an important issue. Co-digestion of sludge from WWTPRs and food waste is a promising method of reducing maintenance costs and producing energy resources such as methane. In this study, co-digestion experiments using sludge and kitchen garbage were conducted to investigate the stability of the co-digestion from the perspective of trace metal requirements. The gas production rate and pH were stable in the digester with HRTs of 140–70 days. With a HRT of 30 days, the pH gradual

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Juszczyk, Sławomir, Rafał Balłina, and Juliusz Juszczyk. "ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COSTS IN POLISH DAIRY COOPERATIVES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 2 (2020): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1376.

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The paper presents problems related to the costs incurred for environmental protection in Polish dairy cooperatives. It was found, inter alia, that the costs of environmental protection in this industry sector are high and are rising rapidly. The costs of sewage disposal and treatment are of key importance as they represent the largest share in the total costs of environmental protection, i.e. nearly 95%. In 2018, they amounted to approximately PLN 1.5 million per cooperative, which was almost three times more than in 2004. Other environmental protection costs account for approximately 5% of t

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Cioca, Lucian-Ionel, Alina-Oana Ciomoş, Daiana Șeitoar, Roxana Maria Druță, and Geanina Maria David. "Industrial Symbiosis through the Use of Biosolids as Fertilizer in Romanian Agriculture." Recycling 6, no. 3 (2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6030059.

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Biosolids’ use in agriculture is an example of industrial symbiosis. The application of biosolids (BS) in agriculture is considered one of the most sustainable sewage sludge (SS) management options, but the quality of biosolids has to meet certain requirements regarding the characteristics of the sludge, those of the land and of the type of crop. Web of Science database has been used to search for the relevant literature. The review of studies undertaken in order to determine the economic effects of the use of biosolids in agriculture shows, in the majority, an increase in crop yield and the r

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Song, Siyuan, Benfa Liu, Wenjuan Zhang, et al. "Performance of a large-scale wetland treatment system in treating tailwater from a sewage treatment plant." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 5 (2018): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17203.

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Water quality standards pertaining to effluent from sewage treatment plants (STPs) in China have become more stringent, requiring upgrading of STPs and entailing huge capital expenditure. Wetland treatment systems (WTSs) are a low-cost and highly efficient approach for deep purification of tailwater from STPs. The Hongze WTS (HZ-WTS), a large-scale surface-flow constructed wetland, with a total area of 55.58ha and a treatment capacity of 4×104m3day–1, was built for the disposal of tailwater from STPs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of HZ-WTP with regard to seasona

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Mouri, Goro, and Taikan Oki. "Modelling sewer sediment deposition, erosion, and transport processes to predict acute influent and reduce combined sewer overflows and CO2 emissions." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 10 (2010): 2346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.249.

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Understanding of solids deposition, erosion, and transport processes in sewer systems has improved considerably in the past decade. This has provided guidance for controlling sewer solids and associated acute pollutants to protect the environment and improve the operation of wastewater systems. Although measures to decrease combined sewer overflow (CSO) events have reduced the amount of discharged pollution, overflows continue to occur during rainy weather in combined sewer systems. The solution lies in the amount of water allotted to various processes in an effluent treatment system, in impac

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Papastefanakis, Nikolaos, Chryssa Bouki, Michail S. Fountoulakis, et al. "Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Pig and Cow Manure with a Solar Dried Mixture of Food Waste and Olive Mill Wastewater." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030091.

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Biogas production through anaerobic digestion is a well-established practice worldwide combining waste treatment and energy production at the same time. One of the challenges of this technology is to increase the yield of biogas production and secure the disposal of the effluent of anaerobic reactors. It is well known that various organic residues such as cheese whey, olive mill wastewater, as well as food waste from hotel units, could be combined with other materials (animal manures, sewage sludge, etc.) in order to increase biogas production through co-digestion. However, their high seasonal

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von Sperling, Marcos, and Bruno Lopes Salazar. "Determination of capital costs for conventional sewerage systems (collection, transportation and treatment) in a developing country." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (2013): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.063.

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Unit construction costs expressed as ranges of values are useful in most preliminary studies, in which detailed designs are not available in order to support specific cost estimates. This paper presents ranges of values for capital costs related to conventional sewerage systems in Brazil. The data were based on published references or information from consulting firms and sanitation companies and comprised budgets made at the design stage or after completion of the works. All cost data were converted to the common date of April 2010. The unit costs were expressed as: collection system (US$/m a

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Baumgartner, Henry. "Swamp Thing." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 01 (2000): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-jan-3.

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This article describes features of phytoremediation. Phytoremediation involves planting beds of wetland vegetation and using them to treat or dewater several types of noxious effluents, including sewage sludge, leachates from landfills, and wastes from chemical plants and oil-drilling operations. According to a video produced by New England Waste Systems, more than 60 municipal wastewater treatment facilities in the United States are using reed beds to treat at least part of their sludge. The reed bed can handle only a certain amount of sludge at any one time. Occasionally, Lloyd’s bed has bee

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Kuttuva, Pradeep, Sharachchandra Lele, and Gara Villalba Mendez. "Decentralized Wastewater Systems in Bengaluru, India: Success or Failure?" Water Economics and Policy 04, no. 02 (2018): 1650043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500430.

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Decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse (DWTRU) using small-scale on-site sewage treatment plants (STPs) is an attractive solution addressing the problems of water pollution and scarcity, especially in rapidly urbanizing cities in developing countries, where centralized infrastructure for wastewater treatment is inadequate. But decentralized systems face several challenges (economic feasibility, public acceptance) that need to be better understood. The city of Bengaluru in India provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate such systems. In 2004, in an effort to curb the alarming levels o

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Kaneko, Senji, and Hachiro Shimomura. "Operation of Centralized Sludge Treatment Facilities." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (1991): 1753–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0630.

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Construction of sewerage systems in the city of Yokohama has proceeded at a rapid pace ever since the first wastewater treatment plant went into operation in 1962. By 1984, all eleven of the planned wastewater treatment plants were in operation. By March 1989, the sewerage service rate had reached 80 percent, representing over 2.56 million of the city's residents. Naturally, the expansion of the sewerage system was reflected in a commensurate increase in the quantity of sludge for treatment and disposal. Recognizing the critical importance of keeping abreast of this increase, the city has prom

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Hau, K. C., and D. Sculli. "Costs of disposal of sewage sludge: a case study." Engineering Costs and Production Economics 21, no. 2 (1991): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-188x(91)90027-y.

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Jia, Li. "Treatment and Disposal Technology of Surplus Sludge in Urban and Town Sewage Treatment Plant." E3S Web of Conferences 143 (2020): 02052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014302052.

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with the continuous acceleration of urban and town construction, the output of urban and town sewage is also increasing. To a great extent, this promotes the technological development and capacity expansion of urban and town sewage treatment plants. In the process of sewage treatment, a lot of sludge is inevitable. However, many urban and town sewage treatment plants pay more attention to the treatment of sewage and ignore the treatment of sludge. In this way, the sludge without proper treatment can be disposed at will. In the long run, this will not only affect the surrounding environment, bu

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Galvão, A., J. Matos, J. Rodrigues, and P. Heath. "Sustainable sewage solutions for small agglomerations." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 12 (2005): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0420.

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In a significant number of European countries, the need for providing appropriate treatment for the effluents of small rural communities is still especially relevant. In fact, in countries like Portugal, Spain, and many others, significant amounts of investment will be addressed in the next few years to the construction of small Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). The problems faced when constructing and operating WWTP serving small communities may be relevant when energy and labour costs are relatively high, or when the visual impact on the surrounding areas is especially negative. Sustainabl

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Mininni, G., L. Spinosa, and V. Lotito. "Cost Optimization of Sewage Sludge Filterpressing." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (1991): 2001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0656.

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Chemical conditioning and dewatering models are utilized to determine optimal conditions in order to minimize total cost (amortization, operating and disposal) of sewage sludge filtration under pressure. The results of a parametric study are discussed in this paper. The influence on filtration time and chemicals dosage of operation variables, such as feed sludge solids concentration, specific resistance to filtration, unit disposal cost and total operating time, is investigated. Total costs range from 6,000 to 20,000 Lit/hd y and show high incidence of disposal and amortization costs (55-82%).

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Heinzmann, B. "Phosphorus recycling in sewage treatment plants with biological phosphorus removal." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 10-11 (2005): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0734.

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In this paper, phosphorus balances are calculated for the wastewater purification and sludge treatment stages for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) applying Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR). The possible P-recovery potential is then estimated and evaluated regarding different locations along the process of wastewater purification and sludge treatment, taking the different phosphorus bonding forms into account. Caused by the more favourable bonding forms in the excess sludge as well as possibly also in the sludge ash a recovery of the phosphorus seems especially favoured for WWTP

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Wu, Qiong Fang, Guan Wen Cheng, Ning Shu Liang, Xu Jiang Qin, Biao Han, and Fu Ping Huang. "Status Analysis on Construction and Operational Effectiveness of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Guangxi." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 808–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.808.

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In “Eleventh Five-Year” period, Guangxi has vigorously promoted the construction of municipal wastewater treatment plants. The statistics about construction scale shows that most of sewage treatment plants are small-scale. The main processes adopted in the plants are Oxidation ditch(OD), A²/O and SBR and its improved processes. The loading rate is generally low. COD and BOD removal effect are 78% and 87%. In scale of below 2×104m³/d, 2-5×104m³/d,5-10×104m³/d and more than 10×104m³/d, the costs of Diatomite, Oxidation ditch(OD), Oxidation ditch(OD), A²/O processes are relatively provincial, res

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Garber, William F. "Sewage Sludge Disposal in Southern California, U.S.A." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 10-11 (1989): 1431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0339.

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Disposal of sewage solids resulting from wastewater treatment processes has historically been the most difficult and “unsolved” problem in the handling of water-carried wastes in Southern California. Continuing rapid growth combined with Federal laws which essentially prohibit any discharge of sludge to the ocean regardless of net effects upon the land) water and air total environment have exacerbated this problem to an almost critical state. Complex incineration processes directed at producing energy from dried sludge while minimizing negative atmospheric impacts are under construction. Their

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Steinle, Eberhard. "Sludge Treatment and Disposal Systems for Rural Areas in Germany." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (1993): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0190.

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First an overview of the systems currently in use and being discussed for sludge treatment is presented will) particular emphasis on distinguishing between the object of the system (conditioning objective of the various phases in the system) and a system concept (concept of various phases of the system in sequence to attain the disposal objective). More detailed information is given as to the salient systems as used with smaller sewage treatment plants in rural areas, such as digestion, dewatering, hygienization, composting and thermal drying. A further item of discussion is how sludge treatme

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Chernosvitov, M. D., P. A. Gorshkalev, and E. G. Porshina. "Sanitary Protection Zones of Sewage Waste-Disposal Plants and Their Justification." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 272 (June 21, 2019): 022253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/272/2/022253.

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Kowalak, Robert. "Costs in managerial system for the waste disposal plants." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse, Rynki Finansowe, Ubezpieczenia 2015, no. 77 (2015): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2015.77-33.

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Lu, Min, Zhen Guo, and Dong He Li. "Purification Efficiency of Several Constructed Wetland Plants in COD Disposal in Domestic Sewage." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2690.

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The research on the species selection of constructed wetland plants and the purification effects of the plants is crucial in ecological wastewater treatment technology. This paper studies the purification effects of different residence time of sewage water, different constructed wetland plants and their synergistic effect on COD disposal in domestic sewage. The results indicate that the best plant combination in purifying COD is that of Phragmites communis, Typha orientalis and Canna generalis, followed by that of Phragmites communis, Arundo donax and Canna generalis. The best plant species in

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Shen, Yu Xi, Jin Cheng Li, Wen Wen Li, Qin Shi, and Jie Wen Deng. "Part of the Town Sewage Treatment Plants Investigation and Analysis of Current Situation of Guizhou Province." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.364.

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Guizhou province has built 66 town sewage treatment plants, the statistics of the construction, operation, and energy consumption statistics show that town sewage treatment plants in Guizhou are based on small ones below 10,000 m3 / d ,the common treating process is mostly oxidation ditch.Most of the A / O process and HASN craft, pipe network are mostly mixed-flow, the average load rate of sewage treatment plants is 76.87 percent. Microwave treatment process is the most efficient way to remove COD and SS, biological aerated filter is the most efficient way to remove BOD and ammonia, activated

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Jury, Karen L., Stuart J. Khan, Tony Vancov, Richard M. Stuetz, and Nicholas J. Ashbolt. "Are Sewage Treatment Plants Promoting Antibiotic Resistance?" Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 41, no. 3 (2011): 243–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380902772589.

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Xu, Hou Ying. "Harmless Disposal Technology of Waste Drilling Fluid in Liaohe Oilfield." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.674.

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To reduce environmental pollution caused by waste drilling fluid , Liaohe Oilfield takes methods of sewage pit seepage control and waste drilling solidification disposal.Firstly,different impermeable material comparation has been taken , as a result , high-density polyethylene geomembrane (HDPE) was choosn as the impermeable material for sewage pit .which has features of good seepage control, good chemical stability, low price ,non-toxic and environment friendly.According to features of five different landforms in Liaohe Oilfield, corresponding seepage control programs are developed. impermeab

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Steinmetz, H., J. Wiese, and T. G. Schmitt. "Efficiency of SBR technology in municipal wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 4-5 (2002): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0609.

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Four wastewater treatment plants running with sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology have been evaluated in view of their effluent quality, treatment efficiency and energy demand. The plants are designed for approximately 5,000, 8,000, 15,000 and 25,000 population equivalents (p.e.). Although two of the plants were overloaded during the investigation time the effluent concentrations of nitrogen, especially ammonia, and phosphorus were low. The results show, that SBR plants which are designed according to German standards have additional capacities for degradation of organic matter and remov

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Kowalak, Robert. "COSTS CALCULATION OF GREEN WASTE FOR THE WASTE DISPOSAL PLANTS." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no. 506 (2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2018.506.06.

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Clay, Stephen, Andrew Hodgkinson, John Upton, and Maurice Green. "Developing acceptable sewage screening practices." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (1996): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0340.

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Severn Trent Water screens approximately 1.9 million cubic metres of sewage every day, producing 46000 m3 of screenings annually. Although the company's sludge incinerators are able to burn small quantities of screenings most of the material has to be landfilled. Over the last few years the company has investigated the areas relating to the development of an environmentally sound disposal strategy at minimum cost. These areas have included the volume and “quality” of screenings produced, the costs of collection, treatment and disposal and the variation of screenings production rates under high

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Xu, Zi Han, Guan Wen Cheng, Jin Jie Meng, Ning Shu Liang, and Xu Jiang Qin. "The Comparative Analysis on Construction and Operation of Urban and Country Sewage Treatment Plants in Guangxi." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1333.

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The statistics about investment and operation situation of 36 urban sewage treatment plants and 72 country ones show that: ①Urban and country sewage treatment plants are mainly small-scale ones, using oxidation ditch, A2/O, SBR and its variants process. ②Operation loading rates of urban and county sewage treatment plants are generally low, and the better treatment process varies with different scales. ③The unit investment and unit investment of pipe network decreases with the scale increasing. So does the trend of operating cost. Overall, the operating costs of the A2/O and the oxidation ditch

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Greaves, F. E., B. Thorp, and R. F. Critchley. "Operational Performance of Package Sewage Treatment Plants in North West England." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 3-4 (1990): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0179.

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North West Water Authority owns and operates 21 rotating biological contactors and 7 package extended aeration plants. The rotating biological contactors have performed effectively, reliably and cheaply. Site visits are required up to three times a week for simple routine maintenance, whilst desludging is required periodically, typically 3 to 9 times a year. The prefabricated extended aeration plants generally perform well but typically with more demanding operational requirements and higher capital and electricity costs than rotating biological contactors. The Authority has concluded that the

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Baumann, Michaela, Hilde Lemmer, and Harald Ries. "Scum actinomycetes in sewage treatment plants—Part 1." Water Research 22, no. 6 (1988): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(88)90186-8.

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