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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sewage disposal plants – Upgrading

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Academic literature on the topic 'Sewage disposal plants – Upgrading'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Sewage disposal plants – Upgrading"

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Miłaszewski, Rafał. "Application of the Contingent Valuation Method in Water Resources Protection." Central European Economic Journal 8, no. 55 (2021): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2021-0015.

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Abstract The option of using the contingent valuation method (CVM) to assess residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for upgrading the quality of water resources in their communes is discussed in the article. Surveys were conducted using the direct interview method. The analysis included the application of CVM to examine the potential for financing projects that are focused on reducing the eutrophication process of the Baltic Sea, financing the construction of municipal sewage treatment plants in selected communes in Greece and Poland and financing the upgrade of sewage disposal and treatment standards in Śniadowo in north-eastern Poland. For authorities of a given area, the CVM is an instrument supporting the decision-making process regarding investments in water resources’ protection.

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Grűbel, Klaudiusz, Alicja Machnicka, and Stanisław Wacławek. "Impact of Alkalization of Surplus Activated Sludge on Biogas Production." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 2 (2013): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0025.

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Abstract Large amounts of sludge are produced in biological wastewater treatment plants. Since the sludge is highly contaminated, it has to undergo proper stabilization before it is disposed or utilized in an environmentally safe way. On the whole, the aim of bacterial cell disintegration is the release of cell contents in the form of an aqueous extract. Chemical disintegration of surplus activated sludge by alkalization results in destruction and disruption of the flocs and microorganisms as well as increase concentration of organic matter in supernatant. The mesophilic anaerobic sewage sludge digestion is an established process, most often applied at medium and large municipal sewage treatment plants. Four major steps of anaerobic digestion are distinguished. The first hydrolysis step leads to solubilization of insoluble particulate matter and biological decomposition of organic polymers to monomers or dimers. The hydrolysis step is recognized as the rate-limiting step of the following second and third steps, the processes of acidogenesis and acetogenesis. Chemical disintegration activates biological hydrolysis and, therefore, it can significantly increase the stabilization rate of the secondary sludge. It has been shown that when the activated sludge was subjected to alkalization to pH 9.0 value, the COD concentration increased from 101 to 530 mg/dm3 in sludge supernatant. The paper presents a potential application of chemical disintegration for sewage sludge (mainly activated sludge) to upgrading biogas production.

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Song, Siyuan, Benfa Liu, Wenjuan Zhang, et al. "Performance of a large-scale wetland treatment system in treating tailwater from a sewage treatment plant." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 5 (2018): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17203.

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Water quality standards pertaining to effluent from sewage treatment plants (STPs) in China have become more stringent, requiring upgrading of STPs and entailing huge capital expenditure. Wetland treatment systems (WTSs) are a low-cost and highly efficient approach for deep purification of tailwater from STPs. The Hongze WTS (HZ-WTS), a large-scale surface-flow constructed wetland, with a total area of 55.58ha and a treatment capacity of 4×104m3day–1, was built for the disposal of tailwater from STPs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of HZ-WTP with regard to seasonal variations and to compare treatment costs with those of other STPs. The performance of the HZ-WTS was evaluated in 2013 using online monitoring. HZ-WTS exhibited significant removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus (mean±s.d., percentage removal efficiency 56.33±70.44, 55.64±18.58 and 88.44±22.71% respectively), whereas there was significant seasonal variation in the efficiency of NH4+-N removal. In addition, the average treatment cost was ¥0.17m–3, significantly lower than the corresponding value for other STPs. Therefore, WTSs are recommended for use with STPs in order to improve waste water quality in a cost-effective manner.

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Muller, Th, and J. M. Janus. "Upgrading of Existing Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 8 (1985): 1385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0041.

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Rogalla, F., G. Roudon, J. Sibony, and F. Blondeau. "Minimising Nuisances by Covering Compact Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 4-5 (1992): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0515.

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Stringent effluent quality programs to limit wastewater discharges into receiving waters require extensive upgrading of conventional wastewater treatment plants. Large facilities built some decades ago are now often located in densely urbanised areas where land is unavailable. Since nitrogen and phophorus removal often require additional unit processes, innovative solutions have to be found to upgrade existing plants for nutrient removal. This paper shows large scale examples of compact technology and the additional upgrading flexibility provided. New facilities are implemented in sensitive neighborhoods by creative siting under sports stadiums, parks or buildings. In covered plants, air emission control becomes of primary importance. To reduce visual impacts and facilitate odour control, more and more underground treatment plants are constructed, allowing multiple use of plant surfaces. Several plants are illustrated in inner-city locations, avoiding infrastructure cost to pump sewage to remote sites. Most of the presented plants incorporate spacesaving settling facilities and high rate biological reactors to reduce the ‘footprints' of the installations and thus favour coverage. Parallel plates in primary setllers reduce the surface to about one tenth of conventional systems. Biocarbone aerated filters combine biodegradation with very high removal rates and retention of particles in one reactor, without additional clarification or filtration. Air treatment for large plant is mostly performed by chemical scrubbing, completely eliminating environmental nuisances. Performance results of both air and water treatment technology are given. Examples include recent sewage treatment plants on the French Mediterranean Coast. A physico-chemical treatment plant for 1 Million p.e. has operated since 1987 under a stadium in Marseille. In Monaco, the sewage treatment plant for 100 000 p.e.is located in the city center underneath a building of 3000 m2. Primary lamella settlers are followed by biological treatment on Biocarbone aerated filters and air is chemically deodourised. Similar technology is used in Antibes' 200 000 p.e. plant, integrated underneath a park close to the beach.

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Buisson, H., P. Cote, M. Praderie, and H. Paillard. "The use of immersed membranes for upgrading wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 9 (1998): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0344.

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Membranes can be installed in the clarifier (or aeration tank) of an existing activated sludge plant to enhance the biomass separation function of the system, thereby effectively overcoming any operating constraints associated with sludge settleability. The resulting upgraded plant can be operated at high biomass concentrations (10–20 gMLSS/L), leading to an increase in its treatment capacity. The membranes also ensure a treated water consistently free of suspended solids and a superior disinfection performance. The system offers an enhanced operating flexibility, and allows to operate at high sludge ages leading to a low excess sludge production. Such an immersed membrane activated sludge process (BIOSEP®) has been developed and applied to the treatment of raw sewage. When treating screened raw sewage with this process, with a sludge concentration of 15 gMLSS/L and a volumetric loading of 1.2 kgCOD/m3/d, a 96% COD reduction and a 95% Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) reduction have been obtained. The disinfection performance of the system was over 6 Log removal for fecal coliforms. The resulting production of sludge was 0.20 kgMLSS/kgCOD. Two desk case studies are given for 900 m3/day upgraded plants. In one case, the primary objective was to increase the treatment efficiency and develop nutrient removal for the original plant, while in the other case the primary objective was to increase the capacity of the original 460 m3/day plant.

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van der Kuij, R. J., A. G. N. van Bentem, and F. Th van Breukelen. "Upgrading of existing sewage treatment plants by computer simulation: game or reality?" Water Science and Technology 29, no. 12 (1994): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0589.

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From 1 January 1995 in The Netherlands 75% of the phosphorus in the influent has to be removed in the waste water treatment plants (wwtp's). At this moment 40 – 50% is reduced by biological incorporation and some chemical dosing. By additional measures an extra 35% reduction has to be accomplished. A further reduction of total nitrogen to 75% has to be realised from 1 January 1998. Further extension of the activated sludge system is not always possible and in most cases rather expensive. Therefore optimization of the existing treatment plant is considered. For this purpose the advanced simulation model STREAM• is used. With STREAM• almost every waste water treatment plant can be simulated with the computer. In this way, for example, the effect of different control mechanisms and other measures can be studied without costly research. Computer simulation has been applied at the Kralingseveer wwtp of the HH van Schieland (Waterboard in the Netherlands) to optimize aeration control and to evaluate a number of technological process adjustments. Attempts are being made to reduce nitrogen drastically using equipment currently available, supplemented where possible with other limited measures. It can be concluded from the results of simulation, that the use of integrated aeration control, whereby influent flow, and nitrate and ammonium concentrations in the activated sludge are measured on-line, further improves the treatment process. Furthermore, when the sludge content in the aeration tank is raised and nitrogen is removed from the internal return flows, it seems that an average annual effluent quality of 10 mg Ntotal/1 is feasible. Verification of these factors will be carried out in the near future using practical measurements. The Kralingseveer project demonstrates that computer simulation is more than simply a ‘game’. It has become a real means of guiding or even limiting the need for extensive and costly (practical) investigation.

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Hultgren, J., L. G. Reinius, and M. Tendaj. "Upgrading of the Treatment Plants in Stockholm to Meet More Stringent Requirements." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 7-8 (1990): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0232.

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The purification requirements for the Stockholm sewage treatment plants will become more stringent in the future. The expected limit values for the effluent, expressed as annual mean values, are for BOD7, Tot-P, and Tot-N, 10, 0.3 and 15 mg/l respectively. If these contents are multiplied by the design flow values for the three plants, we obtain the maximum quantities which may be released. If the relevant authorities permit the municipality to distribute these total quantities as desired between the three plants, future necessary extensions can be optimized. The following main principles apply to an extension of the three plants: Loudden sewage treatment plant: This comparatively small treatment plant could, if the requirements are lower than in the other two plants, continue in operation with no other extensions than the inclusion of anoxic zones. It would, however, be necessary to refurbish the plant after a number of years of neglected maintenance. Bromma sewage treatment plant: The biological stage was extended during the 1982-84 period. For this reason, the municipality suggests that no further extensions of the aeration tanks be required, before 1995 at the earliest. A nitrogen removal with outgoing contents of Tot-N of 15-17 mg/l is expected to be achieved by measures taken to reduce the load on the biological stage instead. These measures consist of centrifuging the excess sludge and pumping it directly to the digesters instead of returning it to the inlet. Furthermore, separate treatment of the reject water from the sludge centrifuges is planned. A third measure could be changing over to a more efficient precipitation chemical to permit a further reduction of the load on the biological stage with regard to, inter alia, BOD7, Tot-N etc. To meet the requirements for phosphorus removal (0.3 mg/l), the plant will be extended with a filter stage after the existing biological stage. Henriksdal sewage treatment plant: At this plant, which is the largest of the three, the largest extensions are planned. To meet the requirements for nitrogen removal, the present volumes in the aeration tanks will be tripled and will be utilized as anoxic and aerated zones as required. Three new lines with aeration tanks and secondary sedimentation tanks will be constructed. The existing aeration tanks will also be deepened from 5 to 12 m. The requirements for low phosphorus contents in the effluent will be met by installing a filter stage, as in the Bromma plant.

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Zhou, Yan, Dong Qing Zhang, Minh Tuyet Le, Aik Num Puah, and Wun Jern Ng. "Energy utilization in sewage treatment – a review with comparisons." Journal of Water and Climate Change 4, no. 1 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.117.

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In recent years, the operating cost of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in some parts of the world has been rising due to increases in the cost of energy. STPs have focused on energy reduction and recovery from treatment processes in order to lower energy consumption. The development involves the improvement of capital set-up for treatment plants in terms of equipment upgrading/plant sizing as well as exploration of novel technologies for sewage, excess sludge treatment and biogas recovery. This review compares the current technologies applied in STPs around the world and discusses these technologies and facilities which may enhance energy reduction and recovery in sewage treatment.

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Kvist, Torben, and Nabin Aryal. "Methane loss from commercially operating biogas upgrading plants." Waste Management 87 (March 2019): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.023.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sewage disposal plants – Upgrading"

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Shum, Ngai-on William. "Deodorisation of sewage treatment plant /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14723864.

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Wan, Ka-hung. "Computer simulation of a local municipal wastewater treatment plant." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17508939.

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Ling, Wai-chung Jackson. "Biological nutrient removal in sequencing batch reactors using fibrous packing medium /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17489477.

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Lau, Yip Hang. "Maximization of treatment capacity of a full-scale biological nitrogen removal plant through model simulation and full-scale stress test /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?EVNG%202005%20LAU.

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劉偉藻 and Wai-cho Ivan Lau. "Performance and characteristics of biogranules in thermophilic UASB reactors." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31213261.

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Lau, Wai-cho Ivan. "Performance and characteristics of biogranules in thermophilic UASB reactors /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17546059.

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Chung, King Chuen. "Biological processes involved in two wetland plants and their associated bacteria for the treatment of municipal wastewaters." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1005.

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Walsh, Joseph W. "Analysis of a uniform, comprehensive cost analysis method for Virginia municipal water and wastewater systems." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/80086.

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Municipal water and wastewater systems in Virginia are faced with substantial capital needs for the expansion, replacement, and improvement of existing facilities, and the construction of new facilities. To compound this problem, the financial environment surrounding these utilities is changing from one in which grant financing is being replaced by debt financing, and the overall availability of federal and state aid is declining. The literature on utility management emphasizes the use of a "user-pays" approach that makes use of a comprehensive method of cost analysis. This thesis tests the hypothesis that a uniform, comprehensive cost analysis method can be developed to effectively meet the cost analysis needs of municipal water and wastewater systems in Virginia. This is accomplished in a four step process: development and distribution of a questionnaire to all municipal water and wastewater systems in Virginia; analysis of the survey results; description and analysis of the Government Finance Officers Association's comprehensive cost analysis workbook for water and wastewater utilities; and evaluation of this workbook in several Virginia communities. The results of this work show that a comprehensive cost analysis method can be developed which will effectively meet the cost analysis needs of water and wastewater operations in Virginia. However, such a method does have its shortcomings, and further research is recommended.<br>Master of Urban Affairs

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Al-Houri, Zain Mohammed. "Modifications on the existing design parameters to improve the performance of infiltration treatment BMPs in cold climates." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2008/Z_AL-Houri_062008.pdf.

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Whiteleather, Stuart C. "An overview of wastewater privatization and the process behind privatizing the Lehigh County Wastewater Pretreatment facility." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1997. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1997.<br>Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2964. Abstract precedes thesis as preliminary leaves [1-2]. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-73).

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Books on the topic "Sewage disposal plants – Upgrading"

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A, Buttz John, ed. Upgrading wastewater treatment plants. 2nd ed. Technomic Pub. Co., 1998.

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Daigger, Glen T. Upgrading wastewater treatment plants. Technomic Pub. Co., 1992.

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A management guide to retrofitting wastewater treatment plants. Technomic Pub. Co., 1998.

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Ltd, Canviro Consultants. Phosphorus removal efficiency upgrading at municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Great Lakes Basin: Technical report. Queen's Printer, 1988.

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Spellman, Frank R. Safe work practices for wastewater treatment plants. Technomic Pub. Co., 1996.

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Safe work practices for wastewater treatment plants. 2nd ed. Technomic Pub., 2001.

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White, J. B. Wastewater engineering. 3rd ed. E. Arnold, 1987.

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Wastewater treatment plants: Planning, design, and operation. 2nd ed. Technomic Pub. Co., 1999.

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Wastewater treatment plants: Planning, design, and operation. Technomic Pub. Co., 1994.

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Qasim, Syed R. Wastewater treatment plants: Planning, design and operation. Holt, Rinehart &Winston, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sewage disposal plants – Upgrading"

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Licskó, I., Z. Melicz, and A. Szabó. "Chemical Pretreatment of Sewage -- a Cost-Benefit Method for Upgrading Existing and Constructing New Wastewater Treatment Plants." In Water Resources Quality. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56013-2_22.

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"Digestion and Disposal of Primary and Secondary Sludge." In Advanced Design of Wastewater Treatment Plants. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9441-3.ch004.

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Sewage sludge is the solid, semisolid, or slurry residual material that is produced as a byproduct of wastewater treatment processes. This residue is commonly classified as primary and secondary sludge. Primary sludge is generated from chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and other primary processes, whereas secondary sludge is the activated waste biomass resulting from biological treatments. Quite often the sludges are combined together for further treatment and disposal. Sludge from biological treatment operations is sometimes referred to as wastewater biosolids. Of the constituents removed by the treatment, solids and biosolids are by far the largest in volume, and their processing, reuse, and disposal present perhaps the most challenging environmental problem and complex problem in wastewater treatment processes. Therefore, the chapter is devoted to the discussion of the sources, characteristics, quantities, disposal, digestion, and stabilization of sludge so as to present background data and information on these topics that will serve as a basis for the designing of sludge processing, treatment, and disposal facilities.

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Bai, Attila, and Zoltán Gabnai. "Opportunities of Circular Economy in a Complex System of Woody Biomass and Municipal Sewage Plants." In Forest Biomass - From Trees to Energy. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93474.

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In this chapter, we present the opportunities and general importance of woody biomass production (forests and short-rotation coppices) and waste management in a common system. Wastewater and different forms of sewage sludge, as energy- and nutrient-rich materials, can contribute to reaching resource efficiency, savings in energy, and reduction of CO2 emissions. Within certain limits, these woody plantations are suitable options for the environmentally sound disposal of wastewater and/or sewage sludge; in addition, they can facilitate the realization of full or partial energy self-sufficiency of the wastewater plant through bioenergy production. Focusing on circular economy, we introduce the aspects of the treatment process and the sizing issues regarding the municipal wastewater treatment and the woody biomass in a complex system. Based on a specific case study, approximately 826 ha of short-rotation coppices (with a 2-year rotation) are required for the disposal of sewage sludge generated by a 250,000 population equivalent wastewater treatment plant. If we look at the self-sufficiency of its energy output, 120–150 ha of short-rotation coppices may be adequate. This complex system can replace the emissions of around 5650 t of CO2 through electricity generation alone and another 1490 t of CO2 by utilizing the waste heat.

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Condron, Leo M., and Emmanuel Frossard. "Use of 31P NMR in the Study of Soils and the Environment." In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Environment Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097511.003.0021.

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Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plants and animals because of its vital role in energy transformation processes such as photosynthesis and glycolysis. Soil is the primary source of P for plants (and animals), and while native soil P is mainly derived from the mineral apatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH,F)2) present in soil parent material, supplementary P is added in fertilizers. In addition, large quantities of P are present in household and industrial chemicals such as detergents, and as a result organic wastes such as municipal sewage sludge contain significant amounts of various chemical forms of inorganic and organic P. The biogeochemical cycling of P in soil is determined by a complex interaction of chemical, biochemical and biological processes, which in turn are influenced by a variety of environmental and anthropogenic factors in natural and agro-ecosystems. It is clear that P is a key element in the environment; it is indispensable for plant growth, but its release into water bodies such as rivers and lakes can cause significant environmental damage as a result of eutrophication. The detailed chemical nature and associated transformations of P in the soil—plant system, and the fate of native and applied P in particular, must be fully understood in order to maximize the agronomic benefits of P while minimizing any adverse environmental impacts. The latter is particularly important in view of the growing importance of land application as a disposal option for organic wastes such as animal manures and municipal sewage sludge. The large gyromagnetic ratio of the 31P nucleus and its 100% natural abundance make 31P easy to detect by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and accordingly NMR has been used to examine P in a wide variety of environments. In particular, NMR spectroscopy has been shown to be a valuable tool for investigating the chemical nature and transformations of P in the soil environment and the associated fate of fertilizers, pesticides and organic wastes. This chapter includes a brief summary of the use of liquid-state 31P NMR to investigate the chemical nature and cycling of P in the soil-plant system and the fate of selected pesticides.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sewage disposal plants – Upgrading"

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Huenchen, H., L. Pachmayer, and O. Malerius. "Design and Commissioning of the Largest and the Smallest Fluidized Bed Incinerator Ever Built by Lurgi." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-007.

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Since communities and companies are deciding to dispose sludges of different origin in a safe and nonpolluting way, more and more sludge is burnt either in mono-combustion or co-combustion units. Lurgi Energie und Entsorgung GmbH, one of the most experienced fluidized bed designer, is commissioning two bubbling bed incinerators of totally different incinerator size in 2002. In France the smallest fluidized bed incinerator ever built by Lurgi with a cross-sectional bed area of 4 m2 is designed to burn 750 kg (d.m.)/h sewage sludge. In spite of the small size it consists of all equipment necessary for sewage sludge incineration, including a disc dryer, a thermal oil boiler for heat recovery and a complete state of the art flue gas cleaning system. Air pollutants are removed in a circulating fluidized bed adsorber (CFB) designed in accordance with the new Lurgi CIRCOCLEAN® process. In United Kingdom the largest bubbling bed incinerator ever built by Lurgi with a cross-sectional bed area of 32 m2 is going to start its operation in 2002. The plant burns a mixture of thickened and mechanically dewatered primary and secondary sludge and different plastic residues from waste paper recycling plants. In order to provide sufficient disposal capacity of the waste material generated at the Kemsley Paper Mill site some parts of the installation consist of parallel streams or units (e. g. waste material handling and storage). The overall design throughput rate of mixed waste material is 22.8 t(a.r.)/h, corresponding to a thermal load of 29.1 MW. Due to the specific properties of the paper sludge, the formed ash can be used as an adsorbent/reactive compound for the capture of acidic pollutants. The flue gas cleaning system consists of a zeolite dosing unit to remove dioxins/furanes upstream of a baghouse filter. The paper presents the main design parameters of both disposal facilities and peculiarities of the burnt materials in comparison to other sludges. Since the plants are still in the commissioning phase only problems that might occur during the operation of the plant and tendencies in the operation behavior are described.

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Kudo, Kenji, Shinji Kawatsuma, Hiroshi Rindo, et al. "Comprehensive Cost Estimation Method for Decommissioning." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89586.

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Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) played a leading role in basic research in the field of atomic energy research and development, while Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC) did a major role in FBR cycle development and high level waste disposal. According to Japanese government’s decision in December 2001, JAERI and JNC was merged as of October 1st. 2005. The new organization, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) is an institute for comprehensive R&D for atomic energy, and which is the largest research and development institute among Japanese Governmental organization. Its missions are basic research on atomic, R&D for nuclear fuel cycle, decommissioning and disposal for own facilities and waste, contribution to safety and non-proliferation, etc. The JAEA owns a number of nuclear facilities: research reactors such as JRR-2 and Joyo, prototype reactors such as ATR “Fugen” and FBR “Monju”, fuel cycle plants such as Uranium Enrichment Demonstration Plant at ningyo-toge, MOX fuel plants at Tokai, Reprocessing Plant at Tokai, and Hot Laboratories such as JRTF and FMF. As a part of preparation of the mergence, JNC and JAERI have jointly developed a comprehensive cost estimation method for decommissioning, based on decommissioning and upgrading experiences of JAERI and JNC. This method has adopted more estimation formulae for typical decommissioning activities than ever, so as to be more reliable. JAERI and JNC had estimated by using the comprehensive estimation method for decommissioning, and concluded the total cost for decommissioning would be 600 billion yen (approx. 5 billion USD).

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Juranic, Tomislav, Ivan Meandzija, and Ivo Steiner. "H2S and Mercaptane in Gas Production: Practical Operating Experience." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17084.

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Abstract INA-Naftaplin has been utilizing the LO-CAT® process in Croatia for protection of ambient air against H2S pollution at its Gas Treatment Plant Molve III already for seven years. This separation unit, incorporated into the gas treatment plant has been erected exclusively for the protection of ambient air against harmful effect of H2S. The unit is treating H2S+CO2, which is being removed from natural gas by an upstream amine process, under conditions of low H2S content and low pressure of gas. Catalytic oxidation is being used to convert H2S to elementary sulfur, and the emission concentration was decreased from 580 ppm to less than 30 ppm. The practice revealed a series of delicate situations: plugging of internals, solution filtering and achievement of required 60 wt% sulfur concentration, disposal of produced sulfur sludge and others. The Institute for Medical Research Zagreb has performed the ambient air quality monitoring, within the scope of its contract for annual base monitoring. H2S imission values were under 5 μg/m3. The continuous control of working area is achieved by twenty-four H2S sensors, and results obtained to this date have always been below allowable limits. The practical experience has revealed that the LO-CAT® desulfurization unit has fulfiled its purpose and existing environmental criteria till 1997, along with significant cost, primarily for power and chemicals. The actual Croatian Directive on TLV of pollutants in the waste gas requires H2S concentration of 3.5 ppmv max. and RSH concentration of 20 mg/m3 max. Now the GTP Molve and Ethane Recovery Plant have emission of H2S and mercaptane above the permissible limit value, which have to be solved until the year 2004. To meet the strict legal requirements, certain upgrading is to be undertaken. This capital investment requires a large financial expenditure of up to 5 million USD, and up to 1 million USD/year for operating cost for both plants. For process improvement a continuous monitoring system has to be solved also. In that respect, measuring of H2S+RSH emission is in accordance to ASTM D-4084-82 and ASTM D-23 85-81 methods. Periodical control by gas tube detector system could contribute to the most reliable and efficient monitoring system of the two most important natural gas plants in Croatia.

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Panicker, Philip K., and Amani Magid. "Microwave Plasma Gasification for Enhanced Oil Recovery and Sustainable Waste Management." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59630.

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This paper presents qualitative evidence to support the application of microwave induced plasma gasification (MIPG) technology for converting municipal solid wastes (MSW) to syngas and to use it for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The target for the case study of this paper is the United Arab Emirates, which is a major producer and exporter of petroleum. The main EOR method employed by the UAE’s oil companies is the miscible gas flooding method, whereby natural gas or carbon dioxide is injected into the oil reservoirs to boost the oil pressure, reduce the viscosity of the oil and to increase the pumping rates. UAE purchases natural gas for power production and EOR from its neighbor, Qatar, which makes the UAE a net importer of natural gas and a major consumer of energy, while reducing the national income from the oil sales. The UAE is looking at ways to boost its oil production and to reduce the usage of natural gas, including the injection of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and steam generated by concentrated solar power. UAE and the other Arabian Gulf nations have some of the highest per capita rates of production of domestic waste. Landfilling is the prevalent form of waste disposal for industrial, commercial and residential waste. Incineration-type waste-to-energy power plants are being constructed, but they are not the most effective solution due to cost and environmental reasons. This paper proposes a solution that covers the two problems with one technology, namely MIPG of MSW. MIPG is shown to be the most efficient method of gasification available, as it uses much less energy for producing and sustaining the plasma than other techniques, and produces a much cleaner syngas than thermochemical gasification schemes. The syngas can be used for electricity generation or for making fuels and raw materials in the Fischer-Tropsch or similar processes. In this proposal, MIPG will be used to turn MSW, sewage sludge and biomass wastes into syngas. A part of the syngas will be used to produce electricity to power the petroleum extraction processes, while the carbon dioxide formed in this combustion of syngas can be captured and used for EOR in deep oil wells, which also functions as a form of sequestration of carbon. In addition, syngas can be turned into methane and synthetic natural gas using the Fischer-Tropsch or Sabatier process and then pumped into the oil wells. Some of the petroleum extracted can also be gasified using the MIPG method for the production of synthetic natural gas. Thus, the dependence on natural gas imports will be eliminated, while also achieving zero landfill targets.

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