Journal articles: 'Sewage lagoons. Sewage sludge'

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Obarska-Pempkowiak, H., A. Tuszyńska, and Z. Sobociński. "Polish experience with sewage sludge dewatering in reed systems." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0294.

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Macrophyte plants e.g. reed, cattails, bulrush, can be applied to sewage sludge utilisation. One of the first facilities of this type in the Gdansk region (Northern Poland) was established in Darzlubie in 1995 and primary sludge has been utilised in reed beds there. The objective of the undertaken research was evaluating the influence of sewage sludge storage on its chemical and biological properties. A total of 5.5 m thick layer of primary, anaerobically stabilised sludge (moisture 90-96%) was loaded to the reed bed during 6 years of operation. As a consequence of dewatering and biochemical transformation, the sludge layer decreased to 30 cm. Moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents, as well as coli index, Clostridium perfringens index and the number of Ascaris lumbricoides ova were measured. Also the contents of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Cd) were determined in sludge samples. The study showed that sludge storage in reed beds results in dewatering and partial stabilisation. In the reed lagoons in Swarzewo and Zambrow, dewatering of secondary sludges was investigated. The results of measurements of the quality of sludge and effluent from the reed lagoon in Zambrow are also presented.

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Idris, A., O. B. Yen, M. H. A. Hamid, and A. M. Baki. "Drying kinetics and stabilization of sewage sludge in lagoon in hot climate." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0259.

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A sludge lagoon has been adopted as a simple and cost effective method for dewatering of sludge. The processes occurring in a sludge lagoon include thickening, dewatering, storage and stabilization; all happening simultaneously. The objective of this study is to determine the dewatering and drying rates at pilot-scale which occur in a lagoon having different design configurations. Two types of sludge lagoons with different initial sludge depth (0.75 m and 0.375 m) were investigated to measure the drying behavior and drying efficiency. The first design is a sludge lagoon with a clay bottom where the dewatering mechanisms are decanting supernatant and evaporation. The second design is a sludge lagoon installed with a sand and underdrains system, where the dewatering mechanisms are filtration or draining and evaporation. Sludge drying kinetic models with high fitness were plotted to describe the sludge drying behavior. Drying of sludge in a sludge lagoon with a clay bottom can best be described by an exponential function. Whereas, drying of sludge in a sludge lagoon with sand and underdrains system followed a logarithmic function. A lagoon designed with sand and underdrains system and having shallower sludge depth was the most efficient. The reduction in volatile solids was lower than 4% during the study period. The drying process proceeded with an increase in dryness and decline in pH value.

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Bellehumeur, C., L. Vasseur, C. Ansseau, and B. Marcos. "Multielement Relationships Characterizing the Chemical Composition of Municipal Sewage Sludge in Southern Quebec." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 751–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.041.

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Abstract Disposal of sewage sludge on agricultural or forest lands has been shown to be an economical means of sludge disposal which reduces the amount of waste going to landfills and returns nutrients to the soil. The heavy metal content of sludge generally depends on the composition of influents and on the treatment process. The present study considers the sludge chemical composition of 23 municipalities in southern Quebec and the heavy metal concentrations in their respective drinking water supplies. This study attempts to determine the main multielement relationships characterizing sludge composition, and to verify the occurrence of a possible link between chemical element concentration in sludge and in water supplies. The main phenomena influencing the chemical composition of municipal sewage sludge were modeled by using principal component analysis. The analysis shows that Cu concentration in sludges highly correlates with the organic nitrogen, and a series of metals (Cd-Co-Cr-Ni-Pb) are deposited independently of N and P. The activated sludge process removes a greater quantity of N than aerated lagoons, but heavy metals are generally more concentrated in aerated lagoons. The metal level found in water supplies slightly correlates with the metal content of sludge. Treatment plants showing metal contamination problems are found in regions with high natural geo-chemical levels of metals.

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Hashemimajd, Kazem, and Shahzad Jamaati-e-Somarin. "Contribution of organic bulking materials on chemical quality of sewage sludge vermicompost." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 35, no. 6 (December 2011): 1077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542011000600006.

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Vermicomposting is at suitable methods for stabilization and converting of sewage sludge into useful products. To investigate the effects of bulking material on vermicompost quality, an experiment was conducted in a factorial design with three replications. In this experiment, the final dried sludge in lagoons was mixed with bulking materials (woodchips, three leaves, and wheat straw) in four mixing proportion with swage sludge (0, 15, 30 and 45%, V/V). Chemical properties of bulking materials, sewage sludge, and produced vermicomposts were determined. Vermicomposts had relatively low pH and electrical conductivity (EC). The nutrients content of vermicompost, especially N, P, Fe, and Zn, were high. These properties showed its suitable quality for use in agriculture. Heavy metals concentrations of vermicomposts, except Zn, were lower than recommended values by EPA. Mixing of Bulking materials with sewage sludge decreased pH, N, Pb, Co, and Cd, but increased Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Ni content of produced vermicomposts. In most cases, the concentrations of nutrients were higher in 30% mixing proportion. Therefore, 30% (v/v) mixing of bulking material with sewage sludge is recommended for vermicompost production.

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Lansdell, M. "The Development of Lagoons in Venezuela." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0126.

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The operational experience of early lagoons is outlined. The construction of a new generation of lagoons of 2000 PE to 1.000.000 PE capacity and associated practical difficulties are described. Those with innovative and space saving features treated in some detail. One includes an anaerobic baffled reactor with sludge draw-off facilities which entered service in September 1986 and which is being monitored for compliance with “Engelberg Requirements”. Cost information and space requirements for the different systems under construction are included.It is concluded that lagoon systems properly designed and sited are the most appropriate and indeed the only financially viable sewage treatment option to suit Venezuelan circumstances.

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Reichel, Gerd E. "Operational Experiences with the Industrial and Communal Waste Water Treatment System in the District of Linz." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0014.

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The waste water treatment system of the central region Linz is described. Because of the construction of the hydroelectric plant in Abwinden-Asten a central sewage treatment plant for 22 communities and the waste waters of the chemical and steel industry was constructed. Purification efficiency in terms of BOD5 is 93 % and 83 % for COD. The anaerobic digested sludge is deposited in lagoons.

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Magomedov, Khamzat K., K. B. Fridman, A. S. Belkin, and S. N. Noskov. "EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT METHOD OF THE GEOTUBING OF DEPOSITS FROM URBAN SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-7-623-626.

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Every day in the city of St. Petersburg there is formed more than 10,000 m3 of sewage sludge. The main mass of deposits is stored at the landfill for storing waste with an area of up to 150 hectares. Toxic substances and pathogens contained in sediments can penetrate into the environment stipulating the significant pollution of the environment. In the arsenal of technologists dealing with the problem of sewage sludge disposal, there are numerous approaches and solutions, for instance: drying sludge, incineration, composting, vermicomposting, eco-concrete fixation. However, tried everything methodological approaches have not found their applications because of the impossibility of decrease in toxicity due to the presence of substances in the resulting substance of 1st and 2nd classes of danger, having a translocation mechanism of transition in plants. And, nevertheless, the problem of sewage sludge cannot be solved by used approaches because of the high toxicity caused by the presence of substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes in the obtained substance, for which the translocation mechanism of environmental contamination is characteristic. The aim of our work is the substantiation of the hygienic safety of the utilization of products obtained by geotube technology from deposits at the Northern Station for aeration «Vodokanal-SPb» in road construction. As the object of research there was selected the complex of sludge lagoons of the Northern Station for aeration «Vodokanal-SPb» located in the village of Novosilky. Sanitary-chemical, toxicological, parasitological, bacteriological, radiological. It is possible to observe the binding of ionic forms of ecotoxicants, transition of them to a bound state, which provides for the environmental safety. Helminthological and bacteriological studies show the epidemic safety of the product obtained by geotubing. Geotube technology seems to be the most promising in the treatment of accumulated sludge beds on sewage sludge.

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Evans, Brian, Stephen Nutt, Tony Ho, and Henryk Melcer. "Alternative Approaches for Upgrading Effluent Quality for Lagoon Based Systems." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0233.

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The province of Ontario is Canada's most populous province with over 8 million residents out of a total population of 27 million. The province has 512 sewage treatment plants of which 137 or 27% are lagoons. Improved environmental effluent quality standards since the introduction of the lagoons has resulted in many of these being unable to achieve proper effluent quality. Typical effluent quality requirements across the province require a minimum of secondary treatment, that is 15 mg/l of BOD and suspended solids and 1 mg/l of total phosphorus. The movement towards a clean environment has resulted in phosphorus levels as low as 0.3 mg/l TP and in an increasing number of cases, full nitrification year round. Because many of these lagoons serve small populations in the 100 - 3 000 population equivalents category, the cost of upgrading such lagoons to tertiary quality effluent is significant. Two approaches for upgrading conventional lagoon systems were evaluated. They are called the Sutton and New Hamburg processes after the towns in Ontario where they were first installed. The Sutton process consists of extended aeration plant, followed by polishing lagoons with waste sludge sent directly to the lagoons, while the New Hamburg process consists of conventional lagoons followed by intermittent sand filtration.

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Henry, J. G., and D. Prasad. "Microbial Aspects of the Inuvik Sewage Lagoon." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0021.

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A facultative sewage lagoon in Inuvik, N.W.T. was studied in August (ice free) and November (ice covered) 1984. Emphasis was placed on the microbiological aspects and their relation to lagoon performance. Analyses performed included, pH, total alkalinity, total solids, suspended solids, volatile solids, COD and BOD5 determinations. The microbiological tests included total plate counts (20°C) and psychrotrophic counts (1°C). Results indicated that the Inuvik sewage lagoon system achieved removal efficiencies, ranging from 90% BOD5 removal in summer to about 80% in winter. The total bacterial count was found to decrease in the liquid of the primary cells in the winter, but the bacterial count in the secondary cell was similar under both winter and summer conditions. No significant difference existed in bacterial counts in the sludge samples between primary and secondary cells. The total bacterial number decreased by one order of magnitude in the winter in sludges from all cells. A shift from mesophilic to psychrotrophic bacteria occurred in the winter. The percentage of psychrotrophs increased from less than 1% to over 80% with the change in season. The role of psychrotrophs in lagoon performance is discussed.

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Baldry, M. G. C., and M. S. French. "Disinfection of Sewage Effluent with Peracetic Acid." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0100.

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Novel products based on peracetic acid (PAA) have recently been developed for the disinfection of sewage and sewage effluents. The efficacy of such products has been assessed under both laboratory and operational conditions. Comparative laboratory studies of the effects of peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide and chlorine on indicator bacteria in secondary sewage effluent have shown peracetic acid to be a viable alternative to these halogen biocides. In a trial carried out at two small rural works, PAA was dosed into secondary effluent from either an activated sludge plant or a percolating filter bed prior to tertiary lagoon treatment. LOW levels of PAA greatly enhanced the natural decline in coliform levels across the lagoon, enabling much lower concentrations of bacteria to be discharged into the receiving streams. In another trial, secondary effluent from an activated sludge plant was treated before discharge into a stream leading to the sea. Coliform concentrations were greatly reduced along the watercourse downstream from the plant.

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Arora, A., and S. Saxena. "Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Anaerobic Sludge and its Disposal by Landspreading." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.213.

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Sludge, a natural, uncalled for byproduct of aerobic/ anaerobic biological digestion of organic matter present in wastewaters, also known as biosolids, is a thick, black and viscous substance comprising of dead and degraded microbial cells that digested the influents. This dead microbial material, accumulates on the bottom of anaerobic lagoons/ reactors, is organic in nature and rich in plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and essential trace elements. It must be removed periodically. Therefore, the objective is to use the sludge as a fertilizer on agricultural land. It is an environmentally acceptable and economical method of sludge disposal. The application of organic wastes to farmland has increased over the years as it contributes to the preservation of the environment and results in an improvement of chemical, biochemical and physical properties of soil, although there is an increased risk of soil and ground water being contaminated by pollutants. Sewage sludge may contain heavy metals whose presence in soil may reduce enzyme activities and affect microbial communities in soil. They accumulate in soil and are taken up by crop plants thus posing health hazard. The study was conducted to characterize anaerobic sludge and quantify the concentration of heavy metals in it, to determine the suitability of the sludge as fertilizer for crops. Physicochemical and biochemical analyses showed that anaerobic sludge produced at Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) sewage treatment plant at Faridabad (an industrial town), Haryana, India, contained total organic C 15.714 percent, total Kjeldahl N 0.795 percent, available P 8 3g g-1and heavy metals Zn 1500 3g g-1, Ni 226 3g g-1, Fe 3000 3g g-1 and high activity of enzymes like alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase in the sludge. These enzymes are important for soil fertility and nutrient cycling. The toxic heavy metals have been accumulated by bacteria from sewage waters. The ideal C/N ratio, P and enzyme activities show its suitability as fertilizer but presence of heavy metals is a matter of concern. Therefore its application as crop fertilizer or onto land has to be carefully managed.

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Zwara, W., and H. Obarska-Pempkowiak. "Polish experience with sewage sludge utilization in reed beds." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0011.

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The problem of utilization and management of sewage sludge originating from small wastewater treatment plants is still unsolved in Poland. One of the waste-free technologies of sludge utilization is the reed bed method. Two experimental facilities of this type have been operating for four years in the Gdansk Region: a reed bed in Darżlubie and a reed lagoon in Swarzewo. The investigation was aimed at evaluating the influence of the storage on chemical and biological properties of sewage sludge deposited in beds. Tests were carried out in the period of two years. Moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents as well as coli index, Clostridium perfringens index and number of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs analyzes were measured. Analyses of contents of heavy metals Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cr and Cd for sludge samples from Darżlubie were additionally carried out. Tests proved that the utilization of sludge in reed beds allows using the end product as a fertilizer in agriculture. The most important problem is increasing of heavy metals content and number of Ascaris lumbricoides per mass of sludge during long time storage.

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Lettinga, G., A. de Man, A. R. M. van der Last, W. Wiegant, K. van Knippenberg, J. Frijns, and J. C. L. van Buuren. "Anaerobic Treatment of Domestic Sewage and Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (May 1, 1993): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0179.

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Recent UASB-pilot plant and full scale experiences show that anaerobic pre-treatment is feasible for sewage and domestic wastewaters in tropical regions. This offers developing countries the unique opportunity to become completely self-sufficient in this respect. UASB-systems can be applied at very small and at very big scale, i.e. for off-site and (house and community) on-site treatment. Results obtained in pilot plant and full scale installations demonstrate that these systems are quite effective in removing and stabilizing organic pollutants at liquid detention times as low as 4 hrs, i.e. a BOD reduction up to 75-95 % can be achieved, while an almost complete treatment can be accomplished by combining the method with a small aerobic lagoon. Instead of consuming high grade energy, these systems produce energy. Moreover the excess sludge production is very low, while also the dewatering characteristics of the sludge are excellent.

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Holmes, Mike, Anu Kumar, Ali Shareef, Hai Doan, Richard Stuetz, and Rai Kookana. "Fate of indicator endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage during treatment and polishing for non-potable reuse." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 6 (September 1, 2010): 1416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.436.

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The removal and fate of several indicator endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) at two large municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Adelaide South Australia was investigated. Non-estrogens included the non-ionic surfactant breakdown compounds nonyl phenol mono- and di-ethoxylates, 4-t-octylphenol and 4-nonyl phenol; and, the plasticizer bisphenol A. Estrogens included 17β-estradiol; estrone; and, 17α-ethynylestradiol. Effluent from Bolivar WWTP is polished using stabilisation lagoons followed by coagulation, dissolved air flotation/filtration and chlorination for non-potable reuse. Biosolids from both plants is applied to agricultural land as a soil conditioner. Non-estrogen indicator EDCs were detected at the highest concentration in sewage, effluent and sludge but estrogen indicator EDCs contributed the greatest potential for estrogenicity. The fate of indicator EDCs at various treatment stages is complex and includes biochemical modification/transformation and/or partitioning to either solid or liquid phases. Activated sludge treatment was an important removal barrier achieving moderate—high removal of predicted and YES (a yeast screen assay) measured estrogen equivalent values (EEq). Combined polishing treatment achieved high removal of candidate EDCs (97%). Mass balance indicates that the largest source of estrogenicity discharged from both WWTPs investigated is digested sludge which accounts for 18 and 22% respectively of the combined predicted and YES measured EEq measured in sewage at the two WWTPs.

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Coker, E. G., J. E. Hall, C. H. Carlton-Smith, and R. D. Davis. "Field investigations into the manurial value of lagoon-matured digested sewage sludge." Journal of Agricultural Science 109, no. 3 (December 1987): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081685.

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SummaryExperiments were carried out during 1978–81 in which lagoon-matured digested sludge (LMDS) was applied in November and in February to four soils which were cropped with ryegrass and the effects compared with ammonium nitrate fertilizer.Over the whole experimental series the nitrogen in spring-applied LMDS was 47·6% as effective in producing dry matter as nitrogen in ammonium nitrate fertilizer, and was 40·2% as effective in nitrogen uptake. Overall, 20·3% of the N available from the LMDS was derived from mineralization of sludge organic nitrogen, equivalent to a 1st-year release from the organic-N in sludge of about 9%. This compares with reported values of 15–16% for 1st-year release of organic-N liquid digested sludge. Overall, autumn-applied LMDS sludge gave poorer results than when applied in spring. This did not apply to a silty loam with a pH of about 5, but poorer results with autumn-applied LMDS were associated with soils with pH values of 7·5 or more. On average an application of 140 m3 LMDS/ha provided 178 kg available-N/ha and 36 kg potassium/ha; this is an N:K ratio of 4·9:1.There were increases of Cd, Cu and Zn in herbage as a result of applications of both fertilizer and of sludge; the effects were additive. Sludge increased herbage Ni concentrations but fertilizer-N reduced them. Three years' applications hardly raised Cu and Zn herbage concentrations to the threshold level for deficiency for ruminant animals, and were not near toxic levels for plant growth or animal nutrition.

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Kong, Frederic E., Margaret A. Deighton, Nerida A. Thurbon, Stephen R. Smith, and Duncan A. Rouch. "Cryptosporidium parvum decay during air drying and stockpiling of mesophilic anaerobically digested sewage sludge in a simulation experiment and oocyst counts in sludge collected from operational treatment lagoons in Victoria, Australia." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 3 (April 5, 2018): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.018.

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Abstract The inactivation of Cryptosporidium species oocysts during sewage sludge treatment is important to protect human health when the residual biosolids are applied to agricultural land. Quantifying the decay of Cryptosporidium species during sludge treatment for microbiological assurance purposes is difficult if low numbers are present in wastewater. The rate of decay of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts during solar/air drying treatment and in sludge stockpiles in temperate environment conditions was simulated in laboratory inoculation experiments using sludge sampled from a mesophilic anaerobic digester. Oocyst numbers were also determined in settled lagoon sludge samples collected from three operational rural wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). C. parvum oocysts were enumerated by immunomagnetic separation followed by staining with vital dyes and examination by confocal laser scanning microscopy. An air-drying/storage period equivalent to 11 weeks was required for a 1 log10 reduction of viable oocysts inoculated into digested sludge. Oocyst viability in air-dried and stored digested sludge decreased with time, but was independent of sludge desiccation and dry solids (DS) content. No oocysts were detected in sludge samples collected from the anaerobic digester, and the average concentration of oocysts found in settled lagoon sludge from the rural WWTP was 4.6 × 102 oocysts/g DS.

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Glendinning, S., J. Lamont-Black, C. J. F. P. Jones, and J. Hall. "Treatment of lagooned sewage sludge in situ using electrokinetic geosynthetics." Geosynthetics International 15, no. 3 (June 2008): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gein.2008.15.3.192.

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Boruszko, Dariusz. "Changes of the Content of Heavy Metals and PAH’s in Sewage Sludge Treated with Reed Bed Lagoons." Journal of Ecological Engineering 19, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12911/22998993/89666.

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Chaoua, Sana, Samia Boussaa, Ahmed Khadra, and Ali Boumezzough. "Efficiency of two sewage treatment systems (activated sludge and natural lagoons) for helminth egg removal in Morocco." Journal of Infection and Public Health 11, no. 2 (March 2018): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2017.07.026.

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Ophithakorn, Thiwari, Aboubakr Sabah, Michele Delalonde, Chrystelle Bancon-Montigny, Thunwadee Tachapattaworakul Suksaroj, and Christelle Wisniewski. "Organotins’ fate in lagoon sewage system: dealkylation and sludge sorption/desorption." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23, no. 22 (August 27, 2016): 22832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7396-4.

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Roebuck, Peter, Kevin Kennedy, and Robert Delatolla. "Ultrasonic pretreatment for anaerobic digestion of suspended and attached growth sludges." Water Quality Research Journal 54, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2019.039.

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Abstract Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a proven technology for energy production from the stabilization and reduction of sewage waste. The AD and impact of ultrasonic pretreatment of four waste activated sludges (WASs) from conventional and three non-conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants were investigated. WAS from a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system, a rotating biological contactor (RBC), a lagoon, and a nitrifying moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) were pretreated with ultrasonic energies of 800–6,550 kJ/kg total solids to illustrate the impact of sludge type and ultrasonic pretreatment on biogas production (BGP), solubilization, and digestion kinetics. The greatest increase in BGP over the control of pretreated sludge did not coincide consistently with greater sonication energy but occurred within a solubilization range of 2.9–7.4% degree of disintegration and are as follows: 5% ± 3 biogas increase for CAS, 12% ± 9 for lagoon, 15% ± 2 for nitrifying MBBR, and 20% ± 2 for RBC. The effect of sonication on digestion kinetics was inconclusive with the application of modified Gompertz, reaction curve, and first-order models to biogas production. These results illustrate the unique response of differing sludges to the same levels of sonication energies. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).

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Albuquerque, Antonio, Peter Randerson, and Andrzej Białowiec. "Oxygen Transfer Capacity as a Measure of Water Aeration by Floating Reed Plants: Initial Laboratory Studies." Processes 8, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101270.

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Reed-Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud, an aquatic plant, commonly used in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment, supplies oxygen into the subsurface environment. Reed may be used as a ‘green machine’ in the form of a floating vegetation cover with many applications: wastewater lagoons, manure lagoons or sewage sludge lagoons. An important measure of the performance of the plant system is the oxygen transfer capacity (OTC). Accurate prediction of the OTC in relation to reed biomass would be crucial in modelling its influence on organic matter degradation and ammonia–nitrogen oxygenation in such lagoons. Laboratory experiments aiming to determine OTC and its dependence on reed biomass were carried out. Eight plants with a total dry mass ranging from approximately 3 to 7 g were tested. Mean OTC was determined per plant: 0.18 ± 0.21 (g O2·m−3·h−1·plant−1), with respect to leaves-and-stem dry mass (dlsm): 44.91 ± 35.21 (g O2·m−3·h−1·g dlsm−1), and to total dry mass (dtm): 33.25 ± 27.97 (g O2·m−3·h−1·g dtm−1). In relation to the relatively small root dry mass (drm), the OTC value was 136.02 ± 147.19 (g O2·m−3·h−1·g drm−1). Measured OTC values varied widely between the individual plants (variation coefficient 115%), in accordance with their differing size. Oxygenation performance was greatest in the reed plants with larger above ground dry mass (>4 g dlsm), but no influence of the root dry mass on the OTC rate was found.

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Raper, W. G., and J. M. Green. "Simple process for nutrient removal from food processing effluents." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0127.

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Food processing effluents often contain high levels of nutrients, particularly N. Conventionally, anaerobic ponds are used to purify these effluents in Australia, giving cost-effective removal of BOD but little nutrient removal. It has become apparent that disposal by irrigation as presently practised normally exceeds sustainable N application rates, thus reduction of nutrient levels before irrigation is becoming mandatory. Meatworks effluent is often discharged to country town sewers, frequently accounting for 50-75% of the nutrient load. Meatworks effluents contain 1,000-4,000 mg/L BOD, 200-400 mg/L TKN and 20-50 mg/L P. Conventional BNR technology can readily remove nutrients from such effluents, either alone or in combination with anaerobic ponds but sludge handling on such a small scale poses economic problems. Laboratory scale trials showed that both BOD removal from meatworks effluent and sludge disposal could be achieved readily in conventional anaerobic ponds. The pond effluent, together with the town sewage if required, could be treated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) designed for nitrification/denitrification service. Optimisation of the anaerobic pond operation was required to ensure production of the minimum BOD:N ratio needed for N removal. This paper will describe the design and commissioning of two plants; a demonstration plant installed at a typical sized meatworks in Gippsland, Victoria, and a full scale plant for treatment of combined domestic sewage and effluent from a large meatworks at Longford, Tasmania. In neither case (for different reasons) has P removal yet been required. It was demonstrated that 98% of BOD and up to 95% N removal may be cheaply and readily achieved in the SBR. Where lagoons are used, levels of N suitable for river discharge can be achieved. P can be readily removed by alum treatment when required.

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Wang, Yuan, Yuntian Zhou, Di Feng, Chenglong Wu, Xiang Wang, and Fanlu Min. "Effects of Chemical Conditioners on Deep Dewatering of Urban Dewatered Sewage Sludge in the Temporary Sludge Lagoon." Journal of Environmental Engineering 145, no. 10 (October 2019): 04019063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001555.

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Khnaijer, B., E. Cherkaoui, M. Khamar, and A. Nounah. "Characterization of the residual sludge from the wastewater treatment plant of JERADA." E3S Web of Conferences 150 (2020): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015002004.

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The wastewater treatment plant of the city of JERADA is an aerated lagoon type, it is located in the west of the city of JERADA, It was put into service in 2016 and it is part of the national Moroccan liquid sanitation program, which requires an increasing of the rate of wastewater treatment. Indeed, said STEP generates on the one hand a clean sanitized water with an average flow of 2500 m3/d, which is discharged into the receiving environment without any environmental damage, and on the other handa huge quantities of residual sludge 1740.24 kg/d. The most suitable technique for the management of sewage sludge of the JERADA STATION is their valorization in agriculture after their composting. Such a process requires beforehand a physico-chemical and biological characterization of the station residual sludge.

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26

Cecchi, F., P. Pavan, and J. Mata-Alvarez. "Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge: Application to the macroalgae from the Venice lagoon." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 17, no. 1 (July 1996): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(96)88182-1.

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27

Zhan, X. J., W. A. Lin, L. T. Zhan, and Y. M. Chen. "Field implementation of FeCl3-conditioning and vacuum preloading for sewage sludge disposed in a sludge lagoon: a case study." Geosynthetics International 22, no. 4 (August 2015): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gein.15.00015.

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28

Oluwatosin, Olarinmoye, Bakare Adekunle, Ugwumba Obih, and Hein Arne. "Quantification of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater impacted surface waters and sewage sludge from Lagos, Nigeria." Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 8, no. 3 (March 31, 2016): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jece2015.0364.

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29

Ufnar, Jennifer A., David F. Ufnar, Shiao Y. Wang, and R. D. Ellender. "Development of a Swine-Specific Fecal Pollution Marker Based on Host Differences in Methanogen mcrA Genes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 16 (June 22, 2007): 5209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00319-07.

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ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to evaluate methanogen diversity in animal hosts to develop a swine-specific archaeal molecular marker for fecal source tracking in surface waters. Phylogenetic analysis of swine mcrA sequences compared to mcrA sequences from the feces of five animals (cow, deer, sheep, horse, and chicken) and sewage showed four distinct swine clusters, with three swine-specific clades. From this analysis, six sequences were chosen for molecular marker development and initial testing. Only one mcrA sequence (P23-2) showed specificity for swine and therefore was used for environmental testing. PCR primers for the P23-2 clone mcrA sequence were developed and evaluated for swine specificity. The P23-2 primers amplified products in P23-2 plasmid DNA (100%), pig feces (84%), and swine waste lagoon surface water samples (100%) but did not amplify a product in 47 bacterial and archaeal stock cultures and 477 environmental bacterial isolates and sewage and water samples from a bovine waste lagoon and a polluted creek. Amplification was observed in only one sheep sample out of 260 human and nonswine animal fecal samples. Sequencing of PCR products from pig feces demonstrated 100% similarity to pig mcrA sequence from clone P23-2. The minimal amount of DNA required for the detection was 1 pg for P23-2 plasmid, 1 ng for pig feces, 50 ng for swine waste lagoon surface water, 1 ng for sow waste influent, and 10 ng for lagoon sludge samples. Lower detection limits of 10−6 g of wet pig feces in 500 ml of phosphate-buffered saline and 10−4 g of lagoon waste in estuarine water were established for the P23-2 marker. This study was the first to utilize methanogens for the development of a swine-specific fecal contamination marker.

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30

Sabbahi, S., M. Trad, L. Ben Ayed, and N. Marzougui. "Occurrence of intestinal parasites in sewage samples and efficiency of wastewater treatment systems in Tunisia." Water Quality Research Journal 53, no. 2 (February 8, 2018): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2018.033.

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Abstract The present study aimed to: (i) identify helminth eggs and protozoan cysts in wastewater samples to which both human and animals could be exposed when they are reused in agriculture; and (ii) evaluate the efficiency of their removal by two wastewater treatment systems (activated sludge and lagoon). For these purposes, 234 wastewater samples (117 raw, 117 treated) were collected from 20 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Tunisia over a one-year sampling period. Parasitic load was enumerated by the modified Bailenger method. The results showed that helminth eggs found were Nematodes mainly represented by Ascaris sp. (95%), Hookworm species (50%), and Enterobius vermicularis (45%). For Cestodes, species identified were Taeniid eggs (85%), Hymenolepis nana (70%), Hymenolepis diminuta (55%) and digestive Strongyles. Among protozoa, Giardia sp., Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii and Entamoeba coli cysts were found in 100% of raw wastewater samples. The overall removal efficiency of helminth eggs and protozoan cysts in the treatment plants ranged from 56.5 to 100% and from 50.4 to 95.5%, respectively. The result from Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) shows that the close clustering of the parasitic mean removal levels indicates that there is little difference in wastewater treatment processes between the WWTPs examined.

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31

Vashi, A. N., and N. C. Shah. "Impacts of a participatory approach to assess sustainable sewage treatment technologies for urban fringe of Surat city in India." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 12 (June 1, 2008): 1957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.331.

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This paper describes the assessment of the sustainability of a number of different sewage treatment technologies by means of a multi-criteria, participatory method for a scattered settlement of urban fringe of Surat. The special efforts have been made for the broad participation to achieve stronger democracy, better quality of the end product, and a more effective process. The mere participation of technocrats and bureaucrats certainly lead to the greater efficiency in working methods. However, the ultimate goal of sustainable developments of such technologies could not be reached in absence of democratic participation and social learning. Keeping this important aspect in view for assessment of sustainability, the detailed study was conducted in the presence of policy makers and stakeholders, academicians, technical experts, finance managers and NGO, to find out sustainability criteria and indicators for three different sewage treatment technologies: (A) Conventional Activated Sludge Process (B) Extended Aeration System, and (C) Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor followed by Aerated Lagoon and Polishing Pond. Technologies were compared according to four criteria subdivided into twenty operational indicators. Criteria and indicators were evaluated as in a weighted-scale matrix. In India, sustainability criteria used in this type of comparisons are often restricted to a limited set of environmental impacts and financial costs but in this study additional criteria were evaluated including economic, social, and technical aspects. Based on the values assigned by the panel, the Sustainability Index (SI) was calculated for each technology. According to the SI and a predefined scale, sustainability was medium for options A and B, whereas high for option C. The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for the selection of a particular technology based on a rational and democratic assessment of its contribution to sustainability in the local and global context.

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Nozhevnikova, A. N., V. K. Nekrasova, M. V. Kevbrina, and O. R. Kotsyurbenko. "Production and oxidation of methane at low temperature by the microbial population of municipal sludge checks situated in north-east Europe." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0187.

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Methanogenic and methane-oxidizing activities of the microbial population of sewage sludge checks (Moscow and Syktyvkar regions) were studied at temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C. The number of methanogens in silt samples reached 1010 cells/ml. A temperature decrease from 25 to 5°C led to a sharp decrease of methanogenesis in the silt samples. Nevertheless, methanogenesis was still significant even at 5°C. Different organic substrates, including polymeric and aromatic compounds, were degraded with methane production at 6°C. At depths of 20-40 cm the number of methanotrophic bacteria reached 1011 cells/ml. Methane oxidative activity of the microbial populations in the silt was less sensitive to the 25° to 5°C temperature decrease. Ten methanotrophic species, able to grow at 6°C, were enriched from the Syktyvkar sludge lagoon and identified by indirect immunofluorescence. Enrichments obtained from the Syktuvkar region (62 N) contained more species of methane oxidizing bacteria able to grow at low temperature then methanogenic enrichments obtained from Moscow region (56 N).

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33

Cohen, A., G. Janssen, S. D. Brewster, R. Seeley, A. A. Boogert, A. A. Graham, M. R. Mardani, N. Clarke, and N. K. Kasabov. "Application of computational intelligence for on-line control of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) at Morrinsville sewage treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 10 (May 1, 1997): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0359.

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Morrinsville Sewage Treatment Plant has recently been upgraded to an Extended Aeration SBR. The plant needs to comply with stringent discharge requirements despite the variations in organic and hydraulic load caused by tradewaste discharges and stormwater infiltration. Effluent data from a nearby dairy factory is transmitted to the treatment plant by radio and processed by a back propagation neural network trained to correlate the data with the corresponding BOD. BOD oxidation, nitrification and denitrification rate constants are estimated by fuzzy systems as function of temperature and MLVSS. Output data generated by the model are used to assist control of SBR cycle duration, sludge wasting, and temporary storage of excessive load in a lagoon. The model does not pretend to provide an accurate description of the process, nor a fully optimised control system, but rather a common-sense approach to the very challenging operating conditions. This is a plant receiving a low level of supervision and it is expected that the control system will improve process performance and compliance with discharge requirements.

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34

Bonomo, L., G. Pastorelli, and N. Zambon. "Advantages and limitations of duckweed-based wastewater treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (March 1, 1997): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0207.

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In order to find a reliable, simple and cost-effective small wastewater treatment system, an experimental research programme on duckweed-based treatment systems was carried out. In spite of the profitable characteristics of duckweed (high productivity, high protein content, wide geographic distribution, control of negative impacts from conventional wastewater treatment ponds), the results obtained confirm that their extensive use in Italy seems difficult because of the high requirement of land area and the ceasing of growth in winter months (at least in Northern Italy). In temperate climates, a reasonable use of duckweed looks to be the production of good quality secondary effluents (BOD and SS removal) from small communities, especially in seasonal (summer) wastewater treatment plants. Another use is algae removal from facultative lagoon effluents. Nitrogen removal can only be reasonably obtained in duckweed-covered ponds with supplemental aeration. Because of several constraints due to the markets and to environmental regulations, harvested duckweed has to be disposed of as sewage sludge (e.g. compost or biogas production).

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35

Mezrioui, N., and B. Baleux. "Resistance patterns of e. coli strains isolated from domestic sewage before and after treatment in both aerobic lagoon and activated sludge." Water Research 28, no. 11 (November 1994): 2399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90056-6.

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36

Basta, Nicholas T. "Sewage sludge." Field Crops Research 44, no. 1 (November 1995): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(95)90081-0.

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37

Hoffmann, Gaston, Daniel Schingnitz, and Bernd Bilitewski. "Comparing different methods of analysing sewage sludge, dewatered sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash." Desalination 250, no. 1 (January 2010): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.064.

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38

Johnston, P. A., M. MacGarvin, R. L. Stringer, S. Troendle, and R. J. Swindlehurst. "Sewage: Towards Realistic Environmental Protection." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0525.

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The disposal of sewage into aquatic systems is attracting increasing regulation at the European Community level. Initially, pollution control strategies focussed on the protection of rivers and inland waters from excessive oxygen demand loading. This has led to an increasing use of marine waters for the disposal of sewage effluents and sludges. The bacteriological hazards associated with these practices are now well understood and have led in turn to restrictions on such disposal activities. This problem is illustrated with data from Venice Lagoon showing extreme bacterial contamination. A less commonly appreciated problem relates to the chemical contamination of sewage from both household and industrial chemicals. Results from analyses of a variety of sewage effluents are presented in this paper and the implications of the inventory of chemicals found are discussed.

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39

Farno, Ehsan, and Nicky Eshtiaghi. "Pumping sewage sludge." Water e-Journal 4, no. 4 (2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21139/wej.2019.026.

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40

Werther, J., and T. Ogada. "Sewage sludge combustion." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 25, no. 1 (February 1999): 55–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1285(98)00020-3.

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41

Wang, Xiyue, and Yuxiang Mao. "Mercury in Municipal Sewage and Sewage Sludge." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 102, no. 5 (January 2, 2019): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-02536-3.

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42

Królik, Dariusz, Przemysław Wypych, and Jakub Kostecki. "Sewage Sludge Management in a Sewage Treatment Plant." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2019-0036.

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Abstract Sewage sludge produced in municipal sewage treatment plants, because of its physicochemical and sanitary properties, is a serious threat to the environment. In order to neutralize it, various methods of processing are used, which directly affect the quantity and quality of produced sewage sludge, which in the final stage can be used naturally. Properly managed sludge management is presented on the example of a sewage treatment plant, conducting the methane fermentation process with the production of biogas.

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43

Ayvaz, Zafer. "EVALUATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE." Ekoloji 9, no. 35 (2000): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5053/ekoloji.2000.351.

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44

Kljus, V. P., S. V. Kljus, G. A. Chetverik, and V. P. Demchina. "GASIFICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2018.02.

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As evidenced by our works as well as a number of other researches, sewage sludge is a renewable biological fuel. But the sludge use is quite problematic due to its high humidity and ash content. To reduce the moisture of the initial mass of the sludge, it is recommended to add dry finely dispersed biomass (saw dust, chopped straw). To conduct the research, we selected the long-term storage sludge samples of Bortnichi Activate Sludge Plant of Kiev city and the fresh sludge of the Lvov city purification facilities to produce the granules of 6 mm in diameter. The gaseous conversion of the granules was completed in the two stages according to the «backward heat wave» technology. As it has been established, the coke ash residue accounting for 53–63 % of the output sinters at the temperature of above 700 °С. The research has identified the gaseous conversion parameters, the composition and the combustion heat of the fuel gas. The recommendations pertaining to use of the fuel gas and the coke ash residue have been designed. Accordingly, the research conducted hereunder has discovered the possibility of full and partial gaseous conversion of the sludge granules using the air blast. Bibl. 10, Fig. 5, Tab. 2.

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Karp, I. M., K. Ye Pyanykh, and K. K. Pianykh. "UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2019.05.

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Sewage sludge utilization technologies must meet two requirements: the use of energy potential and ensuring that the products of their processing are not negatively affected by the environment. New technologies for the disposal of sediments that meet these requirements are being developed: pyrolysis, hydro pyrolysis, combined processes of fermentation and gasification, polygeneration, steam conversion, gasification of mixtures with other fuels, thermocatalytic reforming, three-stage gasification. Most of these technologies have not yet been commercialized. The energy potential of «fresh» sediments in Ukraine is estimated at 446 thousand tons of conditional fuel. Its use for the electricity production and thermal energy and secondary liquid and solid fuels is appropriate as being consistent with the global trend of decentralized energy development. The economically efficient, acceptable for Ukrainian conditions is the technology used to dispose of sediment, is their joint combustion with other solid fuels and waste in boilers of power stations and in cement kilns. For objects of decentralized energy, it should be preferred to the processes of gasification or pyrolysis of sewage sludge. Composting technology is acceptable to dispose of accumulated precipitates. Bibl. 27, Fig. 5, Tab. 3.

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SAKUMA, Hiroshi. "Sewage sludge melting systems." Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 18, no. 8 (1989): 495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.18.495.

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47

Novak, John T. "Dewatering of Sewage Sludge." Drying Technology 24, no. 10 (October 2006): 1257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930600840419.

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Matveev, Igor B., Serhiy I. Serbin, and Nikolay V. Washchilenko. "Sewage Sludge-to-Power." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 42, no. 12 (December 2014): 3876–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2014.2352275.

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49

Tyson, J. M. "Perceptions of sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2002): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0629.

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In Europe the agricultural reuse of sewage sludge is controlled by Directive but the combined forces of statutory regulation and “market” regulation have made the task of exploiting the scientifically recognised agricultural reuse benefits of sewage sludge arduous to achieve. The paper examines the factors that have influenced the perception of sewage sludge by the public in the UK and how public perception can be exploited in order to achieve regulatory change.

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Worwag, Malgorzata. "Recovery of phosphorus as struvite from sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 134 (2018): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22764.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sewage lagoons. Sewage sludge'

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