Dissertations / Theses: 'Sewage – Microbiology'

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Siddall, Roy. "Parasites as biological indicators of sewage sludge dispersal." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU548816.

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This investigation has demonstrated that levels of parasitism may provide a sensitive, biologically-based index of marine environmental pollution. Flatfish were initially selected as indicator hosts in field studies conducted at an 'accumulating' and two 'dispersing' sewage sludge dump sites in Scottish coastal waters, but the results indicated that they were unsuitable for monitoring sewage sludge dispersal. The common whelk, Buccinum undatum , was selected as an alternative host-parasite system in a seasonal study at the Garroch Head sewage sludge dump site in the Firth of Clyde, where marked spatial concentration gradients exist for a variety of trace contaminants in the sediments. Buccinum is first intermediate host to several species of larval digenean parasites. Parasite prevalence in Buccinum declined significantly along the gradient of increasing contamination of the sediments from approx. 15&'37 at 3km north of the dump to approx. 2&'37 on its periphery. At the reference site approx. 20&'37 of Buccinum were parasitised. Site, seasonal, sex and parasite effects on growth and the effects of exposure to sewage sludge on the age-prevalence relationship and host response to infection were examined. The age structures of Buccinum populations were used to compare mortalities due to fishing, parasitic infection and proximity to the dump site. Patterns in parasite prevalence recorded at the dump site were not correlated with any natural environmental or host related factors that were examined. The most commonly recorded parasite of Buccinum was Zoogonoides viviparus . Experimental studies demonstrated that the free-living miracidium and cercaria of Z.viviparus were the life-cycle stages that were most susceptible to sewage sludge. There was no evidence of sewage sludge toxicity to the parasitic stages within intermediate or flatfish definitive hosts. However, the survival of Baccinum was reduced by parasitism and experimental exposure to sewage sludge, and in a combination these two factors acted synergistically. The gradient in parasitism in Buccinum at the Garroch Head dump site is considered to result primarily from the toxic effects of trace metals on the miracidium, reducing parasite transmission to the molluscan host. The Buccinum -parasitesystem may therefore provide a sensitive and valuable index for monitoring the dispersal of these contaminants around the Garroch Head sewage sludge dump site. The potential role for a parasite-based index in marine pollution monitoring studies is discussed in the light of this investigation.

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Williams, John Barry. "Microbial factors affecting the design and operation of gravel bed hydroponic sewage treatment system." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332825.

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MacRae, Jean Dorothy. "Characterization of Caulobacters isolated from wastewater treatment systems and assay development for their enumeration." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30112.

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Caulobacters are gram-negative bacteria that have a biphasic life cycle consisting of a swarmer and a stalked stage. As a result they have elicited interest as a simple developmental model. Less attention has focussed on their role in the environment, although they have been found in almost every aquatic environment as well as in many soils. Caulobacters are often described as oligotrophic bacteria because of their prevalence in pristine waters but have now been isolated from the relatively nutrient-rich wastewater environment. In order to learn more about this population some basic characterization was carried out and an assay system to determine their prevalence in sewage plants was designed. Most of the organisms isolated from sewage treatment facilities had similar gross morphological features, but differed in holdfast composition, total protein profile, antibiotic resistance and restriction fragment length polymorphism, thereby indicating a greater diversity than originally assumed. Most of the organisms hybridized with flagellin and surface array genes that had previously been cloned, and only one of 155 non-Caulobacter sewage isolates hybridized with the flagellin gene probe; consequently these were used in a DNA-based enumeration strategy. DNA was isolated directly from sewage and probed with the flagellin and the surface array gene probes. The signals obtained were compared to standards made up of pooled Caulobacter DNA from the sewage isolates and non-Caulobacter DNA from organisms also present in sewage. Using this assay Caulobacters could only be detected above the 1% level, which was higher than their proportion in the wastewater environment. It appears that this approach will not be useful in monitoring Caulobacters in treatment plants unless a more highly conserved or higher copy number probe is found. Science, Faculty of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Graduate

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Engelbrecht, Johannes Frederik Pieter. "Afsterwe van mikroorganismes teenwoordig in rioolwater in die mariene omgewing." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/783.

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Thesis (M.Dip.)--Cape Technikon, 1990 The die-off in the marine environment of micro-organisms that are present in sewage was investigated. A literature survey was carried out and studies were done in the laboratory, at an offshore outfall and at a surf-zone outfall. In the laboratory raw sewage was mixed with sea water at known dilutions and the die-off of faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and coliphage was monitored. At the offshore sewage outfall a tracer, Rhodamine B.was released in the pump station and the distribution of the plume around the diffuser was determined by means of the Rhodamine B concentrations and faecal colifonns counts. At the factory surf-zone outlet the Rhodamine B was injected into the pipeline. Samples were taken at 50 and 100 meter distance from the outlet. Thedie-off of faecal colifonns, faecal streptococci and coliphage was monitored. The following results were obtained: Literature study: (i) Coliforms • Temperatures of 15 QC and lower are conducive to survival while nutrients, at a concentration as low as 2,5 mg/L organic carbon, stimulate growth. A rise in salinity has a negative effect on the organisms. • The T90 value in direct sunlight is <2 hours but vanes considerably in the dark (>35 days). Changes in weather• conditions, sunlight intensity, hours of sunlight, depth and turbidity of seawater and different seasons are the most important factors accounting for the variations in the T90 values. • It is, therefore, important for the initial dilution to be large enough. This will ensure that the bacterial counts conform to the water quality criteria, as the die-off rates in the marine environment are slow and not always adequate, except around mid day. • Faecal coliforms as a single parameter is not considered to be the best indicator of marine pollution. • The 1:4 ratio between faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci for human faeces and 1:0,7 ratio for animal waste are not applicable in the marine environment. The survival of faecal streptococci in seawater is better than that of faecal coliforms and the ratio therefore changes. (ii) Enterococci and pathogens • The T90 value for faecal streptococci is double that of coliforms and also varies in the dark. In direct sunlight any change in sunlight intensity, change the T90 values. • In general the numbers of faecal streptococci and pathogens occuring in sewage are smaller than those of coliforms, but their survival time is longer. This could lead to a situation where the water quality complies with the criteria according to the coliform counts, while a health risk may exist due to th survival of pathogens.

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Kayed, Dima 1960. "METHODS FOR THE ISOLATION OF OOCYSTS OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM FROM SLUDGE AND GIARDIA CYSTS FROM STOOL." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276355.

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Connan, Romain. "Feasibility of anammox for the treatment of sewage sludge digester supernatant : from inoculum enrichment and cultivation to process configurations and emissions." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S103/document.

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Ces travaux de thèse porte sur l'étude d'un procédé de traitement des eaux usées intitulé "anammox". C'est un procédé biologique reposant sur le métabolisme d'un groupe de bactéries du même nom permettant l'épuration de l'azote. Ces travaux développent une méthodologie pour leur identification et leur culture et aboutissent à la mise en application de bio-réacteur de traitement à l'échelle du laboratoire This work focuses on the study of a wastewater treatment process entitled "anammox". It is a biological process based on the metabolism of a group of bacteria of the same name allowing the purification of nitrogen. This work develops a methodology for their identification, their culture and for the implementation of bioreactor treatment at the laboratory scale

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Confer, David Ray 1956. "Biodegradation of model macromolecules (proteins and polysaccharides) in wastewaters." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191207.

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Macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides can constitute a significant portion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in wastewater, but limited information is available on how these compounds are degraded in biological wastewater treatment systems. Bacteria cannot assimilate intact macromolecules but must first hydrolyze them to monomers or small oligomers. To better understand the mechanism of macromolecule degradation in wastewater treatment systems this study investigates two important questions of macromolecule metabolism. First, does hydrolysis occur in close proximity to the cell or are the hydrolytic enzymes released into bulk solution, and second, if hydrolysis is cell-associated, are hydrolyzed fragments directly assimilated into the cell or are they released back into solution? Fluorescent model substrate analogs were used to determine the location of leucine aminopeptidase and a-glucosidase activity in wastewater inoculated biofilm and suspended cultures and in trickling filter effluent. In biofilm and suspended cultures at least 93% of hydrolytic activity was cell-associated. In trickling filter effluent hydrolysis rates were at least five times higher in contact with cells and sloughed biofilm pieces than in cell-free solution. To determine whether hydrolytic fragments were directly assimilated or released into solution molecular size distributions in bulk solution were monitored using membrane ultrafiltration techniques during the degradation of the model protein, bovine serum albumin, and the model polysaccharides, dextran and dextrin, in batch and continuous suspended cultures, and in fixed-film reactor systems. Measurable amounts of macromolecule hydrolytic fragments accumulated in all reactor configurations, substrates and inocula tested. Relatively larger concentrations of hydrolytic fragments accumulated in pure culture than in wastewater culture inoculated reactors. These results support a generalized model for macromolecule degradation by bacteria that features cellbound hydrolysis of protein and polysaccharides and the subsequent release of hydrolytic fragments back into bulk solution. This hydrolysis and release is repeated until fragments are small enough ( < 1000 amu) to be assimilated by cells. A separate, but related, part of this study adapted pre-column orthophthaldialdehyde derivatization, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic separation and fluorometric detection to measure free and combined amino acids in unconcentrated wastewaters and to assess their treatability in wastewater treatment systems.

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Ball, Kelly. "A Modified Scheme for the Isolation and Enumeration of Bacteria in Municipal Sewage Sludge." TopSCHOLAR®, 1992. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1884.

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Because of the potential health hazards associated with the use of sludge for agricultural purposes, Dudley et al (1980) published a scheme for the routine analysis of bacteria in municipal sewage sludge. In this study, the Dudley et al scheme (1980) was modified by updating some of the procedures. Aerobically digested sludge generated by the Bowling Green Wastewater Treatment Plant, Bowling Green, Kentucky, was analyzed using the modified scheme. Sludge samples were collected once every two months over a one-year period from October 1989 to August 1990. Egg yolk-free tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar in conjunction with the revewrse CAMP test was used to assay for Clostridium perfringens. This procedure improved the one proposed by Dudley et al. (1980) by achieving a higher confirmation rate, reducing testing time, allowing for easier interpretation of results, and increasing accuracy. Selective and differential media by Rippey and Cabelli (1979) were added to the scheme to isolate Aeromonas, Aeroomonas hydrophila and Aeromonas caviae were successfully isolated wand were identified using the system by Cunliffe and Adcock (1989) for speciating aeromonads. Baird-Parker medium was compared to mannitol salt agar for effectiveness in isolating Staphylococcus from sludge. Statistical analysis showed Baird-Parker medium to be significantly more effective than mannitol salt agar. However, neither agar reduced background flora to acceptable levels. Staphylococcus isolates were subject to species identification by the API Staph Ident system (Analytab Products, Plainview, New York). Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were found to be present in the sludge. A procedure by Ottolenghi and Hamparian (1987) was employed to isolate Salmonella in sludge. No salmonellae were isolated over the one year period. Over the year-long study, bacterial numbers, with the exception of Clostridium perfringens and the total aerobic count, fluctuated with variations in the aerobic digester temperature. Numbers decreased as temperature increased. Clostridium perfringens counts were the most consistent throughout the year and exceeded fecal coliform and fecal streptococci counts in five of the six samplings.

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Stevens, Karen B. "Investigation of the microbial populations in the activated sludge of the Hoechst-Celanese wastewater treatment plant." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01242009-063441/.

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Iversen, Aina. "Population structure and antibiotic resistance of the genus enterococcus in humans, animals and the environment." Stockholm : Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska institutet, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-517-8/.

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Malandra, Lida 1975. "Biodegradation of winery wastewater." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16385.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Large volumes of wastewater are generated annually during the grape harvest season from various processing and cleaning operations at wineries, distilleries and other wine-related industries. South African regulatory bodies dictate that wastewater should have a pH of 5.5 to 7.5 and a chemical oxygen demand (COD) lower than 75 mg/L. However, winery wastewater has a typical pH of 4 to 5 and a COD varying between 2 000 and 12 000 mg/L. Urban wineries channel the wastewater to local sewage treatment facilities and are often heavily fined for exceeding governmental requirements. Rural wineries usually have little or no treatment operations for their wastewater and it is often irrigated onto crops, which may result in environmental pollution and contamination of underground water resources. Various criteria are important in choosing a wastewater treatment system, such as an ecofriendly process that is flexible to withstand various concentration loads and characteristics, requiring low capital and operating costs, minimal personal attention and do not require too much land. In this study, a large variation in COD, pH and chemical composition of the winery wastewater was observed that could be related to varying factors such as the harvest load, operational procedures and grape variety. Wastewater from destemming and pressing operations contained higher concentrations of glucose, fructose and malic acid, which originated from the grape berries. The fermentable sugars (glucose and fructose) contributed to almost half of the COD with a smaller contribution from ethanol and acetic acid. The low pH can be ascribed to relative high concentrations of organic acids in the wastewater. The efficacy of biological treatment systems depends strongly on the ability of microorganisms to form biofilm communities that are able to degrade the organic compounds in the wastewater. Preliminary identification of microorganisms that naturally occur in winery wastewater indicated the presence of various bacterial and yeast species that could be effective in the biological treatment of the wastewater. When evaluated as pure cultures under aerobic conditions, some of the yeast isolates effectively reduced the COD of a synthetic wastewater, whereas the bacterial isolates were ineffective. The most effective yeast isolates were identified as Pichia rhodanensis, Kloeckera apiculata, Candida krusei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our search for cost-effective biological treatment systems led to the evaluation of a Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) for the treatment of winery wastewater. The RBC was evaluated on a laboratory scale with 10% (v/v) diluted grape juice and inoculated with a mixed microbial community isolated from winery wastewater. The results showed a reduction in the COD that improved with an extended retention time. Evaluation of the RBC on-site at a local winery during the harvest season resulted on average in a 41% decrease in COD and an increase of 0,75 pH units. RFLP analysis of the biofilm communities within the RBC confirmed a population shift in both the bacterial and fungal species during the evaluation period. The most dominant yeast isolates were identified with 18S rDNA sequencing as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida intermedia, Hanseniaspora uvarum and Pichia membranifaciens. All these species are naturally associated with grapes and/or water and with the exception of Hanseniaspora uvarum, they are able to form either simple or elaborate pseudohyphae. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Groot hoeveelhede afloopwater word jaarliks gedurende die druiwe-oestyd deur verskeie prosessering- en skoonmaakoperasies deur wynkelders, distilleer- en ander wynverwante industrieë gegenereer. Suid-Afrikaanse beheerliggame vereis dat afloopwater ‘n pH van 5.5 tot 7.5 en ‘n chemiese suurstofbehoefte (COD) van minder as 75 mg/l moet hê. Kelderafloopwater het egter gewoonlik ‘n pH van 4 tot 5 en ‘n COD van 2 000 tot 12 000 mg/L. Stedelike wynkelders voer die afloopwater na ń plaaslike rioolsuiweringsaanleg wat dikwels tot swaar boetes vir oortreding van die wetlike vereistes lei. Plattelandse wynkelders het gewoonlik min of geen behandelingsprosesse vir hul afloopwater nie en gebruik die water dikwels vir gewasbesproeiing, wat tot omgewingsbesoedeling en kontaminasie van ondergrondse waterbronne kan lei. Verskeie kriteria is belangrik in die keuse van ‘n waterbehandelingstelsel, byvoorbeeld ‘n omgewingsvriendelike proses wat verskillende konsentrasieladings en samestellings kan hanteer, ‘n lae kapitaal- en bedryfskoste en minimale persoonlike aandag vereis en min ruimte benodig. Hierdie studie het getoon dat kelderafloopwater ‘n groot variasie in COD, pH en chemiese samestelling het wat met wisselende faktore soos die oeslading, operasionele prosesse en selfs die druifkultivar verband kan hou. Afloopwater van ontstingeling- en parsoperasies het hoër konsentrasies glukose, fruktose en appelsuur wat van die druiwekorrels afkomstig is. Die fermenteerbare suikers (glukose en fruktose) dra tot amper 50% van die COD by, met ‘n kleiner bydrae deur etanol en asynsuur. Die lae pH kan grootliks aan organiese sure in die afloopwater toegeskryf word. Die effektiwiteit van biologiese behandelingstelsels steun sterk op die vermoë van mikroorganismes om biofilmgemeenskappe te vorm wat die organiese verbindings in die afloopwater kan afbreek. Voorlopige identifikasie van mikro-organismes wat natuurlik in wynafloopwater voorkom, het die teenwoordigheid van verskeie bakteriese en gisspesies aangedui. Evaluering van hierdie isolate onder aërobiese toestande het getoon dat sommige van die gis-isolate die COD van ‘n sintetiese afloopwater effektief kon verlaag, terwyl die bakteriese isolate oneffektief was. Die mees effektiewe gis-isolate is as Pichia rhodanensis, Kloeckera apiculata, Candida krusei en Saccharomyces cerevisiae geïdentifiseer. Ons soektog na ‘n koste-effektiewe biologiese behandelingsisteem het tot die evaluering van ‘n ‘Rotating Biological Contactor’ (RBC) vir die behandeling van afloopwater gelei. Die RBC is op laboratoriumskaal met 10% (v/v) verdunde druiwesap geëvalueer en met ‘n gemengde mikrobiese gemeenskap wat uit afloopwater geïsoleer is, innokuleer. Die resultate het ‘n verlaging in die COD getoon wat met ‘n langer retensietyd verbeter het. Evaluering van die RBC by ‘n plaaslike wynkelder gedurende die oesseisoen het gemiddeld ‘n verlaging van 41% in die COD en ‘n verhoging van 0,75 pH eenhede getoon. RPLP analise van die biofilmgemeenskappe in die RBC het ‘n bevolkingsverskuiwing in beide die bakteriese en swamspesies aangetoon. Die mees dominante gisspesies is met 18S rDNA volgordebepaling as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida intermedia, Hanseniaspora uvarum en Pichia membranifaciens geïdentifiseer. Al hierdie spesies word gewoonlik met druiwe en/of water geassosieer en is, met die uitsondering van Hanseniaspora uvarum, in staat om òf eenvoudige òf komplekse pseudohife te vorm.

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Gu, Xiangyang. "Improving heavy metal bioleaching efficiency through microbiological control of inhibitory substances in anaerobically digested sludge." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2003. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/504.

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Katugampalage, Lalith Gamini Perera Usanee Uyasatian. "Utilization of sludge from Biyagama common wastewater treatment plant as fertilizer and soil conditioner in Sri Lanka /." Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd399/4837460.pdf.

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Scheuerman, Phillip R., Samuel R. Farrah, and Gabriel Bitton. "Laboratory Studies of Virus Survival During Aerobic and Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1991. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2870.

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The survival of three enteroviruses (polio 1, coxsackie B3 and echo 1) and a rotavirus (SA-11) was studied under laboratory conditions. The effects of temperature, dissolved oxygen, detention time, sludge source and virus type on virus inactivation were determined. Temperature was the single most important factor influencing the rate of virus inactivation. No significant differences were found for virus inactivation rates at dissolved oxygen levels between 0.9 and 5.8 mg/l. However, the inactivation rate of the viruses under aerobic conditions was found to be significantly greater than the inactivation rate under anaerobic conditions (−0.77log10/day vs −0.33 log10/day). Sludge source, detention time and virus type did not significantly influence the rate of virus inactivation.

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Rusin, Patricia Anne. "Antibiotic resistance, heavy metal resistance, chlorine resistance and phage typing patterns of fecal coliforms isolated from secondary effluent." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184925.

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Antibiotic resistance profiles of fecal coliform isolated from unchlorinated and chlorinated secondary effluent were determined. Of 332 fecal coliforms isolated from chlorinated effluent a mean of 48% were multiply antibiotic resistant. In contrast, of 347 fecal coliforms isolated from unchlorinated effluent a mean of 29% were multiply antibiotic resistant. Resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, and carbenicillin were significantly higher in the former than the latter. Randomly selected isolates survived and/or grew in sterile and unsterile effluent retaining resistance patterns for 40 days. Resistance factors were transferred in laboratory medium at frequencies from 0 to 1.2 x 10⁻² (number of recombinants/number of recipients) and in sterile neutralized tertiary effluent at frequencies from 0 to 1.0 x 10⁻⁴. Resuscitative techniques were necessary for optimal recovery of fecal coliforms from effluent using selective media. Antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal coliforms isolated from unchlorinated and chlorinated effluent was not associated with chlorine or heavy metal resistance. Multiply antibiotic resistant fecal coliforms from chlorinated effluent were significantly less sensitive to lytic phage than multiply antibiotic sensitive fecal coliforms from unchlorinated effluent (p < .05). Using group discriminate analysis of data, phage typing techniques were shown to be a potential tool for tracing fecal contamination of groundwater.

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Rahman, Mokhlasur. "Health hazards associated with dissemination of bacterial strains in waste water recycling /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-468-6/.

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Moraes, Luciana de Mattos. "Avaliação da biodegradabilidade anaerobia de lodos de esgoto provenientes de reatores anaerobios sequenciais." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257154.

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Orientador: Durval Rodrigues de Paula Junior Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T21:28:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_LucianadeMattos_D.pdf: 2361276 bytes, checksum: 9b4e15d7689fe74d36409ea5ffd64856 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 Resumo: O potencial de aplicabilidade do processo anaeróbio pode ser avaliado a partir do conhecimento de poucas características dos resíduos a serem tratados. Uma avaliação preliminar dessas características pode auxiliar na escolha do sistema de tratamento mais adequado, permitindo, dessa forma, estimativas de produção de sólidos biológicos, de requisitos de nutrientes, de produção de metano, etc. A caracterização dos resíduos, por meio de testes de biodegradabilidade, é de fundamental importância, uma vez que os resíduos apresentam grande variabilidade quanto à qualidade, quantidade, Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) e presença de compostos orgânicos refratários. Acrescentam-se ainda outras características importantes ao tratamento anaeróbio, notadamente pH, alcalinidade, nutrientes inorgânicos, temperatura e a eventual presença de compostos potencialmente tóxicos. Durante esse trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para avaliação da biodegradabilidade anaeróbia de lodos de esgoto estabilizados por reatores anaeróbios, utilizando testes simplificados de bancada, visando promover um maior conhecimento sobre a cinética de biodegradação dos lodos. De forma a agregar informações complementares sobre os lodos estudados realizou-se também a identificação morfológica dos diferentes grupos de microrganismos responsáveis pelo processo de digestão anaeróbia. A metodologia desenvolvida propõe a determinação da ¿biodegradabilidade anaeróbia intrínseca¿ dos lodos de esgoto por meio do monitoramento da produção e da composição do biogás (quanto às concentrações de CH4 e CO2). Os testes foram realizados em frascos de 280mL de volume preenchidos com 50% do seu volume com proporções de lodo e água de forma a garantir uma concentração de Sólidos Voláteis em torno de 10mg.L-1; os outros 50% constituíram o ¿headspace¿ que, após os frascos terem sido vedados, foi preenchido com N2. Os ensaios foram realizados em mesa agitadora (150rpm), sob temperatura controlada (35°C) e tiveram a duração de 15 dias, monitorando-se a cada 2 dias, a pressão interna do frasco e a composição do biogás. A avaliação da ¿biodegradabilidade anaeróbia intrínseca¿ das amostras de lodo foi quantificada por meio da determinação da taxa específica máxima de produção de CH4 (KCH4) e da taxa específica máxima de produção de CO2 (KCO2), as quais representam os ¿coeficientes de biodegradabilidade intrínseca¿ e foram obtidos por meio da aplicação de modelos matemáticos ajustados aos perfis de concentração molar de CH4 e CO2 em função do tempo. Os resultados obtidos nos testes de biodegradabilidade refletiram, de maneira geral, o comportamento dos reatores anaeróbios seqüenciais (Sistema B) operados em escala real com TDHs de 30, 20 e 10 dias, indicando que a metodologia desenvolvida permitiu a estimativa de ¿coeficientes de biodegradabilidade anaeróbia intrínseca¿ de lodos de esgoto por meio de testes simplificados de bancada com boa reprodutibilidade Abstract: The potential of applicability of an anaerobic process can be evaluated from the knowledge of some characteristics of the residues to be treated. A preliminary evaluation of these characteristics can assist in the choice of a more suitable treatment system, what allows to estimate the production of biological solids, requirements for nutrients, methane production, etc. The characterization of the residues, through biodegradability tests, is of fundamental importance, once that the residues present a great variability for the quality, amount, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the presence of refractory organics. There are other important characteristics for the anaerobic treatment of sewage sludge, like pH, alkalinity, inorganic nutrients, temperature and the presence or not of very toxic compounds. During this work, a methodology for the evaluation of the anaerobic biodegradability of sewage sludge, stabilized by anaerobic reactors was developed using simplified bench tests, aiming to know more about the kinetics of biodegradation of sludge. With the intention to add complementary information about the studied sludge, it was also achieved the morphologic identification of the different groups of microorganisms that are responsible for the anaerobic digestion process. The developed methodology considers the determination of the ¿intrinsic anaerobic biodegradability¿ of sewage sludge through the monitoring of the production and of the composition of biogas (concentrations of CH4 and CO2). The tests had been carried out in bottles of 280mL filled with 50% of its volume with sludge and water ratios to guarantee a volatile solids concentration about 10mg.L-1; the other 50% constituted the ¿headspace¿ that, after the bottles had been hinted, were filled with N2. The assays had been carried through in a shaker (150rpm), under controlled temperature (35°C) and had the duration of 15 days, monitoring the pressure inside the flask and the composition of the biogas in every 2 days. The evaluation of the ¿intrinsic anaerobic biodegradability¿ of the sludge was quantified through the determination of the maximum specific tax of production of CH4 (KCH4) and of the maximum specific rate of CO2 production (KCO2), which represent the intrinsic biodegradability coefficients¿ and had been achieved through the application of mathematical models adjusted to the profiles of molar concentration of CH4 and CO2 in function of the time. The results obtained in the biodegradability tests had reflected, in a general way, the behavior of the sequential anaerobic reactors (System B) operated in real scale with HDTs (Hydraulic Detention Time) of 30, 20 and 10 days, indicating that the developed methodology allowed to estimate the ¿intrinsic biodegradability coefficients¿ of sewage sludge through simplified bench tests with good reproducibility Doutorado Agua e Solo Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

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Lloyd, Magaretha Hester. "Anaerobic digestion application in the treatment of gelatin-manufacturing effluent." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51582.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A severely polluted industrial effluent is generated by the local gelatinmanufacturing industry. Due to increasingly stringent restrictions on discharge qualities enforced by the National Water Act of 1998 and National Environmental Management Act of 1998, as well as increasing trade-effluent charges implemented via the Local Municipal Bylaws, the industry is compelled to consider a system to pre-treat the polluted effluent. A study was undertaken to examine the viability of anaerobic treatment of the gelatin-manufacturing effluent, since the anaerobic digestion technology is well recognised for the high success rate in the treatment of high-strength, complex wastewaters. Various laboratory and pilot-scale studies were done, using different hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and contact designs. Two mesophilic laboratory-scale hybrid UASB digester designs, fitted with polyethylene (AD-1) and polyurethane (AD-2), performed well at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1.0 d. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of up to 90% (avg. 53%) for AD-1 and 83% (avg. 60%) for AD-2 at organic loading rates (OLR) of 9.56 and 4.62 kg COD.m-3.d-1, respectively, were obtained. High sulphate (S04) removal efficiencies of up to 96% (avg. 86%) for AD-1 and 98% (avg. 82%) for AD-2 were also achieved, respectively. A maximum total solid (TS) removal of 65% (avg. 25%) for AD-1 and 62% (avg. 28%) for AD-2 was reported. An average methane content of 80% (AD-1) and 79% (AD-2) with average methane yields per COD removed of 2.19 and 1.86 m3. kg CODremoved.df-o1r AD-1 and AD-2 were found, respectively. When the same digesters (AD-1 and AD-2) were combined in a muItiphase series configuration, a total COD removal efficiency of up to 97% (avg. 80%) at an OLR of 8.32 kg COD.m-3.d-1,was achieved. Excellent total S04 removals of 96% (avg. 69%) were accomplished. Up to 82% TS (avg. 29%) was also removed during this study and the biogas consisted of 89% methane (avg. 79%). For this multi-phase combination up to 92% volatile fatty acids (VFA) (avg. 48%) were removed, indicating possible selective phase separation of the respective fatty acid producing/utilising bacterial populations. The use of a laboratory-scale UASB bioreactor with recirculation, resulted in COD removal efficiencies of up to 96% (avg. 51%) at an HRT of 3.0 d, and 95% (avg. 54%) at a HRT of 1.0 d. Low performances were generally found, with average S04 and TS removals of 59% (max. 97%) and 26% (max. 67%), respectively at an HRT of 1.0 d. The biogas production was very low throughout the study (0.05 - 0.63 I,d-1 ). A pilot-scale UASB reactor (300 I) was constructed and performed satisfactory with a 58% average COD removal and maximum of 96%. S04 and TS removals up to 96% (avg. 44%) and 93% (avg. 63%), respectively, were obtained. The methane content of the biogas was 85%. The pilot-scale studies were conducted under actual field conditions, where various shock and organic loads had to be absorbed by the system. The pilot-scale contact configuration (300 I) did not perform satisfactory as a result of continuous blockages experienced in the feed and recirculation lines. Maximum COD, S04, VFA and TS removal efficiencies of 41% (avg. 27%), 62% (avg. 41%), 64% (avg. 27%) and 39% (avg. 21%), respectively, were obtained. The results of all the studies indicated acceptable COD removals with increasing OLR's. Indications of the presence of active methanogenic and sulphate-reducing bacterial populations were apparent throughout the studies. One possibility for the successful start-up and commissioning of the anaerobic reactors was the use of a well-adjusted biomass, which consisted of highly selected and adapted microbial consortium for the specific gelatinmanufacturing effluent. It was clear from this study that gelatin-manufacturing effluent can be treated successfully, especially with the use of the UASB design. A welldefined data base was constructed which could be of great value for further upscaling to a full-scale digester. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Hoogs besoedelde industriele uitvloeisel word gegenereer deur die plaaslike gelatien-vervaardigings industrie. As gevolg van toenemende streng beperkings op die kwaliteit van uitvloeisels wat bepaal word deur die Nasionale Water Wet van 1998 en Nasionale Omgewings Bestuurs Wet van 1998, asook toenemende munisipale heffings wat geimplementeer word via Plaaslike Munisipale Wette, word die industrie verplig om die uitvloeisel vooraf te behandel. 'n Studie is onderneem om die lewensvatbaarheid van anaërobe behandeling van gelatien-vervaardigings uitvloeisel te ondersoek, aangesien anaërobe verterings tegnologie alombekend is vir die goeie sukses behaal in die behandeling van hoë-sterkte, komplekse uitvloeisels. Verskeie laboratorium- en loods-skaal studies is gedoen, met verskillende hibried Opvloei Anaërobe Slykkombers (OAS) en kontak ontwerpe. Goeie werksverrigting was verkry by 'n hidroliese retensie tyd (HRT) van 1.0 d met twee mesofiliese laboratorium-skaal hibried OAS verteerder ontwerpe wat uitgevoer was met poli-etileen (AD-1) en poli-uretaan (AD-2) materiaal. Chemiese suurstof behoefte (CSB) verwyderings van so hoog as 90% (gem. 53%) vir AD-1 en 83% (gem. 60%) vir AD-2 by organiese ladingstempo's (OLT) van 9.56 en 4.62 kg CSB.m-3.d-1,was onderskeidelik verkry. Hoë sulfaat (S04) verwyderings van tot 96% (gem. 86%) vir AD-1 en 98% (gem. 82%) vir AD-2 was ook onderskeidelik verkry. 'n Maksimum totale vaste stof (TVS) verwydering van 65% (gem. 25%) vir AD-1 en 62% (gem. 28%) vir AD-2 is gerapporteer. 'n Gemiddelde metaan inhoud van 80% (AD-1) en 79% (AD-2) met 'n gemiddelde metaan opbrengs per CSB verwyder van 2.19 en 1.86 m3.kg CSBverwyder.dv-i1r AD-1 en AD-2, was onderskeidelik gevind. Met die aanwending van dieselfde twee verteerders (AD-1 en AD-2) in 'n series gekoppelde multi-fase konfigurasie, is 'n totale CSB verwydering so hoog as 97% (gem. 80%) verkry by 'n OLT van 8.32 kg CSB.m-3.d-1. Uitstekende totale S04 verwydering van 96% (gem. 69%) is behaal. Tot 82% TVS (gem. 29%) was vewyder gedurende die studie en die biogas het uit 89% metaan (gem. 79%) bestaan. Vir die multi-fase kombinasie is 'n maksimum van 92% vlugtige vetsure (WS) (gem. 48%) verwyder, wat dui op die moontlike skeiding van selektiewe fases van die onderskeie vetsuur produserende/verbruiker bakteriële populasies. CSB verwydering van tot 96% (gem. 51%) by 'n HRT van 3.0 d en 95% (gem. 54%) met 'n HRT van 1.0 d was verkry, tydens die gebruik van In laboratorium-skaal OAS bioreaktor met hersirkulasie. Lae werksverrigting was oor die algemeen waargeneem, met gemiddelde S04 en TVS verwyderings van 59% (maks. 97%) en 26% (maks. 67%) by In HRT van 1.0 d. Die biogas produksie was baie laag gedurende die studie (0.05 - 0.63 I,d-\ In Loods-skaal OAS verteerder was opgerig en bevredigende resultate was verkry met In gemiddeld van 58% CSB verwydering en maksimum van 96%. S04 en TVS verwyderings so hoog as 96% (gem. 44%) en 93% (gem. 63%) is onderskeidelik verkry. Die metaan inhoud van die biogas was 85%. Die loods-skaal studie was uitgevoer gedurende ware veld kondisies, waartydens verskeie skok en organiese ladings deur die sisteem geabsorbeer is. Die loods-skaal kontak konfigurasie (300 I) het nie bevredigende resultate getoon nie, as gevolg van voortdurende blokkasies wat ondervind is in die toevoer en hersirkulasie pype. Maksimum CSB, S04, WS en TVS verwyderings van 41% (gem. 27%), 62% (gem. 41%), 64% (gem. 27%) en 39% (gem. 21%) was onderskeidelik verkry. Die resultate van al die studies het aanvaarbare CSB verwydering aangedui by toenemende OLT's. Indikasies van aktiewe metanogene en sulfaat-reduserende bakteriële populasies was ook teenwoordig gedurende die studies. Die suksesvolle aansit-prosedure en begin van die anaërobe verteerders kan toegeskryf word aan die gebruik van In goed aangepaste biomassa, wat uit hoogs selektiewe en aangepaste mikrobiese populasies vir die spesifieke uitvloeisel bestaan. Hierdie studie het getoon dat gelatien-vervaardigings uitvloeisel suksesvol met die OAS ontwerp behandel kan word. In Goed gedefinieerde data basis kan voorsien word, wat van groot waarde sal wees vir verdere opgradering na In volskaalse verteerder.

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19

Straub, Timothy Mark 1963. "Inactivation of bacteriophages MS-2 and PRD1 and poliovirus type 1 in Pima Clay Loam and Brazito Sandy Loam soils amended with anaerobically digested sewage sludge." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277884.

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Inactivation of bacteriophages MS-2 and PRD1, and poliovirus type 1 were measured in Pima Clay Loam and Brazito Sandy Loam soils amended with anaerobically digested sewage sludge. Inactivation was determined at 15°C, 27°C, and 40°C with soils maintained at 30% moisture, and amended soils exposed to evaporation. No inactivation of PRD1 was observed within 30 days and 16 days at 15°C and 27°C respectively with little inactivation after 7 days at 40°C. Inactivation of MS-2 and poliovirus was approximately 2 fold greater at 27°C compared to 16°C. At 40°C neither virus was recovered 24 hours after sludge amendment. Evaporation to less than 5% soil moisture resulted in rapid loss of titer for all three viruses regardless of temperature. Survival of MS-2 and poliovirus 1 in sludge amended fields (15°C) was longer than comparable laboratory studies. None of the viruses were recovered in fields amended during the summer (33°C) after 7 days. A method was also developed to remove cell culture toxic components from these soils.

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20

Torres, Danielle Pires de Camargo. "Estudo microbiológico da influência da adição química de ácido fólico em sistemas de lodos ativados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-05092006-112000/.

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O ácido fólico é uma vitamina essencial a reações do metabolismo e crescimento das células, ao promover a síntese de proteínas para a divisão celular. Segundo pesquisas, a aplicação deste no reator de lodos ativados pode contribuir na otimização do tratamento biológico. A parte experimental deste trabalho foi desenvolvida em duas etapas: bioensaios de respirometria sob condições aeróbias, a fim de avaliar os efeitos da adição de ácido fólico na atividade metabólica da microbiota de lodos ativados; e operação de estação piloto de lodos ativados em batelada, para avaliar a influência do ácido fólico na dinâmica da microfauna e no desempenho geral do tratamento. Nos bioensaios de respirometria destacou-se o consumo de oxigênio diante da adição da maior concentração testada - 4,0 mg/L de ácido fólico, com o consumo de até 78% de oxigênio, enquanto que nos frascos controles o consumo médio foi de 50%. O composto Dosfolat, empregado na concentração 2,5 mg/L, também estimulou a respiração basal da microbiota de lodos estudados, como observado pelo consumo de 100% do oxigênio presente após 24 horas de incubação dos sistemas de respirometria. Nos sistemas de lodos ativados em batelada, o ácido fólico e o composto Dosfolat não exerceram influência na eficiência do tratamento e na produção de lodo excedente. Em relação aos aspectos da microbiologia dos sistemas, a adição de ambas as soluções não ocasionou diferenças na composição e diversidade da microfauna, e não influenciou a dinâmica de crescimento das bactérias filamentosas. Porém, nos reatores que receberam adição de ácido fólico e Dosfolat os flocos apresentaram tamanhos superiores, e melhores características morfológicas em relação aos do lodo do reator controle. Portanto, as taxas de respiração observadas com a adição de ácido fólico e de Dosfolat em sistemas de lodos ativados indicam uma tendência de estímulo da atividade metabólica como resposta ao incremento de ácido fólico. Além deste fator, sugere-se que a utilização de ambas as soluções favorece o crescimento das bactérias dos flocos e a formação destes, em detrimento às bactérias livres. The folic acid is a essential vitamin to metabolism and growth of the cells by promoting the synthesis of proteins for the cellular division. According to some researches, this application in the activated sludge systems can contribute to in the optimization of the biological treatment. The experimental part of this work was developed in two stages: aerobic respirometry biotests, in order to evaluate the effects of the addition of folic acid in the metabolic activity of the microbiotica of activated sludge; and operation of a pilot plant of activated sludge, to evaluate the influence of the folic acid in microorganismss dynamics and the performance of the treatment. In the respirometric bioassays was eminence the consumption of oxygen with addition of the highest concentration tested was added - 4.0 mg/L of folic acid, where the consumption of up to 78% of oxygen was observed, whereas in the control the flocs the consumption was 50%. The composed Dosfolat, employee in the concentration 2,5 mg/L, also contribute the microbiotas activity of the of sludge, as observed by the consumption of 100% of the present oxygen after 24 hours of incubation of the respirometric systems. In the activated sludge systems, the folic acid and Dosfolat didn't exercise influence in the efficiency of the treatment and in the production of sludge. In relation to the aspects of the microbiology, the addition of both solutions didnt cause differences on the composition and microorganismss diversity, and it didn't influence the dynamics of growth of the filamentous bacterias. Even so, the reactors that received addition of folic acid and Dosfolat the flocs presented superior sizes, and improve morphologic characteristics in relation to sludge of the control reactor. Therefore, the breathing rates observed with addition of folic acid and of Dosfolat in activated sludge systems indicate a tendency of incentive of the metabolic activity as answer to the increment of folic acid. Besides this factor, suggests that the use of both solutions favors bacteria growth of the flocs and this formation of these, in detriment to the free bacterias.

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21

Velazco, Carolina Leoni. "Indução de supressividade a Phytophthora nicotianae em mudas de limão cravo com lodo de esgoto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-18072002-145527/.

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Uma alternativa de manejo das doenças de citros causadas por Phytophthora spp. é o uso de matéria orgânica. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da incorporação de lodo de esgoto ao solo na indução de supressividade a Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (1896) em plântulas de limão cravo (Citrus lemonia (L.) Osbeck), foram realizados diversos experimentos em laboratório, casa de vegetação e campo. O aumento nas doses de lodo de esgoto, nos experimentos em laboratório, em casa de vegetação e em campo, resultou na redução do pH e aumento da condutividade elétrica do solo; aumento da atividade microbiana do solo (avaliada pela hidrólise de diacetato de fluoresceina FDA e pela respiração microbiana); além de uma redução na recuperação de P. nicotianae, tanto do substrato e do solo como das raízes de plântulas e mudas. Em alguns experimentos, a recuperação do patógeno correlacionou-se significativa e negativamente com a atividade microbiana do solo(FDA) e com a condutividade elétrica. Um melhor desenvolvimento de plântulas e mudas foi observado com a incorporação de lodo até 20%. Esses resultados indicam um efeito supressivo do lodo de esgoto a P. nicotianae, nas condições avaliadas, explicado por fatores químicos e biológicos. Dentre os fatores químicos destacam-se o aumento da condutividade elétrica e a inibição do crescimento das colônias do patógeno em meio de cultura com extratos ácidos de lodo. Os fatores biológicos envolveram o aumento da atividade microbiana do solo e a presença de fungos (Aspergillus sp. e Trichoderma sp.) e actinomicetos antagonistas a P. nicotianae. Soil organic matter amendments may provide an alternative for the management of citrus soil diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. The effects of incorporating residential sewage sludge into the soil in order to induce suppressiviness to Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (1896) in seedlings and plantlets of rangpuor lime (Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck) were evaluated. For this, several experiments under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions were conducted. In almost all experiments, while sewage sludge doses enlarged, soil pH values decreased and soil electrical conductivity increased; soil microbial activity (evaluated by the fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis FDA and microbial respiration) increased, and P. nicotianae recovery from soil and roots tended to decreased. In some experiments, significantly and negative correlations were observed between P. nicotianae recuperation and microbial activity (FDA), and between P. nicotianae recuperation and soil electrical conductivity. Seedlings and plantlets development improved at a maximum of 20% v/v sewage sludge soil incorporation. These results suggest a sewage sludge suppressive effect on P. nicotianae, explained by chemical and biological factors, under the experimental conditions of the tests performed. Among chemical factors, the increase of the soil electrical conductivity and colony growth inhibition of P. nicotianae on culture media amended with an acid sewage sludge extract, were indicated. The biological factors involved in suppressiviness were the increase of soil microbial activity and the presence of fungi (Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma sp.) and actinomyces antagonistic to P. nicotianae.

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22

Young, Suzanne M. "The Ecology of Antibiotic Resistance: Sources and Persistence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Antibiotic Resistant Genes in Aquatic Environments." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7112.

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The growing crisis of antibiotic resistance is a major threat to ecosystems and human health. Infections caused by known and emerging antibiotic resistant pathogens are on the rise globally, with approximately 700,000 deaths per year caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria (1). In the United States, infections from antibiotic resistant bacteria cause more than 2 million illnesses and 23,000 deaths (2). Antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes are released into aquatic ecosystems through hospital waste, residential sewer lines and animal agricultural waste streams. Animal agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of antibiotic use in the United States (3). In agricultural ecosystems, runoff, land-applied fertilizer and waste lagoons can all contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. In urban ecosystems, sewage spills and other wastewater inputs contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. Environmental matrices, such as soil and water, can provide habitat, serving as reservoirs to potentially promote the spread of resistance. Research addressing antibiotic resistance primarily focuses on monitoring clinical occurrence and nosocomial infections (acquired in hospitals),but the natural environment also plays a role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. The consequences to aquatic ecosystems are not often studied and not well understood. Antibiotic resistance genes can transfer between bacteria through transduction, transformation and conjugation, potentially persisting in non-pathogenic environmental bacteria. Environmental reservoirs of antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes should be considered and integrated into frameworks to improve monitoring, regulation and management of urban and rural watersheds. The research presented in this doctoral dissertation includes field and laboratory studies designed to assess the prevalence and persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in aquatic environments, with a focus on vancomycin-resistant enterococci, which are considered a major threat in the United States and top priority pathogens according to the Centers for Disease Control (2). The vanA gene associated with high-level resistance is located on mobile plasmids and associated with clinical infections, predominantly in the species Enterococcus faecium. E. faecium can cause bacteremia, endocarditis, pelvic infections and more (4). When vancomycin, often the last line of treatment for these infections, is no longer effective, the health burdens increase both financially and physically and infections can be fatal. Chapter 1 summarizes background and review of antibiotic resistance in the environment, including a co-authored review of culture-based methods to detect antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in in the environment (previously published in the Journal of Environmental Quality (5). In Chapter 2, a field study was performed to investigate the occurrence and persistence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and vanA in a sewage spill in Pinellas County, Florida, previously published in the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology (6). In Chapter 3, antibiotic resistance genes were quantified to study their persistence in poultry litter microcosms (manuscript in prep). In Chapter 4, microcosms were used to assess how nutrients and plasmid-associated vancomycin resistance affect survival among E. faecium strains (in process of submitting for publication at Applied and Environmental Microbiology). Antibiotic resistance is a public health crisis and the results of the studies presented here contribute data towards a better understanding of environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. The research has broad implications for public health, environmental policy and ecosystem management.

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23

Gauthier, Francis. "Study of coliform bacteria in Canadian pulp and paper mill water systems : their ecology and utility as health hazard indicators." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33401.

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Coliform bacteria have long been used to indicate fecal contamination of food, water, and solid surfaces, and thus the presence of a health hazard. In this study, the in-mill water and external effluent treatment systems of seven typical Canadian pulp and paper mills were shown to support the growth of numerous coliforms, especially Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., and Citrobacter spp . Mill coliforms were shown to be not just simple transients from feedwater or furnish (wood), but to be continuously growing, especially in the primary clarifiers. Therefore, coliforms and fecal coliforms cannot be used as fecal contamination indicators in pulp and paper mill water and effluent treatment systems. N2-fixing coliform populations were detected in mill water systems and were analyzed using N2-fixation assays and nitrogenase gene (nifH) probing. Both active in situ populations and cultured microbial isolates were tested. Active N2-fixation was demonstrated in six primary clarifiers. Measurement of the numbers and composition of the total culturable bacterial community in a primary clarifier revealed that approximately 50% of all aerobic cells contained nifH , of which >90% were Klebsiella. Coliforms growing on MacConkey agar plates from the primary clarifier were all identified as Klebsiella and 100% of these Klebsiella contained the nifH gene. Preliminary estimates indicate that the amount of N2 fixed per day is substantial in some clarifiers.

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24

Costa, Liliana Andreia dos Santos. "Sewage bacteriophage photoinactivation by free and immobilized porphyrins." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/900.

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Mestrado em Microbiologia Molecular A terapia fotodinâmica tem sido usada para inactivar microrganismos através do uso de fotosensibilizadores. Recentemente, tem sido referida a inactivação de bactérias em águas residuais mas não se sabe nada acerca da fotoinactivação de bacteriófagos ambientais, que são frequentemente utilizados como indicadores de vírus entéricos humanos. O obejctivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização de compostos porfirínicos para a inactivação de bacteriófagos de águas residuais. Para isso determinou-se o efeito do número de cargas (compostos com duas a quatro cargas) bem como da sua distribuição nos derivados porfirínicos na inactivação dos fagos. Avaliou-se ainda a influência de diferentes intensidades luminosas e de vários tempos de exposição à luz no processo de fotoinactivação. O melhor fotossensibilizador foi ainda testado na forma imobilizada em nano-partículas magnéticas com carga positiva e neutra. Suspensões de fagos tipo T4 isolados na ETAR de Aveiro (5 x 107 UFP ml-1) foram expostas a luz branca (40 W m-2), luz solar (600 W m-2) e a um feixe luminoso com 1690 W m-2, durante 270, 180 e 60 minutos, respectivamente, a três concentrações do fotossensibilizador livre (0.5, 1.0 e 5.0 M) e a três concentrações do fotossensibilizador suportado (5.0, 20 e100 M). As porfirinas tetra- e tricatiónicas inactivaram o fago tipo T4 até aos limites de detecção, mas as porfirinas dicatiónicas não produziram um decréscimo significativo na viabilidade do fago. Qualquer uma das três intensidades luminosas testadas inactivou completamente o fago (> 99.9999%, reduções na ordem dos 7 log), mas em tempos diferentes. Com o feixe luminoso, a inactivação ocorreu aos 25 minutos, mas para os dois outros tipos de luz (solar e branca) a inactivação do fago só foi observada aos 90 e 180 minutos de irradiação, respectivamente. As três formas de porfirina suportadasinactivaram o fago até aos limites de detecção, assim como observado para a forma livre da porfirina.A taxa de inactivação bacteriofágica variou não só com a carga e concentração do fotosensibilizador, mas também com a natureza dos grupos meso, a dose de intensidade luminosa e ainda com o tipo de materiais de suporte utilizados para imobilizar as porfirinas. A inactivação total de vírus, mesmo a baixas intensidades luminosas, indica que esta metodologia pode vir a ser aplicada na desinfecção de águas residuais sob condições de irradiação natural (luz solar), mesmo nos dias mais escuros. Este facto, associado à recuperação e possível re-utilização dos fotossensibilizadores imobilizados em matrizes sólidas, facilita a aplicação desta técnica, tornando-a mais económica e sem efeitos nocivos para o ambiente. Photodynamic therapy has been used to inactivate microorganisms through the use of targeted photosensitizers. Recently, the inactivation of bacteria in residual waters has been reported, but nothing is known about photoinactivation of environmental bacteriophages, which are often used as indicators of human enteric viruses. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utilization of porphyrinic compounds for sewage bacteriophage photoinactivation. For that purpose we studied the effect of the number of charges (compounds with two to four charges), as well as their distribution on porphyrinic derivatives in phage inactivation. The influence of different light intensities and different irradiation periods in the photoinactivation process were also assessed. The best sensitizer was also tested in the supported form on magnetic nano-particles with positive and neutral charge. T4-like phage suspensions isolated from the ETAR of Aveiro (5 x 107 PFU ml-1) were exposed to white light (40 W m-2), solar light (600 W m-2) and to a led light (1690 W m-2), during 270, 180 and 60 minutes, respectively, at three concentrations of the free (0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 M) and immobilized photosensitizers (5.0, 20 and 100 M). Tetra- and tricationic porphryins inactivated the T4-like sewage phage to the limits of detection, but dicationic porphyrins did not lead to significant decrease in phage viability. All light sources tested completely inactivated the phage (> 99.9999%) after the respective total irradiation period, with reductions of about 7 log. With the led light, the inactivation occurred in 25 minutes, but for the other two sources of light (solar and white light) the phage inactivation was only observed after 90 and 180 minutes of irradiation. The three forms of immobilized porphyrin inactivated the phage to the limits of detection, as observed for the free form of the porphyrin. The rate of bacteriophage inactivation appeared to vary not only with the photosensitizers charge and concentration, but also with the nature of the meso-substituent groups, the light intensity dose and with the nature of the support materials used for the porphyrin immobilization. A complete viral inactivation, even at low light intensities, means that this methodology can be applied to the disinfection of residual waters under natural irradiation conditions (solar irradiation), even at dark days. This fact, associated to the recovery and possible re-utilization of the immobilized photosensitizers, turns this a less-expensive, easy applicable and environmental-friendly technology.

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25

Ouattara, Koffi Nouho. "Etude et modélisation de la contamination fécale des rivières du bassin de l'Escaut." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209685.

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Le bassin versant de l’Escaut (20 000 km²) est caractérisé par forte densité de population (plus de 500 habitants par km2) et une activité agro-pastorale intensive. Les rivières de ce bassin sont sévèrement affectées par les rejets d’eaux usées domestiques, les effluents d’élevage et les eaux de ruissellement des sols agricoles. Le but de cette étude est :(i) d’évaluer la qualité microbiologique de ces rivières ;(ii) d'identifier et de quantifier les différentes sources de contamination fécale à l’échelle du bassin de l’Escaut; (iii) d’étudier les processus qui contrôlent le devenir des bactéries fécales en rivière; (iv) de développer des modèles numériques sur la base des travaux expérimentaux permettant de prédire la concentration des bactéries indicatrices dans les rivières du bassin de l’Escaut.L’évaluation de la qualité microbiologique des principales rivières du bassin est basée sur le dénombrement de deux indicateurs de contamination fécale (Escherichia coli et entérocoques intestinaux). Les abondances des deux indicateurs dans les principales rivières du bassin indiquent très clairement que les eaux et les sédiments de ces rivières sont fortement contaminés par des micro-organismes entériques. Les sources prédominantes de la pollution fécale de ces rivières sont les rejets des effluents des stations d’épuration. Les niveaux de contamination les plus élevés sont observés dans la Senne en aval de Bruxelles et s’expliquent par le faible débit de la Senne comparé aux débits des effluents des deux stations d’épuration de Bruxelles. Les niveaux de contamination atteignent leur maxima à l’aval de Bruxelles par temps de pluie en raison des surverses de réseaux unitaires.Les connaissances acquises sur les apports des bactéries indicatrices par les sources ponctuelles et les sources diffuses et sur le devenir des bactéries indicatrices ont permis de développer un module décrivant la dynamique des E. coli dans les rivières. Ce module est original par le fait de considérer trois compartiments de bactéries fécales (libres, attachées aux particules dans la colonne d’eau et présentes dans les sédiments) qui sont affectés différemment par les processus de transport et de disparition. Ce module a été couplé à deux modèles décrivant l’hydrodynamique respectivement de l’ensemble des rivières du bassin (SENEQUE-EC) et de la partie fluviale de l’Escaut sous l’influence de la marée et son estuaire (SLIM-EC2). Ces deux modèles permettent de décrire la distribution temporelle et spatiale des E. coli dans les eaux de surfaces et de prévoir les modifications de la qualité microbiologique des eaux suite à des changements de gestion des eaux usées. Doctorat en Sciences info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Serenotti, Fernando. "A avaliação da secagem para redução de volume e inativação de microrganismos em lodo de ETE." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267075.

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Orientador: Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T14:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Serenotti_Fernando_D.pdf: 4169220 bytes, checksum: 8a060bd79b54b3181aca4449a7bf96f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 Resumo: O lodo de esgoto, um dos principais componentes das águas residuárias geradas mundialmente, é um resíduo com alto conteúdo de umidade e grande carga de microrganismos. O uso da secagem apresenta-se como uma poderosa ferramenta na área ambiental devido a possibilidade de redução de volume e inativação microbiológica. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o processo de secagem empregando um secador convectivo direto de fluxo ascendente, para redução de volume e inativação microbiológica de lodo de ETE. O lodo utilizado foi oriundo do tratamento primário da ETE - Tatu, da cidade de Limeira - SP. Foram desenvolvidos os seguintes estudos: determinação das características físico-químicas, ensaios de secagem a partir do planejamento experimental 3² em duplicata (duas variáveis - temperatura e vazão do ar de secagem, e três níveis) com análise estatística dos dados, a avaliação da redução de volume do lodo seco, ajuste de modelos matemáticos aos dados experimentais, verificação do efeito da sazonalidade do lodo de esgoto no processo de secagem, e avaliação da inativação microbiológica. Pelos resultados do trabalho verificou-se que as características físicoquímicas não sofreram alterações significativas antes e após o processo de secagem, e com isso, pode-se considerar que não ocorreu emissão atmosférica destes componentes. A cinética do processo de secagem se caracterizou inicialmente pelo período de aquecimento do material seguindo-se pelos períodos de secagem à taxa constante, 1.ª e 2.ª taxas decrescentes. O início do 2.º período de taxa decrescente foi marcado pela quebra ou fissura da torta, com aumento significativo da taxa de secagem, que é uma característica específica da secagem de materiais como o lodo. A análise estatística mostrou que a temperatura foi a variável mais significativa, indicando que o mecanismo de secagem do lodo de esgoto foi predominantemente difusivo. Contudo, devido o comportamento do 2.º período de secagem, os modelos difusivos não se ajustaram adequadamente, necessitando de modelos empíricos para descrever a 2.ª taxa decrescente. A redução de volume do material foi satisfatória, no caso cerca de 50%. A verificação da sazonalidade mostrou uma discreta diferença nos valores de pH e umidade inicial dos lodos estudados. As análises microbiológicas mostraram que após o tratamento térmico, houve a inativação microbiológica em praticamente todas as condições de processo estudadas, sendo o binômio tempo de exposição - temperatura o fator predominante para a esterilização e desinfecção do lodo de ETE. Com os resultados obtidos é possível considerar que o processo de secagem deste trabalho apresenta bom potencial de aplicação como tratamento de lodo de ETE, mas também de outros materiais que possuam características similares. Palavras-chave: secagem, lodo de esgoto, redução de volume, inativação microbiológica. Abstract: Sludge, one of the main components of wastewater generated worldwide, is a waste with great quantity of moisture and microorganisms. The usage of drying has been a powerful tool in the environmental area due to the possibility of reduction of volume and microbiological inactivation. The present study aims to assess the drying process using an upflow direct convection dryer to reduce sludge volume and microbiological inactivation of Sludge Treatment Plants (STP). The used sludge has been taken from the primary treatment of STP - Tatu, city of Limeira, São Paulo. The following studies have been carried out: determination of physicochemical characteristics, drying experiments from the experimental design 3² in duplicate (two variables - temperature and drying air flow, and three levels) with statistical analysis of data, assessment of volume reduction of dried sludge, fitting of mathematical models to experimental data, verification of the effect of the seasonality of the sludge in the drying process, and assessment of microbiological inactivation. With the results of this study it could be verified that the physicochemical characteristics have not suffered significant changes nor before neither after the drying process, therefore, it can be said that atmospheric emission of these components have not occurred. The kinetics of the drying process was initially characterized by the heating period of the material followed by the drying periods of constant rate, first and second falling rates. The beginning of the second period of falling rate was marked by the cake break or fissure with the significant increase of the drying rate which is a specific characteristic of the drying of materials such as sludge. The statistic analysis has shown that the temperature was the most significant variable indicating that the sludge drying mechanism has predominantly been diffusive. However, due to the behavior of the second period of drying, the diffusive models did not adjust adequately, being necessary the use of empiric models to describe the second falling rate. The reduction of material volume was satisfactory, 50%, in this case. The verification of the seasonality has shown a discrete difference in the pH values and in the moisture content of the studied sludge. The microbiological analyses showed that after the thermal treatment there was microbiological inactivation practically in all the studied conditions of the process, being the binomial time of exposition - temperature the predominant factor for the sterilization and disinfection of sludge of STP. With the obtained results it is possible to consider that the drying process of this study shows a good potential of application for sludge treatment of STP, and also for other materials that have similar characteristics. Doutorado Engenharia de Processos Doutor em Engenharia Química

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Ribas, Teresa Blandina Castro. "Controlled disposal of effluent domestic sewage in the ground a study of the reduction of fecal coliforms." Universidade de Taubaté, 2008. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=194.

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O lançamento indiscriminado nos corpos dágua de esgotos domésticos sem tratamento, ou mesmo tratados, mas sem desinfecção apropriada, contribui com quantidade significativa de organismos do chamado "grupo coliforme", entre os quais agentes específicos de doenças de veiculação hídrica podem estar presentes. A aplicação no solo de efluentes de esgotos domésticos devidamente tratados, ao invés de sua disposição direta em cursos dágua, além de ser uma maneira alternativa para disposição de resíduos e controle biológico de poluentes, constitui um modo adequado de fornecimento de nutrientes ao solo e plantas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a redução de coliformes termotolerantes após aplicações no solo de efluente de esgoto doméstico tratado por um período de 60 dias, associando os valores obtidos ao adensamento de rizobactérias Pseudomonas fluorescens e Bacillus spp. presentes nas rizosferas de diferentes culturas. O experimento foi desenvolvido em área da Fazenda Piloto do Departamento de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade de Taubaté e o Delineamento Experimental constou de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos envolvendo o cultivo de aveia, cevada, triticale, feijão preto e solo sem cultivo (Testemunha), totalizando 20 parcelas de solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrífico. Os resultados obtidos por meio de análises microbiológicas de amostras de solo rizosfórico e não rizosfórico apresentaram um maior adensamento de rizobactérias na rizosfera da aveia. Entretanto, a maior eficiência obtida na redução de coliformes termotolerantes foi alcançada nos tratamentos envolvendo feijão preto e solo sem cultivo. The indiscriminate launching in the water courses of sewers domestic without treatment, or exactly treat, but without appropriate disinfection, contributes with significant amount of organisms of the called "coliform group", between which specific agents of illnesses of water propagation can be present. The application of the effluent in the ground, instead of its direct disposal in water courses, beyond being an alternative way for the disposal of residues and biological control of pollutants, constitutes an adequate way of supply of nutrients to the ground and plants. So, this work had as objective to evaluate the reduction of fecal coliforms, after controlled applications of effluent in ground cultivated, associating the values gotten to the increase of fluorescent rhizobacterias Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. presents in the rhizospheres of different cultures. The project was developed in conditions of field in area of the Pilot Farm of Department of Agrarian Sciences of the University of Taubaté, city of Taubaté, SP. The Experimental Delineation consisted of some blocks, with five treatments composites for culture of annual species: Oats, Barley, Wheat, Black Beans and ground without culture (as Witness) and four repetitions, totalizing 20 ground parcels with area of 2m x 1m and space among them of 50cm. Controlled applications of effluent had been carried through in Red - Yellow Latossolo, in intervals of 20 days for a period of sixty days. From 60 days had been registered in all the treatments reduction of high values base 106 to high values base 103. One concludes that the technique of controlled application of effluent in ground cultivated revealed efficient in the reduction of fecal coliforms, however, for a conclusive evaluation of the capacity-support of the ground and performance of the rhizospheres of cultures, it becomes necessary the continuity of the experiment for a bigger period of applications, as well as, the job of other vegetal species in the treatment of domestic sewers.

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Santos, Ednaldo Ramos dos. "Caracterização química, microbiológica e toxicidade do Iodo de esgoto da estação Mangueira, Pernambuco, Brasil." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=537.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico A disposição final adequada de lodo de esgoto gerado nas estações de tratamento de esgoto vem sendo um desafio para os processos ambientais, químicos e econômicos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar a caracterização química, quanto ao teor de fenol e carbono totais, metais pesados, como também a presença de bactérias e fungos filamentosos em lodo de esgoto da Estação Mangueira, Pernambuco, Brasil. Além disso, investigou-se a produção da enzima polifenoloxidase como um atributo importante para remoção de compostos fenólicos no solo, como também a toxicidade do lodo perante Artemia salina. Os resultados obtidos com a caracterização microbiológica indicaram a presença de coliformes totais e ausência de coliformes fecais. Quanto aos fungos filamentosos isolados, observou-se a presença de Penicillium sp, Chrysosporium sp, Scedosporium sp, Monotospora sp e Aspergillus sp. As análises realizadas com as 24 culturas dos fungos filamentosos indicaram que sete linhagens de Chrysosporium sp, duas de Scedosporium sp, uma de Monotospora sp e uma de Penicillium sp foram produtoras da enzima fenoloxidase, sendo, portanto, capazes de degradar compostos fenólicos. A caracterização química do lodo de esgoto indicou um teor de carbono total de 14,7833 mg/100mg de lodo, enquanto os fenóis totais apresentaram o valor de 0,198 mg/L, demonstrando que ambos os componentes químicos apresentaram baixa concentração. Os metais pesados observados no lodo foram os seguintes: Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Fe e Cr, demonstrando que os teores são compatíveis com a legislação do Conama Resolução n 375/2006, com exceção do Mn. Os testes de toxicidade realizados com o lodo de esgoto seco, utilizando o bioensaio com Artemia salina, mostraram que, uma vez o lodo atingindo os corpos dágua, a concentração letal é de 32,44%. Portanto, os estudos realizados com o lodo de esgoto da Estação Mangueira indicaram que a grande maioria dos metais não apresenta características poluidoras dos solos quando o esgoto é empregado na agricultura, podendo ser uma alternativa economicamente viável e ambientalmente segura uma vez tratado adequadamente The final disposal of sewage sludge generated in sewage treatment plants has been a challenge for environmental, chemical and economical processes. The aim of this work was the chemical characterization for the content of total phenol and carbon, heavy metals, as well as the presence of filamentous bacteria and fungi in sewage sludge at the station of Mangueira, Pernambuco, Brazil. Furthermore, investigated the production of proliphenoloxidase as an important attribute for the removal of phenolic compounds in soil, as well as the toxicity of the sludge with Artemia salina. The results obtained with microbiological characterization indicated the presence of total coliforms and the absence of fecal coliforms. In relation to isolated filamentous fungi, we observed the presence of Penicillium sp., Chrysosporium sp., Scedosporium sp., Monotospora sp. and Aspergillus sp. Analyses performed with the 24 filamentous fungi cultures indicated that seven strains of Chrysosporium sp., two of Scedosporium sp., one of Monotospora sp. and one of Penicillium sp. were producing phenoloxidase enzyme and, thus, they were capable of degrading phenolic compounds. The chemical characterization of sewage sludge indicated a total carbon content of sludge 14.7833mg/100mg, while total phenols showed the value of 0.198 mg/L, demonstrating that both chemical components showed a low concentration. The heavy metals found in the sludge were as follows: Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Fe and Cr, demonstrating that the levels are consistent with the law of CONAMA, Resolution No. 375/2006, except for Mn. The toxicity tests performed with the dried sewage sludge, using the Artemia salina bioassay, showed that, once the sludge reaching water bodies, the lethal concentration was 32.44%. Therefore, studies with sewage sludge of the station Mangueira indicated that the majority of metals does not have characteristics of metals polluting the soil when sewage is used in agriculture. Thus, it can be an economically viable and environmentally safe, once treated properly

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Argel, Ketty Del Rosário Viloria. "Caracterização de cenários de exposição a perigos microbiológicos relacionados ao uso agrícola de biossólidos." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2010. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5032.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1174662 bytes, checksum: b8d279c4ce9aa576070293eaf8594b88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-24 Sewage sludge is the major residue produced in Sewage Treatment Stations (STS). One of its possible applications, agricultural use of biosolids - a term which characterizes sewage sludge submitted to hygienization process - presents productive and reduced cost advantages. However, there is a concern of environmental contamination and risk of disease transmission through pathogenic microorganisms. This work aimed to evaluate the decay of pathogenic organisms in hygienized sewage sludge by solarization and lime addition, at field scale, and to estimate the time of permanence of microorganisms in soils fertilized by biosolids in experiments in laboratory conditions. Sewage sludge from a UASB reactor was fortnightly disposed in drying beds and three different lots were monitored, out of which samples were collected for analysis of microbiological parameters every seven days until class B biosolid characteristics were reached, following CONAMA 375/2006 specifications. The parameters monitored were: total solids, pH, humidity, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and helminth eggs. Mixtures in the proportion of 75, 50 and 25% of biosolid with soil were prepared in the laboratory experiments, besides a biosolid treatment. The treatments were placed in 2 kg vases, with 3 repetitions, and submitted to 100 mL irrigation, weekly. The results indicated that hygienization was faster when the lime addition process was applied. Besides, the laboratory experiments confirmed that the biosolid+limed soil mixtures presented a drastic reduction of the remaining pathogenic microorganisms, even after hygienization. The concentrations found at 90 days of treatment with 75% of biosolid were 1.85x102 NMP/g of S.T. (?) for total coliforms, absence of E. coli since the start of monitoring and 0.07 helminth eggs per g of S.T. (?) In the treatment with 75% of solarized biosolid, total coliform concentrations of 5.15x104 NMP/g of S.T. (?) were found at 90 days of experiment; absence of E. coli, at the end of the experiment and between 0.48 and 0.12 helminth eggs per g of S.T. The results obtained in this work indicate the efficiency of both hygienization processes and continuity in pathogen reduction even after their application in the soil, confirming their viability for agricultural use. O lodo de esgoto é o principal resíduo produzido nas Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETEs). Entre os destinos possíveis, o uso agrícola de biossólidos, nome este que caracteriza o lodo de esgoto submetido a processo de higienização, apresenta vantagens produtivas e de redução de custos; contudo, há preocupação com a possibilidade de contaminação ambiental e risco de transmissão de doenças por microrganismos patogênicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o decaimento de organismos patogênicos em lodo de esgoto higienizado por solarização e caleação, em escala real, e estimar o tempo de permanência dos microorganismos em solos adubados com biossólido em experimentos de bancada. O lodo de um reator UASB era descartado quinzenalmente em leitos de secagem. Foram acompanhados três lotes diferentes, dos quais amostras foram coletadas para análise de parâmetros microbiológicos, a cada sete dias, até alcançar características de biossólido classe B, conforme especificação da CONAMA 375/2006. Os parâmetros monitorados foram: sólidos totais, pH, umidade, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. e ovos de helmintos. Nos experimentos de bancada, foram realizadas misturas na proporção de 75, 50 e 25% de biossólido com solo, além de um tratamento sem biossólido. Os tratamentos foram colocados em vasos com capacidade de 2 kg, com três repetições, e submetidos à irrigação semanal de 100 mL. Os resultados indicaram que a higienização foi mais rápida, quando foi aplicado o processo de caleação. Além disso, constatou-se, nos experimentos de bancada, que as misturas biossólido + solo caleado apresentaram drástica redução dos microrganismos patogênicos remanescentes, mesmo após o processo de higienização. As concentrações encontradas aos 90 dias do tratamento, com 75% de biossólido, foram de 1,85x102 NMP/g de S.T para coliformes totais; ausência de E. coli, desde o princípio do monitoramento; e 0,07 ovos de helmintos por g de S.T. No tratamento com 75% de biossólido solarizado, foram encontradas, aos 90 dias, concentrações de coliformes totais de 5,15x104 NMP/g de S.T.; ausência de E. coli no final do experimento; e ovos de helmintos entre 0,48 e 0,12 ovos por g S.T. Os resultados obtidos indicam que há eficiência em ambos os processos de higienização e continuidade na redução de patógenos, mesmo após a sua aplicação no solo, o que ratifica a sua viabilidade para o uso agrícola.

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Caballero, Vidal Cesar Guillermo. "Comparative evaluation of the AES-Chemunex lab blender Smasher®, Seward Stomacher®, Interscience Bagmixer® and Pulsifier® on viable cell counts of foods, noise level, ergonomics, and ease of cleaning." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1539.

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Gruvnäs, Amanda. "Avloppsvattenbaserad epidemiologi med fokus på SARS-CoV-2 : Analys inom Västerås kommun." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451696.

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Globalt har hela världens befolkning påverkats både ekonomiskt och psykiskt av coronaviruset SARS-CoV-2, som har drabbat så många människor med covid-19 att det klassas som en pandemi. Strax efter pandemins utbrott upptäcktes det att viruset utsöndras från avföring och ut i spillvattennätet som leder till reningsverken. Då virusmängden ökar i avloppsvattnet ökar även covid-19 fallen i samhället. Ökning av virusmängd i avloppsvatten kan nämligen signalera om att det förekommer smittspridning i samhället. Avloppsvattenbaserad övervakning kan dock användas som komplement till andra teststrategier vilket EU-kommissionen har nämnt i en rekommendation. Trender kan analyseras för att i ett tidigt skede informera sjukvård och regioner om ökad smittspridning. På Kungsängens reningsverk i Västerås kommun har Mälarenergi analyserat avloppsvattnet för att ta reda på om ökning av virus i avloppsvatten kan indikera på ökad smittspridning i Västerås kommun. De har samlat in proverna och skickat det till SGS Analytics AB Sweden som har analyserat proverna med RT-qPCR. CT-värdena har normaliserats med vattenflöden. Korrelationstest har gjorts mellan virusmängd i avloppsvattnet och covid-19 fall, dödsfall samt IVA-fall. Det fanns ett signifikant svagt negativt samband mellan virusmängd i avloppsvatten och covid-19 fall per vecka. Mellan virusmängd och IVA-fall eller dödsfall fanns inget samband. Det finns en del felkällor som kan ha påverkat virusmängden. Vid höga vattenflöden kan PCR inhibitorer från tillskottsvatten och lakvatten ha påverkat CT-värdena. Värdena är höga på sommaren trots att covid-19 fall, dödsfall och IVA-fall var som lägst. Inhibitorer skapar direkt eller indirekt högre CT-värden vilket tolkas som lägre virusmängder.

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Azevedo, Leonardo Pretto de [UNESP]. "Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica e produção de alface americana (Lactuca sativa L.) sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação, utilizando águas residuárias." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93763.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 azevedo_lp_me_botfca.pdf: 665165 bytes, checksum: 451d83c7c677e62bbaf23503d1d6324a (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) A crescente expansão demográfica, o aumento da demanda por água potável, a elevação dos índices de poluição, o manejo inadequado de solos e florestas, e a contaminação de rios e lençóis freáticos têm causado sérios problemas ambientais, indisponibilizando grande porcentagem da água doce existente para utilização direta. Estima-se que apenas metade da população da América Latina seja beneficiada com redes de coleta de esgoto e que 90% deste volume coletado esteja sendo despejado em algum corpo de água superficial sem tratamento prévio. Como alternativa para este problema, grande quantidade de águas residuárias tem sido utilizada na agricultura, tornando imprescindível o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e métodos de aplicação segura destes efluentes na irrigação de produtos para consumo humano. Visando a necessidade de desenvolver técnicas seguras de aplicação de águas residuárias na agricultura, buscou-se no presente trabalho comparar parâmetros de produção, qualidade microbiológica e acúmulo de nitrato na cultura da alface americana, submetida à irrigação com água potável e com efluente de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, nos sistemas de irrigação por gotejo (superficial e enterrado), sulcos e microaspersão. A alface foi cultivada a campo, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, localizada no município de Botucatu. As irrigações foram realizadas a cada 48 horas, durante os últimos trinta dias da cultura, repondo a lâmina evapotranspirada neste período. Verificou-se neste trabalho que os maiores valores de produção foram obtidos na irrigação por gotejo superficial, com águas residuárias. Quando comparada a influência do tipo de água utilizada em cada sistema, os valores de produção obtidos também foram maiores para a irrigação com águas residuárias no gotejo superficial, gotejo enterrado... . The demographic expansion, the demand increase by potable water, the increase on pollution rates, the unsuitable soil and forests management, and the contamination of rivers and subsurface water have caused serious environment problems, and it became unavailable a high percentage of water for direct use. Only 49% of Latin American population has a sewer net; from this number, it was estimated that 90% hasn't been treated before being thrown away in a surface water source, causing more problems. A high quantity of wastewater has been used in agriculture as an alternative to this problem, what attracts the attention to the need of more researches about the development of a new technology and secure methods to apply effluents on irrigated crops to human consume. Counting on the possibility of develop secure techniques to apply wastewater in agriculture, this work had the aim of comparing American lettuce production, microbiological quality and nitrate level, using irrigation with potable water and domestic sewer treatment effluent, under drip (surface and subsurface), furrow and sprinklers irrigation systems. Lettuce was planted in a field, on Lageado Experimental Farm, Agronomical Sciences College, São Paulo State University, in Botucatu / SP, Brazil. The irrigations were carried out each 48 hours, during the last thirty days of the crop, adding the water rates lost in this period. It was verified in this work that higher production values were obtained with wastewater applied with surface drip irrigation. When comparing the influence of the kind of water used in each system, the production values also were higher on wastewater irrigation with drip irrigation (surface and subsurface) and furrows. On microbiological quality, only the lettuce irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation and furrows showed safe contamination values to fecal coliform and Salmonella, according to... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

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Azevedo, Leonardo Pretto de 1978. "Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica e produção de alface americana (Lactuca sativa L.) sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação, utilizando águas residuárias /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93763.

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Orientador: João Carlos Cury Saad Banca: Hélio Grassi Filho Banca: Sergio Nascimento Duarte Resumo: A crescente expansão demográfica, o aumento da demanda por água potável, a elevação dos índices de poluição, o manejo inadequado de solos e florestas, e a contaminação de rios e lençóis freáticos têm causado sérios problemas ambientais, indisponibilizando grande porcentagem da água doce existente para utilização direta. Estima-se que apenas metade da população da América Latina seja beneficiada com redes de coleta de esgoto e que 90% deste volume coletado esteja sendo despejado em algum corpo de água superficial sem tratamento prévio. Como alternativa para este problema, grande quantidade de águas residuárias tem sido utilizada na agricultura, tornando imprescindível o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e métodos de aplicação segura destes efluentes na irrigação de produtos para consumo humano. Visando a necessidade de desenvolver técnicas seguras de aplicação de águas residuárias na agricultura, buscou-se no presente trabalho comparar parâmetros de produção, qualidade microbiológica e acúmulo de nitrato na cultura da alface americana, submetida à irrigação com água potável e com efluente de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, nos sistemas de irrigação por gotejo (superficial e enterrado), sulcos e microaspersão. A alface foi cultivada a campo, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, localizada no município de Botucatu. As irrigações foram realizadas a cada 48 horas, durante os últimos trinta dias da cultura, repondo a lâmina evapotranspirada neste período. Verificou-se neste trabalho que os maiores valores de produção foram obtidos na irrigação por gotejo superficial, com águas residuárias. Quando comparada a influência do tipo de água utilizada em cada sistema, os valores de produção obtidos também foram maiores para a irrigação com águas residuárias no gotejo superficial, gotejo enterrado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). Abstract: The demographic expansion, the demand increase by potable water, the increase on pollution rates, the unsuitable soil and forests management, and the contamination of rivers and subsurface water have caused serious environment problems, and it became unavailable a high percentage of water for direct use. Only 49% of Latin American population has a sewer net; from this number, it was estimated that 90% hasn't been treated before being thrown away in a surface water source, causing more problems. A high quantity of wastewater has been used in agriculture as an alternative to this problem, what attracts the attention to the need of more researches about the development of a new technology and secure methods to apply effluents on irrigated crops to human consume. Counting on the possibility of develop secure techniques to apply wastewater in agriculture, this work had the aim of comparing American lettuce production, microbiological quality and nitrate level, using irrigation with potable water and domestic sewer treatment effluent, under drip (surface and subsurface), furrow and sprinklers irrigation systems. Lettuce was planted in a field, on Lageado Experimental Farm, Agronomical Sciences College, São Paulo State University, in Botucatu / SP, Brazil. The irrigations were carried out each 48 hours, during the last thirty days of the crop, adding the water rates lost in this period. It was verified in this work that higher production values were obtained with wastewater applied with surface drip irrigation. When comparing the influence of the kind of water used in each system, the production values also were higher on wastewater irrigation with drip irrigation (surface and subsurface) and furrows. On microbiological quality, only the lettuce irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation and furrows showed safe contamination values to fecal coliform and Salmonella, according to... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). Mestre

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Ramothokang, Tshireletso R. "Physiological and biochemical evaluation of pure cultures of problematic filamentous bacteria isolated from activated sludge." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2872.

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Ismail, Arshad Abdool Hak. "Optimisation of food to microorganism ratios during activated sludge respirometric batch assays." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2730.

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Dissertation submitted in compliance with the requirements of the Master's Degree in Technology in Biotechnology, Durban Institute of Technology, 2003. The measured kinetics of a bacterial culture degrading a single organic compound as a sole carbon source in a batch reactor depends on the history of the culture, the identifiability of the parameters, and the manner in which the experiment to measure them is run. The initial substrate to biomass ratio (So/Xo) used in the experiment is particularly important because it influences both parameter identifiability and the expression of the culture history. M

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Ramdhani, Nishani. "Functional characterisation of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria in wastewater treatment systems." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/311.

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Thesis (M.Tech.: Biotechnology)-Dept. of Biotechnogy, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005 xvi, 85 leaves : ill. ; 31 cm Atmospheric nitrogen pollution is on the increase and human activities are directly or indirectly responsible for the generation of the various nitrogen polluting compounds. This can lead to the two major problems of eutrophication and groundwater pollution. Therefore, the removal of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater is important. Nitrogen removal from wastewater is achieved by a combination of nitrification and denitrification. Thus, there is a need to identify and characterise heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria involved in denitrification in wastewater treatment systems. The aim of this study, therefore, was to characterise heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria through detailed biochemical and molecular analysis, to facilitate the understanding of their functional role in wastewater treatment systems. Drysdale (2001) isolated heterotrophic denitrifiers to obtain a culture collection of 179 isolates. This culture collection was used to screen for nitrate and nitrite reduction using the colorimetric biochemical nitrate reduction test. The isolates were thereafter Gram stained to assess their gram reaction, cellular and colonial morphology. Based on these results identical isolates were discarded and a culture collection of approximately 129 isolates remained. The genetic diversity of the culture collection was investigated by the analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) fragments on polyacrylamide gels using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Thus DNA fragments of the same length but different nucleotide sequences were effectively separated and microbial community profiles of eight predominant isolates were created. Batch experiments were conducted on these eight isolates, the results of which ultimately confirmed their characterisation and placed them into their four functional groups i.e. 3 isolates were incomplete denitrifiers, 2 isolates were true denitrifiers, 2 isolates were sequential denitrifiers and 1 isolate was an exclusive nitrite reducer.

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Chang, Yi-Ying Emily. "An on-site assessment of chlorination impacts on benthic macroinvertebrates /." 1989. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/3412.

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Ismail, Arshad. "Determination of the heterotrophic and autotrophic active biomass during activated sludge respirometric batch assays using molecular techniques." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/363.

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Thesis (D.Tech.: Biotechnology)-Dept. of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2008. xxiv, 322 leaves Activated sludge models now in use worldwide for the design and operation of treatment systems use hypothetical concentrations of active organisms. In order to validate and calibrate model outputs, concentrations and activities of organisms responsible for nitrification and denitrification need to be reflected by actual measurements. This research has been initiated by the observation of an increasing gap of suitable techniques that exist in the direct measurement and separation of active biomass components, responsible for COD removal and denitrification.

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Bux, Faizal. "Development and microbial community analysis of a biological treatment process for edible oil effluent." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2837.

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Thesis submitted in compliance with the requirements for the Doctoral Degree in Technology: Biotechnology at the Durban Institute of Technology, 2003. Globally, wastewaters emanating from edible oil manufacturers contain high organic (BOD & COD) and phosphate loads and known for creating shock-loading problems for the receiving wastewater treatment installations. Discharge of poor quality final effluents also negatively impact on and cause eutrophication of natural water sources such as rivers and dams. In South Africa, a large concentration ofthe edible industries are localized in the Pietermaritzburg region of Kwa-Zulu Natal and have been regularly associated with discharge of poor quality final effluent that did not subscribe to municipal regulation standards. Current treatment of choice for wastewater's in the edible oil industry have been limited primarily to dissolved air flotation combined with the use of chemical coagulants or physical separation of oil and grease via a gravity fat trap and subsequent pH correction. These physico-chemical methods have achieved limited success and the emulsified grease tends to clog sewer pipes and pumps producing poor quality effluents. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to develop suitable treatment technology focussing on adapting activated sludge process to remediate edible oil effluents and determine the microbial community of the process using novel molecular techniques. D

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Annavajhala, Medini. "Meta-omics-derived structure, function, and activity of mixed microbial communities driving biological nutrient removal and recovery." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D864023F.

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Improved process design and operation of systems engineered for the biological removal and recovery of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus from waste streams requires an understanding of the mixed microbial communities employed. While traditional microbiology techniques have been used to characterize the metabolic capability and activity of some organisms responsible for nutrient cycling, the metabolism of novel organisms and dynamics of complex microbial communities have been insufficiently revealed. The development and increased commercial availability of next-generation sequencing technology over the last 5-7 years has led to immense data-gathering capabilities from biological systems at the DNA ((meta)genomics), RNA ((meta)transcriptomics), and protein ((meta)proteomics) levels. However, the application of next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics to engineered biological processes remains rare, and major gaps still exist in the reference databases and metabolic understanding of single organisms (genomics) and mixed communities (metagenomics) driving biological nutrient removal and recovery in wastewater and food waste. This dissertation therefore had several major objectives: (1) Improving understanding of microbial conversion of food waste to volatile fatty acids; (2) Surveying pilot- and full-scale global biological nitrogen removal communities; (3) Application of mainstream deammonification; and (4) Adding to the sparse genomic reference database related to enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). The model of acidogenesis and acetogenesis from food waste was significantly expanded, and used to link shifts in microbial community structure and functional potential, caused by varying reactor operating conditions, to the production and speciation of volatile fatty acids for a variety of endpoint uses. Unexpected trends in the microbial ecology and functional potential of global full-scale systems were also uncovered, indicating opportunity for further enhancement of nitrogen removal through microbial community selection as a response to increasingly stringent nitrogen discharge permit levels. At the lab-scale, energy- and cost-saving anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) was successfully applied as an alternative to conventional biological nitrogen removal under suboptimal mainstream wastewater conditions without constant bioaugmentation. Lastly, the annotation of PAO and GAO metagenomes from highly enriched cultures for which long-term morphological, physiological, and performance data were available allowed for increased confidence in the resulting genetic insights into the anaerobic metabolism and denitrification capabilities of these organisms. A systems biology approach to the analysis of engineered bioprocesses provided insights on microbial community structure and functional capabilities which were previously unavailable and unattainable. Ultimately, the work reported here will lead to better diagnoses of underlying issues in problematic bioreactors and smarter design of new wastewater and food waste treatment options.

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Naidoo, Shalinee. "Impact of microbial and physico-chemical qualities of treated wastewater effluent on receiving water bodies in Durban." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11173.

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Increase in magnitude of the global freshwater crisis together with the constantly changing demographics, hydrological variability and rapid urbanization will allow for continuous over exploitation of existing water resources, in an attempt to satisfy the rising socioeconomic demands. Increasing pressure on existing wastewater treatment plants, together with inefficient hygiene practices have exacerbated the nutrient and microbiological loads constantly entering surrounding water systems. This, coupled with the use of outdated guidelines has resulted, not only in an increase in waterborne related diseases but also an increase in waterborne-disease-related deaths. The current study investigated the physicochemical and microbiological quality of treated effluent from two independent wastewater treatment plants as well as their impact on the receiving watershed within Durban, South Africa over a one year period. Microbiological and physicochemical profiles were determined using standard methods whilst conventional PCR was used for the seasonal detection of human enteric viruses. Monthly variations were observed for all parameters with eight and six out of 12 month samples exhibiting increases in turbidity at the discharge point for the NWWTP and NGTW respectively, relative to before chlorination. Similarly, increases in nitrate and phosphate levels at the discharge point were also noted with the highest being recorded during December (215.23%) and September (12.21%) respectively. Temperature profiles ranged between 12 – 26 °C and 12.7 – 26 °C for the NWWTP and receiving Umgeni River whilst for the NGTW and receiving Aller River, it ranged between 16.5 – 26 °C and 12 – 25.7 °C respectively. Seasonal averages revealed relatively high COD values downstream of the Umgeni River during winter (263.22 mg/l) and spring (177.93 mg/l). Eight out of twelve samples exhibited increases in turbidity at the discharge point for the NWWTP with the highest values obtained during April (76.43 NTU). Significant positive correlations (p ≤ 0.05) were observed upstream and downstream of the Umgeni River between temperature and BOD (r = 0.624); turbidity (r = 0.537); TDS (r = 0.437); TSS (r = 0.554) and DO (r = 0.516). Percentage reduction of bacterial indicators at the discharge point ranged between 0.52 – 100% and 41.56 – 100% across the sampling period for the NWWTP and NGTW, respectively. Treated effluent from both plants did not meet the required guidelines, with a 100% reduction in the faecal coliform load being detected only during October 2012 for both plants. In addition, higher levels of indicator bacteia were observed at the discharge point for the NWWTP during February 2013 with observed counts (in CFU/ml) as high as 12.27 x 103; 6.61 x 103; 2.99 x103; 1.6 x 103 and 1.17 x103 for total coliforms, E.coli, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and enterococci, respectively. Similarly, higher levels of both somatic and F-RNA bacteriophages were detected during April (106.67 PFU/ml), May (309.33 PFU/ml). June (346.67 PFU/ml) and August (126.67 PFU/ml) compared to samples collected before chlorination for the NWWTP. Enteroviruses were detected in 100% of unchlorinated final effluent samples, 87.5% of chlorinated final effluent and 93.75% of receiving river samples whilst human adenoviruses were detected in 50% of final effluent samples before chlorination, 62.5% in samples collected at the discharge point and 62.5% of river water samples. This study revealed that whilst the independent treatment plants monitored, exhibited effluent qualities that met acceptable standards for some parameters such as pH and temperature, the effluent quality fell short of other standard requirements. Ensuring efficient surveillance and management of existing treatment plants coupled with guideline revision and monitoring compliance is imperative in preventing further risk of pollution to both the environment and human health. Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

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Howgrave-Graham, Alan R. "Microbiological investigations into granular sludge from two anaerobic digesters differing in design and industrial effluent purified." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9150.

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Due to a combination of selection criteria, sludges from upflow anaerobic digesters treating industrial waste waters consist primarily of well-settling, dense agglomerates called granules. Quantification of the component mixed microbial populations of these granules has been severely restricted by the inability of researchers to disrupt them without concomitantly destroying numerous cells. In situ quantification using light and electron microscopy is complicated by the high cell numbers and bacterial diversity; the small cell size; and the destructive nature of electron microscopy preparative techniques preventing the viewing of more than a small percentage of the population at a time. For these reasons, in this investigation, standardization of qualitative electron microscopic techniques was performed prior to their application to granules. Isolation and electron and light microscopic techniques were applied to granules from a fullscale clarigester treating effluent from a maize-processing factory. In addition, a method using montaged transmission electron micrographs (TEMs) taken along a granule radius, and image analysis, was developed for bacterial quantification within granules. This method, together with antibody probe quantification, was applied to granules from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) digester treating a brewery effluent. The clarigester granules contained a metabolically and morphologically diverse population of which many members were not isolated or identified. By contrast, the UASB digester granules consisted primarily of morphotypes resembling Methanothrix, Methanobacterium and Desulfobulbus, in order of predominance. However, only about one-third of the population reacted with antibody probes specific to strains of bacterial species expected to occur within these granules. According to the antibody probe library used, the Methanobacterium-like cells observed in TEMs were probably Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus. From this study it is apparent that different anaerobic digester designs, operational parameters, and the chemical composition of the waste water purified, are factors which influence the formation and maintenance of granules differing with respect to their microbial populations. Until the difficulties associated with quantification are overcome, the processes governing granule formation and/or population selection will remain obscure. Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1995.

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Marrengane, Zinhle. "Molecular characterization of filamentous bacteria isolated from full-scale activated sludge processes." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/135.

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Thesis (M.Tech.: Biotechnology)-Dept. of Biotechnolgy, Durban University of Technology, 2007 xviii, 143 leaves Activated sludge flocs are responsible for flocculation, settling and dewaterability. It is important to maintain the growth off loc-forming bacteria for efficient sludge settleability and compaction for good quality effluent. Filamentous bacteria on the other hand are believed to provide rigid support network or backbone upon which floc-forming bacteria adhere to form stable activated sludge flocs (Wilderer et al., 2002; Ramothokang et al., 2003). Filamentous bacteria can also be detrimental to the process when they outgrow floc-forming bacteria. Morphologically filamentous bacteria are at an advantage as they have higher outward growth velocity and can extend freely to bulk liquid substrate. Proliferation of filamentous bacteria causes foaming and bulking (Martins et al., 2004). Although chemical alleviation measures to circumvent bulking are present, they are symptomatic (Chang et al., 2004). Eikelboom (1975) developed the first identification keys for the classification of filamentous bacteria that is primarily based on morphological characteristics and microscopic examination. Although very useful, this type of identification has its limitations. For instance some filamentous bacteria can change morphology in response to changes in the environment and although some of them can be morphologically similar they may vary considerably in their physiology and taxonomy (Martins et al., 2004). A vast number of filamentous bacteria are still very poorly understood which could be due to the problems of cultivation due to their slow growing nature and maintenance of cultures (Rossetti et al., 2006). This limitation necessitates a molecular approach to resolve the taxonomy of filamentous bacteria as it is a culture-independent technique which is highly accurate. This project was undertaken to verify the identity of pure cultures of filamentous bacteria isolated previously through the application of molecular techniques. The 16S rDNA are conserved regions in bacterial cells and they can be extracted and specific nucleic acid fragments amplified. Denaturation gradient gel electrophoresis enabled the separation of fragments of identical length but different size and served as an indication of purity (Muyzer et al., 1993).

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Gielen, G. J. H. P. "The fate and effects of sewage-derived pharmaceuticals in soil : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Canterbury /." 2007. http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/etd/adt-NZCU20071009.112712.

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Naidoo, Valerie. "A laboratory scale study to investigate the effects of solids concentration on the efficiency of anaerobic digestion." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9161.

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With the exceptions of mixing and heating mechanisms, and the recycling of settled solids, no radical changes or improvements have been made to conventional anaerobic digesters treating municipal sewage. These digesters usually function with a hydraulic retention time of 30 to 60 days and at a total solids concentration of 2.6 %(m/v). Volumetric loading is limited since high loadings effect the displacement of the slow growing methanogens. Thus, the hydraulic retention time is coupled to the solids retention time. A crossflow microfiltration unit has been constructed at Northern Waste Water Treatment Works, Durban, to concentrate sludge from a conventional anaerobic digester and, thus, facilitate operation with a higher solids concentration. In addition, this process should result in the retention of the active biomass which would otherwise be lost as a waste product of the treatment process. The solids retention time is, thus, decoupled from the hydraulic retention time. The net result could be higher volumetric loadings, increased microbial activity and increased volatile solids destruction and, hence, improvement in the efficiency of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. To test these, different experiments were conducted to specifically determine the effect of higher solids loads. Preliminary experiments were undertaken to determine the biodegradability of primary sludge from the Northern Waste Water Treatment Works. Results showed that primary sludge of 76% VS could be reduced to approximately 48 to 50% VS during an experimental period of 85 days. Reduction of the first 20% VS was rapid if conditions were optimum but subsequent reduction from 55 to 50% VS was slow. It was calculated that approximately 0.88 l gas was produced for every g volatile solids catabolised. Further experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different solids concentrations on microbial activity. The results showed that the volume of gas produced increased as the solids concentration increased from 2 to 6%(m/v). Digesters with solids concentrations of 6 to 13%(m/v) produced similar volumes of gas. Digesters with solids concentrations of 6 to 13%(m/v) TS produced approximately 300 ml more gas than the control during the 20 days experimental period. The rate of gas production also increased as the solids concentration increased. However, digesters containing 11%(m/v) and 13%(m/v) TS produced similar rates. These results indicate that the introduction of concentrated sludge into the digester improves digestion efficiency. Finally, a semi-continuous digester was operated at a 30 days retention time and at optimum temperature to investigate the efficacy of digesters with increased solids concentrations. The results showed that the rate of gas production increased as the solids concentration increased from 2%(m/v)(control) to 3.8%(m/v). However, the digester operated with 4.7%(m/v) TS produced gas at a rate lower that the digester with 3.8%(m/v) TS. The volatile solids concentrations of all four digesters were similar, indicating neither favourable nor unfavourable effects from increased solids concentrations. The digesters operated with 3.8%(m/v) and 4.7%(m/v) TS produced higher concentrations of volatile acids than the control. The alkalinity concentrations (>_4000 mg t-1 ) were similar for all four digesters. Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1995.

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Sikhakhane, Sindisiwe S. "Cost-benefit analysis of the environmental impacts of Darvill Wastewater Works, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4906.

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Darvill Wastewater Works (DWWW) receives and treats both domestic and industrial wastewater from the city of Pietermaritzburg, in KwaZulu-Natal. Sludge from the wastewater treatment is sprayed onto surrounding lands, causing odour and fly problems. The plant also discharges treated effluent into the Msunduzi River, compromising water quality. This study uses several economic valuation techniques to estimate the value of the benefits of improving air and water quality to overcome these problems caused by DWWW. The benefits. are then compared with the costs of upgrading DWWW to see whether or not upgrading DWWW to improve air and water quality would be worthwhile. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to elicit people's willingness to pay (WTP) for improvements in air quality due to the elimination of odours and flies caused by sludge deposited by DWWW. The WTP estimates reflect individual's preferences for improvements in air quality. The stated WTP amounts were positively related to household income, but negatively related to the age and gender of the respondent and the number of dependants in the household. The mean monthly WTP for the surveyed households is higher for those that are closer to the pollution source (R23.00 and R29.00 for Zones land 2) and less for those further away (RI4.00 for Zone 3). Sobantu residential area had the lowest mean monthly WTP (R18.00), followed by Lincoln Meade (R27.00) and Hayfields (R54.00). This is expected, as Sobantu has relatively high levels of unemployment and lower household incomes. Strategic, hypothetical and free rider bias may have led to the unexpected signs of some estimated regression coefficients in linear regression models used to estimate WTP. The mean WTP was estimated as R307.20 per annum per household, and when this is aggregated over the total population in the residential areas impacted by odours and flies (37192 households), the benefits of eliminating odours and flies are estimated as R11 425 382.00 per annum. A hedonic price method was used to quantify the decline in property values as a result of odours and flies caused by sludge deposited by DWWW. Properties experienced a R6650.08 decline in selling price if the distance from them to DWWW is decreased by one kilometre. Properties that are closer to DWWW were worth RI5 953.90 less than those further away from DWWW. Aggregating these values over all estimated impacted households in the study, gives an estimated benefit of improving air quality of R28 480 518.00 per annum. The impact of water pollution was quantified by estimating the revenue (R3 744 975.00) that would be lost by Pietermaritzburg if the Duzi Canoe Marathon were to be cancelled due to incidences of diarrheoa reported during the race. A cost of illness procedure was adopted to quantify the effect of water pollution on the health of communities that use the Msunduzi River as a source of potable water supply. A value of R1 243 372.50 was estimated as the annual cost of water-related illnesses in these rural areas. This value represents the costs of the river pollution to those communities. Both of these exercises indicated that improving water quality of the Msunduzi River would be beneficial to society. The effect of nutrient enrichment of the Msunduzi River was quantified by estimating the cost of removing water hyacinth from the Inanda Dam, treatment cost at Wiggins water treatment works and the value of recreation at Mahlabathini Park (Inanda Dam). The annual cost of removing water hyacinth was estimated from the direct costs of chemicals and labour as R47 202.15. The increased treatment costs at Wiggins attributable to DWWW were estimated as R1 104 999.20 and R956 924.15 per annum for removal of algae, and tastes and odours, respectively. The value of R706.90 per annum was estimated as the consumer surplus accruing to recreationists, and, therefore, the value of recreation at Mahlabathini Park to an individual. These annual benefits, when aggregated over the total study population (296 590) were over two hundred million rands (R209 659 470.00). The estimated total benefits (R256 662 840.00) of eliminating odours and flies and effluent problems were compared to the actual costs of two alternative methods of upgrading DWWW using cost-benefit analysis. These alternatives were co-disposal option (R170 473 320) and a land disposal option (R168 809377). Benefit-cost ratios of 1.51 and 1.52 suggest that from society's standpoint, it would be beneficial to upgrade the plant in order to eliminate its adverse environmental impacts. The study results have important implications for policy makers, both the DWWW management and the Pietermaritzburg-TLC municipality. At present DWWW is operating beyond its design capacity, and this problem, together with the poor status of Pietermaritzburg's reticulation system, causes overflow of untreated or compromised final effluent into the Msunduzi River during rainy seasons. These problems also impact on the efficient operation of the plant as the sludge is not properly digested before being sprayed onto surrounding land. Thus to prevent further environmental degradation, a fundamental basis of the National Environmental Management Act, DWWW would need to address these issues. Upgrading DWWW would be a short-term solution if the problems with the storm-runoff into the plant is not addressed. Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

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Meyer, Angela. "Bioremediation of heavy metal polluted waters." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9249.

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Microorganisms have the potential to remove heavy metals from polluted waters and effluents and may be used in clean-up processes. Microbial associations were enriched for and adapted to grow in nutrient solutions containing various concentrations of different metals. As immobilised cells are known to be more stable and more efficient in metal uptake than are corresponding planktonic or free-living cells the attachment of the microbial associations was investigated using a model stream and it was found that biofilm development was better on rough surfaces such as ground glass and polystyrene than on smooth surfaces such as unetched glass plates and glass beads. When comparing metal uptake by planktonic and attached microorganisms, attached populations were found to have a greater metal-uptake capacity. The uptake of individual metals from various metal combinations was tested with various proportions of pregrown metal-adapted microbial populations as inoculum and it was found that a particular metal was taken up more readily by microbial associations which had previously been exposed to that metal. Lead (Pb2+) appeared to be taken up more readily than copper (Cu2+) or cadmium (Cd2+) while Cd2+ was more actively removed than Cu2+ from solution. pH also affected metal uptake and the optimum range for Cu2+ uptake by the Cu2+ -adapted microbial association was found to be between 5.8 and 7.0. Dead microbial biomass was investigated and found to have efficient metal uptake capacity. Living mycelium from an isolated Aspergillus species showed poor uptake of Cu2+ initially, but when this fungus was pregrown and subsequently killed by moist heat treatment the non-living mycelium was efficient in removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions. The optimum mycelial biomass concentration for metal uptake was also determined. The mechanism of metal uptake by this Aspergillus species was determined, using electron microscopy and EDX techniques, to be metabolism-independent biosorption onto the hyphal surface. Thus the microbial associations and fungal cultures used in this study were shown to have the potential for use in the removal of heavy metals from polluted waters. Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermartizburg, 1995.

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Goldstone, Loren. "Biodiversity of anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria in landfill sites." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1965.

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Dissertation submitted in compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Biotechnology, Technikon Natal, 2001. Landfills play an important role in the removal of waste from the surroundings. There is a limit to the types of waste that can be recycled and the landfill becomes the final method of waste disposal. Because waste constitutes a wide variety of materials, the microbial consortia that develop within a landfill will be equally varied, depending on the type of waste deposited, the temperature of the landfill and moisture content of the waste. The metabolism of these microbial consortia can result in products that are either harmful or beneficial. In order to increase the pool of knowledge on landfill microbiology, it is important to study the various consortia that inhabit the landfill to determine the various microbial interactions that occur and subsequently to manipulate these interactions to enhance the benefits of a landfill site and reduce the harmful effects. In this research, an attempt was made to isolate anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria from a landfill site. Six waste samples, varying in age were obtained over a period of two years. Samples were excavated from a maximum depth of 4m. Samples are processed in anaerobic, phosphate buffer and cultivated in various pre-reduced anaerobic media and incubated under anaerobic conditions. Samples were also collected from other potential anaerobic sites namely, anaerobic sludge, decomposing bagasse, compost, manure, rumen and pond sediment. Results of degradation of the cellulose source (Whatman No. 1 filter paper) indicated that it was possible to cultivate cellulose-degrading microorganisms from the landfill. Zones of clearing around colonies, which would be indicative of cellulose degradation on solid media, were not obtained. Samples from the anaerobic sludge, compost and rumen showed degradation of cellulose in liquid media but not on solid media. It is concluded that the solid media used was unsuitable for the cultivation of anaerobic, cellulolytic bacteria or that the anaerobic conditions employed were not adequate to initiate the growth of the anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria. M

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Lalbahadur, Tharnija. "Characterisation of the microbial communities present in an anaerobic baffled reactor utilising molecular techniques." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/305.

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Thesis (M.Tech.: Biotechnology)-Dept. of Biotechnology, Durban Institute Of Technology, 2005 xxiii, 172 p. : ill. ; 30 cm The provision of safe and sanitary water is a constitutional right and above all, a necessity of life. As a result of the rapid urbanisation and the past policies of apartheid, a large population of South Africa dwell in informal settlements, where there is very little hope of development, as the government does not possess the resources that are necessary for a full-scale sanitation programme. Therefore, on-site treatments have been considered to provide sanitation in these dense peri-urban areas. The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is one such sanitation system. This reactor utilises the phenomenon of anaerobic digestion to degrade substrates. One of the major disadvantages of any anaerobic treatment processes is the extreme sensitivity of the bacterial communities, thus inducing slow recovery rates following toxic shocks. Therefore, an understanding of these microbial consortia is essential to effectively control, operate and optimise the anaerobic reactor. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and DNA sequencing techniques were applied to determine the microbial consortium, as well as their reactions to daily operating conditions. With an understanding of these populations and their responses to perturbations within the system, it is possible to construct an anaerobic system that is successful in its treatment of domestic wastewater. In situ hybridizations were conducted for three operating periods, each characterised by specific flow rates. Results showed Eubacterial population dominance over the Archaeal population throughout both of the operating periods investigated. However, these cells cumulatively consisted of 50% of the total biomass fraction, as determined by DAPI staining. Group-probes utilised revealed a high concentration of fermentative acidogenic bacteria, which lead to a decrease in the pH values. It was noted that the ABR did not separate the acidogenic and methanogenic phases, as expected. Therefore, the decrease in pH further inhibited the proliferation of Archaeal acetoclastic methanogens, which were not present in the second operating period. DNA sequencing results revealed the occurrence of the hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium and Methanococcus genera and confirmed the presence of Methanosarcina. Sequencing of the bacterial DNA confirmed the presence of the low G+ C Gram Positives (Streptococcus), the high G+C Gram Positives (Propionibacterium) and the sulfate reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrio vulgaris). However, justifications were highly subjective due to a lack of supportive analytical data, such as acetate, volatile fatty acids and methane concentrations. Despite this, findings served to add valuable information, providing details on the specific microbial groups associated with ABR treatment processes.

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Naidoo, Dashika. "Molecular analyses of pure cultures of filamentous bacteria isolated from activated sludge." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/313.

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Thesis (M.Tech.: Biotechnology)-Dept. of Biotechnology, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005 xiv, 114 leaves : ill. 30 cm The activated sludge process is the mostl used biological treatment process. Engineers and microbiologists are constantly seeking ways to improve process efficiency, which can be attributed to the increasing demand for fresh water supplies and proper environmental management. Since the inception of the activated sludge process, bulking and foaming have been major problems affecting its efficiency. Filamentous bacteria have been identified as the primary cause of bulking and foaming. Numerous attempts have been made to resolve this problem. Some of these attempts were effective as interim measures but failed as long term control strategies. The identification of filamentous bacteria and the study of their physiology have been hampered by the unreliability of conventional microbiological techniques. This is largely due to their morphological variations and inconsistent characteristics within different environments. To fully understand their role in promoting bulking and foaming, filamentous bacteria need to be characterized on a molecular level. The aim of this study was, therefore, to identify filamentous bacteria in pure culture with the purpose of validating these findings to the physiological traits of the pure cultures when they were isolated. Fourteen different filamentous cultures were used for this study. The cultures were identified using specific oligonucleotide probes via fluorescent in situ hybridisation and nucleotide sequencing. Prior to sequencing, an agarose gel and a denaturing gradient gel Electrophoresis profile were determined for each isolate. The various techniques were optimised specifically for the filamentous isolates. The isolates were identified as Gordonia amarae, Haliscomenobacter hydrossis, Acinetobacter sp./Type 1863, Type 021N, Thiothrix nivea, Sphaerotilus natans and Nocardioform organisms.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sewage – Microbiology'

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