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Mohammadi Galangash, Mohsen, Mostafa Mahdavianpour, and Samira Ghafouri Safa. "Characterization of an Industrial Sewage Sludge and Its Evaluation for Land Application." Iranian Journal of Toxicology 12, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijt.12.5.536.1.
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Background: Sewage treatment leads to the production of large amount of sludge, containing organic matter and nutrients and considering requirements for recycling could be used as fertilizer. The sludge may also contain various pollutants that pose serious harm to human health and the environment. This study aimed at characterizing the industrial sewage sludge and evaluating its capability as fertilizer with no or a minor pretreatment. Methods: The sludge’s organic matter and nutrient contents, heavy metals, organic and microbial contaminants were determined and compared to literature data and international guidelines. Results: The organic matter, nutrients, phosphorous, and exchangeable potassium contents of the sludge samples were significantly high as follows: 33.6 ± 2.85 %, 6.29 ± 0.16 %, 1.41± 0.01 % and 1.236 g/kg, respectively. The concentration of heavy metals was 94.3 ± 59.5 mg/kg. The concentration of heavy metals, organic contaminants, such as PCBs, BTEX, and PAHs, and microbial contents (coliforms & E. coli) were lower than those reported by other studies. Toluene concentration was high. Conclusions: All characteristics of the sludge samples, except for the toluene and microbial contaminations, were acceptable for its use as land fertilizer. Both toluene and microbial contaminants can be removed, using thermal conditioning as a pretreatment.
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Orzolek, Michael D., and John H. Murphy. "633 PB 493 EFFECT-OF COMPOSTED SEWAGE SLUDGE ON VEGETABLE PRODUCITON." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 523b—523. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.523b.
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A long term study was initiated in 1993 to evaluate the effect of composted sewage sludge on growth, yield, and quality of different vegetables. The composted sewage sludge consisting of 40% hardwood sawdust and 60% clean municipal wastewater sludge was obtained from the University Area Joint Authority (UAJA) in State College, PA. The composted sewage sludge is currently sold by UAJA as a fertilizer amendment under the name CornposT. Two rates of the ComposT product (11 and 22 dry T/A) were compared to a granular fertilizer application of 800 lbs/A of 10-10-10. The low rate of ComposT also received half of the fertilizer rate. After incorporation of the amendments into a Hagerstown clay loam soil, lettuce, tomato, muskmelon, cabbage and pepper were transplanted in the field in a Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. ComposT application did not reduce yield or quality of cabbage, lettuce tomato,and muskmelon; in fact, yields were generally higher with the application of composted sewage sludge. The application of ComposT did not reduce the macro or micro nutrient concentration of leaf tissue below optimum levels nor did it result in any phytotoxic effects in plant growth. In addition, the application of ComposT did not increase the heavy metal (Cd, Ni, Pb) concentration in leaf tissue or increase the risk of microbial contamination in the edible portion of the vegetables.
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Major, Nikola, Jasper Schierstaedt, Sven Jechalke, Joseph Nesme, Smiljana Goreta Ban, Marko Černe, Søren J. Sørensen, Dean Ban, and Adam Schikora. "Composted Sewage Sludge Influences the Microbiome and Persistence of Human Pathogens in Soil." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071020.
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Composted sewage sludge (CSS) gained attention as a potential fertilizer in agriculture. Application of CSS increases soil microbial activity and microbial biomass, however, it can also lead to increased chemical and microbiological risks. In this study, we performed microcosm experiments to assess how CSS reshapes the microbial community of diluvial sand (DS) soil. Further, we assessed the potential of CSS to increase the persistence of human pathogens in DS soil and the colonization of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt). The results revealed that CSS substantially altered the prokaryotic community composition. Moreover, addition of CSS increased the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain 14028s and S. enterica serovar Senftenberg in DS soil. However, the enhanced persistence in soil had no impact on the colonization rate of B. rapa grown on soil inoculated with Salmonella. We detected Salmonella in leaves of 1.9% to 3.6% of plants. Addition of CSS had no impact on the plant colonization rate. The use of sewage sludge composts is an interesting option. However, safety measures should be applied in order to avoid contamination of crop plants by human pathogens.
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Ondreičková, Katarína, Marcela Gubišová, Jozef Gubiš, Lenka Klčová, and Miroslav Horník. "Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities of Arundo Donax Grown in Soil Fertilised with Sewage Sludge and Agricultural by-Products." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 65, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2019-0004.
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Abstract Application of sewage sludge to soil is a potentially inexpensive source of nutrition for plants, but may contain undesirable and toxic substances, e.g. heavy metals. Alterations in microbial communities can serve as an environmental indicator of possible soil contamination. We used two molecular fingerprinting methods (Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis, ARISA and Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, T-RFLP) to study changes in the genetic diversity of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of Arundo donax L. cultivated in the soil fertilised with additive based on sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plant and agricultural by-products represented by crushed corn hobs and wastes from grain mill industry. The metagenomic DNA extracted from rhizosphere samples were collected in August and November 2014. The amount of mgDNA was statistically higher in samples with additive than in control samples without it in both dates. The Venn diagrams showed that operational taxonomic units which were common to all samples were represented in 32.8% in ARISA and 43.4% in T-RFLP. However, based on Principal component analysis and subsequent PERMANOVA statistical tests did not confirm significant differences in the rhizosphere of control plants and plants grown in the soil supplemented with sewage sludge in dose 5 and 15 t/ha present in the additive.
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Karaca, Ayten, David Naseby, and James Lynch. "Effect of cadmium contamination with sewage sludge and phosphate fertiliser amendments on soil enzyme activities, microbial structure and available cadmium." Biology and Fertility of Soils 35, no. 6 (July 1, 2002): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0490-4.
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DOUAER, Naima, Abdelkader DOUAOUI, Madjid MEHAIGUENE, Mohamed ZOUIDI, and Wiem HAMZA. "The effect of municipal sewage sludge on properties physicochemical and microbial agricultural soil." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 10804. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13110804.
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The organic matter content of sludge can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil ensuring better cultivation and good agricultural productivity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of sewage sludge on the main physicochemical and biological properties of the soil. The sludge was spread in an agricultural field in Ain defla (Algeria) cultivated with a tomato crop (‘Panikra’) in four treatments: (T): soil without sewage sludge and without mineral fertilization, (B): soil with sewage sludge, (E): soil with mineral fertilization, (B + E): soil with sewage sludge and mineral fertilization. For this, several physical, chemical and microbiological properties were analyzed on the residual sludge used and the soils collected in the studied plots. The results show that the sludge used does not exhibit any toxicity and that the treatment with the sewage sludge with the fertilizer used on the agricultural soil forms a better compost for improving the physicochemical quality of the soil compared to the other treatments. The application of sewage sludge also can accelerate microbial activity by increasing the number of bacteria, fungi and azotobacter.
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Nicolle, L., and M. Miller. "Wasting Away: To Sludge or Not to Sludge?" Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 12, no. 4 (2001): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/581010.
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Following a century of high standards of sanitation, food and water safety in North America are often taken for granted. Recent outbreaks of illness attributed to food and water contamination, however, have challenged this complacency. Now, sludge is added to the list of concerns. Sewage sludge is the muddy substance that remains after the treatment of municipal sewage. This material includes not only human waste, but also household and industrial toxic wastes disposed of in local sewers. Federal and provincial Canadian regulations support the use of this material as fertilizer, within acceptable guidelines, as does the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States. The safety of sludge, however, is questioned by some individuals and groups. Specifically, the risk of infectious agents and toxins to workers or other exposed individuals, and the potential for heavy metals and organic chemicals to be transferred from sludge-treated fields into crops are concerns.
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Lima, J. A., E. Nahas, and A. C. Gomes. "Microbial populations and activities in sewage sludge and phosphate fertilizer-amended soil." Applied Soil Ecology 4, no. 1 (July 1996): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0929-1393(96)00094-7.
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Arora, A., and S. Saxena. "Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Anaerobic Sludge and its Disposal by Landspreading." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.213.
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Sludge, a natural, uncalled for byproduct of aerobic/ anaerobic biological digestion of organic matter present in wastewaters, also known as biosolids, is a thick, black and viscous substance comprising of dead and degraded microbial cells that digested the influents. This dead microbial material, accumulates on the bottom of anaerobic lagoons/ reactors, is organic in nature and rich in plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and essential trace elements. It must be removed periodically. Therefore, the objective is to use the sludge as a fertilizer on agricultural land. It is an environmentally acceptable and economical method of sludge disposal. The application of organic wastes to farmland has increased over the years as it contributes to the preservation of the environment and results in an improvement of chemical, biochemical and physical properties of soil, although there is an increased risk of soil and ground water being contaminated by pollutants. Sewage sludge may contain heavy metals whose presence in soil may reduce enzyme activities and affect microbial communities in soil. They accumulate in soil and are taken up by crop plants thus posing health hazard. The study was conducted to characterize anaerobic sludge and quantify the concentration of heavy metals in it, to determine the suitability of the sludge as fertilizer for crops. Physicochemical and biochemical analyses showed that anaerobic sludge produced at Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) sewage treatment plant at Faridabad (an industrial town), Haryana, India, contained total organic C 15.714 percent, total Kjeldahl N 0.795 percent, available P 8 3g g-1and heavy metals Zn 1500 3g g-1, Ni 226 3g g-1, Fe 3000 3g g-1 and high activity of enzymes like alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase in the sludge. These enzymes are important for soil fertility and nutrient cycling. The toxic heavy metals have been accumulated by bacteria from sewage waters. The ideal C/N ratio, P and enzyme activities show its suitability as fertilizer but presence of heavy metals is a matter of concern. Therefore its application as crop fertilizer or onto land has to be carefully managed.
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Tamanini, Cristina Rincon, Antônio Carlos Vargas Motta, Cleverson Vitório Andreoli, and Benno Henrique Doetzer. "Land reclamation recovery with the sewage sludge use." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51, no. 4 (August 2008): 643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132008000400023.
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In this work, investigations were carried out with five treatments [control, three doses of lime stabilized sludge (60, 120, 240 Mg ha-1 dry base) and soil corrective plus mineral fertilizer] to evaluate the immediate recuperation of a borrowed area. The application of stabilized alkaline sewage sludge acted as an acidity corrective, allowed the increase in the organic matter contents (21 to 43.5g dm-3) and available P (44 to 156 mg dm-3). Even with the use of the highest dose, no increase in the concentration of 32 analyzed metals was observed, due to the low concentration of metals in the sludge. The experiment showed that short term restoration of degraded area was possible by using high rates of sewage sludge without metal contamination.
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Górska, Ewa Beata, Wojciech Stępień, Izabella Olejniczak, Stefan Pietkiewicz, Hazem M. Halaji, and Paweł Kowalczyk. "Microbial properties of soil fertilized by sewage sludge and cultivated with energy crops." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2016.14.3.07.
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The microbial activity of soil enriched with sewage sludge and cultivated with energy crops, is little known. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of sewage sludge fertilization on selected microorganisms in soil cultivated with the following crops: Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus Greef et Deu), Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby) and Common Osier willow (Salix viminalis L.). Sewage sludge was used in two rates 10 and 20 t/ha dry weight (DW). The numbers of total coliforms bacteria, sulphate-reducing spore-forming bacteria, Proteus sp., saprophytic, thermophilic and aerobic spore-forming bacteria were examined. Sewage sludge increased the number of coliforms and sulphate-reducing spore-forming bacteria, and stimulated the growth of saprophytic and thermophilic bacteria. Cultivation of Miscanthus limited the number of coliforms bacteria, while Virginia mallow and Miscanthus reduced the number of sulphate- -reducing spore-forming bacteria. Common Osier willow stimulated the growth of saprophytic bacteria in the soil, while Virginia mallow the number of spore-forming bacteria. Our results revealed that microbial activity of soil expressed as the number of selected bacterial groups, depends not only on the applied rate of sewage sludge fertilizer, but also on the cultivated energy crop.
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Zhang, Qing, Xuemei Lv, Chongzhi Wei, Wenxing Lu, Jiarui Wang, Zedong Zhou, Guohua Chang, Tianpeng Gao, and Huyuan Zhang. "Microbial Community Structure Diversity in the Dewatered Sludge from 4 Different Waste Water Treatment Plants used for CSRB in Colder Season." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 04063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019404063.
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Compacted Sludge Reducing Barrier (CSRB) was tested to be a feasible barrier for Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) from tailings in case the ground water contamination. Because of its double function (encapsuling and reducing), the microbial community structure diversity in the sludge played a key role. In this paper, we researched the correlation between heavy metals and microbial structure diversity in the dewatered sludge from 4 different sewage treatment process plants in Lanzhou city, a developing area of northwest China, in the colder season. The results indicated that the microbial community structure diversity differed and were unique among the different sewage plants; their correlation with heavy metals was also unique independently.
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Chmielewski, Andrzej G., and Marcin Sudlitz. "‘Zero energy’ electron beam technology for sludge hygienization." Nukleonika 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2019-0007.
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Abstract Large quantity of sewage sludge originating from wastewater treatment plants is becoming a growing problem from environmental and human health points of view. One of the ways to use sewage sludge is agricultural purpose due to its nutrients and organic matter content, but the condition is that it should be deprived of pathogenic bacteria and parasite egg contamination. Application of ionizing radiation to hygienize sewage sludge can make it appropriate for agricultural use. The process does not require addition of chemicals to sludge; it is environmentally friendly and effective in removal of biological threats. In the past, successful attempts of sewage sludge treatment using ionizing radiation were made. Pilot plants and commercial ones proved that pathogens can be easily removed from sewage sludge by ionizing radiation. The concept of ‘zero energy’ biogas plant is based on the construction of a complex system consisting of biogas plant and electron accelerator in the biofertilizer manufacturing line. Digestate originating from the methane fermentation of sewage sludge is irradiated to remove all pathogens using electron beam from an accelerator powered by electric energy obtained from burning biogas in a cogenerator. The product is a high-quality, biologically safe fertilizer.
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Curci, Maddalena, Anna Lavecchia, Giovanna Cucci, Giovanni Lacolla, Ugo De Corato, and Carmine Crecchio. "Short-Term Effects of Sewage Sludge Compost Amendment on Semiarid Soil." Soil Systems 4, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030048.
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The adoption of sewage sludge as an agricultural management strategy to improve soil properties and crop production is attracting great interest. Despite many positive effects on soil inorganic and organic components reported for different soil types, little information is available on sewage sludge application on Mediterranean soils, as well as on its use at different dose rates. The objectives of the present research was to evaluate, through an integrated approach, the effects of sewage sludge compost from urban wastewater on physicochemical, hydrological, biochemical parameters, and microbiota composition in soil pots under a three-year crop rotation system. Four different doses of sewage sludge compost (C3, C6, C9, C12) from municipal wastewater and a dose of them in combination with mineral fertilizer (C6N) were used. We have used 3-6-9-12 Mg/ha of sewage sludge compost for the treatments C3, C6, C9 and C12, respectively, and 6 Mg/ha of sewage sludge compost in combination with 60 kg/ha of ammonium nitrate for the treatment C6N.The effects were compared to non-fertilized (C0) and mineral fertilized (Min) sets of controls. The electrical conductivity, soil pH, stability of soil aggregates, percent of moisture of the dry soil both at the field capacity and at the wilting point, available P, and exchangeable K were all positively affected by increasing the amounts of composted sludge. The organic carbon and total N increased up to 66% and 39%, respectively. Increased enzymatic activities and microbial biomass were also observed in soil after the application of sewage sludge compost when compared to un-amended control. A higher richness and evenness among the soil plots amended with sewage sludge compost was observed, with no significant differences among the application dose rates, when compared to the un-amended soil control and soil treated with a mineral fertilizer. A three-year amendment was able to separate soil plots amended with high doses of sewage sludge compost from the low dose amended and control samples. Among the microbial groups responsible for such marked separation, bacteria belonging to Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes contribute the most, with a shift from oligotrophic to copiotrophic taxa. Significant changes in bacterial composition and taxonomic structure should be considered in order to properly balance agronomic and economic advantages with environmental concerns. After all, our results have evidenced the effects of sewage sludge amendment on different soil properties, microbial activity, and composition already after a short period of application. The findings are particularly relevant in semiarid soils, where an immediate restoration of soil fertility by short-term compost application is needed.
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Junio, Geraldo R. Zuba, Regynaldo A. Sampaio, Luiz A. Fernandes, Rodinei F. Pegoraro, Victor M. Maia, Paulo H. S. Cardoso, Izabelle de P. Sousa, and Iago T. R. Vieira. "Content of Heavy Metals in Soil and in Pineapple Fertilized With Sewage Sludge." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 9 (June 30, 2019): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n9p281.
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The usage of sewage sludge in agriculture can increase the levels of heavy metals in the soil, compromising their use as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contamination of soil and pineapple by heavy metals after the application of treated sewage sludge by different forms in three orders of soils under greenhouse conditions. The treatments, in a factorial scheme 7 × 3 were distributed in a randomized complete block design with three replications, corresponding to seven fertilization management: soil without fertilization, chemical fertilization, fertilization with composted sludge sewage, fertilization with vermicompost sewage sludge, fertilization with solarized sewage sludge, fertilization as sewage sludge dried in a Bruthus-Albrecht rotary sludge dryer and fertilization with limed sludge sewage, combined with three orders of soils: Cambisol, Nitisol and Acrisol. The Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ba, Cd, Ni, As and Se contents were analyzed in the soil, in the leaf of greater length (D leaf) and in the fruit pulp of the pineapple. The Acrisol provided more favorable conditions to the increase in the availability and absorption of Pb and As by D leaf and fruit of the pineapple. Fertilization with composted, vermicompost and solarized sewage sludge provided high levels of Pb, As, Zn in leaf D and in the pineapple fruit, relating the interference of sludge stabilization process with the absorption of metals by pineapple fruits.
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You, Yawen, Jakob Klein, Tobias Edward Hartmann, Peteh Mehdi Nkebiwe, Huaiyu Yang, Wei Zhang, Xinping Chen, and Torsten Müller. "Producing Superphosphate with Sewage Sludge Ash: Assessment of Phosphorus Availability and Potential Toxic Element Contamination." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081506.
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Recovering and recycling phosphorus (P) from sewage sludge ash (SSA) for the purpose of P fertilizer production contributes to reducing the input of mined phosphate-minerals and closing of the P cycle. However, direct use of SSA as fertilizer is often a questionable strategy due to its low nutrient use efficiency. In addition, the environmental risk potential of utilizing SSA in agriculture is still unclear, in particular potential toxic element (PTE) contamination. In this study, a mixture of SSA and rock phosphate was used at lab-scale superphosphate (SP) production. P availability of the final product and PTE contamination (Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni) in soil and crop was investigated through maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation. Results showed that the application of SP that was produced by 25% SSA replacement did not affect the growth, P uptake, and PTE content in aboveground maize compared to the application of SP produced without SSA replacement. However, significant inputs of SP with SSA replacement may decrease the solid-soil solution partitioning of Cu, Ni and Pb in the long-term. Separation of municipal/industrial sludge and PTE removal technology are necessary to be implemented prior to the use of SSA as a secondary raw material in P-fertilizer production.
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Dong, Baocheng, Wei Li, and Wenyong Xu. "Effects of Partial Organic Substitution for Chemical Fertilizer on Antibiotic Residues in Peri-Urban Agricultural Soil in China." Antibiotics 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101173.
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Recycling of organic wastes in agricultural ecosystems to partially substitute chemical fertilizer is recommended to improve soil productivity and alleviate environmental degradation. However, livestock manure- and sewage sludge-derived amendments are widely known to potentially carry antibiotic residues. The aim of this study is to investigate how substituting organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer affects soil quality and antibiotic residues in agricultural soil, as well as their tradeoffs. A field experiment was conducted with the different treatments of pig manure and sewage sludge as typical organic fertilizers at equal total nitrogen application rates. The analysis of variance showed that the increments on the levels of residual antibiotics in the agricultural soils due to organic substitution for chemical fertilizer by pig manure and sewage sludge were observed. The antibiotic residues ranged from 13.73 to 76.83 ng/g for all treatments. Partial organic substitution significantly increased the sequestration of antibiotics in agricultural soil by 138.1~332.5%. Organic substitution will also significantly improve soil quality, especially for nutrient availability. Based on principal component analysis, organic substitution will strongly affected soil quality and antibiotic contamination. Pearson’s correlation showed that soil physicochemical properties had significant correlations with concentrations of antibiotics in soil, indicating organic fertilizers can promote the persistence of antibiotics in soil by modifying soil quality. To balance the benefits and risks, appropriate management practices of organic fertilizers should be adopted.
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Vibornijs, Viktors, Alina Rimkus, Laila Dubova, Dmitrijs Bekkers, Natalya Strunnikova, Oleg Kassien, Ina Alsina, and Olga Muter. "Evaluation of Sewage Sludge for Further Nutrient Conservation." Key Engineering Materials 850 (June 2020): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.850.166.
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Conversion of organic-containing sludges to a high value fertilizer is considered to be a rational solution from a recycling point of view. Aerobic respiration could serve as an indicator of stability and maturity of the treated sewage sludge (SS). The aim of this study was to characterize two SS samples, obtained from different wastewater treatment plants („D” and „J”), i.e, at the initial stage of treatment, alone and with amendments. Two methods for estimation of microbial respiration, as well as dehydrogenase activity were used. The SS-J demonstrated the higher microbial biodegradation activity, as compared to SS-D. In experiments with OxiTop® device, statistically significant (p<0.05) differences of the pressure drop between SS-J and SS-D have been revealed. Addition of peat to SS resulted in a more intensive pressure drop, compared to non-amended SS, i.e., -145 hPa vs. -76 hPa for SS-D and-199 hPa vs. -180 hPa for SS-J, respectively. The obtained results represent a methodical approach for characterization of raw SS in order to evaluate the amount of aerobically degradable organic substances and intensity of their oxidation. Further research is needed for highlighting the mechanisms responsible for interrelation of respiration intensity, bacterial community activity and other metabolic changes towards SS stabilization.
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Panagos, Panos, Cristiano Ballabio, Emanuele Lugato, Arwyn Jones, Pasquale Borrelli, Simone Scarpa, Alberto Orgiazzi, and Luca Montanarella. "Potential Sources of Anthropogenic Copper Inputs to European Agricultural Soils." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2018): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072380.
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In the European Union (EU), copper concentration in agricultural soil stems from anthropogenic activities and natural sources (soil and geology). This manuscript reports a statistical comparison of copper concentrations at different levels of administrative units, with a focus on agricultural areas. Anthropogenic sources of diffuse copper contamination include fungicidal treatments, liquid manure (mainly from pigs), sewage sludge, atmospheric deposition, mining activities, local industrial contamination and particles from car brakes. Sales of fungicides in the EU are around 158,000 tonnes annually, a large proportion of which are copper based and used extensively in vineyards and orchards. Around 10 million tonnes of sewage sludge is treated annually in the EU, and 40% of this (which has a high copper content) is used as fertilizer in agriculture. In the EU, 150 million pigs consume more than 6.2 million tonnes of copper through additives in their feed, and most of their liquid manure ends up in agricultural soil. These three sources (sales of fungicides, sewage sludge and copper consumption for pigs feed) depend much on local traditional farming practices. Recent research towards replacing copper spraying in vineyards and policy developments on applying sewage and controlling the feed given to pigs are expected to reduce copper accumulation in agricultural soil.
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Bueno, José Rafael Pires, Ronaldo Severiano Berton, Adriana Parada Dias da Silveira, Marcio Koiti Chiba, Cristiano Alberto de Andrade, and Isabella Clerici De Maria. "Chemical and microbiological attributes of an oxisol treated with successive applications of sewage sludge¹." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 35, no. 4 (August 2011): 1461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832011000400040.
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Studies on sewage sludge (SS) have confirmed the possibilities of using this waste as fertilizer and/or soil conditioner in crop production areas. Despite restrictions with regard to the levels of potentially toxic elements (PTE) and pathogens, it is believed that properly treated SS with low PTE levels, applied to soil at adequate rates, may improve the soil chemical and microbiological properties. This study consisted of a long-term field experiment conducted on a Typic Haplorthox (eutroferric Red Latosol) treated with SS for seven successive years for maize production, to evaluate changes in the soil chemical and microbiological properties. The treatments consisted of two SS rates (single and double dose of the crop N requirement) and a mineral fertilizer treatment. Soil was sampled in the 0-0.20 m layer and analyzed for chemical properties (organic C, pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, CEC, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Pb) and microbiological properties (basal respiration, microbial biomass activity, microbial biomass C, metabolic quotient, microbial quotient, and protease and dehydrogenase enzyme activities). Successive SS applications to soil increased the macro- and micronutrient availability, but the highest SS dose reduced the soil pH significantly, indicating a need for periodic corrections. The SS treatments also affected soil microbial activity and biomass negatively. There were no significant differences among treatments for maize grain yield. After seven annual applications of the recommended sludge rate, the heavy metal levels in the soil had not reached toxic levels.
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Miguel, Natividad, Judith Sarasa, Andrea López, Jairo Gómez, Rosa Mosteo, and María P. Ormad. "Study of Evolution of Microbiological Properties in Sewage Sludge-Amended Soils: A Pilot Experience." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 6696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186696.
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Large amounts of sewage sludge are generated in urban wastewater treatment plants and used as fertilizer in agriculture due to its characteristics. They can contain contaminants such as heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms. The objective of this research work is to study, in real conditions, the evolution of microbial concentration in agricultural soils fertilized by biologically treated sewage sludge. The sludge (6.25 tons Ha−1) was applied in two agricultural soils with different textures and crops. A microbiological (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp. and total mesophylls) and physical-chemical characterization of the sludge, soils and irrigation water were carried out. The evolution of these parameters during sowing, growth and harvesting of crops was studied. Initially, sewage sludge had a higher concentration of microorganisms than soils. Irrigation water also contained microorganisms, fewer than sewage sludge amendment but not negligible. After amendment, there were no differences in the microbiological evolution in the two types of soil. In general, bacterial concentrations after crop harvest were lower than bacterial concentrations detected before sewage sludge amendment. Consequently, the application of sludge from water treatment processes did not worsen the microbiological quality of agricultural soil in this study at real conditions.
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Bryndina, L. V., A. D. Platonov, and O. V. Baklanova. "Biofertilizers Based on Sewage Sludge as Catalysts for Soil Transformation Processes." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-1-42-45.
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The possibility of using sewage sludge (WWS) as an organic fertilizer has been studied. The Sludge is formed after the wastewater treatment of the meat industry production with actinomycetes Str. chromogenes s.g. 0832. This microorganism is adapted to specific protein contamination of wastewater. The sludge is characterized by a high content of organic matter (57.3-62.5%). Free amino acids make up 70% of the total protein. The share of essential amino acids in WWS accounts for 41.44%. Of the heavy metals, only Zn and Cu were detected in it. At the same time, Zn content is 7.9 times lower than permissible, Cu - 3.8 times. WWS is not toxic in doses applied to the soil. Marked a significant increase in the biomass of spring rapeseed on all experimental samples. The highest yield increase of 187.6% is observed at the dose of WWS 10t/ha. Evaluation of rapeseed seed products showed a high increase of seeds on soils with addition.
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Hidaka, Taira, Masato Nakamura, Fumiko Oritate, and Fumitake Nishimura. "Utilization of high solid waste activated sludge from small facilities by anaerobic digestion and application as fertilizer." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 2320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.050.
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Abstract Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with organic wastes has recently gained attention in small facilities. For small facilities, high solids sludge is suitable for transportation to a centralized co-digester, and direct utilization of the digested sludge as liquid fertilizer is recommended. Effects of high solid and hyperthermophilic pretreatment (80 °C, 24 hr) on anaerobic digestion at low temperatures and utilization as fertilizer are investigated by anaerobic/aerobic digestion and paddy soil incubation experiments. The volatile solids (VS)/total solids (TS) ratio decreases to 0.57(-), and the VS removal rate is approximately 0.7 (-) after long-term aerobic digestion. This is possibly the limitation of biodegradation, even with pretreatment, within engineering time. Substrate TS of 16% (not diluted), 10% and 5% are compared. The effect of substrate TS on biogas production performance (0.2–0.3 NL/gVS-added) is not statistically observed. Laboratory-scale paddy soil incubation experiments are performed fed with anaerobically digested pretreated or not pretreated dewatered sludge as liquid fertilizer. Pretreatment promotes nitrogen mineralization before use as fertilizer, which is helpful to prevent an outflow of surplus ammonia to the environment. The effect of soil type on microbial communities is more significant than that of anaerobically digested sludge conditions.
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Frade, Verônica Maria Fadário, Meriellen Dias, Antonio Carlos Silva Costa Teixeira, and Mauri Sergio Alves Palma. "Environmental contamination by fluoroquinolones." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 50, no. 1 (March 2014): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502011000100004.
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Over the past few decades, a high number of pharmaceuticals have been detected in surface, ground and drinking waters. This contamination comes from domestic sewage, livestock, hospitals and chemical-pharmaceutical industries. Typical examples of these pollutants are the fluoroquinolones - powerful antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine. The presence of fluoroquinolones in the environment can pose a serious threat to the ecosystem and to human health due to their high consumption globally: in 1998, around 120 tons were produced. Even at low environmental concentrations, antibiotics stimulate bacterial resistance. The consequences of the presence of fluoroquinolones in the environment are not fully understood, but are known to be toxic to plants and aquatic organisms. Approximately 85% of the fluoroquinolones present in influents can be removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants, but the removed fraction is frequently accumulated in the sludge, which is sometimes used as fertilizer, representing an additional input route into the environment. The removal of fluoroquinolones by biological treatment is ineffective, and it is believed that only advanced oxidation technologies are able to destroy these emerging pollutants.
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Zaman, M., H. J. Di, K. Sakamoto, S. Goto, H. Hayashi, and K. Inubushi. "Effects of sewage sludge compost and chemical fertilizer application on microbial biomass and N mineralization rates." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 48, no. 2 (April 2002): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2002.10409191.
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Silva, Amanda, Adilson Dalmora, Beatriz Firpo, Rubens Kautzmann, and Claudete Ramos. "SOIL REMINERALIZATION THROUGH THE ADDITION OF VOLCANIC ROCK MINING WASTE WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM A DAIRY INDUSTRY: A SMALL-SCALE FIELD EXPERIMENT WITH BLACK OATS." BOLETIM DO MUSEU DE GEOCIÊNCIAS DA AMAZÔNIA 7 (2020), no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31419/issn.2594-942x.v72020i2a4ans.
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The present study focuses on the agronomic efficacy evaluation of volcanic rock mining waste and the sewage sludge from a dairy industry as a fertilizer for an acid soil, and to evaluate its nutrients and toxic potentially elements. The waste samples were collected from a volcanic rock mining and a dairy industry located in the southern region of Brazil. X-ray diffraction technique was employed to identify the mineralogical phases present in the rock dust. Rock and sludge major elements composition were analyzed after fusion along with LiBO2 followed by X-Ray Fluorescence. Toxic potentially elements content was measured according to United States Environmental Protection Agency 3050b method. The sludge and rock were applied to small-scale field experiment in which black oats was then sown. Four treatments were compared: (T1) 3,240 kg ha-1 of sewage sludge, (T2) 1,620 kg ha-1 of sewage sludge with 6,000 kg ha-1 of rock, (T3) 12,000 kg ha-1 of rock and control, which did not receive any type of input. Changes in soil properties and the nutritional status of the black oats were monitored after ninety days. The addition of the sludge combined with rock dust led to substantial increases in black oats leaves nutrient concentrations (mainly Ca, K, P and Zn) and in soil available K and P. In addition, the potentially toxic elements levels of both wastes are low and therefore the risks of environmental contamination are considerably reduced. Keywords: dairy industry sewage sludge; volcanic rock mining waste; natural soil fertilization.
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Wong, M. H. "Heavy metal contamination of soils and crops from auto traffic, sewage sludge, pig manure and chemical fertilizer." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 13, no. 2 (May 1985): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(85)90056-8.
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Saha, Riju Chandra, Auchib Reza, Muhammad Sakib Hasan, and Piash Saha. "A review- bioremediation of oil sludge contaminated soil." E3S Web of Conferences 96 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199601004.
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Petroleum oil as a vast source of energy widely used in the whole world in several sectors especially in industry and transportation. The leakage or contamination of oil from pipeline, tank, and industry as a form of oil sludge with soil can produce major environmental and health hazard. Bioremediation is one of the most economical and environmentally safe technology to prevent this contamination though it takes longer time. This paper reviews the basic processes involved in bioremediation, types and the factors affecting it. This study includes some previously adopted different bioremediation methods varies with different process material such as refinery treatment sludge, sewage sludge, microbial organism, bulking agents and different chemical additives. The comparison of these methods is presented in respect of the removal efficiency of an entire process as well as the TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon), aliphatic, aromatic, resins, asphaltene fraction of oil sludge within the different period of time.
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Hudcová, Hana, Jan Vymazal, and Miloš Rozkošný. "Present restrictions of sewage sludge application in agriculture within the European Union." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 2 (April 5, 2019): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/36/2018-swr.
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The use of sludge in agriculture within the European Union (EU) is currently regulated only by the limits of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) listed in Council Directive 86/278/EEC. This document is now more than 30 years old. Several European countries have introduced more stringent requirements in comparison with the directive, and have adopted limits for concentrations of other heavy metals, synthetic organic compounds and microbial contamination. The paper provides an overview of the current limits of these substances in sewage sludge and concentration limits of heavy metals in soil intended for sludge application, together with applicable laws and regulations in European Union countries. There is a need to update these regulations taking into account the current risks associated with the application of sludge to agricultural land, with the possibility of using ecotoxicological tests to assess the risks. A wide range of technologies for sewage sludge processing is used in EU countries. The predominant choice is a direct application in agriculture followed by composting. The use of sewage sludge in agriculture in 2014 and 2015 in 13 EU countries that provided data amounted to 22.6% (2014) and 22.1% (2015) of produced sludge and 23.3% (2014) and 23.1% (2015) of sludge disposed. It is also highly variable within EU countries ranging between zero (Malta, Slovenia, Slovakia) and 80% (Ireland). Over 50% of sewage sludge is used in agriculture in Bulgaria according to 2015 data.
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Höglund, C., T. A. Stenström, H. Jönsson, and A. Sundin. "Evaluation of faecal contamination and microbial die-off in urine separating sewage systems." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (September 1, 1998): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0232.
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An important feature for recirculated products from a sewage system is that the risk for transmission of disease is low. In a urine source separating system faeces may contaminate the collected urine through the toilet. The concentrations of faecal indicator organisms were measured in 14 urine collection tanks. The survival of these and some pathogenic microorganisms in source separated human urine was studied. Total coliforms, E. coli and clostridia were found in low concentrations while faecal streptococci occurred in concentrations up to 105/ml urine solution. The results from phenotyping of faecal streptococci and the high counts indicate growth within the system. The majority of the pathogenic microorganisms investigated had a rapid die-off. A higher temperature, a low degree of dilution and a pH far from neutral had a negative effect on survival. E. coli had a rapid die-off and is not suitable for indicating faecal contamination of the collected urine. Quantification of faecal sterols is a possible alternative to microbial analysis for this purpose. The amounts of coprostanol showed that the faecal contamination varied from not detected to up to 13.3 mg/ml urine solution with a concentration in the urine sludge of up to 417.5 mg/kg.
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Filcheva, E., M. V. Cheshire, C. D. Campbell, and D. B. McPhail. "Effect of heavy metal contamination on the rate of decomposition of sewage sludge and microbial activity." Applied Geochemistry 11, no. 1-2 (January 1996): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(95)00067-4.
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Trokhymchuk, V. V., A. G. Salmanov, O. M. Verner, and O. O. Lugach. "ONE HEALTH: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION BY ANTIMICROBIALS." International Journal of Antibiotics and Probiotics 2, no. 2-3 (September 17, 2018): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31405/ijap.2-3.18.05.
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Over the past few decades, a high number of pharmaceuticals have been detected in surface, ground and drinking waters. This contamination comes from domestic sewage, livestock, hospitals and chemical- pharmaceutical industries. Typical examples of these pollutants are the antimicrobials – powerful antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine. The presence of antimicrobials in the environment can pose a serious threat to the ecosystem and to human health due to their high consumption globally. Even at low environmental concentrations, antibiotics stimulate bacterial resistance. The consequences of the presence of fluoroquinolones in the environment are not fully understood, but are known to be toxic to plants and aquatic organisms. Approximately 85% of the antimicrobials present in influents can be removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants, but the removed fraction is frequently accumulated in the sludge, which is sometimes used as fertilizer, representing an additional input route into the environment. The removal of antimicrobials by biological treatment is ineffective, and it is believed that only advanced oxidation technologies are able to destroy these emerging pollutants.
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Weightman, Richard M. "Heavy Metal and Microbial Contamination of Valerian (Valeriana officinalisL.) Roots Grown in Soil Treated with Sewage Sludge." Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 12, no. 3 (February 2007): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j044v12n03_06.
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Schlich, Karsten, Cecilia Díaz, Benjamin Gomez Pizarro, Burkhard Knopf, Ruben Schlinkert, Franziska Frederike Wege, Anne Jurack, and Kerstin Hund-Rinke. "Microbial Population Dynamics in Model Sewage Treatment Plants and the Fate and Effect of Gold Nanoparticles." Toxics 9, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030054.
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Adequate functioning of a sewage treatment plant (STP) is essential to protect the downstream aquatic environment (ECHA 2017), and information on the degradability of chemicals and their toxicity to activated sludge microorganisms is required. An environmental realistic higher tier test is a STP simulation test as described in OECD 303A (2001) which for nanoparticles can also be used to study their sorption behavior to activated sludge. However, information is limited on the influence of synthetic sewage on the microbial community of the activated sludge. A modified community can result in modifications of the sludge floccules affecting the sorption behavior. The main objective of our study was to show whether a representative microbial diversity remains under standardized test conditions as described in OECD 303A (2001) using synthetic sewage as influent. Furthermore, we investigated whether just considering the functional properties of a STP (elimination of dissolved organic carbon; nitrification), is sufficient for an assessment of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) or whether the influence on microbial diversity also needs to be considered. AuNPs were used as a case study due to their rising medical applications and therefore increasing probability to reach the sewer and STP. The results can provide significant input for the interpretation of results from the regulatory point of view. To deliver these objectives, the general changes of the microbial population in activated sludge and its influence on the degradation activity (dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic nitrogen) using freshly collected sludge from the municipal STP in an artificial test system as a model STP in accordance with OECD 303A (2001) were assessed. Additionally, we evaluated the potential impact of AuNPs and its dispersant on the microbial composition and the overall impact on the function of the STP in terms of DOC degradation and nitrogen removal to observe if an assessment based on functional properties is sufficient. The bacteria composition in our study, evaluated at a class level, revealed commonly described environmental bacteria. Proteobacteria (β, α, δ) accounted for more than 50% but also nitrifying bacteria as Nitrospira were present. Our results show that mainly within the first 7 days of an acclimatization phase by addition of synthetic sewage, the bacterial community changed. Even though AuNPs can have antibacterial properties, no adverse effects on the function and structure of the microorganisms in the STP could be detected at concentrations of increased modeled PEC values by a factor of about 10,000. Complementary to other metallic nanomaterials, gold nanomaterials also sorb to a large extent to the activated sludge. If activated sludge is used as fertilizer on agricultural land, gold nanoparticles can be introduced into soils. In this case, the effect on soil (micro)organisms must be investigated more closely, also taking into account the structural diversity.
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Hernandez, Teresa, José Guillermo Berlanga, Isabel Tormos, and Carlos Garcia. "Organic versus inorganic fertilizers: Response of soil properties and crop yield." AIMS Geosciences 7, no. 3 (2021): 415–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/geosci.2021024.
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<abstract> <p>The decrease in soil productivity and quality caused by the continuous and abusive use of mineral fertilizers makes necessary to adopt more sustainable agricultural soil management strategies that help to maintain soil edaphic fertility. In light of these considerations, we have evaluated the effect of organic vs. inorganic fertilization on soil microbial communities, soil quality, and crop yield in a melon crop. The following treatments were tested: i) aerobic sewage sludge from a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using aerobic bacteria (SS); ii) aerobic sewage sludge from a WWTP using a bacteria-microalgae consortium (B); iii) N-P-K mineral fertilizer (M); iv) a treatment in which 50% of the N was contributed by SS and 50% by mineral fertilizer (M + SS); v) a treatment in which 50% of the N was contributed by B and 50% by mineral fertilizer (M + B); and vi) a no-fertilized control soil. Melon yield and fruit quality were determined in addition to several soil physical, chemical, biochemical and microbiological parameters. Organic fertilizers (SS and B) increased the percentage of soil water-stable aggregates (52 and 60% respectively) as well as the content of organic C (18 and 31%), water soluble C (21 and 41%), N (15 and 41%) and available P content (41 and 82%) compared to inorganic fertilization. They also stimulated bacterial and fungal abundance to a greater extent than mineral fertilizers (189 and 242% vs 85%, and 57 and 122% vs 29%, respectively), as well as soil respiration, and dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, phosphatase, urease, and glycine aminopectidase activities. The analysis of principal components with parameters linked to soil quality clearly showed that organic fertilizers cause a greater improvement in soil characteristics and microbial community than mineral fertilizers. Results demonstrate that organic and combined fertilization could be used as substitutes for nitrogen mineral fertilizers in melon crop, since these treatments led to similar melon production and quality while improving soil characteristics and microbial population size and activity.</p> </abstract>
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Szostková, M., and T. Vítěz. "Microbial contamination of the sand from the wastewater treatment plants." Research in Agricultural Engineering 56, No. 4 (December 1, 2010): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2009-rae.
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Primary treatment of domestic wastewater represents an extensive range of physical and chemical activities which directly or indirectly affect functionality of the treatment plant as a whole. The aforementioned effect might be rather significant in many respects. However, an incorrectly designed or operated primary treatment might result in an unnecessary increase of operating costs and, principally, a negative impact on the biological level or sludge treatment and disposal. The subject matter of this contribution comprises contemplations related to functionality of this level, both with respect to its relation to functionality of wastewater treatment plant and the matter of created waste in case of which disposal has become more and more expensive and complicated. The measurement results show that sewage sand from different wastewater treatment plants contains different amount of organic material 1.19–82%. The content of the organic material relates to the content of microorganisms which oscillated in a range of 1.53×10<sup>4</sup>–7.34×10<sup>6</sup> CFU/g for coliform bacteria including Escherichia coli, 5.57×10<sup>1</sup>–4.36×10<sup>4</sup> CFU/g for enterococci, and 3.13×10<sup>2</sup>–2.19×10<sup>5</sup> CFU/g for faecal coliform bacteria.
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PASCUAL, I., M. ANTOLIN, C. GARCIA, A. POLO, and M. SANCHEZDIAZ. "Effect of water deficit on microbial characteristics in soil amended with sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizer under laboratory conditions." Bioresource Technology 98, no. 1 (January 2007): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.026.
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Lopushnyak, V., H. Hrytsulyak, O. Tonkha, O. Menshov, O. Pikovsʹka, and S. Sychevsʹkyy. "CONTENT OF HEAVY METALS IN SOILS OF OIL-POLLUTED AREAS OF PRE-CARPATHIAN." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 2 (93) (2021): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.93.09.
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The article highlights the results of research on the content of heavy metals in sod-podzolic soils of oil-contaminated areas of Ivano-Frankivsk region. Contamination of soils with petroleum products causes severe ecological consequences for ecosystems. The aim of the research was to study the peculiarities of the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, underground part and vegetative mass of sylphia perforated in the conditions of cultivation in oil-contaminated areas. The content of mobile forms of heavy metals in soils did not exceed the norms in all variants of the experiment. During the cultivation of Sylphia perfoliatum, it grew in a number: cadmium → nickel → cobalt → lead. The concentration of heavy metals in the soil was determined, which reflects the change in the content of the element in the test soil relative to the content of metals in the background soil. The coefficients of concentration of mobile forms of heavy metals in oil-contaminated soil for the cultivation of perforated sylphia for the application of fertilizers based on sewage sludge and compost based on them increased in a number: cobalt → lead → nickel → cadmium. Peculiarities of heavy metals accumulation in the vegetative mass of perforated sylphia have been established. Indices of intra-tissue heavy metal contamination of the root system of sylphia perforated with the introduction of sewage sludge increase in the following series: cadmium → nickel → lead → cobalt. The maximum indices of contamination of sylphia roots permeated with cadmium, nickel and cobalt are observed for the introduction into the soil of ERUs at a rate of 40 t / ha and N10P14K58, lead – for the application of compost at a rate of 30 t/ha and N30K55. The lowest indices of intratissue contamination with heavy metals of the roots of sylphia perfoliatum were noted for the application of fertilizer N60P60K60.
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Magela, Mara Lúcia Martins, Reginaldo de Camargo, Regina Maria Quintão Lana, and Melissa Cristina de Carvalho Miranda. "Application of organomineral fertilizers sourced from filter cake and sewage sludge can affect nutrients and heavy metals in soil during early development of maize." June 2019, no. 13(06) 2019 (June 20, 2019): 863–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.06.p1538.
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This study determined the changes in soil nutrients, organic carbon, organic matter and heavy metals during the early development stages of maize fertilized with different sources and doses. Also, this study confirmed that the used biosolid in the formulation of organomineral fertilizer makes greater efficacy than the effects promoted by mineral or filter cake organomineral fertilizers already used in agricultural. The experiment was done in a greenhouse at the Federal University of de Uberlândia - Campus Umuarama. The experimental design was randomized block design, as a 2 x 5 + 2 factorial, containing two sources of organomineral fertilizer consisting of organic residues (biosolid and filter cake), five doses of organomineral fertilizer (60, 80, 100, 120 and 140% of P2O5 recommendation for maize crop), a positive control with mineral fertilization (100%) and a negative one with no fertilization with four replications. The soil pH and contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium base saturation, base sum, micronutrients, organic carbon, organic matter and heavy metals were determined subsequently after plant removal, 65 days after sowing. The organomineral fertilizers based on biosolid and filter cake yielded increases in phosphorus, boron and manganese in the soil, especially the biosolid source. Regardless of the fertilizer organic matter source, soil phosphorus increased linearly with increasing doses of the sources. Doses equal or below the recommendation for maize (100% P2O5) were less effective in supplying potassium. The organomineral sources did not add heavy metals to the soil. Fertilizers based on biosolid can supply nutrients, such as phosphorus, boron and manganese at high doses, replacing mineral fertilization, while maintaining and improving soil fertility with no contamination by heavy metals.
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Yada, Marcela Midori, Wanderley José de Melo, Fábio Luiz Checchio Mingotte, Valéria Peruca de Melo, and Gabriel Maurício Peruca de Melo. "Chemical and Biochemical Properties of Oxisols after Sewage Sludge Application for 16 Years." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 39, no. 5 (October 2015): 1303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140728.
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ABSTRACT The large production of sewage sludge (SS), especially in large urban centers, has led to the suggestion of using this waste as fertilizer in agriculture. The economic viability of this action is great and contributes to improve the environment by cycling the nutrients present in this waste, including high contents of organic matter and plant nutrients. This study evaluated the chemical and biochemical properties of Dystrophic and EutroferricLatossolos Vermelhos (Oxisols) under corn and after SS application at different rates for 16 years. The field experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, using a randomized block design with four treatments and five replications. Treatments consisted of control - T1 (mineral fertilization, without SS application), 5 Mg ha-1 SS - T2, 10 Mg ha-1 SS - T3, and 20 Mg ha-1 SS - T4 (dry weight base). The data were submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by the Duncan test at 5 %. Sewage sludge increased P extracted by resin in both theLatossolos Vermelhos, Dystrophic and Eutroferric, and the organic matter content in the Dystrophic Latossolo Vermelho. The waste at the rate 20 Mg ha-1 on a dry weight basis promoted increases in acid phosphatase activity in Eutroferric Latossolo Vermelho, basal respiration and metabolic quotient in DystrophicLatossolo Vermelho. The rate 20 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge on a dry weight basis did not alter the soil microbial biomass in both the Latossolos Vermelhos; in addition, it improved corn yields without inducing any symptoms of phytotoxicity or nutrient deficiency in the plants.
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Prado, Tatiana, Antônio de Castro Bruni, Mikaela Renata Funada Barbosa, Vilma Marques Santos Bonanno, Suzi Cristina Garcia, and Maria Inês Zanoli Sato. "Distribution of human fecal marker GB-124 bacteriophages in urban sewage and reclaimed water of São Paulo city, Brazil." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 2 (December 13, 2017): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.011.
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Abstract Bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis GB-124 have been described as potential markers of human fecal contamination in water sources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of GB-124 phages in raw sewage, secondary effluents and reclaimed water of the São Paulo city using a low-cost microbial source tracking method. Samples were collected monthly from April 2015 to March 2016 in four municipal wastewater treatment plants that operate with activated sludge processes followed by different tertiary treatments (sand-anthracite filtration, membrane bioreactor/reverse osmosis) and final chlorination. GB-124 phages were detected in 100% of the raw sewage samples, with viral loads varying from 7.5 × 103 to 1.32 × 106 PFU/L. Virus removal efficiency in activated sludge processes ranged from 1.89 to 2.31 log10. Frequencies of phage detection were lower in reclaimed water samples (0–22.2%). The results indicated that GB-124 phage could be a complementary low-cost viral marker for the detection of human fecal pollution in waters impacted with urban sewage in this region. However, the datasets of tertiary effluents resulted in several samples with concentrations below the detection limit (DL ≤1 PFU/mL) suggesting the need to obtain analytical methods with lower DL for greater accuracy of negative results.
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Antonious, George F., Eric T. Turley, and Mohammad H. Dawood. "Monitoring Soil Enzymes Activity before and after Animal Manure Application." Agriculture 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050166.
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Soil enzymes (urease, invertase, acid and alkaline phosphatase) activity in the rhizosphere of field-grown tomato plants were used to monitor the impact of soil amendments (SA) and SA mixed with biochar on soil microbial activity four months after addition of amendments. The soil treatments were sewage sludge (SS); horse manure (HM); chicken manure (CM); vermicompost (worm castings); commercial inorganic fertilizer; commercial organic fertilizer; and no-mulch (NM) native soil used for comparison purposes. Soil treatments also were mixed with 10% (w/w) biochar to investigate the impact of biochar on soil enzymes activity. The results showed a significant increase in soil urease and invertase activities after incorporation of SA to native soil. Vermicompost and HM were superior in increasing urease and invertase activity four months after their addition to native soil. Alkaline phosphatase activity fluctuated among the soil treatments, revealing some obstruction of its activity. SS amended with biochar increased acid phosphatase activity by 115% four months after SS addition. Other than alkaline phosphatase, organic manure enhanced soil biological activity (microbial biomass and release of enzymes), indicating that the use of manures, rather than inorganic fertilizers, in crop production is an affordable and sustainable agricultural production system.
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Nogueira, Thiago Assis Rodrigues, Ademir Franco, Zhenli He, Vivian Santoro Braga, Lucia Pittol Firme, and Cassio Hamilton Abreu-Junior. "Short-term usage of sewage sludge as organic fertilizer to sugarcane in a tropical soil bears little threat of heavy metal contamination." Journal of Environmental Management 114 (January 2013): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.09.012.
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Papadaki, Anastasia A., and Kalliopi Ladomenou. "Heavy metal accumulation in various tissues of radish (Raphanus sativus) grown under different ratios of organic amendments." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, no. 4 (July 23, 2019): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.4.18.
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Root vegetables have greater risk of metal contamination from compost application to soil than other horticultural crops. Moreover, soil organic amendments pose potential environmental hazards. The objective of the present study was to examine the heavy metal uptake in different tissues (petiole, blade, skin, pulp) of Raphanus sativus exposed to organic amendments doses. The impact of the above materials on heavy metal concentration of the soil and plant development parameters were also evaluated. A pot experiment was established with eight treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design and four replicates. Co-compost of sewage sludge and olive wastes at 100, 200, 300 m3 ha–1, composted olive leaves, olive tree pruning wastes, olive mill pomace and poultry manure at 100, 200 m3 ha–1, commercial liquid organic fertilizer at 50 Kg ha–1 with or without inorganic NPK fertilization and a no fertilizing control, were applied to plants. The results showed that sewage sludge application strongly increased the yield and improved radish size cultivated in silt loam soil. The edible radish part had the lowest Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cr content, whereas the highest Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr was found in the blade and increased Fe, Ni, Pb were recorded in the skin. Organic treatments gave higher Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn amount in both aerial plant tissues compared to the control soil, while Ni, Pb, Cr of all the radish parts were not affected by treatments. This study suggested that organic amendments application gave low permissible levels of all metal content in radish tissues and increased radish productivity. Therefore, organic materials used herein can be applied for normal plant growth without metal contamination of the plant and the soil.
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Gouin, Francis R. "COMPOST CONTENTS AND USES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1181b—1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1181b.
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Compost varies according to content, comporting procedures, age, storage conditions and particle size. Compost made mostly from wood products will have a much lower nutrient and soluble salt concentration than one made from leaves, grass clippings, sewage sludge, manures or food processing waste. Compost from efficiently managed systems optimizing microbial activity will tend to have higher soluble salt levels than compost from piles that are neglected and/or undisturbed.Regardless of which organic materials used in making compost it will have a pH between 6.2 and 7.2 when ready for use. The effectiveness of compost as a soil amendment and in formulating potting mixes is dependent on particle sizes and soluble salt concentrations. Particles should not be recognizable and less than 2.5 cm in diameter for optimum plant response. Soluble salt concentrations of the compost will determine rates of application and fertilizer regime.
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Kracmarova, Martina, Hana Kratochvilova, Ondrej Uhlik, Michal Strejcek, Jirina Szakova, Jindrich Cerny, Pavel Tlustos, Jiri Balik, Katerina Demnerova, and Hana Stiborova. "Response of Soil Microbes and Soil Enzymatic Activity to 20 Years of Fertilization." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101542.
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Fertilization is a worldwide agricultural practice used in agronomy to increase crop yields. Fertilizer application influences overall soil characteristics, including soil microbial community composition and metabolic processes mediated by microbial enzymatic activity. Changes in the structure of microbial communities and their metabolic activity after long-term fertilization were studied in this research. We hypothesized that the different types of fertilization regimes affect nutrient levels in the soil which subsequently influence the metabolic processes and microbial diversity and community structure. Manure (MF; 330 kg N/ha), sewage sludge at two application doses (SF; 330 kg N/ha and SF3x; 990 kg N/ha) and chemical (NPK; N-P-K nutrients in concentrations of 330-90-300 kg/ha) fertilizers have been applied regularly to an experimental field since 1996. The microbial diversity increased in all soils amended with both organic (MF, SF, SF3x) and chemical (NPK) fertilizers. The shifts in microbial communities were observed, which were mainly caused by less abundant genera that were mostly associated with one or more fertilization treatment(s). Fertilization also influenced soil chemistry and the activity of β-xylosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), acid phosphatase and FDA-hydrolases. Specifically, all fertilization treatments were associated with a higher activity of β xylosidase and lower NAG activity. Only the NPK treatment was associated with a higher activity of acid phosphatase.
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Filip, Z., D. Kaddu-Mulindwa, and G. Milde. "Survival and Adhesion of some Pathogenic and Facultative Pathogenic Micro-Organisms in Groundwater." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0008.
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Land application of sewage and sewage sludge, incorrect draining off of wastewater, and also accidents, can lead to contamination of groundwater with pathogenic and facultative pathogenic micro-organisms. If no inactivation or elimination of such contaminants takes place, the hygienic quality of groundwater can be negatively affected. In model experiments carried out in the laboratory, the survival of Escherichiacoli, Salmonellatyphimurium, Yersiniaenterocolitica, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Staphylococcusaureus, StreptococcusfaecalisBacilluscereus, Bacillusmegaterium, Clostridiumperfringens, Aspergillusniger, Nocardiaalba and Streptomycesgriseus in groundwater kept at 10°C was tested. Although no apparent proliferation of the micro-organisms was observed during the experiments, most of them survived for an extended period up to 300 days. Only B.megaterium and S.aureus were not detectable after 12 and 30 days, respectively. Sand originating from a groundwater aquifer, and also the enrichment of the groundwater with humic acid and potassium nitrate as sources of carbon and nitrogen did not affect microbial survival substantially. Adhesion of micro-organisms to sand was observed, which may influence both the persistence and transportation of micro-organisms in the aquifer. The results of these experiments can be of importance for determining groundwater protection zones.
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Balík, Jiří, Jindřich Černý, Martin Kulhánek, and Ondřej Sedlář. "Soil carbon transformation in long-term field experiments with different fertilization treatments." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 12 (November 30, 2018): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/591/2018-pse.
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Soil carbon transformation was observed in long-term stationary field experiments (longer than 20 years) at two sites with different soil-climatic conditions (Luvisol, Chernozem). The following crops were rotated within the trial: row crops (potatoes or maize)-winter wheat-spring barley. All three crops were grown each year. Four different fertilization treatments were used: (a) no fertilizer (control); (b) sewage sludge (9.383 t dry matter/ha/3 years); (c) farmyard manure (15.818 t dry matter/ha/3 years); (d) mineral NPK fertilization (330 kg N, 90 kg P, 300 kg K/ha/3 years). At the Luvisol site, the control treatment showed a tendency to decrease organic carbon (C<sub>org</sub>) in topsoil. At organic fertilization treatments the content of C<sub>org</sub> increased: sewage sludge – +15.0% (Luvisol) and +21.8% (Chernozem), farmyard manure – +19.0% (Luvisol) and +15.9% (Chernozem). At the NPK fertilization, the increase was +4.8% (Luvisol) and +4.7% (Chernozem). The increased C<sub>org</sub> content was also associated with an increase of microbial biomass carbon (C<sub>mic</sub>) and extractable organic carbon (0.01 mol/L CaCl<sub>2</sub> and hot water extraction). The ratio of C<sub>mic</sub> in C<sub>org</sub> was within the range 0.93–1.37%.
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Sessitsch, Angela, Alexandra Weilharter, Martin H. Gerzabek, Holger Kirchmann, and Ellen Kandeler. "Microbial Population Structures in Soil Particle Size Fractions of a Long-Term Fertilizer Field Experiment." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 4215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.9.4215-4224.2001.
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ABSTRACT Soil structure depends on the association between mineral soil particles (sand, silt, and clay) and organic matter, in which aggregates of different size and stability are formed. Although the chemistry of organic materials, total microbial biomass, and different enzyme activities in different soil particle size fractions have been well studied, little information is available on the structure of microbial populations in microhabitats. In this study, topsoil samples of different fertilizer treatments of a long-term field experiment were analyzed. Size fractions of 200 to 63 μm (fine sand fraction), 63 to 2 μm (silt fraction), and 2 to 0.1 μm (clay fraction) were obtained by a combination of low-energy sonication, wet sieving, and repeated centrifugation. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes were used to compare bacterial community structures in different particle size fractions. The microbial community structure was significantly affected by particle size, yielding higher diversity of microbes in small size fractions than in coarse size fractions. The higher biomass previously found in silt and clay fractions could be attributed to higher diversity rather than to better colonization of particular species. Low nutrient availability, protozoan grazing, and competition with fungal organisms may have been responsible for reduced diversities in larger size fractions. Furthermore, larger particle sizes were dominated by α-Proteobacteria, whereas high abundance and diversity of bacteria belonging to the Holophaga/Acidobacteriumdivision were found in smaller size fractions. Although very contrasting organic amendments (green manure, animal manure, sewage sludge, and peat) were examined, our results demonstrated that the bacterial community structure was affected to a greater extent by the particle size fraction than by the kind of fertilizer applied. Therefore, our results demonstrate specific microbe-particle associations that are affected to only a small extent by external factors.
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Zhuravlev, Piotr V., V. V. Aleshnya, and B. I. Marchenko. "DETERMINATION OF THE DISINFECTANT ACTION OF CAUSTIC LIME ON THE MICROFLORA OF SLUDGE OF WASTEWATER OF CLEANING FACILITIES FOR SEWERAGE AND CATTLE-BREEDING COMPLEXES." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 5 (October 28, 2019): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-5-483-488.
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Introduction. The main task of treating sewage sludge is to obtain the final product, the properties of which would ensure the possibility of its utilization and minimize the damage to the environment. The sanitary and hygiene characteristics of the sediment are assessed by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and helminths eggs. The degree of disinfection of the sediments is controlled according to SanPiN 2.1.7.573 - 96. The objective of the work. Determination of optimal doses of caustic lime for disinfection of microbial contamination of sewage sludge of household wastewater of sewerage cleaning facilities (SCF) and liquid manure of the swine complex. Material and methods. The object of the study were microbial communities of the sludge of the SCF household wastewater and liquid manure of the swine complex. Standard microbiological research methods were used in the work according to MU 2.1.5.800 - 99 and MR N FTs/4022. For representativeness, analyses were performed in triplicate. Results. Caustic lime was added in the amount of 1 to 10% of the volume (mass) of the sludge under study into the sludge of household wastewater (humidity of 97 - 98%). The contact time was 0.5 hours, 1 hour, 3 hours. At a concentration of caustic lime of 5 and 6%, the absence of microflora was noted after 1 hour, at a concentration of caustic lime 8 - 10% - after 0.5 hours. After 3 hours, for any amount of caustic lime (from 1 to 10%) in the native sludge of wastewater sewerage, all the microorganisms under study were not shown. Into the liquid manure (humidity less than 85%), caustic lime was added in the amount of 4 - 10% of the volume (mass) of the material being examined. The exposure was of 1 and 3 hours. The complete death of microbes at any exposure was observed at a concentration of caustic lime 9 and 10%. Conclusion. The investigations have shown the dynamics of death of microorganisms in studying the impact of caustic lime on both native and sterilized material to be the same. The total death of microorganisms during the treatment of sludge from household wastewater was observed at a concentration of caustic lime of 7 - 9%. The complete death of microbes in liquid manure (native and sterilized) at any exposure was observed at a concentration of caustic lime 9 and 10%.