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1
Shum, Ngai-on William, and 岑毅安. "Deodorisation of sewage treatment plant." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253258.
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Shum, Ngai-on William. "Deodorisation of sewage treatment plant /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14723864.
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Wan, Ka-hung. "Computer simulation of a local municipal wastewater treatment plant." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17508939.
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Cowgill, Steven. "Optimised biogas production at Malabar sewage treatment plant." Thesis, Cowgill, Steven (2011) Optimised biogas production at Malabar sewage treatment plant. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4054/.
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Methane in biogas from anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge at Malabar Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) fuels a cogeneration system of rated capacity 2,975 kWE that helps meet the site’s electrical load of about 3,600 kWE. Low biogas flow rates limit the cogeneration system to peak loads of about 2,300 kWE in a rolling average of 1,900 kWE. Site operating costs are thus increased by the need to purchase up to 1,000 kWE of additional grid electricity at any given time.
This research investigated ways to increase the supply of biogas to the cogeneration system. A literature review of anaerobic digestion microbiology and high rate primary sewage treatment processes gave benchmark performance data against which Malabar STP digesters could be compared. Methods of increasing the biogas yield per unit mass of sewage sludge were evaluated for their likely benefit and risk at Malabar STP. The most viable of these were ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge, food waste co-digestion, and use of mechanical mixers in place of compressed biogas for sludge recirculation. These methods could increase existing steady state biogas flow rates by up to 40%.
It was concluded, however, that methods to increase biogas yield would be unnecessary at Malabar STP if Digester 3 was returned to active sludge digestion, and if the sludge in all digesters was maintained at a constant temperature of 35 oC ± 0.5 oC/d. Under these conditions some 10,300 m3/d of additional biogas would be produced, enabling the cogeneration system to operate at its rated capacity.
5
Cumbie, William E. "Effects of storage on water treatment plant sludges." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45542.
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The effects of in-basin storage of sludge on the iron, manganese, and TOC removal of water treatment plant (WTP) clarifiers and on the dewatering characteristics of sludge were examined. The use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant to retard observed detrimental effects was also investigated.
Sludge samples that were stored over a period of 120 days were found to release up to ten times the original supernatant concentration of iron and manganese from the sludge into the overlying supernatant liquor when sludge redox potential values decreased below +100 mV. Organic carbon also increased in the supernatant but to a lesser extent. Sludge dewatering characteristics as measured by specific resistance and capillary suction time were found to improve when sludge redox potential readings remained over 100 mV but varied greatly when readings were below this level.
Field monitoring and sampling of the clarifiers at Lee Hall WTP and Harwood's Mill WTP from April to July showed that the removal efficiencies of the clarifiers was not related to in-basin sludge storage. This conflicted with a later portion of the study and was thought to be due to the lack of standardized sampling techniques.
The final phase of the investigation dealt with the use of chlorine dioxide to retard the negative effects of in-basin storage of sludge. Sludge accumulation in clarifiers resulted in decreased iron and manganese removal efficiencies when chlorine dioxide was not used. Addition of chlorine dioxide improved the iron and manganese removal efficiencies of the clarifiers. Sludge dewatering characteristics were found to improve with the use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant.
Master of Science
6
Russo, Stephen Leonard. "Anaerobic treatment of a paper plant effluent." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21988.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the anaerobic biological treatment of an organic-bearing wastewater from a particular paper manufacturing process at laboratory scale. The process produces paper by re-pulping waste paper. Effluent from the process has a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentration of approximately 4500 mg/l with a sulphate content of approximately 300 mg SO₄²⁻/l. The upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor was selected for the study. Important information derived from the laboratory treatability study was: (l) the extent of COD removal possible; (2) the effluent quality; (3) the maximum COD leading rate (kgCOD/m³ reactor/day) which can be achieved while maintaining reasonable COD removal, and the influence on loading rate of temperature: (4) the nature of the sludge produced in the reactor with particular reference to the extent of pelletisation: and (5) the effect of reactor effluent recycling on alkalinity requirements.
7
Wan, Ka-hung, and 溫家雄. "Computer simulation of a local municipal wastewater treatment plant." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893685.
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Bowyer, Jocelyn Cathryn. "The ecological significance of dissolved organic nitrogen from wastewater treatment plant effluents /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18524.pdf.
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Lau, Yip Hang. "Maximization of treatment capacity of a full-scale biological nitrogen removal plant through model simulation and full-scale stress test /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?EVNG%202005%20LAU.
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Caglia, Stefania. "Nitrogen Removal in the Pilot Plant ITEST (Increased Technology in Sewage Treatment)." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik (flyttat 20130630), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171846.
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Regions with a cold winter, as in the Baltic countries, have a problem to meet the nitrogen requirement in the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 98/15/EC. Especially in the winter season, the temperature of the influent wastewater could arrive also below 10°C and this delays the biological processes that takes place in the wastewater treatment. With the decrease of the temperature, the efficiency of nitrogen removal in the system decreases and leads to a high nitrogen loading in the effluent. The ITEST (Increased Technology and Efficiency in Sewage Treatment) project situated in Hammarby Sjöstadsverk in Stockholm has as its main aim to enhance nitrogen removal, thereby increasing the temperature in the incoming wastewater. The pilot plant ITEST is comprised of two treatment lines, one works with natural temperature influent and the other works at the temperature of 20 °C. In order to warm the incoming water a heating system, using waste heat, is used, leading to save energy. The two test lines were compared analyzing different parameters from January to May 2013. Total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were measured in the incoming water and in the effluent from the two treatment lines. Hence, the efficiency of the nitrogen removal was compared between the reference and the temperature line. In the period where the system was well functioning, the results show a nitrogen efficiency with a maximum of 92 % of removal of total nitrogen for the temperature line compared to only 65 % for the reference line. In the period where the system did not have any troubles the total nitrogen is under 10 mg/l, which is the limit of total nitrogen discharges specified in the Directive. Instead, for the sludge volume and the suspended solids any particular difference can be noticed from the two lines of treatment. In conclusion, in the temperature line can be noticed a great efficiency in nitrogen removal compared to the reference line.
11
Taylor, Carrie Renee. "Selecting plant species to optimize wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/taylor/TaylorC0509.pdf.
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Constructed wetlands are used around the world for treating domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewater, stormwater runoff, and acid mine drainage. Plants may affect efficacy of wastewater treatment through their influence on microbial activity by creating attachment sites and releasing carbon exudates and oxygen. My research investigated seasonal plant effects on wastewater treatment by monitoring water chemistry in model subsurface wetlands planted with monocultures of 19 plant species and unplanted controls. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, an indicator of water quality, declined during colder temperatures in the unplanted control, likely caused by a decrease in microbial activity. In contrast, wetlands with most plant species had constant COD removal across seasons. Redox potential and sulfate concentrations were measured as indirect measurements of the oxygenation of the wastewater. Wetlands that had a decline in COD removal during cold temperatures had constant low redox potential and sulfate concentrations throughout the seasons. Wetlands with high COD removal across seasons had elevated redox potentials and sulfate concentrations during the winter, indicating elevated oxygen availability, which may offset the negative temperature effect on microbial processes. I measured root oxygen loss (ROL) in the summer and the winter to determine whether oxygen release was sufficient to influence wastewater treatment and cause seasonal and species-specific effects on water chemistry. COD removal and ROL were positively correlated at 4°C but not at 24°C; however, the amount of root oxygen release only accounted for a portion of the required oxygen to facilitate plant's influence on COD removal. Flooding tolerance was quantified for each species by comparing plants' biomass between flooded and drained conditions. Plants' botanical grouping, Wetland Indicator Status, and flooding tolerance were compared to plants' influences on wastewater treatment to determine whether easily measured plant traits can be used to identify plants that will optimize wastewater treatment. All the sedges and rushes, obligate wetlands species, and 8 of 9 flood-tolerant plants had greater COD removal than the control at 4°C, the coldest temperature incubation. These results can be applied for wetland design by selecting plant species to optimize wastewater treatment, especially in cold climates.
12
Stevens, Karen B. "Investigation of the microbial populations in the activated sludge of the Hoechst-Celanese wastewater treatment plant." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01242009-063441/.
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Jiwani, Ashifa. "Influence of plant operating conditions on the dewaterability of surplus activated sludge." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243950.
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Ikumi, David S. "The development of a three phase plant-wide mathematical model for sewage treatment." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11519.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
To aid in finding the most cost effective methods for the design and operation of wastewater treatment plants, for minimization of energy consumption and cost while maximizing nutrient recovery and improving effluent quality, the purpose of this project is to develop three phase (aqueous-gas-solid) steady state and dynamic mathematical models for the anaerobic and aerobic digestion of sludge; including waste activated sludge (WAS) produced by biological excess phosphorus removal (BEPR) plants, within a plant-wide setting.
15
Farahazad, Maryam. "The problems with water quality standards in Oakland Bay associated with the Shelton sewage treatment plant." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2009. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Farahzad_MTMESThesis2009.pdf.
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Mlambo, Patricia Zanele. "Exploring the fertiliser potential of biosolids from algae integrated wastewater treatment systems." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013342.
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High rate algae oxidation ponds (HRAOP) for domestic wastewater treatment generate biosolids that are predominantly microalgae. Consequently, HRAOP biosolids are enriched with minerals, amino acids, nutrients and possibly contain plant growth regulator (PGR)-like substances, which makes HRAOP biosolids attractive as fertiliser or PGR. This study investigated HRAOP biosolids as a starting material for a natural, cost-effective and readily-available eco-friendly organic fertiliser and/or PGRs. Various HRAOP extract formulations were prepared and their effect on plant growth and development was evaluated using selected bioassays. Initial screening included assessing the effect on change in specific leaf area, radish cotyledon expansion as an indicator of PGR-like activity, and seed germination index (GI). More detailed studies on fertiliser efficacy and PGR-like activity utilised bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Combined effects of sonicated (S) and 40% v/v methanol (M) extract (5:1 SM) had impressive plant responses, comparable to Hoagland solution (HS). Other potentially fertiliser formulations included 0.5% M, 1% M, 2.5% S and 5% S formulations. The 5:1 SM and 5% S showed greater PGR-like activity, promoting cotyledon expansion by 459 ± 0.02% and 362 ± 0.01%, respectively. GI data showed that none of the formulations negatively impacted germination. Further investigation showed that the 5% S formulation increased leaf length, width and area by 6.69 ± 0.24, 6.21 ± 0.2 mm and 41.55 ± 0.2 mm². All formulated fertiliser extracts had no adverse effect on chlorophyll content and plant nutrient balance as indicated by C:N (8-10:1) ratio. In addition, plants appeared to actively mobilise nutrients to regions where needed as evidenced by a shift in shoot: root ratio depending on C, N and water availability. Furthermore, 5% S caused a 75% increase in tomato productivity and had no effect on bean productivity. Whereas, 5:1 SM and 1% M formulation improved bean pod production by 33.3% and 11%, respectively but did not affect tomato production. Harvest index (HI) however indicated a 3% reduction in tomato productivity with 5:1 SM and little or no enhancement in bean productivity with both 5:1 SM and 5% S treatments. Bean plants treated with 5:1 SM and 5% S produced larger fruits, which could be an indication of the presence of a PGR effect. Overall, HRAOP biosolids extracts prepared and investigated in this study demonstrated both fertiliser characteristics and PGR-like activity with performances comparable and in some cases exceeding that of commercial products. However additional research is needed to confirm presence of PGR-like activities and fertiliser efficacy.
17
DI, ZHAO. "Using GIS-based Multi-criteria Analysis for Optimal Site Selection fora Sewage Treatment Plant." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19020.
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Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies and remote sensing (RS) technologies have developed rapidly in recent years, and they have been widely used indaily life of ordinary people. The combination of these two remarkable technologies isuseful for location decision making and has been applied in different kinds of study cases.Guangyuan is one of the fastest developing cities in the southwest of China. Especiallyafter the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, the development in economic and urbanreconstruction increased rapidly. Many infrastructure constructions and the reformprojects are in progress. At the same time, China's urban sewage treatment facilities areseriously inadequate. Only a small percentage of sewage has been treated by sewagetreatment plants in China. So the purpose of this study is to select an optimal site for asewage treatment plant in Guangyuan in a scientific way.In this particular study, based on GIS software and GIS-based multi-criteria analysis(MCA), a decision making model has been built for optimal site selection for a sewagetreatment plant. Two types of data were used in this study. Digital elevation model andsatellite image, several factor maps and constraint maps were created for the final analysis.The analytic hierarchy process was used to apply the weights for each factor along withformula method, in order to get the best result and find the optimal site. Finally, a MCAmodel has been made to be an example for future similar studies.In the end, an optimal site has been selected. Although aims are achieved in this study,there are still some limitations in different perspectives of the study. In the future, moreprecise data can be used in MCA studies, data limitations could be reduced with thedevelopment of RS techniques. In the future, more similar studies will be finished, whichmeans more scientific papers can provide reliable references of determining the criteriaand weights.
18
Shah, Teli Sushil Kumar Usanee Uyasatian. "Performance evaluation of central wastewater treatment plant : a case study of Hetauda Indutrial district, Nepal /." Abstract Full Text (Mahidol member only), 2008. http://10.24.101.3/e-thesis/2551/cd424/4937451.pdf.
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Wong, Joseph. "Environmental, health and handling impacts of using chemical assisted sedimentation on land application of sludge from Cronulla Sewage Treatment Plant." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1997. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27560.
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Quality and handling costs are considerations for agricultural
usage of sewage sludge. These considerations were studied in
three parts when CAS was trialled at Cronulla STP: (1) for its
effect on the raw sludge in (a) the % total and volatile solids,
(b) production volume variants, (c) the variants in the levels
of Al, As, Bo, Ca, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mo, Mn, Na, Ni,
P, Pb, Se and Zn. Groups (a), (b) and (c) were measured by dried
and ashed weights, sludge hydraulic volumes, ICP—AES and ICP—MS
assays, respectively. The quality control of the measurements for
groups (a) and (c) was emphasised, ensuring data patterns were
not sampling/analytical/dosing‘ solution relayed, (2) for the
potential effects of the raw sludge on operational steps of
stabilisation, dewatering, stockpiling, (3) the potential effects
on plant uptake of nutrients, contaminants and hydrologic effects
of sludge/soil mix. CAS was dosed using coagulant aids of FeCl3
and polyacrylate and polyacrylamide. The dosing was at a rate of
0, 22.5, 33.8 and 45 mg of FeCl3 to one litre of influent, with
combinations of copolymers ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 mg in two
treatment trains; the main focus was at the 0.2 mg level.
The increase in sludge Fe was found to be approximately 3000 ppm
(dry weight) for background, to the range of 30000 to 50000+ ppm
(dry weight) with dosing. Comparison of Fe data against dose rate
indicated significant differences in the log slopes for the two
treatment trains. Fe mass balance between calculated and assayed
Fe values suggested a lack of dose rate accuracy, at the lower
range of dosing for one treatment train and at the higher range
for the other train. To overcome the inaccuracies in dosing, the
analyte responses reported were based on analyte/Fe comparisons,
transposed back to analyte/true dose rates. Analysis of variance
indicated phase factors were significant and diurnal variability
factors not significant (P = 0.01 level).
20
Stenbacka, Nina. "Kraven på ägare till minireningsverk skiljer sig åt mellan olika kommuner." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101317.
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Discharge of inadequately treated waste water containing nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen as well as organic matter and bacteria is associated with a risk of eutrophication and contamination. The Swedish government has decided upon several Environmental Quality Objectives aiming to reduce the emissions of nutrients to water bodies. In Sweden, there are between 675 000 to 1 000 000 on-site sewage systems. Recent studies have shown that the function of small sewage treatment plants is in many cases insufficient. To prevent this regular service and supervision by a professional is needed. The focus of this study are small sewage treatment plants which use a technique where mechanical, chemical and/or biological reduction of pollutants is being used in the same facility to reduce nutrients in household wastewater. The aim of the study is to investigate how different municipalities ensure that small sewage treatment plants fulfill the requirements and reduce pollutants as efficient as the manufacturers claim. To do this, a survey was carried out, leading to a data-set that is covering more than 90 municipalities. The results show that many municipalities lack resources to ensure that small sewage treatment plants work properly. Operation and maintenance of the plants is an important issue, and should be given much more attention. Therefore the municipalities should request more documentation from the owners both before and after installation to make sure that the small sewage treatment plant can fulfill the required standard. About half of the municipalities demand that the owners acquire some kind of service agreement with the manufacturer. If small sewage treatment plants should be a wastewater treatment solution that we can rely on in the future, there is a need of evaluating and analyzing these facilities more systematically.
21
Dahlfors, Rebecka. "Occurrence of Verotoxin-encoding phages in mussels grown downstream the sewage treatment plant in Lysekil." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-108306.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Verotoxin-encoding bacteriophages in mussels, cultured downstream the sewage treatment plant in Lysekil.
Mussels were collected in three growing areas from April 2008 to March 2009. Real-time PCR was performed for detection of vtx1 and vtx2 genes and enrichment of bacteriophages on non Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157: H7 was carried out. All samples in real-time PCR analysis were negative; no presence of Verotoxin-encoding phages was shown. No plaque was formed on blood agar base plates, indicating that no bacteriophages had been taken up by E. coli bacteria
The levels of Verotoxin-encoding phages and E.coli outside the sewage treatment plant in Lysekil were not high enough to be able to form VTEC in mussels, indicating that the faecal contamination was low. This does not exclude the presence of other more common pathogens such as norovirus and campylobacter.
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Katugampalage, Lalith Gamini Perera Usanee Uyasatian. "Utilization of sludge from Biyagama common wastewater treatment plant as fertilizer and soil conditioner in Sri Lanka /." Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd399/4837460.pdf.
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Wong, Voon Hon. "An experimental and numerical study of flow distribution chambers." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3284.
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Flow distribution chambers are devices commonly used by the water industry to
distribute flows in water and sewage treatment plants. These have simple designs, and
are required to operate over a range of volumetric flowrates. Many chambers surveyed
(Herbath and Wong, 1997b) were found to perform poorly. They suffered from flow
mal-distribution, where the flow was not distributed according to design. The most
common cause of flow mal-distribution was hypothesised to be due to the presence of
a pipe bend below the chamber (Herbath and Wong, 1997a, 1997b). Therefore, an
experimental and numerical study of the flow within a distribution chamber was
conducted in this thesis to prove this hypothesis.
A novel large-scale model (1: 13) of a typical distribution chamber was constructed. This
allowed the collection of high quality and novel velocity and turbulence measurements
near the free surface using hot film anemometry. The free surface location was measured
using a vernier point gauge while the flow distribution between the outlets was metered
by orifice plates. Records of the flow patterns were also kept.
The experimental results showed that flow mal-distribution did not occur as expected
since the model distribution chamber was designed with a long length of straight inlet
pipe, to eliminate the suspected cause of flow mal-distribution. Novel velocity and water
surface data were also collected in the experiments, which contributed towards the small
body of knowledge in this area of research into flow distribution.
CFD models of the physical model were created and solved using a commercial CFD
code, CFX 4.1, developed by CFX International of AEA Technology. Steady state and
transient two- and three-dimensional calculations of the symmetrical chamber were
carried out in the course of the study. A novel adaptation of the existing code was made in obtaining solutions to the numerical models. A new solution strategy was made and
refined in this stage of the research using the two-dimensional representation of the
distribution chamber, for reasons of reduced computational time. Differencing schemes,
surface sharpening, mass residuals, mesh refinement and different turbulence models
were investigated during model refinement. The accuracies of the calculated results
were determined by comparison with experimental results. It was found that the 3D
model, incorporating the RNG k-c model, without surface sharpening, and using the Van
Leer differencing scheme, gave good quantitative agreement with the experimental
velocities, free surface location and flow distribution. The 2D results gave qualitatively
good predictions. Quantitatively, the results were over-predicted which was due, to
dimensional effects. The volume of the 2D model was reduced from the 3D model,
while the inlet velocity was made the same. This replicated the momentum effects near
the free surface that were the governing causes of flow mal-distribution. Nevertheless,
this approach was much more practical in terms of computational effort. More
importantly, the correct trends for flow mal-distribution could be predicted accurately.
Therefore, the next stage of the research used the 2D model developed and validated
here.
This part of the research involved the novel adaptation of the existing symmetrical 2D
results for investigating the asymmetric effects of pipe bends. Three different
approaches for modelling the asymmetric effects of a pipe bend were investigated. The
first, and the most simplistic, was to incline the incoming flow at an angle to the
vertical. The second was to calculate the velocities and turbulence at the outlet of a
simple 2D pipe bend, separate from the chamber. These calculated variables were then
input into the chamber, to build up a picture of the asymmetric flow, iteratively. The
third, and the most accurate method, was to couple the bend to the chamber. It was
found that only the third method was capable of accurately representing the conditions
within the chamber. Two different pipe bend. lengths were examined using the third
approach. The distances chosen were typical of the bend distances found in some
treatment plants.
The results
.
from both simulations produced large flow mal-distribution and asymmetric
flows within the chamber. A value of 10% difference between the flows from the two
outlets was taken to be the maximum limit for mal-distribution. However, values of
44.5 % and 22.8 % were obtained for the larger pipe distance and short pipe distance
respectively.
Novel remediation strategies using numerical techniques were used to determine the most
effective means of improving the flow distribution. The first, used a vertical flow
splitter, placed directly above the chamber inlet. Although it altered the path of the jet,
it was felt that it would be ineffective for all situations. Although the magnitude of the
asymmetry was improved with the use of the splitter, the improvement was insufficient
to warrant its recommendation. The other device tested was a horizontal plate located
at a certain distance from the chamber inlet. For the longer bend case, a separation
distance equivalent to two inlet hydraulic diameters was sufficient to deflect the jet, and
reduced the magnitude of the flow asymmetry to around 2%. When the same plate
location was used for the shorter bend case, the efficiency of the plate was reduced.
Although there was an improvement in the distribution, the magnitude of the asymmetry
was greater than 10%. The plate was subsequently lowered by half a hydraulic
diameter. This gave a large improvement to the effectiveness of the plate, and the
resulting asymmetry was reduced to 7.31 %.
The horizontal plate was considered more promising since its function was to deflect and
reduce the peak velocities of the jet. With the reduction in velocities, the magnitudes
of the nonlinear terms in the Navier-Stokes equations are reduced. The solution to the
equations would be more likely to be symmetrical.
24
Hamon, Jeff Richard. "The effect of treatment process variations on the thickening and dewatering characteristics of water plant sludges." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94459.
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The effects of coagulation pH and influent turbidity on aluminum and ferric hydroxide sludge macro-and micro-properties were investigated. To reduce the number of variables, sludges were produced under specific operating conditions in a 400 L/day continuous-flow pilot-plant. The effluent turbidity was monitored to evaluate process modifications.
Sludge thickening and dewatering characteristics improved with reductions in the coagulation pH, increases in the influent turbidity levels, and/or reductions in the coagulant dose/influent turbidity ratio. Sludge floc/ aggregate density was the dominant sludge micro-property; sludges with superior thickening and dewatering characteristics were composed of higher density flocs/aggregates. A trade-off appeared to exist between improved sludge characteristics and effluent quality; however, verification will require additional research.M.S.
25
Yahya, Mahzoun. "Heating Value and Energy Recovery Potential of Sewage Sludge and Suspended Solids in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232029.
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Gullman, Isak. "Improved prediction of biogas production at Uddebo wastewater treatment plant : Substrate modelling in SIMCA." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85463.
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Anaerobic digestion is a complex process, dependent on multiple factors, which can be made more stable and efficient with the help of process models. A more stable process could reduce biogas torching, which increases the amount of renewable energy available for heat- and electricity production and vehicle fuel. Fluctuations in the produced biogas at Uddebo WWTP in Luleå, Sweden, has been observed, where imported industrial waste was suspected to be the cause. The purpose of this master thesis was to increase the predictability of the biogas production at Uddebo WWTP by creating a process model based on historical data. The historical data consisted of quantitative data of the substrates loaded into the anaerobic digestor and biogas collected from the digestor. The results showed that the calculated error between modelled and measured biogas production was <20%, which was considered good. However, due to the demarcation of this report, many variables were ignored in the creation of the model. Further research is therefore a requirement for the model to function properly: The error should be reduced to <10%, This could be done by increasing the period and resolution toinclude and statistically secure fast and seasonal variations. make qualitative modelling easier, i.e., prediction of the biomethane amount in the biogas. The industrial liquid waste storage should be included in the calculation. A more detailed analysis of all substrates is needed to make the comparison between the literature based and measured production more realistic. Expanding the demarcation of the model to also include the environment in the digestor. This could also increase the total amount of biogas produced.
27
Randall, William O. "The Effects of a phosphate detergent ban on a biological nutrient removal plant and anaerobic digester /." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03122009-040637/.
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Goudreau, Stephanie E. "Effects of sewage treatment plant effluents on mollusks and fish of the Clinch River in Tazewell County, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43404.
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The Clinch River is renown for its rich mollusk and fish assemblages, including many endemic species. New sewage treatment plants (STP's) have recently been constructed along the Clinch River in Virginia, raising concern because of the disappearance of mollusks below existing STP's. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine mollusk and fish distribution in proximity to two STP's in Tazewell County, and the tolerance of two mollusk species to mono chloramine and unionized ammonia, the major toxicants in domestic STP effiuent.
River reaches up to 3.75 km downstream of the STP outfalls at Tazewell and Richlands were depauperate of mussels. Tolerance to effluent seemed to vary among snails, sphaeriid clams, and the Asiatic clam Corbicula flumineaK. After an initial toxic zone below the Tazewell outfall, abundance of fish appeared to increase by 0.45 km below the outfall. The effluent at Richlands eliminated intolerant species, and more tolerant species were present as far as 0.45 km below the outfall.
Laboratory bioassays with glochidia of Villosa nebulosa resulted in 24-h EC50 and LC50 values of 0.042 and 0.084 mg/L monochloramine, respectively, and 24-h EC50 and LC50values of 0.237 and 0.284 mg/L unionized ammonia, respectively. Glochidia rank among the most sensitive invertebrates in their tolerance to these toxicants. The snail Pleurocera unciale unciale was moderately sensitive, with 96-h LC50 values of 0.252 mg/L mono chloramine and 0.742 mg/L unionized ammonia. Comparison of monochloramine and unionized ammonia concentrations monitored at 0.10 km below the outfalls indicated that mono chloramine was the major toxicant likely affecting fauna.
Master of Science
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Akidi, Innocent O. (Innocent Okechuknu). "The Organizational Improvement of the Village Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant in Fort Worth, Texas, 1969-1988: a Case Study of Forces Responsible for Organizational Change." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500720/.
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This study documents that external and internal forces were causes of change at VCWTP. External forces caused. Fort Worth to reorganize and introduce new management at VCWTP after 1982. These improvements led to VCWTP being selected best managed wastewater treatment plant in the nation by EPA in 1988. This study first analyzes external and internal forces responsible for changes at VCWTP. A history of plant operations also is reviewed. Personnel interviews were conducted of perceptions of employees. Finally, statistics obtained of the plant operation from 1969 to 1988 are compared with personal interviews. Five forces effect change at VCWTP; population, regulatory requirements, political conflicts, an organizational and managerial factors. Turnaround occurred as external and internal corrections were made.
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Justo, Llopis Ana. "Advanced technologies applied to wastewater treatment plant effluents." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/379819.
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This thesis is formed as a summary of publications developed in the Chemical Engineering Department from the University of Barcelona. The six publications of this thesis are focused on the application of advanced technologies to Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) effluents that are usually discharged to the aquatic environment.
Water is an essential natural resource for the development of life and for human activities. Over the last few decades, water scarcity and water quality have become issues of major concern. Large amounts of water have been continuously contaminated, especially in developed countries. The restoration of water quality is essential to avoiding higher levels of contamination dealing with the "zero discharge" idea, and enabling water reuse. The implementation of tertiary treatments is necessary to reach the appropriate quality of water from effluents of WWTPs.
It is generally assumed that not all polluting agents are removed through conventional WWTPs. These persistent compounds include the emerging pollutants group, constituted by chemicals of high diverse origin. They are characterized by their high production and consumption volumes, which entails their continuous presence in the environment even at low concentrations. Whereas their occurrence is fairly well-established, their long-term effects and environmental consequences are not clearly identified. Thus, additional advanced treatment steps should be considered to reduce their discharge into receiving waters.
In this work, two groups of effluents that are usually discharge into water bodies without any extra treatment were treated: two types of secondary effluents and Reverse Osmosis (RO) brine effluent. Biologically treated sewage effluent contains a complex matrix of organic materials-Effluent Organic Matter (EfOM). This EfOM consisted of: refractory Natural Organic Matter (NOM), trace levels of synthetic organic compounds and soluble microbial products. Regarding RO, despite the high quality effluent generated, salts, biological constituents and organics, including micropollutants, are concentrated in the rejected effluent. Although their discharge is currently not regulated, safe environmental practices would suggest their treatment before its release and dilution into the environment.
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) appear to be appropriate for the treatment of waste streams that contains recalcitrant organic matter. These AOPs involves the in situ generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (HO). This work is focused in the UV/H202 and ozonation treatments. On the other hand, taking advantage of the biodegradability enhancement achieved by AOPs, the use of subsequent biological step has been also integrated in order to minimize even further the organic load of the target effluent. The selected biological process was the Biological Activated Carbon (BAC) filter, where microbial communities were established on the exhausted porous of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) surface.Actualmente, la situación de escasez de agua y la calidad de la misma son cuestiones de gran preocupación a nivel mundial. Es por ello que, restablecer la calidad de las aguas que han sido previamente utilizadas, es esencial para evitar seguir contribuyendo a la contaminación del medio ambiente y caminando hacia el ideal de "vertido cero". Esta tesis, presentada como compendio de artículos, se ha centrado en la aplicación de tecnologías avanzadas para el tratamiento de efluentes procedentes de Estaciones Depuradoras de Aguas Residuales (WWTPs) que normalmente son vertidos al medio acuático sin tratamiento extra, y sin embargo contienen aún materia recalcitrante como por ejemplo, microcontaminantes. Los efluentes tratados han sido: efluentes secundarios procedentes de WWTPs municipales y procedente del efluente de rechazo producido en el tratamiento terciario con Ósmosis Inversa (RO). Los tratamientos empleados han sido los Procesos de Oxidación Avanzada (AOPs) UV/H202 y ozonización, los cuales se caracterizan por la generación in situ de radicales hidroxilo de alto poder oxidante. Por otro lado, aprovechando que éstos son capaces de mejorar la biodegradabilidad del efluente tratado, también se ha estudiado la integración con tratamientos biológicos como son los filtros Biológicos de Carbón Activo (BAC). Esta tecnología aprovecha la saturación del Carbón Activo Granular (GAC) para la colonización de la biomasa en su superficie. Por lo que respeta a efluentes secundarios, se ha caracterizado la Materia Orgánica del Efluente (EfOM) durante su oxidación con UV/H202 y ozono mediante la técnica de Cromatografía Líquida con Detección de Carbono Orgánico (LC-OCD). Se ha concluido que ambas técnicas parecen apropiadas para la oxidación de las diferentes fracciones de EfOM. No obstante, se han observado algunas diferencias en las características de las aguas resultantes debido a los diferentes mecanismos de oxidación implicados en los AOP utilizados. Por otro lado, en los estudios realizados con efluentes de rechazo de RO, se ha evaluado la degradación de diferentes fármacos a diferentes dosis de oxidante aplicadas para ambos AOPs, así como la combinación de análisis químicos con bioensayos para caracterizar la eliminación de estos microcontaminantes. Por último, se ha evaluado la combinación de los tratamientos UV/H202 y ozonización con unos filtros Biológicos de Carbón Activo (BAC). Esta tecnología aprovecha la saturación del Carbón Activo Granular (GAC) para la colonización de la biomasa en su superficie. Los resultados han sido satisfactorios para todos los tratamientos propuestos, obteniendo cinéticas de degradación de fármacos diferentes en función del tratamiento aplicado y también de las características del efluente de rechazo. Los bioensayos aplicados han proporcionado información útil para una mejor caracterización de los efluentes resultantes. Por último, la integración de los AOPs como paso previo a un tratamiento biológico ha permitido reducir los parámetros típicos de calidad del agua significativamente.
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Reis, Patrícia Isabel Nunes. "Microplastic contamination in Argentina: insights about a source (wastewater treatment plant) and a sink (beach): 2 case studies." Master's thesis, ISA, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19528.
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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaMicroplastics (MPs) are a contaminant which due to its ubiquitous nature is spread all over the world, reaching all the ecosystems and remote places. Since it’s a recent topic in the scientific community and its elimination is still a challenge, it’s important to access its concentration worldwide and monitoring. Some countries don’t have or have scarce data about it. Argentina, which comprises a long Atlantic coast and manages one of the major estuaries of South America is highly susceptible to release and transport MPs, but its concentration hasn’t been broadly studied yet. This thesis aims to contribute to filling the existent knowledge gap by presenting two case studies: one representing a sink for Potential Microplastics (PMPs), three beaches from Villa Gesell (Great Buenos Aires); and a source, a communitarian Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in the Great Buenos Aires area, to understand the transport of PMPs to the environment. PMPs were quantified and classified optically by its shape and colour. In Villa Gesell, PMPs were investigated in three different beaches with different anthropogenic loads, ranging from 46.0±34.8 (SD) to 86.2±66.1 PMPs.Kg-1 dry sand. No relation was observed between the amount of PMPs with anthropogenic load, wracklines, sand-size grain, and organic content. In WWTP, the concentration of PMPs in the influent was 12587±3073 PMPs.L-1 and it’s suggested that lagoon system and secondary settler could remove PMPs. However, still releases to the aquatic ecosystem an amount of 9.1x109 PMPs.day-1. Since the PMPs were not eliminated, they remained in the sludge, reaching an amount of 2.7x105±2.9x105 PMPs.kg-1 of dry sludge. The results from this thesis show the importance of assessing PMPs to understand the dimension of the contamination, bring awareness on this problem that can have serious consequences to the biota, and motivate the development of strategies to eliminate this contaminant
N/A
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Lundén, Anna. "Biogas Production : Anaerobic Digestion of Grains Diluted in Process Water from a Wastewater Treatment Plant." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2017.
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In light of constant research regarding the development of alternate fuels, anaerobic digestion of grains diluted in process water from a wastewater treatment plant has been investigaed by starting biogas reactors to produce methane. The possibility of using the sludge from the reactors as fertilizer was also explored. The experiment ran for 90 days of which three days were used to collect samples over a 24-hour period. Variables monitored were associated to process stability, consistency and production. The results of the 24-hour periods show that volatile fatty acids concentrations increase immediately following feeding, peak a few hours later then decrease. Gas production is most efficient at the beginning of the period then stagers after about 20 hours. Results of the 90-day period resemble the 24-hour results; high volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations are often linked to low gas production and methane concentrations. The results indicate that certain types of process waters are better suited as dilution liquids than others i.e. digested sludge is better than centrifugation water, though overall gas production in all reactors averaged ca 650 ml/ g volatile solids loaded. With regards to fertilizer use, Cr was the only metal that was measured in unacceptable quantities. Fertilizing the land is not a problem seen from the heavy metals perspective. There is, however, a need for further research and process development before any full-scale digestion processes of this type are initiated.
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Aldén, Nina. "Potential for mitigating GHG emissions at a Swedish wastewater treatment plant – a life cycle approach." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-186730.
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To meet the national and international climate goals every potential GHG mitigating effort needs to be addressed. The aim of this thesis is to investigate if the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), Ekebyhov, can reduce its GHG emissions by making changes inthe treatmentprocess. The main GHGs emitted from WWT areN2O, CH4and CO2. To begin with, Ekebyhov’scurrent carbon footprintwas calculated in a base line scenario, using a calculation tool (ECT). The results showed that the total footprintamounted to 522 tons CO2eqper year, with the majority of the emissions (83 %) from the activated sludge process. Five GHG-mitigating measures were identified and potential GHG emission reduction (PGER) was calculated from 1) optimized WWT, 2) urea treated sludge, 3) change of chemicals, 4) green transports and 5) added anaerobic digestion (AD) process. The largest PGER came from added AD, followed by optimized WWT. Finally, the PGER for all measures was calculated and resulted in net negative emissions of -95 tons CO2eq per year. The thesis shows that it is possible to reduce the carbon footprint of Ekebyhov WWTP, even to a net negative result. It is, however important to address other impact categories in a full LCA to be able to make fully informed decisions.
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Coogan, Melinda Ann La Point Thomas W. "Bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and methyl-triclosan in a North Texas wastewater treatment plant receiving stream and effects of triclosan on algal lipid synthesis." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3986.
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Yakobi, Sinethemba Hopewell. "The level and persistence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria in wastewater before, during and after treatment at a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Stellenbosch." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2237.
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Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Sciences))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are designed to remove/decrease conventional pollution parameters from the wastewater influent, so that the final effluent (run off) does not compromise the receiving surface water source. However, as hospital and clinical effluent may form part of the initial influent at a WWTP, bacteria may be exposed to various antibiotics or pharmaceuticals throughout the various stages of primary, secondary and tertiary processes utilised to remove or reduce the level of pollutants. Numerous studies have then indicated that WWTPs have become potential reservoirs for antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and due to ineffective treatment practices, antibiotics are being released into the environment. Consequently, research has shown that relatively low concentrations of these compounds still promotes the development of bacterial resistance, which potentiates the rapid spread of ARB in the environment. The primary aim of this study was thus to identify and trace the antibiotic resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) throughout the Stellenbosch WWTP. This was done in order to determine the persistance of the ARB organisms at the various stages of treatment and to ascertain which identification and antibiotic resistance detection methods are ideal for the routine application and detection of these organisms.
National Research Foundation
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Zhang, Zhenhua. "Plant growth and nutrient removal in simulated secondary-treated municipal wastewater in wetland microcosmos." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0141.
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[Truncated abstract] The use of constructed wetlands for tertiary purification of municipal wastewater has received increasing attention around the world because direct discharge of secondary-treated municipal wastewater to water bodies has caused eutrophication. Plant species selection and vegetation management may enhance nutrient removal efficiency in constructed wetlands. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the relations between plant growth and nutrient removal efficiency in constructed wetlands. The objective of this study is to better understand how plant growth and resource allocation are influenced by nutrients in wastewater and how nutrient removal efficiencies are affected by plant species and vegetation management. The preliminary experiment was conducted to select macrophytes, especially ornamental species, to grow in the wastewater in the wetland microcosms. Ten plant species, comprising six ornamental species: Alocasia macrorrhiza, Canna indica, Iris louisiana, Lythrum sp., Zantedeschia aethiopica, Zantedeschia sp., and four sedge species: Baumea articulate, Baumea juncea, Carex tereticaulis and Schoenoplectus validus, were planted in the wetland microcosms and fed a simulated wastewater solution in the concentrations similar to the secondary-treated municipal wastewater. C. indica has shown vigorous and healthy growth, and a relatively high potential of rooting-zone aeration and nutrient removal efficiency. B. articulata and S. validus also showed relatively high nutrient removal efficiency. ... The high nutrient availability and optimum N/P ratio were required for stimulating plant growth, resulting in allocation of more resources to above-ground tissues compared to below-ground parts, and enhancing nutrient removal efficiency. Nutrient removal efficiencies were significantly influenced by growth of C. indica and S. validus, nutrient loading rates and N/P ratios in the wastewater. The nutrient uptake kinetics of C. indica and S. validus were investigated to elucidate the differences in nutrient uptake between species. Wetland plant species have shown differential nutrient uptake efficiency and different preferences for inorganic N source, with C. indica preferring NO3-N and S. validus preferring NH4-N. C. indica had greater capacity than S. validus to take up PO4-P when the concentration of PO4-P in the solution was relatively low, whereas S. validus was more capable than C. indica to take up NO3-N when the concentration of NO3-N in the solution was relatively low. The PO4-P uptake capacity was higher in younger than older plants. Overall, the study has suggested that different plant species have differential capacity to take up nutrients. In addition to nutrient uptake, plants have significant other roles in terms of nutrient removal from the wastewater (such as leaking oxygen into the rhizosphere in which oxidation of substances like ammonia can occur). The properly high nutrient availability and optimum N/P ratio are required to stimulate the plant growth, resulting in enhancing the treatment performance in the wetlands. These findings have important implications for improving our ability to engineer ecological solutions to the problems associated with nutrient-rich wastewater.
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Соляник, Валерій Олександрович, Валерий Александрович Соляник, Valerii Oleksandrovych Solianyk, and В. В. Береза. "Вдосконалення системи очисних споруд ПП "Рось" "Охтирський сирзавод"." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45405.
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На сей час в оз. Ігнатенкове (м. Охтирка), що розташоване в долині р. Ворскла здійснюється випуск промислових стічних вод ПП «Рось» «Охтирський сирзавод» після системи очищення. Але низька ефективність роботи очисних споруд і залпові скиди, що трапляються, привели оз. Ігнатенкове. до критичного екологічного стану.
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Vafa, Amir. "Legitimacy and justice on the verge of deterioration : A case study of Swedish local efforts to reduce eutrophication." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45683.
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Eutrophication is one of the major threats to the marine environment in the Baltic Sea. The human pressure on the sea by nutrient input from agriculture, industry, public sewage facility and small sewage treatment plants causes excessive algal blooms leading to oxygen depleted seabed and an ecosystem out of balance. The objective of this study is to investigate how local legitimacy and fairness is addressed in the multilevel and complex issue of reducing Baltic Sea eutrophication. The main results show that there is a great challenge and uncertainty in dealing with the problem of eutrophication. Furthermore, there is an unfair distribution of costs and responsibilities related to wastewater treatment in the municipal planning documents and nearly total exclusion of the individual property owners from participating in the decision-making processes related to the expansion plans for public sewage facility. This in turn risks the legitimacy and the democratic aspects of the plans. Previous studies related to public and simple sewage plants have investigated different issues related to the legislation and practical planning as possible reasons for a sluggish progress in the measures to reduce nutrient discharges to the sea. However, the fairness aspects and the participatory processes of the plans have not been studied. The implications of this study are to invite to a more inclusive and fair planning process with the use of alternative solutions to the compulsory expansion of public sewage facility. Modifications in the legislation to include economic instruments creating incentives for the property owners can be a way of increasing participation and thus the legitimacy of the system.
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Plucar, Tomáš. "Návrh experimentální solární sušárny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229766.
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This Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.
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Elander, Lina. "Diatom analyses of sediment from Himmerfjärden estuary, southern archipelago of Stockholm : has the water discharge from a constructed sewage treatment plant led to eutrophication?" Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-29551.
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A sediment core from Himmerfjärden estuary, south of Stockholm, was examined to detect records of eutrophication on the site since the opening of the sewage treatment plant Himmerfjärdsverket in 1974. The core was analysed with respect to the diatom record and lithology. Four macrofossil that were found in the sediment were dated using 14C-dating. This study aims to detect changes in the environment of Himmerfjärden by using the diatom stratigraphy record. The results have been interpreted and discussed regarding natural environmental and climate change and/or anthropogenic impact, and detected changes will be associated with the history of the sampling site. The results show that the lowermost zone started to deposit around 1300-1490 cal yr BP and the homogeneous sediment indicates that the area was not suffering from hypoxia at that time. There is a successive transition towards more distinct lamination further up in the core which show that the environment in Himmerfjärden have changed and become hypoxic. This may have to do with factors such as the opening of heavily trafficked Södertälje Canal, and also the increased nutrient input from Himmerfjärdsverket. This study could be a part of the process of working towards a “good environmental status” in the Baltic Sea. However, continued and improved work is needed for further and more accurate interpretations.
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Klingberg, Josefine. "Latrin från fritidsbåtar i Stockholms skärgård - innehåll, volym och påverkan på avloppsreningsverk och ekosystem." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316880.
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Den första april 2015 trädde en författning i kraft som innefattar ett förbud mot utsläpp av toalettavfall från fritidsbåtar inom Sveriges sjöterritorium. Redan före denna författning var det obligatoriskt för fritidsbåtshamnar att ha mottagningsanordningar för avfall, inklusive latrin, från fritidsbåtar. Många hamnar och båtklubbar har därför sugtömningsstationer för att kunna ta emot latrin. Detta avfall förs sedan till avloppsreningsverk för behandling på samma sätt som hushållsavlopp. Hur båtlatrinet hanteras vid insamlingen skiljer sig dock mycket åt inom Sverige. Vissa sugtömningsstationer är kopplade direkt till det kommunala avloppsnätet, om placeringen tillåter det, medan andra har blivit nekade detta. En anledning till detta är osäkerheten beträffande latrinets volym och innehåll och därmed osäkerhet i dess påverkan på avloppsreningsprocessen. För att fylla dessa kunskapsluckor och undersöka latrinets påverkan på ekosystemet vid direktutsläpp utfördes denna studie som den första av sitt slag i Sverige. Studien innefattar provtagningar och volymsberäkningar och är en del av ett LOVA-projekt som ett samarbetsprojekt mellan Norrtälje kommun, Vaxholms stad, Värmdö kommun, Transportstyrelsen och Ecoloop AB. Inom studien utfördes under hösten 2016 provtagningar på latrin från fyra sugtömningsstationer i de deltagande kommunerna. Provtagningen visade på höga koncentrationer av näringsämnen, syreförbrukande ämnen och metaller jämfört med hushållsavlopp. Analys av ett urval kemikalier samt bakterier utfördes för att påvisa eventuell användning av sanitetsvätskor vilka används i båttoaletter för att förhindra dålig lukt ombord. På grund av motstridiga resultat och osäkerhet i använd analysmetod kan användning av sanitetsvätskor inte påvisas och vidare analys bör utföras. Hos de flesta avloppsreningsverk finns det möjlighet att tillföra båtlatrinet successivt och därmed späda ut det. Utspädningen förhindrar att det koncentrerade båtlatrinet hämmar de biologiska processerna utförda av mikroorganismer på avloppsreningsverken. Då båtlatrinet har en sammansättning som avviker från hushållsvatten kan det även hota ett avloppsreningsverks eventuella Revaq-certifiering som garanterar att slammet har en kvalitet som möjliggör återföring till skogs- och jordbruk. Att samla in latrin kan alltså ge upphov till att avloppsreningsverken inte klarar av sina åtaganden med avseende på reningskrav, men problemen om avloppet släpps ut till naturen kan vara ännu allvarligare. Stockholms skärgård ligger i Östersjön vilket är ett av världens mest påverkade hav med eutrofiering som ett av de största hoten. Utsläpp av båtlatrin bidrar till ökad eutrofiering då det är väldigt näringsrikt. Enligt en enkätundersökning utförd inom studien innehåller en medelstor septiktank 34 l båtlatrin. Detta motsvarar exempelvis ungefär 2,5 g fosfor och 50 g kväve. Beräkningar utgående från enkätundersökningen visade även att det idag samlas in ungefär 350 m3 latrin per år in i de deltagande kommunerna. Införandet av utsläppsförbudet motiverades från miljö- och hälsosynpunkt då det skulle minska tillförseln av näringsämnen och smittsamma bakterier till miljön. Båtlatrinets höga innehåll av näringsämnen och metaller kan bidra till miljöproblem vid utsläpp. Dess påverkan på miljön i relation till andra källor kan dock inte påvisas i denna studie. Hälsoaspekten är desto påtagligare då båtlatrinet innehåller en hög mängd bakterier.The first of April 2015 a constitution came into force which comprises a prohibition of discharge of sewage from leisure boats in Swedish territorial waters. It was mandatory for leisure boat marinas already before this constitution to have waste reception facilities for waste, including sewage, from leisure boats. As a result of this many marinas and leisure boat clubs have pump out stations in order to receive sewage. This waste is then transferred to sewage treatment plants for treatment as household sewage. How the boat sewage is handled at the collection differs within Sweden. Some pump out stations are connected directly to the municipal sewer system, if the placing permits, while some have been denied to connect. One of the reasons for this difference is uncertainty about volume and content of the boat sewage and hence uncertainty in the effects it has on the sewage treatment process. This study was performed in order to fill these knowledge gaps and to investigate the impact of discharge on the ecosystem, as the first of its kind in Sweden. The study includes sampling and volume calculations and is part of a LOVA-project as a cooperation project between Norrtälje, Vaxholm and Värmdö municipalities, the Swedish Transportation Agency and Ecoloop AB. During the autumn 2016 four pump out stations within the participating municipalities were sampled as a part of the study. The analysis of boat sewage showed high concentrations of nutrients, oxygen consuming substances, and metals in comparison with household sewage. Analyzes of a selection of chemicals and bacteria were performed in order to demonstrate the possible use of sanitary fluids, which are used in toilets to prevent odors. Because of conflicting results and uncertainty in the analysis method used no detection of the use of sanitary liquids could be done and further analysis should be carried out. It is possible in most sewage treatment plants to add the boat sewage gradually and in that way dilute it. The dilution prevents the concentrated boat sewage to inhibit the biological processes performed by microorganisms in sewage treatment plants. The boat sewage can be a threat to the Revaq-certification of some sewage treatment plants. Revaq-certification guarantees that the sludge is of a quality that allows recycling to forestry and agriculture. Collection of boat sewage can cause sewage treatment plants to not meet their commitments in terms of treatment requirements, but the problems with discharge can be even more serious. Stockholm archipelago is located in the Baltic Sea which is one of the most affected seas with eutrophication as one of the greatest threats. Discharge of boat sewage contributes to eutrophication since it is very nutritious. According to a survey conducted within this study an average boat septic tank contains 34 l sewage. This is equivalent to for example 2.5 g phosphorus and 50 g nitrogen. Calculations based on the survey also shows that the total volume of boat sewage collected in pump out stations in the participating municipalities is 350 m3 per year. The introduction of the prohibition of discharge was motivated from an environmental and health point of view since it would reduce the supply of nutrients and infectious bacteria to the environment. The high content of nutrients and metals in the boat sewage would contribute to environmental problems when discharged. The impact on the environment in relation to other sources could not be shown in this study. The health aspect, on the other hand, is unmistakable since the boat sewage contains a high amount of bacteria.
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Backlund, Sofia. "Avsättningsalternativ för avloppsslam utifrån effektiviserad slambehandlingsmetod i Avesta kommun : med fokus på hygienisering och miljömässig nytta." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19947.
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Avloppsslam innehåller näringsämnen, som bör återföras till naturen för att skapa ett så kallat näringskretslopp. Genom att optimera hygieniseringen av avloppsslam med effektivare behandlingsmetod kan avloppsslam bli mer lämpligt att avsättas ur ett bättre ekonomiskt- och miljömässigt perspektiv. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka och bedöma om effektiviseringav befintlig slambehandling är möjlig för att uppnå tillräcklig hygienisering. Utifrån den effektiviserade slambehandlingsmetoden utreda möjliga avsättningsalternativ som lämpar sig bäst för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun. En litteraturöversikt utfördes för att öka kunskapen och förståelsen av avloppsslam, desshantering och avsättning. Fallstudien är utformad med kvalitativ metod och informationen har inhämtats från vetenskapliga artiklar, myndigheter, rapporter, examensarbeten och personligkontakt som komplement för att erhålla en god förståelse. Uppgradering av mesofil rötning av avloppsslam vid 37 °C till termofil rötning, 55 °C – 65 °C innebär förhöjd temperatur; det kräver mer energi och ökade energikostnader. Komponenter av den mesofila rötningsprocessen kommer att behöva uppgraderas eller bytas ut och därför tillkommer extra kostnader som också behöver ses över. Fördelarna med termofil rötning inkluderar kortvariga uppehållstider, mindre rötkammare och slammet blir tillräckligt hygieniserat. Ett framtidsscenario är framtaget utifrån effektiviserad slambehandling där två avsättningsalternativ är mest lämpliga för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun. Gödsel till produktiv mark är ett av de föreslagna alternativ som tillåter fosforn återvinnas och återanvändas. Om inte termofil rötning som effektivisering hade erhållit tillräcklig hygienisering borde andra komplementerande processer ha införts, exempelvis komposteringstrumma eller pastörisering. En fullständig kostnadsjämförelse mellan befintlig slambehandlingsmetod och mer effektiviserad slambehandlingsmetod är dock nästan omöjlig att utföra då alla kostnader beror på val av komponenter och faktorer. Denna fallstudie bidrar med ett underlag som kan ge större möjligheter för Avesta Vatten och Avfall AB att välja den mest lämpliga avsättningen för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun i framtiden.Sewage sludge contains nutrients, which should be returned to nature to create a so-called nutrient circulation. By optimizing sanitisation of sewage sludge with effective treatment methods, sewage sludge can be more appropriately disposed from a better economic- and environmental perspective. The aim of this work was to investigate and judge the efficiency of existing sludge treatment is possible to achieve a sufficent sanitation. Based on the streamlined sludge treatment method investigate the disposal options that is best suited for sewage sludge in Avesta town. A literature review was conducted to increase the knowledge and understanding of sewage sludge, its treatment and disposal. The case study is formed with qualitative method and information which has been collected from the scientific articles, authorities, reports, theses and personal contact as a complement to obtain a good understanding. Upgrading of mesophilic digestion of sludge at 37 ° C to thermophilic digestion at 55 ° C - 65 ° C means increased temperature; this requires more energy and hence increases energy costs. Components of the mesophilic digestion process need to be upgraded or replaced and therefore additional costs should also be considered. The advantages of the thermophilic digestion include short residence time, smaller digester and sludge becomes sufficiently disinfected. A future scenario is developed based on more efficient sludge treatment where two disposal options are most appropriate for the sewage sludge in Avesta town. Returning digestate to productive land is one of those suggested alternatives that allows phosphorus to be recovered and recycled. If not thermophilic digestion as streamlining is not effective enough for sufficient sludge sanitation, other complementary processes have to be introduced, for instance, composting drum or pasteurization. A full cost comparison between the existing sludge treatment and more efficient sludge treatment method is, however, almost impossible to be performed when all costs depend on the choice of components, factors and so on. This case study contributes with first-hand information that can provide greater opportunities for Avesta Vatten och Avfall AB to select the most appropriate options for sewage sludge disposal in Avesta town in the future.
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Reis, Jose Roberto Bezerra dos. "Estudo de reuso e reciclagem de agua de lavagem de filtro rapido de estação de tratamento de agua, em sistema de ciclo fechado, independente." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258655.
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Orientador: Ruben Bresaola JuniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O projeto foi desenvolvido visando estudar o tratamento e o reuso da água de lavagem de filtro para reciclagem nesta função, dentro de um circuito fechado, em sistema independente das atividades de produção de uma estação de tratamento de água de abastecimento. O sistema foi dotado de unidade de mistura de polímero, pré-filtro de pedregulho e filtro de dupla camada (F3), semelhante aos usados na estação de tratamento de água. O pré-filtro foi retirado do sistema porque não forneceu a eficiência esperada. Com esta disposição foi monitorado o número de vezes que a água obtida poderia ser reutilizada sem influir na qualidade da água de início de filtração do filtro piloto F1, o que mostrou ser maior ou igual cinco vezes. A perda da água de lavagem no sistema foi de 0,13%, bastante significativo perante os valores costumeiros de 2 a 5%. O sistema operou sempre com partículas floculentas, nunca com partículas coloidais.
Abstract: The project was developed with the aim of studying the treatment and the reuse of rapid filter backwash water for recycling in this role, within a closed cycle, under system independent of production activities of a water treatment plant. The system was assembled with a polymer blending unit, a gravel preliminary upflow filter and a dual layer filter(F3), similar to those used in the water treatment plant. The pre-filter was withdrawn because it did not provided the expected efficiency. With this provision, it was monitored the number of times that water obtained could be reused without affecting the quality of water filtration top of the filter F1 which proved to be greater or equal to five times. The loss of filter backwash water in the system was 0,13%, quite significant when compared to the usual 2 to 5%. The system always worked with flocculent particles, not with colloidal particles.
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Morgan, Jennifer Anne. "Water quality improvement and plant root function in an ecological system treating dairy wastewater." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1184934988.
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Arespacochaga, Santiago Nicolás de. "Sewage biogas energy valorization via solid oxide fuel cells." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/345237.
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A more sustainable and secure energy supply is required for the forthcoming generations; where the actual dependence on the fossil fuel reserves should be replaced by self-sufficiency and use of renewable energy resources. Conventional sewage treatment is an energy consuming process, or more specifically, an electricity consuming process. Notwithstanding, energy on Waste Water Treatment Plants is not only considered in terms of consumption reduction, but also in terms of production of renewable energy in form of biogas. Today, achieving energy self-sufficiency is limited by the low electrical efficiencies of conventional biogas-powered Combined Heat and Power systems; but fuel cell technology is appearing on the scene in the recent years offering both a higher electrical efficiency and a further reduced environmental impact. Biogas energy valorization in fuel cells combines a high-efficient technology for electrical generation, i.e.: fuel cell, with the use of a renewable fuel, i.e.: biogas.
Raw biogas contains a wide range of contaminants, mainly sulfur and organic silicon compounds (siloxanes), which pose a risk to Solid Oxide Fuel Cell operation; hence biogas requires a thorough conditioning and cleaning process upstream the fuel cell unit. Moreover, monitoring of siloxanes levels remained somewhat controversial with discrepancies on optimal sampling procedure as well as quantification technique; hindering the design and operation of siloxanes removal technologies.
This work is devoted to studying and validating the whole biogas energy valorization line, including the biogas treatment system and the fuel cell operation. The integration of low-cost biological desulphurization and deep polishing physico-chemical adsorption processes with a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell has been studied in an industrial 2.8 kWe pilot plant installed in a Waste Water Treatment Plant in Spain, showing that the stringent gas quality requirements of 0.5 ppmv S and 1 mg Si/Nm3 can be satisfied with over the long-term. The technical and economic comparison of Solid Oxide and Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell performance with conventional Internal Combustion Engines and Micro-Turbines has been also conducted for different plant sizes and raw biogas compositions, confirming the relevant role that fuel cells can play on carbon neutral sewage treatment; particularly in small- and medium-size plants.
Today the final justification for biogas valorization in fuel cell systems needs to be found in environmental issues as some improvements both in the performance and costs are still required. Nonetheless, this thesis demonstrates that the economics for this next-generation technology are expected for the short-term. Further collaborative research between biogas producers, suppliers of biogas treatment systems and manufacturers of fuel cells is required in the near future for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell technology deployment in the sewage sector.El subministrament d'energia sostenible i segur és un dels reptes més rellevants per a les properes generacions, on la dependència actual en les fonts d'energia basades en combustibles fòssils haurà de ser substituïda per l'autosuficiència i l'ús dels recursos energètics renovables. El tractament convencional d'aigües residuals urbanes és un procés que consumeix grans quantitats d'energia, o més específicament, grans quantitats d'electricitat. En aquest sentit, l'energia a les Estacions Depuradores d'Aigües Residuals s'ha de tractar no només en termes de reducció del consum, sinó també en termes de producció d'energia renovable a partir del biogàs. Avui en dia, no és possible assolir l'autosuficiència energètica a causa de les baixes eficiències elèctriques dels sistemes de cogeneració convencionals alimentats per biogàs. Tot i això, en els darrers anys, la tecnologia de les piles de combustible està apareixent en escena, oferint una millor eficiència elèctrica i una reducció en l'impacte ambiental. La valorització energètica de biogàs en piles de combustible combina una tecnologia d'elevada eficiència per a la generació d'energia (la pila de combustible), amb l'ús d'un combustible renovable (el biogàs). S'ha de tenir en compte que el biogàs brut conté una àmplia gamma de contaminants, especialment compostos de sofre i de silici orgànic (siloxans), que comporten un risc operatiu per al correcte funcionament de les piles de combustible d'òxid sòlid. Per tant, s'ha d'instal·lar una etapa d'acondicionament i neteja exhaustiu del biogàs abans que es pugui introduïr a la pila de combustible. D'altra banda, la monitorització de les concentracions de siloxans presenta discrepàncies en relació al procediment òptim per al seu mostreig i en la tècnica analítica de quantificació; dificultant d'aquesta manera el disseny i la operació de les tecnologies d'eliminació d'aquests compostos. Aquest treball es centra en l'estudi i validació de tota la línia de valorització energètica, incloent el sistema de tractament de biogàs i la operació de la pila de combustible. S'ha estudiat la integració de tecnologies de dessulfuració biològica de baix cost i de processos d'adsorció fisicoquímica amb una pila de combustible d'òxid sòlid en una planta pilot industrial de 2.8 kWe instal·lada en una Estació Depuradora d'Aigües Residuals a Catalunya (Mataró). Els resultats experimentals han demostrat que les tecnologies de tractament de biogàs són capaces d'assolir els exigents nivells de qualitat de 0.5 ppmv S i 1 mg Si/Nm3 tant en el curt com en el llarg plaç. Per altra part, s'ha realitzat una estudi tècnic-econòmic comparatiu entre les piles de combustible (d'òxid sòlid i de carbonat fos) amb els motors de combustió interna i les microturbines per a diferents tamanys de planta i composicions del biogàs. D'aquesta manera, s'ha confirmat el paper important que poden jugar les piles de combustible en l'assoliment d'un tractament d'aigües residuals autosuficient; particularment en plantes de tamany petit i mitjà. Avui en dia, els projectes de valorització energètica de biogàs a través de piles de combustible encara s'han de justificar per raons ambientals ja que es requereixen millores tant en el rendiment tècnic com en els costos d'inversió. No obstant, aquesta tesi demostra que aquesta tecnologia de pròxima generació serà econòmicament viable en el curt termini i podrà competir amb les tecnologies convencionals. La investigació col·laborativa entre productors de biogàs, proveïdors de tecnologies de tractament i fabricants de piles de combustible serà imprescindible durant els propers anys per tal que la tecnologia pugui convertir-se en una realitat en el sector del tractament d'aigües residuals urbanes.
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Boina, Welliton Leandro de Oliveira. "Análise das condições de desaguamento de lodos de ETEs em BAG´s : O caso da ETE-Limoeiro Presidente Prudente-SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4332.
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Previous issue date: 2012-05-21Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Substances in Sewage Sanitary exert deleterious effects on bodies of water; the organic matter which is present may cause a decrease in concentration of dissolved oxygen, killing fish and other aquatic organisms, eutrophication by the presence of nutrients causing an accelerated growth of algae that give odor, taste and biotoxins to the water,darkening and siltation of the watercourse. In this scenario, it is of great importance the need for sewage treatment. However, in the treatment process, occurs the production of sludge rich in organic matter and nutrients, known as sewage sludge. This residue at the end of the treatment process should receive special attention, requiring proper disposal. Moreover, it is found that several sewage treatment projects do not include the final destination of the sludge that is produced, which results in the partial annulment of the benefits of collecting and treating collected wastewater. Therefore, this study presents results of analyzes performed on sludge from sewage treatment contained in BAG's of Geotextile Blanket of ETE-Limoeiro / SABESP, located in the city of Presidente Prudente, SP. The objective of this work was to characterize the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters in accordance with Resolution N° 375/06 of Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente CONAMA, and evaluate the efficiency of dewatering of sludge. Based on this, the analysis of identification and quantification of heavy metals showed values below the maximum allowed concentrations in sludge. Regarding the assessment of macro and micronutrients, analysis showed that the sludge has significant amounts of essential nutrients to the soil and plants and it can be used for this purpose after specific treatment. Regarding the biological tests for quantification of fecal coliforms, the obtained concentrations showed values that were established for the sludge Class B. The sludge was also evaluated for stability using the relation between volatile solids and total solids. This relation presented results for SV/ST below 0.70 which allowed defining the sludge as stable according to Resolution 375/06. However, the evaluation of the water removal process showed commitment of the dewatering efficiency according to the characteristics of the sludge generated in the Sewage Treatment Plant. Geotêxtil da ETE-Limoeiro / SABESP, localizada no Município de Presidente Prudente-SP. O objetivo central desta pesquisa foi à caracterização dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos em conformidade com a Resolução Nº 375/06 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente CONAMA, e a avaliação da eficiência do processo de remoção de água dos lodos. Ante o exposto, as análises para identificação e quantificação de metais pesados apresentaram valores abaixo das concentrações máximas permitidas em lodos. Em relação à avaliação de macro e micronutrientes, as análises demonstraram que o lodo possui quantidades significativas de nutrientes essenciais aos solos e plantas, podendo ser utilizado para esta finalidade após tratamento específico. Referente às análises biológicas para quantificação de coliformes termotolerantes, as concentrações obtidas apresentaram valores estabelecidos para lodos Classe B. Os lodos também foram avaliados quanto à estabilidade através da relação entre sólidos voláteis e sólidos totais. Esta relação apresentou resultados para SV/ST inferiores a 0,70 permitindo definir os lodos como estáveis de acordo com a Resolução 375/06. Entretanto, avaliação do processo de remoção de água, demonstrou comprometimento da eficiência do desaguamento em função das características do lodo gerado na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos.
As substâncias presentes nos esgotos sanitários exercem ação deletéria nos corpos de água, a matéria orgânica presente pode causar a diminuição da concentração de oxigênio dissolvido provocando a morte de peixes e outros organismos aquáticos, eutrofização pela presença de nutrientes provocando o crescimento acelerado de algas que conferem odor, gosto e biotoxinas á água, escurecimento e assoreamento do curso d água. Diante deste cenário, é de suma importância a necessidade do tratamento dos esgotos. Porem no processo de tratamento ocorre à produção de um lodo rico em matéria orgânica e nutriente, denominado lodo de esgoto. Este resíduo ao final do processo de tratamento deve receber uma atenção especial, necessitando de adequada disposição final. Contudo, constata-se que geralmente vários projetos de tratamento de esgotos não contemplam o destino final do lodo produzido, acarretando assim na anulação parcial dos benefícios da coleta e do tratamento dos efluentes coletados. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa apresenta resultados de análises realizadas em lodos de estação de tratamento de esgoto contidos em BAG´s de Manta Geotêxtil da ETE-Limoeiro / SABESP, localizada no Município de Presidente Prudente-SP. O objetivo central desta pesquisa foi à caracterização dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos em conformidade com a Resolução Nº 375/06 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente CONAMA, e a avaliação da eficiência do processo de remoção de água dos lodos. Ante o exposto, as análises para identificação e quantificação de metais pesados apresentaram valores abaixo das concentrações máximas permitidas em lodos. Em relação à avaliação de macro e micronutrientes, as análises demonstraram que o lodo possui quantidades significativas de nutrientes essenciais aos solos e plantas, podendo ser utilizado para esta finalidade após tratamento específico. Referente às análises biológicas para quantificação de coliformes termotolerantes, as concentrações obtidas apresentaram valores estabelecidos para lodos Classe B. Os lodos também foram avaliados quanto à estabilidade através da relação entre sólidos voláteis e sólidos totais. Esta relação apresentou resultados para SV/ST inferiores a 0,70 permitindo definir os lodos como estáveis de acordo com a Resolução 375/06. Entretanto, avaliação do processo de remoção de água, demonstrou comprometimento da eficiência do desaguamento em função das características do lodo gerado na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos.
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Mishra, Falguni Krishna Prasad, and Niladri Bihari Mahanty. "Characterization of sewage and design of sewage treatment plant." Thesis, 2012. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/3290/1/Thesis.pdf.
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The National Institute of Technology Rourkela is one of the most important educational institutes in the state of Orissa with a large number of people residing in its campus consisting of a number of laboratories of various
departments, residential units, academic blocks and number of hostels. A study on domestic waste water characterization has been performed followed by the design of sewage treatment plant. The present study involves the analysis of pH value, total solids, total suspended solids,hardness, acidity, alkalinity, chloride, chlorine, BOD, DO and heavy metals such as Iron, Copper, Zinc, Magnesium, Nickel, Chromium, Lead, Calcium, Aluminium, Silicon, Potassium.A sewage treatment plant is quite necessary to receive the domestic and commercial waste and removes the materials which pose harm for general public. Its objective is to produce an environmentally-safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer).The samplings of the domestic waste from hostels have been done in different times of the day to have an average data of the measured parameters. The average values of pH, Turbidity, Acidity, Chloride,Residual Chlorine, Hardness, Total Solid, BOD, DO, Alkalinity, Total Iron Content, Zinc Content, Potassium, Copper, Magnesium, Nickel,Chromium, Lead, Calcium, Aluminum and Silicon are found out.A sewage treatment plant has been designed with the treatment units, a bar screen of dimension 1.7m, an aeration tank of dimension 4.5 x 4.5 x 3.7 m3,a collection pit of diameter 4m and depth 5 m.
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Yeh, Chih-Hung, and 葉志泓. "Sewage treatment plant using thin-film processing Benefit Assessment - to Fengshan River Sewage Treatment Plant Case." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q6yfqb.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程研究所
102
To relieve the signs of drought that have become increasingly common in recent years the Construction and Planning Agency of the Ministry of the Interior and the Water Resources Agency of the Ministry of Economic Affairs plan to jointly promote the recycling and reuse of effluent at public sewage disposal works in Taichung, Tainan, Kaohsiung and other areas were water resources are in increasingly short supply. If we take the Fengshan River sewage disposal works in Kaohsiung City as an example, the plan is to first subject effluent to treatment with thin film advanced waste treatment before supplying it to coastal industrial zones for industrial uses. This will increase the efficiency of water resource usage and stabilize local water supplies. There are already many documents discussing the possibility of using thin film technology to recycle and reuse effluent. However, most research in the field uses simulated sewage as the water to be treated, and a majority of experimental pilot plants are less than 1CMD in operational scale. Although this approach makes it possible to minimize the impact of fluctuations in water quality and the research process easier to control, if we apply the conclusions of this research to the planning of real world plants there would be major differences. As such, this research will involve the installation of a 50 CMD UF+RO thin film recycling system at the Fengshan River sewage disposal works to discuss the impact of water production rate, backwash frequency, backwash tablets, operational pressure, and other operational conditions on operational costs, the amount of tablets used, water volume produced, and the operational life of the thin films. The ultimate objective is to determine the design parameters and optimal operational conditions needed to construct a thin film sewage recycling plant.
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LIAO, CHUNG-CHIEH, and 廖崇傑. "A preliminary study of sewage treatment plant operation maintaining- A case study of Caotun sewage treatment plant." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c36784.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
營建工程系
104
The public sewerage is the basic construction of the ecology andenvironment protection. The function of this construction is gathering the polluted water of the citizen, transport to the sewage treatment plant, and drain to the river or ocean after the sewage treatment.However, this construction needs local government put in funds continually in order to maintain and manage the whole construction.Now only Taipei City, New Taipei City and Kaohsiung City concluded collection measures and regulations on the exercise of autonomy for the usage fee of the sewage, and entrust Taiwan Water Corporation to collect the usage fee of the sewage with water rate.This research took the sewerage system of Caotun Township, Nantou County as example, expecting to conclude a reasonable usage fee in order to reduce the financial burden of the local government. This research collected the budget data of Caotun Township and every sewerage system, in order to compute the whole system financial plan basis on the system construction fee and the annual operating fee of the sewage treatment plant, and make balance between the sewerage usage fee and the construction fee.By using annually maintenance, apportion maintenance fee yearly, and take the researching result as the base of the maintenance and operation of the sewage pipeline and the sewerage treatment plant.Use questionnaire to investigate citizen who live inside the range of Caotun Township sewerage system, to know if they understand the operation mods and follow-up benefits, also collect their opinions of concluded sewerage usage fee and the rates of the fee.Investigation works in the public sector professionals believe that the factors that may affect the public's willingness to pay for sewerage fee views as the elaboration sewerage use reference rates. The operation costs of the sewerage system will be segmented into two parts, “Operation and maintenance fee”, and “Equipment renew fee”According to the compute, the usage fee of Caotun Township sewerage system will be 14.9 NTD per degree if the “Equipment renew fee” is included, and will be 8 NTD per degree if not.In order to avoid citizen’s opposition, we suggest using the rates currently used: normal user’s rate is 5 NTD per degree; enterprise user’s rate is 10 NTD per degree.If estimate on basis of these rates, the income from normal user’s usage fee can reach to twenty five million and eight hundred thousand NTD per year, take up 34% of the operation fee per year (about seventy five million and ninety thousand NTD) But if using the mod of increase usage fee rate 20% each year starts from 5 NTD per degree, the rate of the usage fee will reach to 10.3 NTD per degree at the year of 2034, which is the objective year of Caotun sewerage system plan. Which means the income from the usage fee can reach to fifty three million and one hundred thousand NTD per year (take up 70% of the operation fee per year) With this income and the financial subsidy of the government, Caotun Township will be able to ensure the function of the sewerage system is working normally, enhance local citizen’s welfare and promote the local government’s image.
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Lin, Sheng-Kan, and 林盛乾. "Technology promotion comprehensive sewage treatment plant— An example of the Chung-Li industrial district sewage treatment planet." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14989504381248197775.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
94
This research main industrial district union sewage treatment plant because processing water volume big, also when design all adopts the relatively conservative water power design factor, in general biological treatment system water power load stability all very high, however, because enters the running water origin type many, also discharges to the short time high potency waste water is unable to prevent, therefore when shoulders suddenly increases perhaps the toxic material inflow unites the sewage treatment plant only to be able in the biological treatment system "when machine" knew afterwards, in front of biological treatment system reply normal state, inevitably will increase three levels of processing the Canadian doses to maintain the release water quality to be stable, at also raise the cost of the treatment plant. So, how to sustain a high efficiency and stability biological treatment system for sewage is the main task of industrial district sewage treatment plant.