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Journal articles on the topic 'Sewage wastewater treatment'
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1
Gong, Yang, Qi Peishi, Wang Baozhen, and Sui Jun. "An Optimization Study of the Planning of Water Pollution Control for Majiagou Stream in Harbin, China." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 8-9 (1989): 995–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0301.
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A study on the optimization planning of water pollution control for Majiagou Stream in Harbin was carried out. Four water pollution control options were considered. The option regarded as most feasible, both technically and economically, involved the construction and operation of a wastewater treatment works with a capacity of 150,000 m3/day on the upper reach of the stream. The effluent would be discharged into the upper reach of Majiagou Stream and would be used as a water source for the stream, while an interceptor sewer was to be constructed on the lower reach of the stream to collect wastewaters in the lower reach basin and transport them to a centralized wastewater treatment plant. An optimization study of the relationship between the sewerage interceptor and the sewage treatment plant on the upper reach was conducted. In this study, a comprehensive water pollution control plan, including the sewerage system, sewage treatment plant, and the use of treated wastewater as a water source for Majiagou Stream, was considered as a systematic problem in which many factors were taken into account. Cost-benefit analysis was carried out for both the sewage treatment plant and the interceptors by means of empirical regression equations and diagrams in which various curves showed the relationships between the important factors.
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Kyriienko, P. G., O. V. Betin, and N. V. Kuznetsova. "Small sewage wastewater treatment plants for domestic wastewater." Environmental safety and natural resources 27, no. 3 (2018): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2018.3.59-67.
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Vyalkova, E. I., E. S. Glushchenko, A. V. Shalabodov, A. V. Shalabodov, and E. Yu Osipova. "LOCAL SEWAGE TREATMENT UNIT ENGINEERING." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture, no. 6 (December 29, 2019): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-6-174-185.
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Problems of treatment and disposal of industrial wastewater from dairy enterprises exist in Russia and abroad. Industrial wastewater from dairy cannot be discharged even into the do-mestic sewage system. The local sewage treatment units of such enterprises require in detail studying the wastewater quality and supply modes. This article presents such parameters of the wastewater composition as environmental aggressiveness, organic matter, suspended solids, fats, nitrogen, phosphate, and others. It is shown that changes in the qualitative composition of effluents depend on the dairy production processes. A serious problem when choosing a treatment technology is the significant content of organic substances, fats, ammonium, ni-trates and phosphates in the resulting effluent. In addition, effluents are characterized by large fluctuations in quality when dumped in a sewage treatment unit or reagent solutions generated by the equipment flushing. A production process flowchart is proposed for the dairy water dis-posal with the appropriate water treatment for discharge into sewage treatment units.
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Bugajski, Piotr, Elwira Nowobilska-Majewska, and Michał Majewski. "The Impact of Atmospheric Precipitation on Wastewater Volume Flowing into the Wastewater Treatment Plant in Nowy Targ (Poland) in Terms of Treatment Costs." Energies 14, no. 13 (2021): 3806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133806.
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This study determined the influence of precipitation occurring in the sewerage catchment basin in Nowy Targ (Poland) on the amount of wastewater inflow to the wastewater treatment plant, and determined the costs resulting from the treatment of accidental (rain) water entering the analyzed sewerage system. The research was conducted from 2016 to 2019, for which daily precipitation and average daily wastewater inflows in the so-called dry, normal, and very wet periods were analyzed. The research period was divided into six characteristic intervals in terms of precipitation. It was found that, on days with different precipitation intensity, the amount of accidental water as a proportion of the total amount of wastewater flowing into the plant ranges from 9.6% to 34.1%. The annual costs incurred by the operator resulting from the environmental fee are 1625.8 EUR/year. Alternatively, the costs resulting from financial expenditures for wastewater treatment processes amount to 337,651 EUR/year. The results of the research provide important information for sewage network operators to take effective actions to eliminate illegal connections of roof gutters and/or yard inlets to the sanitary collectors, and to replace the combined sewage system in Nowy Targ with a distributed sewerage system. This would reduce the costs of wastewater treatment and the irregularity of wastewater inflow.
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Väänänen, Pentti, Pekka Pouttu, and Timo Kulmala. "Joint Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Wastewater – Case Project: City of Kotka, Finland." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (1992): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0013.
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The National Board of Waters in Finland has proposed a study on the joint treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters of the City of Kotka. This study is of great interest due to the large forest products industry and food industry in Kotka. All of the wastewaters from the forest products and the food industry and the municipal sewage have been found to be suitable for biological treatment, which makes the joint treatment applicable. An activated sludge process is selected because it takes advantage of the large amount of nutrients in the municipal sewage and it has proved to be the most efficient treatment method for forest industry wastewaters. However, municipal wastewater contains more nutrients than needed for the biological process, which can cause eutrophication problems in the watercourse. To reduce the pollution caused by the nutrients, chemical treatment of the wastewater is also proposed in the joint treatment. It was concluded that the joint treatment of wastewater is economically, technically and environmentally the best way to arrange wastewater treatment for the industry and the city.
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Takanashi, H., M. Mayumi, M. Kato, M. Hirata, and T. Hano. "Removal of mutagen precursor from wastewater by activated sludge and oxidation treatment." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 11-12 (2002): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0767.
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Removal of mutagen precursors from wastewaters was investigated. Removal extent of mutagen precursor was evaluated by the mutagen formation potential (MFP) which is mutagenicity of pollutants capable of forming mutagens when chlorinated under the conditions of water purification processes. 77% of the MFP reduction extent for a wastewater from a university was achieved by activated sludge treatment. However, no significant reduction of the MFP was observed for wastewater from food industry, a landfill leachate and mold extract. The Fenton oxidation treatment and ozone treatment are able to remove mutagen precursors from the mold extract and the wastewater from a university, respectively. 90% of the MFP reduction extent was achieved for the mold extract by the Fenton treatment. 54% of the MFP reduction extent was achieved for a sewage by the ozone treatment. Using the oxidation treatments, biodegradability of mutagen precursors in the mold extract and sewage was improved. From the viewpoint of treatment cost, the oxidation treatments should be oriented to the improvement of biodegradability.
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Wang, Li. "Sewage Wastewater Treatment Plant Inverted AAO Process Design." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.480.
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The graduation design topic for a sewage treatment plant processesdesign - inverted AAO process in durian. Main task is tantamount to designaccording to the requirement of the nature of the city sewage, sewage, scalepreliminary design to complete sewage treatment plant and single processing structure design.
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Hybská, Helena, and Anna Ďuricová. "Treatment Sewage Sludge with the Addition of Charcoal." Advanced Materials Research 1001 (August 2014): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1001.118.
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Wastewater treatment is an important human invention that facilitates the support and development of human civilization. The actual biological wastewater treatment, like most other technologies, is not waste-free technology, because produces a significant amount of waste, sewage sludge. It can therefore be concluded that technological processes for wastewater treatment in one hand bring the desired effect, namely treated wastewater, and on the other hand, unwanted product - sewage sludge. Simply we can say that the pollution, which was covered in water, the treatment of wastewater transferred to the birth of sewage sludge, in waste production [1].
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Scandura, J. E., and M. D. Sobsey. "Viral and bacterial contamination of groundwater from on-site sewage treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (1997): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0724.
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On-site septic tank-soil absorption systems treating domestic wastewater have contaminated groundwaters with enteric viruses and other pathogens and caused drinking waterborne outbreaks. The factors influencing pathogen transport, survival and fate at on-site wastewater treatment systems remain inadequately characterised. We studied the survival and transport of a model enterovirus (BE-1) and faecal coliform bacteria in four on-site wastewater treatment systems (three conventional and one low pressure, small pipe diameter, pumped system) located in sandy soils typical of the coastal plains. Septic system wastewaters were seeded seasonally with known amounts of BE-1 and the fate of BE-1, faecal coliforms and other wastewater constituents were followed for three months in seeded wastewaters and groundwaters of drainfield monitoring wells. BE-1 levels in seeded wastewaters declined exponentially by kinetics consistent with a 3d hydraulic residence time. BE-1 was detected in ground waters of monitoring wells as early as 1d after seeding and persisted up to two months. Virus detection in ground water was greater in winter than in summer and was positively associated with proximity to septic effluent distribution lines, drainfield soils with the lowest clay content, elevated ground water pH and shallower vadose zones. Viruses were not strongly associated with either distance from septic tank or faecal coliform levels in groundwater. Under optimum conditions, virus reductions were as high as 9 log10, but in systems with the most coarse (sand) soils and highest water tables (most shallow vadose zones), there was extensive ground water contamination by viruses and other wastewater constituents. Under some conditions, septic systems in sandy coastal plains soils can contaminate ground water with viruses and other wastewater constituents.
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Dzhumagulova, Nazira, Ilya Svetkov, Vladimir Smetanin, and Nguyen Dinh Dap. "Fractal analysis of biological wastewater treatment efficiency." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825106005.
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The purpose of the present research was to enhance the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment through the direct impact on the metabolism of activated sludge. In the course of research, species and quantitative composition of biological community of activated sludge in aeration tanks during wastewater purification process was studied. Comparative analysis was carried out for linen production wastewater and household sewage. Possible application of biological treatment in linen production was evaluated. Proposals were developed on creation of controllable biological treatment facility. In this paper, biological methods are shown to be efficient for household sewage treatment. Comparative analysis was carried out for linen production wastewater and household sewage. Possible application of biological treatment in linen production was evaluated. Proposals were developed on creation of controllable biological treatment facility.
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R. S. Suglo, J. Kenneth,. "Sewage Treatment by Waste Stabilization Pond Systems." Journal of Energy and Natural Resource Management 3, no. 1 (2018): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26796/jenrm.v3i1.52.
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Sewage generated in Ghana is commonly discharged into the environment without any form of treatment to reduce the degree ofcontamination and mitigate potential public health and environmental issues. Although some attempts have been made in someparts of Ghana to utilize the waste stabilization pond (WSP) system to treat domestic sewage, the ponds often fail to achievetheir purpose due to lack of basic maintenance and supervision. To assess the utility of the WSP system for treating sewage,wastewater samples were collected from the raw sewage, anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds of WSPs at Obuasi inGhana, and analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological contaminants. The results show that the final pond effluent meetsrecommended microbiological and chemical quality guidelines. The waste stabilization pond system demonstrates high removalefficiencies of wastewater contaminants. The biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, nitrate and faecal coliformsreduction efficiencies of 97.3%, 97.6%, 83.3% and 99.94% respectively are highly significant, and compare well with reportedremoval efficiencies in the literature. Additionally, the ponds have high reduction efficiencies for heavy metals and pathogenicmicroorganisms. The wastewater treatment system complies with standard wastewater management practices, and provides auseful method for treating and disposing wastewater in Ghana.
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Vialkova, Elena, and Ekaterina Glushchenko. "Wastewater Treatment in Remote Arctic Settlements." Water 13, no. 7 (2021): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070919.
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The article deals with improving the sewage systems of small remote settlements in the Arctic climate to prevent industrial pollution of the environment. Preliminary monitoring of the wastewater temperature and quality was carried out. From the laboratory results of the experimental modelling, such as the coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, oxidation, and wastewater chemical precipitation, we developed a substitute for the traditional biological stage of sewage treatment with physicochemical methods. A real sewage water sample, taken for this study from a septic tank in a remote northern village, can be considered as a distinctive feature of the experiment. The best results obtained according to the scheme with the chemical precipitation of nitrogen compounds are demonstrated. In this case, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) index was reduced by 96.6%, the ammonium ions concentration by 99.5%, and the suspended solids concentration by 99.9%. A technological scheme for low-productivity wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in northern settlements is proposed. A comparison of the proposed scheme and the traditional schemes in terms of efficiency and cost was carried out. Further study and implementation of recommended methods of sewage treatment at existing and newly designed stations is expected to improve the effective operation of these treatment plants in arctic conditions.
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Asimakopoulos, Alexandros G., and Kurunthachalam Kannan. "Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater treatment plants: a review." Environmental Chemistry 13, no. 4 (2016): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en15202.
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Environmental contextNeuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewaters are of increasing environmental concern. We compile the recent literature and evaluate the concentrations and profiles of various drugs and their removal efficiencies in wastewater treatment plants. The sewage epidemiology approach, used in the estimation of drug usage in communities, is discussed, and we make recommendations for future research in this area. AbstractNeuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs encompass a broad range of compounds including opioids, amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antipsychotics, anaesthetics, anti-epileptics and mood stabilisers, lysergic compounds, sympathomimetic amines and cocaine derivatives. In this article, we review studies on the occurrence and fate of these drugs in wastewater treatment plants. In general, among various drugs studied, the concentrations and detection frequencies of opioids and cocaine derivatives were the highest in wastewaters. The forensic analysis of wastewaters suggests that cocaine and opioids usage has increased. Given the fact that data on drug usage can be used for making regulatory decisions and policies, this review focuses on understanding the sources and environmental dynamics of neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs. There is a pressing need for more research on the magnitude and extent of illicit drug consumption. The ‘sewage epidemiology’ approach, currently applied in the estimation of illicit drug consumption in communities, is reviewed. The field of wastewater research has been advancing in multipronged paths, incorporating concepts in analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, biochemistry, sewage engineering, drug epidemiology and statistics. Future prospects with regard to the occurrence and environmental fate of illicit and psychoactive drugs are recommended.
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Yousef, Khulood, Saud Al-Mutairy, and Fouzy Haitham. "Management, Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater (Sewage) Plan at Kuwait Oil Company (KOC)." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 6, no. 8 (2015): 596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.664.
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He, Ying, Zhong Xian You, Yi Jun Ji, and Ya Fei Zhao. "Bioaugmentation Technology in Comprehensive Chemical Wastewater Treatment of Tianjin TEDA Modern Industrial Park." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1241.
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Refractory organic pollutants are wastewaters main pollutants in Tianjin TEDA modern industrial park. For clearing up refractory organic pollutants, we must improve the biological process of the sewage treatment plant. This paper focuses on how to use bioaugmentation technology to process the refractory organic pollutants which comes from wastewater of the district. The paper will record data and complete analysis of treatment effect for improving the biological process of sewage treatment plant and make advices.
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Lettinga, G., and L. W. Hulshoff Pol. "UASB-Process Design for Various Types of Wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 8 (1991): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0220.
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In this paper the design of UASB-reactors is discussed for different types of wastewater, viz. industrial soluble non-complex wastewaters, SS-rich complex wastewaters and domestic sewage. The paper not only deals with the UASB-reactor design, but also with other treatment steps, pre- as well as post-treatment, that are required for as complete as possible overall wastewater purification.
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Verburg, Ilse, H. Pieter J. van Veelen, Karola Waar, et al. "Effects of Clinical Wastewater on the Bacterial Community Structure from Sewage to the Environment." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (2021): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040718.
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This study pertains to measure differences in bacterial communities along the wastewater pathway, from sewage sources through the environment. Our main focus was on taxa which include pathogenic genera, and genera harboring antibiotic resistance (henceforth referred to as “target taxa”). Our objective was to measure the relative abundance of these taxa in clinical wastewaters compared to non-clinical wastewaters, and to investigate what changes can be detected along the wastewater pathway. The study entailed a monthly sampling campaign along a wastewater pathway, and taxa identification through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results indicated that clinical and non-clinical wastewaters differed in their overall bacterial composition, but that target taxa were not enriched in clinical wastewater. This suggests that treatment of clinical wastewater before release into the wastewater system would only remove a minor part of the potential total pathogen load in wastewater treatment plants. Additional findings were that the relative abundance of most target taxa was decreased after wastewater treatment, yet all investigated taxa were detected in 68% of the treated effluent samples—meaning that these bacteria are continuously released into the receiving surface water. Temporal variation was only observed for specific taxa in surface water, but not in wastewater samples.
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Werle, Sebastian, and Mariusz Dudziak. "Influence of Wastewater Treatment and The Method of Sludge Disposal on the Gasification Process." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, no. 2 (2014): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0020.
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Abstract Municipal wastewater treatment results in the production of large quantities of sewage sludge, which requires proper environmentally accepted management before final disposal. Sewage sludge is a by-product of current wastewater treatment technologies. Sewage sludge disposal depends on the sludge treatment methods used in the wastewater treatment plant (anaerobic or aerobic digestion, drying, etc.). Taking into consideration presented given this information, a study concerning the effects of wastewater treatment processes and sewage sludge drying method on the sewage sludge gasification gas parameters was performed. Gasification is a prospective alternative method of sludge thermal treatment. For the purpose of experimental investigations, a laboratory fixed bed gasifier installation was designed and built. Two types of sewage sludge feedstock, SS1 and SS2, were analyzed. Sewage sludge SS1 came from a wastewater treatment plant operating in the mechanical and biological system while sewage sludge SS2 was collected in a mechanical, biological and chemical wastewater treatment plant with simultaneous phosphorus precipitation. The sludge produced at the plants was subject to fermentation and then, after being dehydrated, dried in a cylindrical drier on shelves heated up to 260ºC (sewage sludge SS1) and using hot air at a temperature of 150ºC in a belt drier (sewage SS2). The analysis shows that the sewage sludge properties strongly depend on the wastewater sources and the wastewater treatment processes. The gasification results, presented as a function of the amount of gasification agent, show that the greater oxygen content of SS1 caused a reduction in the reaction temperature. Paradoxically, this effect caused an increase in the quantity of combustible components in the gas. As expected, increasing the air flow rate caused a decrease in the heating value of the gas produced. A higher amount of oxidizer increases the amounts of noncombustible species and the volumetric fraction of nitrogen, thus reducing the heating value of the obtained gas. The higher hydrogen content in SS1 affects the gasification gas composition. As a result, combustible components are the majority of the syngas.
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Hadjivassilis, I. "Small Sewage Treatment Plants and Wastewater Reuse in Cyprus." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 3-4 (1990): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0177.
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The rapid touristic development in the coastal areas of Cyprus resulting in higher water consumption, the protection of environment and water resources and the needs of reuse of wastewater, contributed to the improvement of local technology for sewage treatment and wastewater reuse for irrigation. In the last ten years, due to the lack of central sewerage systems, approx. two hundred small wastewater treatment plants have been installed, mainly in coastal areas of the island. The method applied for the biological treatment is the activated sludge extended aeration process. The tertiary treatment based on high-speed depth filtration consists of two vertical pressure multilayer filters, working in series. Additionally, chemicals are injected for disinfection, coagulation/flocculation allowing the production of high quality of water. Plants regularly maintained are operating with very good results, so that the treated water has the following characteristics:BOD5: < 5mg/lS.S.: < 5 mg/lTurbidity: < 3 NTUResidual chlorine: 1.0-1.5 mg/l The water can be used for unrestricted irrigation. It has been proved that the installation of small sewage treatment plants and the wastewater reuse for irrigation in Cyprus is a profitable investment, preventing at the same time the pollution of the environment.
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Vovk, Lesiia, Oksana Matsiyevska, and Oleh Zhdanov. "Chlorella vulgaris in wastewater treatment processes – practical experience." Theory and Building Practice 2020, no. 2 (2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2020.02.021.
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Wastewater from human settlements contains a significant amount of organic and biogenic substances. Insufficiently treated wastewater enters surface water and leads to their eutrophication. The usage of microalgae in wastewater treatment has significant advantages in comparison with other methods of removing biogenic substances. Namely: effective and simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus without reagents management facilities, oxygen formation. Using microalgae in wastewater treatment is a new environmentally friendly biotechnological method. Microalgae grow well in wastewater, from which they absorb pollutants. The purpose of the study is to analyze the work and determine the possibility of intensification of sewage treatment plants in the western region of Ukraine with a population of about 18,900 inhabitants. Productivity of treatment plant is 3400 m3/day. Experimental investigation consisted in adding a concentrate of a living microalgae strain of the species Chlorella vulgaris to the wastewater that was entered to the treatment plant during May-September 2019. During the research, the results of wastewater analyzes conducted by the chemical laboratory of the municipal water supply and sewerage company were used. The results of the survey and analysis of the city's treatment plant indicate an insufficient degree of wastewater treatment. The effectiveness of Chlorella vulgaris at the treatment plant has been experimentally proven. Mathematical dependences of the effect of wastewater treatment (using Chlorella vulgaris) on their temperature according to the indicators: BOD5, COD, concentration of ammonium nitrogen, phosphates and suspended solids were obtained. Dependencies are described by a linear function that characterizes the general behavior of the obtained data. The obtained results made it possible to significantly reduce the negative impact of treatment plants on the environment.
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Mastrović, M. I., and G. D. Šilović. "Wastewater Disposal in the Rijeka Region." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (1986): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0080.
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This paper emphasizes the need for detailed analysis of wastewaters and their impact on the environment in physical plans for urban/tourist coastal areas, as a significant contribution to environmentally sound development, especially the development of tourism in these areas. The paper describes an analysis of this kind, prepared as part of the Regional Physical Plan for the Rijeka Region to the Year 2000. (The Rijeka Region is a major part of the Yugoslav Upper Adriatic.) The existing situation regarding sewerage systems, sewage treatment methods and disposal methods of the communes of the Region is presented. The quantities of wastewaters generated by the residential and tourist populations and by industry are given (by sub-regions) as calculated in 1981 and as estimated for the year 2000. A survey was made of the impact of wastewater on receiving rivers and coastal waters, and the quality of the receiving waters is given, in grades as compared with those prescribed by the Yugoslav legal regulations. Based on urban development concepts, and on the estimated wastewater quantities, alternative forecasts are made of the future impact of wastewater on coastal waters. General guidelines are presented for the provision of adequate sewage disposal facilities in order to achieve the optimum situation.
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Zhu, Xiulan, Yanlong Ran, Wenjie Guo, et al. "Optimization of reinjection treatment technology for oilfield wastewater in Longdong area." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 04046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019404046.
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With the long-term water injection development of Longdong oilfields, most of the oilfield blocks have been fully in the mid-high water cut period, and the amount of oil production wastewater is increasing year by year. In order to prevent the waste of resources and energy of oil production sewage, the oil production sewage after reaching the standard is treated for reinjection, which will ensure the sustainable development of the oil field. Oil production wastewater contains crude oil, solid-phase suspended solids and other pollutants, with high salinity, and problems such as difficulty in oil-water separation, sludge, scaling and corrosion. The sewage treatment system uses a multifunctional water treatment device to effectively remove oil and filter through the “special microorganism + air flotation + filtration” process, and build a sludge sewage tank for sludge discharge and backwashing. The reformed oil recovery wastewater reinjection treatment technology turns “sewage” into “clear flow”, reduces operating costs, improves wastewater treatment efficiency, and meets the water quality requirements of oilfield reinjection water.
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Ahn, June-Shu, Wook-Keun Park, and Jung-Ho Cho. "Characteristics of wastewater treatment of sewage mixed with industrial wastewater." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 12, no. 7 (2011): 3341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2011.12.7.3341.
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Lettinga, G., A. de Man, A. R. M. van der Last, et al. "Anaerobic Treatment of Domestic Sewage and Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (1993): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0179.
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Recent UASB-pilot plant and full scale experiences show that anaerobic pre-treatment is feasible for sewage and domestic wastewaters in tropical regions. This offers developing countries the unique opportunity to become completely self-sufficient in this respect. UASB-systems can be applied at very small and at very big scale, i.e. for off-site and (house and community) on-site treatment. Results obtained in pilot plant and full scale installations demonstrate that these systems are quite effective in removing and stabilizing organic pollutants at liquid detention times as low as 4 hrs, i.e. a BOD reduction up to 75-95 % can be achieved, while an almost complete treatment can be accomplished by combining the method with a small aerobic lagoon. Instead of consuming high grade energy, these systems produce energy. Moreover the excess sludge production is very low, while also the dewatering characteristics of the sludge are excellent.
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Dhall, Purnima, Rita Kumar, and Anil Kumar. "Biodegradation of Sewage Wastewater Using Autochthonous Bacteria." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/861903.
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The performance of isolated designed consortia comprisingBacillus pumilus, Brevibacterium sp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosafor the treatment of sewage wastewater in terms of reduction in COD (chemical oxygen demand), BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids), and TSS (total suspended solids) was studied. Different parameters were optimized (inoculum size, agitation, and temperature) to achieve effective results in less period of time. The results obtained indicated that consortium in the ratio of 1 : 2 (effluent : biomass) at 200 rpm, 35°C is capable of effectively reducing the pollutional load of the sewage wastewaters, in terms of COD, BOD, TSS, and MLSS within the desired discharge limits, that is, 32 mg/L, 8 mg/L, 162 mg/L, and 190 mg/L. The use of such specific consortia can overcome the inefficiencies of the conventional biological treatment facilities currently operational in sewage treatment plants.
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Li, Yin Sheng, Xiu Hong Wang, Yi Qi Dai, et al. "Treatment Effect of Multilayer Vermifiltration on Living Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.789.
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Former studies and application of vermifiltration process to organic wastewater treatment has given an affirmative effect for the pollutant removal in wastewater. It could be used for the disperse wastewater treatment, especially for rural living sewage. We developed a new multilayer vermifiltration system in this study, expecting to enhance this ability for the disposal of rural living sewage. The result showed that all the COD, BOD5 and SS values in outflow after vermifiltration could meet GB18918-2002. The removal rates of COD，BOD5 and SS were above 75%, 85% and 90% respectively. The N and P could be partly removed. These preliminary results give a positive prospective for the application of multilayer vermifiltration in rural sewage treatment in the future.
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Hirose, K., T. Igarashi, E. Ochiai, H. Seya, and S. Matsui. "Improvement of wastewater treatment performance of the Fukashiba treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 11 (2006): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.345.
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The Fukashiba Treatment Plant Kashima Rinkai Specified Sewage Works has received wastewater from the petrochemical complex (90%) and public sewage of Kamisu and Hasaki town (10%). For this reason, the plant is facing many difficulties in producing good quality effluent. In order to solve these difficulties, we are reviewing the treatment performance and making efforts for its improvement with nitrification inhibition, control of bio-persistent substances and the PRTR approach.
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Kozawa, T., T. Wueki, H. Kobayashi, and S. Matsui. "Management of Toxics for the Fukashiba Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant of the Kashima Petrochemical Complex." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (1992): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0099.
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The Kashima petrochemical complex and its Fukashiba industrial wastewater treatment plant are described. When the factories of the complex discharge the wastewater, they must be in compliance with the standards designated in the Sewage Law of Japan, because they are users of the public sewage system. Ten of 81 factories discharged the wastewater containing identified toxics, and they treated corresponding toxic items before discharging to sewers. The wastewater of the factories was constantly monitored by the office of Kashima sewage works, and there had been few troubles with the operation of Fukashiba treatment plant. However, sludge contained cadmium at relatively high concentration in Fukashiba treatment plant, compared with sludge of the domestic sewage treatment plants. The sources of Cd were possibly the use of large amount of slaked lime in these factories. Prior to the construction of any new manufacturing plant, the office of Kashima sewage works practiced the test of biodegradability and toxicity of potential wastewater from the plant. The analytical method of GC/MS became a useful tool to confirm biodegradability and toxicity of substances in the wastewater from each plant.
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Connor, M. A. "Wastewater treatment in Antarctica." Polar Record 44, no. 2 (2008): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740700719x.
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ABSTRACTSince the exploration of Antarctica began, procedures for dealing with human wastes have changed considerably. The establishment of research stations made it necessary to provide for sewage disposal. However, the introduction of advanced wastewater treatment processes has been driven largely by an intensifying concern to protect the Antarctic environment. A key step was the adoption by Antarctic Treaty nations of the so-called Madrid Protocol, in which minimum standards for sewage treatment and disposal are prescribed. The provisions of this protocol are not particularly onerous and some countries have elected to go beyond them, and to treat Antarctic research station wastewater as they would at home. Transferring treatment technologies to Antarctica is not simple because the remoteness, isolation, weather and other local conditions impose a variety of unusual constraints on plant design. The evolution of advanced treatment plant designs is examined. Most countries have opted for biofilm-based processes, with Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) favoured initially while more recently contact aeration systems have been preferred. Sludges are now generally repatriated, with a diversity of sludge dewatering techniques being used. The evolution of treatment process designs is expected to continue, with growing use, especially at inland stations, of sophisticated processes such as membrane technologies and thermally efficient evaporative techniques.
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Zhu, Qi, and Zhi Wen Feng. "Frequency Constant Pressure Control System Based on PLC." Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.798.
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Sewage pumping station is pumping station import at the sewage treatment plant. Its role is to collect the wastewater from the sewage pipe network to subsequent wastewater treatment process facilities. The water level is usually low in sewage collection pipe network. And many wastewater treatment facilities is based on elevation settings. So it is necessary to use lift pump to improve lift of the collected sewage, using high gravity sewage errands subsequent process in order to reduce energy consumption. The traditional way of pumping generally has the shortcomings: the waste of power resources, low efficiency, poor reliability, low degree of automation, which seriously affects the urban sewage treatment capacity. This paper, views pump station control system at the sewage treatment plant as the background, researches frequency control constant pressure control system based on PLC, realizes the energy efficient, automated and reliable direction of development of the sewage pumping station.
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Kulakov, Artem, and Nikolay Makisha. "Bioreactor for wastewater treatment." MATEC Web of Conferences 178 (2018): 09017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817809017.
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The article touches upon the efficiency of small capacity wastewater treatment plant for industrial sewage. Current operation scheme fails to meet existing regulation requirements due to several drawbacks. The article describes a technology for wastewater treatment and the construction of bioreactor to implement the scheme above. The technology includes averaging tank with preliminary mechanical treatment and bioreactor with floating feed. This provides the efficiency of removal of organic compounds and nutrients: BOD - 96%, nitrogen - 99%, phosphorus - 89%.
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Bugajski, Piotr M., Grzegorz Kaczor, and Krzysztof Chmielowski. "Variable dynamics of sewage supply to wastewater treatment plant depending on the amount of precipitation water inflowing to sewerage network." Journal of Water and Land Development 33, no. 1 (2017): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0019.
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AbstractThe paper analyzes the effect of precipitation water that inflowing to sanitary sewage system as accidental water on the changes in the total amount of treated sewage. The effects of accidental water supply on the total amount of sewage inflowing to treatment plant were analyzed based on mean daily amounts from the investigated periods and mean daily amounts from incidental supplies. The study was conducted in the years 2010–2015. Six characteristic research periods were identified (one per each calendar year), when the amount of sewage in the sanitary sewage system was greater than during dry weather. The analysis of changes in the amount of sewage supplied to the sewerage system in the six investigated periods revealed that the accidental water constituted from 26.8% to 48.4% of total sewage inflowing to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In exceptional situations, during intense rains, the share of precipitation water in the sewerage system would increase up to 75%. Then, the rainwater inflowing the sewerage system caused hydraulic overloading of the WWTP by exceeding its maximum design supply.
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Tavares, Célia R. G., Cláudia T. Benatti, and Benedito P. Dias Filho. "Treatment of Sewage Sludge Generatedin Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 98-100, no. 1-9 (2002): 935–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/abab:98-100:1-9:935.
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Zhao, Haixia, Xiaowei Jiang, Yawen Dong, Wen Chen, and Jianxin Cui. "Geographic information system-based optimization of sewage treatment facilities by evaluating pollution effects and governance demands." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 2 (2014): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2014.061.
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Municipal sewage treatment facilities have important implications for cities' sustainable development and water environment protection. This study's aim is to optimize the sewage treatment facilities by evaluating pollution effects and governance demands for Huai'an City in Jiangsu province, China. The township is chosen as the evaluation unit and the spatial pattern, change trend, and environmental impact of pollution sources are analyzed to examine the demands for sewage treatment facilities in the future. By employing the ArcGIS spatial analysis tools, the spatial matching patterns between municipal treatment capacity and sewage discharge are studied. Considering the characteristics of wastewater discharge and the actual ability and designed capacity of the wastewater treatment facilities, the study area is divided into three types, including sewage treatment potential released type, sewage treatment enhanced type, and status quo maintained type. Comparing the quantity of wastewater discharged with the treatment potential capacity, direction for the construction and operation of sewage treatment facilities is proposed. Results of this study provide a scientific basis for site selection and layout optimization of municipal sewage treatment facilities.
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Poutiainen, H., S. Laitinen, P. Juntunen, and H. Heinonen-Tanski. "On-line microwave total solids sensoring in sewage characterization." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 7 (2009): 1291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.095.
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We describe a novel application for a microwave on-line sensor to measure the total solids (TS) load entering a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) from slaughterhouse sewage and some sanitary wastewaters. Measuring this kind of wastewater stream is very challenging, because it contains a high, but varying organic load with nitrogen, phosphorus and microorganisms. The reliability of the measured signal was studied by comparison with laboratory analyses and a correlation is presented of TS-value with other parameters that are typically followed in a wastewater treatment process. The results suggest that on-line microwave sensoring could be used to monitor total solids in wastewater influent. Our results show that the on-line microwave sensor and laboratory reference analyses give similar results with a good correlation between the two techniques. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the total solids values correlate well with conductivity, total nitrogen and BOD7 values but not with phosphorus, pH and temperature.
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Kuttab, Atallah S. "Wastewater Treatment/Reuse in Rural Areas." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 9 (1993): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0186.
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Proper hygiene leading to good health, in urban as well as rural communities, requires that the consumption of drinking water is raised to acceptable levels (UN organizations put it at 40 liters/cap/day). The increase of water availability necessitates the provision of sewage drainage facilities. Urban areas are normally provided with sewerage schemes (sewer lines, treatment plants, etc.). However, it is unrealistic and not cost feasible to construct such sophisticated systems in villages. This is due to limited resources of public funds available to the responsible government agencies. In rural areas, the provision of utilities to drain sewage in a safe way lags behind the provision of water for household activities, including drinking water. This creates severe contamination to the environment of the various villages and reduces the impact of water on the improvement of health. An appropriate wastewater treatment/reuse system, called the Subsurface Drainage Technique (SDT), is described here which was successfully applied, by Save the Children/USA, in several villages on the Israeli Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. The system is applicable for individual households with land available in their immediate vicinity. It consists of a watertight septic tank, where primary treatment occurred, followed by a subsurface drainage field in which the secondary treatment took place. The treated wastewater in the drainage field allowed indirect irrigation (below ground level) for surface plants. Local materials were adopted for the construction of the SDT. Villagers themselves were trained to build the various units and therefore were able to maintain their efficient performance. Ongoing monitoring of the plants grown in the drainage field and the testing for bacteriological contamination ensures the safe performance of the technology.
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Kaczor, Grzegorz B., Krzysztof Chmielowski, and Piotr Bugajski. "Influence of extraneous waters on the quality and loads of pollutants in wastewater discharged into the treatment plant." Journal of Water and Land Development 33, no. 1 (2017): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0021.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze an influence of an inflow penetrating into two selected small sewerage systems during a rainy weather on pollutant concentration and load in raw sewage. Studies were conducted in 2010–2015 on two small sewerage systems in Małopolska province. The studies confirmed that the inflow penetrating into the sewerage systems resulted in a decrease of pollutant concentrations in sewage. However, they also showed that this dilution was not constant for all types of pollutants. The most important outcome of the study was demonstrating that despite its diluting effect on pollutants, the intense inflow into a sewerage system resulted in an increase of a sewage pollutant load. This increase was not regular, but it was rising dramatically when the inflow share in sewage exceeded 50%. The study indicated that the inflow penetrating into the sewerage system should not be disregarded, as it actually presented a significant threat to the wastewater treatment process and in consequence to the quality of recipient waters.
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Sykora, Jan L., Charles A. Sorber, Walter Jakubowski, et al. "Distribution of Giardia Cysts in Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (1991): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0055.
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This study was designed to determine geographic and seasonal distribution of Giardia cysts in wastewater and sludge and their removal by sewage treatment processes. Eleven wastewater treatment plants located in cities across the United States were included in the study. Flow weighted, composite samples of raw and treated wasteWaters and sludges were collected at monthly intervals for a period of one year. The cysts were concentrated by sucrose flotation or by simple centrifugation (“direct count”) and assayed microscopically. Sucrose flotation counts of cysts in the raw sewage were extremely variable producing results ranging from 0.4% to 77.8% of the direct counts. Based on 12 consecutive months of sampling, and using the direct counts, the highest geometric mean Giardia cyst concentrations occurred at the California site (3375 cysts/L), the Florida site (3087 cysts/L) and the Vermont site (2040 cysts/L). The lowest geometric mean Giardia cyst levels were in samples from the Pennsylvania site (642 cysts/L), the Tennessee site (762 cysts/L) and the Maryland site (957 cysts/L). Cyst concentrations in raw sewage were highest in late summer, fall and early winter. Although all raw sewage samples contained cysts, only about one half of the wastewater treatment plant effluents were positive with cyst concentrations ranging up to 44 cysts/L. Based on sucrose flotation counts, the concentrations of cysts detected in the sludges ranged from 70 to 30,000 cysts/L.
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Uday Bhan Prajapati, Arun Lal Srivastav, and Shiraz A.Wajih. "Eco-management of Wastewater by ZESTP." Journal of Chemistry, Environmental Sciences and its Applications 4, no. 2 (2018): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jce.2018.42007.
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In present study, an evaluation of ZESTP (Zero Energy Sewage Treatment Plant) has been described as an alternative solution of sewage water treatment. This system has become widely famous because of having great absorption efficiencyof nutrients, simple construction and maintenance, relatively less costly as well as a strong process. After treatment of sewage water, the level of dissolve oxygen was increased up to 73% due to the enhanced numbers of photosynthetic organisms. Some aquatic macrophytes such as Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Pistia stratiotes L. and Hydrilla verticillata Casp were used in ZESTP for waste water treatment based on phytoremediation. ZESTP could reduce the around 84% turbidity, 46% electrical conductivity, 43% salinity, 74% acidity, 69% free CO2, 73% BOD, 44% COD, 70% suspended solids, 62% total hardness, 71% chloride, 59% cadmium, 51% iron, and 71% copper from the waste water. Naturally, some plants have capability are to retain and/or remove fatal chemicals which are present in sewage water. Moreover, macrophytes based ZESTP is a cost effective and an eco-friendly technique of sewage water treatment.
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Zhang, Qing Tao, Zhi Jian Zhang, Jiong Ma, and Jiao Xiang. "The Growth Performance of Duckweed and Removal Rate of Nitrate and Phosphorus in Sewages with Different Processes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.854.
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The growth performance of duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza) and its removal rate of nitrate and phosphorus in sewages taken from sewage treatment plant with different processes were studied. The experiments were conducted in an environmentally controlled growth chamber. Three kinds of sewages were taken from a grit chamber, a sedimentation tank, and the anoxic pond in a sewage treatment plant, respectively. The fourth kind of sewage was mixed using the sedimentation tank sewage and the anoxic pond sewage in a volumetric ratio 1:1. The weight of duckweed biomass were determined with a balance. Wastewater samples taken from the media were analyzed for total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4N), total phosphorus (TP), phosphatephosphorus (PO4P) using AA3 Continous Flow Analyzer. The results showed that Spirodela polyrrhiza grew well in sewages taken from grit chamber and sedimentation tank of a sewage treatment plant, whereas a lot of duckweed fronds were dead in the sewage taken from the anoxic pond due to the high TP (higher than 7.9 mg/L) and TN (higher than 51.6 mg/L). The suitable TN concentration for Spirodela polyrrhiza growth should not be higher than 45 mg/L. Compared with the treatments without duckweed, the NH4N concentrations were reduced more than 60% in ST and GC sewages with duckweed due to the NH4N uptake by duckweed. Spirodela polyrrhiza could remove TN efficiently in sewages with relative low concentration TN (less than 20 mg/L), while duckweed could not remove TN effectively in sewages with high concentration TN (higher than 20 mg/L). The TN concentration in GC sewage decreased greatly in the first four days, which probably brought about anaerobic condition, thus P uptake switched to net release of P, which caused the increase of the TP concentration in the GC sewage without duckweed in the last six days. O2 or oxidant should be provided for sewage treatment system using duckweed to ensure that efficient removal of TN and TP meanwhile. The TP and PO4P concentrations in the mixed sewage with duckweed increased far more than those for no-duckweed treatments, which could be related that the dead duckweed released P into the sewage.
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MURADYaN, Yu V., and S. Yu TEPLYKh. "AFTER TREATMENT DOMESTIC SEWAGE WITH ERSHOVA LOADING." Urban construction and architecture 2, no. 2 (2012): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2012.02.11.
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Widespread now technological scheme and construction technology of wastewater do not provide normative qualitative parameters that correspond to the requirements of the water fish-economical ponds.The limited financing of construction of new sewage is the main method of improving the reconstruction and/or intensification of existing sewage systems.Now for the intensification of the process of purification of biologically treated wastewater purification filter with the proposed design of the load which ershov fully satisfies modern requirements on quality of discharged waste water into a reservoir.
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Młyński, Dariusz, Krzysztof Chmielowski, and Anna Młyńska. "Analysis of hydraulic load of a wastewater treatment plant in Jasło." Journal of Water and Land Development 28, no. 1 (2016): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0006.
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Abstract The paper presents an analysis of hydraulic load in a wastewater treatment plant (WTP) in Jasło. The study was based on the records of daily sewage volume entering the treatment plant within a multi-year period of 2010–2014. The analysis took into account the average daily amount of incoming sewage, the maximum daily peaking factor for the incoming sewage, changes in the sewage volume depending on specific month and day of a week, and class intervals with the greatest frequency of occurrence. The analysis revealed that the average daily volume of the sewage entering the WTP in Jasło in the investigated multi-year period was 13 045 m3·d−1. The amount of incoming sewage was variable, as evidenced by the maximum peaking factors of daily sewage inflow that ranged from 1.07 to 2.78, depending on a specific month. The sewage admission was the largest in March, May and June and on Saturdays. Sewage volume interval most often occurring at the WTP in Jasło was the one between 8 000 and 10 000 m3·d−1. The study results indicated that the facility was hydraulically underloaded.
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Zhu, Lei, Song Liu, Xun Wang, and Hong Jiao Song. "Study on Pharmaceutical Wastewater by SBBR." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1380.
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A pharmaceutical factory in Wuhan produces many pharmaceutical wastewaters every day. The wastewater raw water quality indexes are: the concentration of COD,BOD5, NH3-N,TP is 300,000mg/L, 200,000mg/L, 450mg/L,900 mg/L ; By the SBBR treatment, the effluent water quality indexes are:750mg/L,350mg/L,1.20mg/L,5mg/L,and the effluent water can accord with Wastewater quality standards for discharge to municipal sewers (CJ 343-2010) and be discharged after treatment in the sewage treatment plant by municipal sewers.
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Lin, Ying Zi, Chang Hu Cao, Jun Yin, and Hai Jun Qi. "Investigation of Heavy Metal Pollutants in a Sewage Treatment Plant of Changchun in Frozen Period." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 1265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.1265.
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According to the heavy metal investigation of some practical data in Changchun sewage treatment plant. For wastewater treatment plant and the commonly used treatment process wastewater process of the distribution of heavy metals are analyzed. We studied the heavy metals pollutant removal efficiency of situation with A/O process of wastewater treatment plant in frozen period. And make a comparative analysis of heavy metals pilot plant and demonstration project in water, determine target pollutants and focus on removal. Thus, under low temperature conditions so as to sewage treatment plants effectively remove heavy metal pollutants to provide theoretical guidance for the control of urban sewage treatment by-product of the deposition process to improve the quality of urban sewage treatment and provide scientific basis.
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Magdaleno, Anahí, Ángela Beatriz Juárez, Valeria Dragani, Magalí Elizabeth Saenz, Marta Paz, and Juan Moretton. "Ecotoxicological and Genotoxic Evaluation of Buenos Aires City (Argentina) Hospital Wastewater." Journal of Toxicology 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/248461.
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Hospital wastewater (HWW) constitutes a potential risk to the ecosystems and human health due to the presence of toxic and genotoxic chemical compounds. In the present work we investigated toxicity and genotoxicity of wastewaters from the public hospital of Buenos Aires (Argentina). The effluent from the sewage treatment plant (STP) serving around 10 million inhabitants was also evaluated. The study was carried out between April and September 2012. Toxicity and genotoxicity assessment was performed using the green algaePseudokirchneriella subcapitataand theAllium cepatest, respectively. Toxicity assay showed that 55% of the samples were toxic to the algae (%I of growth between 23.9 and 54.8). TheA. cepatest showed that 40% of the samples were genotoxic. The analysis of chromosome aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN) showed no significant differences between days and significant differences between months. The sample from the STP was not genotoxic toA. cepabut toxic to the algae (%I = 41%), showing that sewage treatment was not totally effective. This study highlights the need for environmental control programs and the establishment of advanced and effective effluent treatment plants in the hospitals, which are merely dumping the wastewaters in the municipal sewerage system.
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Kurek, Karolina, Piotr Bugajski, Agnieszka Operacz, Paulina Śliz, and Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski. "Influence of variability in the amount of inflow wastewater pollution concentration in small sewer system (case study)." E3S Web of Conferences 86 (2019): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198600028.
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The aim of study was the analyze of the impact of hydraulic load on the changes in the concentration of pollution indicators in raw sewage in years 2009-2014 in the small wastewater treatment plant. Qualitative analysis for raw sewage was included three parameters: total suspension solid, BOD and COD. The characteristics relation between the concentration of pollution indicators in raw sewage (depend variable) from the hydraulic load(independent variable) was presented by the Pearson linear correlation. In the 6 year study period were collected 32 samples of raw wastewater. Based on the result of linear regression analysis, showed that along with the increasing amount of wastewater in the sewer decrease the concentration of pollutions in raw wastewater. For total suspension solid, increase by 1 m3 of quantity of raw sewage inflowing to wastewater treatment plant, causes a decrease in the concentration of this indicator by 0,53 g·m-3. For the both organic indicators (BOD and COD), the was found that an increase of 1 m3 the amount of raw sewage inflowing to wastewater treatment plant, caused a decrease of 0,75 gO2·m-3 BOD value and 0,66 gO2·m-3 COD value in raw sewage.
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Ismaeel, Tareq Ahmed. "Designing a Decentralized Sewage Treatment Plant." Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research 8, no. 1 (2021): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol8i1id43.
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The contamination in Tigress and Euphrates Rivers in Iraq has reached a high level for several reasons; one of these reasons is the discharged of sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent in the rivers, as well as other wastewater treatment plants. But the major problem is to taker discharge of wastewater to the river directly with no treatment! Many tankers in different places in all governorates in Iraq are utilized because of the absence of sewers which collecting the domestic discharge. Wastewater discharge in the rivers increases the pollution levels and especially when the river level decreases during summer seasons. In the last few years, the pollution was dramatically exacerbated. In this paper, an optimum Design for Decentralized Sewage Treatment Plant will be presented. Discharge of sewage tanks in the Tigris River has a severe negative impact on the environment; causing a deficiency in the dissolved oxygen in the water and increasing the limits of toxicity due to the accumulation of organic and inorganic substances. Pollution has become a serious issue that directly affects the aquatic life, agriculture, and people. The design unit has good specifications for effluent water discharge. TSS (Total Suspended Solid) decreased to less than 10 ppm, BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) to less than 10 ppm, and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) to less than 50 ppm. The designed unit showed a good and easy operation and maintenance with less chemicals used.
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Wang, Qing, Wen Yu Zhao, Bang Ding Ma, Yu Wu, and Kang Huai Liu. "Characteristics and Hazard of the Wastewater from the City Garbage Transfer Stations." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2919.
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Nine wastewater samples of waste transfer stations had been gathered and analysis in Guilin city. The results indicate that all sewage belongs to high concentration organic wastewater originating from the waste transfer stations. The average value of wastewater’s COD is 5759mg/L and the maximum value is nearly 28000 mg/L. Its organic pollutants are mainly related to the residues of animals and plants. The content of lead(Pb), Chromium (Cr) and other toxic heavy metals in the wastewater could be 10 times higher than emissions standards, and especially total phosphorus’(TP) content could reach to more than 20 times of discharge standard. In order to protect the environmental quality in the vicinity of them and normally operating of the urban sewage treatment plants, it is necessary that these wastewater should be treated alone. A proposal is that integrated equipment should be made by using some technologies combined biology with membrane separation. Through disperse treatment by the equipment, urban sewage transfer stations could be reused or discharged on standard.
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Zhai, Jun, Chuan Qin, Hai Wen Xiao, Qiang He, and Jie Liu. "Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Mainland China: Two Decades of Experience." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 2977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.2977.
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Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been applied for wastewater treatment since 1987 in Mainland China. There were about 150 public owned CWs operated to treat different types of wastewater, including urban domestic wastewater, rural sewage, effluent from secondary treatment, industrial wastewater, urban and agricultural runoff. About 44% of the CWs are designed for urban and rural sewage treatment. Hybrid CW takes a majority role for wastewater treatment in China. There are 24 full-scale hybrid CWs among the surveyed 59 systems in this paper. The most frequently used filtration media for vegetated beds are gravel and cobble. Phragmites australis is the dominate plant used in CWs in north China, while cyperus alternifolius and Typha latifolia are commonly applied in south China. The statistical average removal efficiencies of CWs for industrial wastewater treatment are the highest in terms of COD and BOD5, followed by the efficiencies of treating urban domestic wastewater, rural sewage, effluent from secondary treatment, urban and agricultural runoff in a decline order with a revise trend of the designed hydraulic loading rates.
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Väänänen, Pentti, and Eleftherios Gavrielides. "Comparison of Centralized versus Decentralized Wastewater Systems for Coastal Tourist Areas." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (1989): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0009.
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A reliable, unobtrusive wastewater collection, treatment and disposal system in tourist areas is a must. In most countries where tourism has rapidly grown, public utilities have not managed to provide sewerage and sewage treatment facilities. As a result of this there are a great number of small sewage treatment plants each serving one hotel or a group of hotels in one area. The next step seems to be to join more and more hotels to one bigger treatment plant - mostly operated by a public utility. This paper discusses the pros and cons of a centralized vs. decentralized treatment system taking into account technical and economic aspects.