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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sewage works'
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Gostelow, P. "The modelling of odours from sewage treatment works." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248506.
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Woombs, M. S. "The ecological energetics of nematodes from sewage treatment works." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356334.
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Tyler, David Keith. "Improved estimation of uncertainty in flow measurement at sewage treatment works." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409476.
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Scheuerman, Phillip R., Samuel R. Farrah, and Gabriel Bitton. "Laboratory Studies of Virus Survival During Aerobic and Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1991. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2870.
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The survival of three enteroviruses (polio 1, coxsackie B3 and echo 1) and a rotavirus (SA-11) was studied under laboratory conditions. The effects of temperature, dissolved oxygen, detention time, sludge source and virus type on virus inactivation were determined. Temperature was the single most important factor influencing the rate of virus inactivation. No significant differences were found for virus inactivation rates at dissolved oxygen levels between 0.9 and 5.8 mg/l. However, the inactivation rate of the viruses under aerobic conditions was found to be significantly greater than the inactivation rate under anaerobic conditions (−0.77log10/day vs −0.33 log10/day). Sludge source, detention time and virus type did not significantly influence the rate of virus inactivation.
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Takwi, Colette Nchong. "An assessment of the management of odour at the Athlone wastewater treatment works, Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2788.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.¹Odour nuisance is increasingly becoming one of the major environmental problems in various countries across the world, especially odour associated with wastewater (Alfonsin et al., 2015; Schlegelmilch et al., 2005; Gostelow et al., 2001). As a result, the management of odour from Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) has become one of the environmental challenges besetting these facilities in recent times. The dispersion of odour across the physical boundary of wastewater treatment facilities presents not only negative environmental impacts to the natural environment, but also constitute a nuisance to surrounding populations. The Athlone (WWTW) located in the urban City of Cape Town with high demographics and adjacent to sensitive communities is thus not immune to poor air quality associated with WWTW activities (Walton, 2005). The population growth due to rural-urban migration has further put severe pressure on the facility and thus worsening the odour problem in the area. As a result, complaints have been received by the City Council from the surrounding communities over the last 20 years. In response to these complaints, the management of the WWTW introduced an odour management system with a particular focus on the use of a biotrickling filter coupled with the use of odour masking sprays. This management intervention was adopted in order to control the odour emitted to the atmosphere from the facility (WWTW). While these measures are said to reduce the prevalence of odour to the surrounding environment, it was, however, not clear whether or not such management interventions have reduced odour emitted from the treatment plant. This research was premised on two postulations as an approach to analyse the effect of the odour management plan adopted by the Athlone WWTW’s management and these are: 1) the perceived experience of odour by the adjacent neighbouring communities and, 2) the understanding of the inherent atmospheric dynamics (such as wind velocity, atmospheric stability, inversion layer and ventilation) which influence odour dispersal in the area. The research project argues that these two factors should be taken into account to ensure that the management of odour is sustainable. It is within this background that the research aimed at assessing the management of odour at the Athlone WWTW and to find out, if at all, the inherent local atmospheric conditions in the area and views of the surrounding communities are incorporated into the management of odour from the plant. The methodological design adopted in the study was case study approach. However, the atmospheric data (wind speed and direction) was obtained from the South African Weather Service (SAWS). These variables were analysed qualitatively and experimentally by the use of wind diagrams to provide insight on 2atmospheric stability conditions, surface inversion and topographical properties, and how these phenomenon influences odour dispersion. The study also reviewed previous odour management reports produced by the Althone WWTW management. This type of data was finally supported by data collected from the community by means of a community survey, face-to-face in-depth interviews and qualitative observation. Some major findings from the study revealed that the local weather of Athlone influences the dispersion of odour – facilitating dispersion in the summer through high wind velocities, while impeding dispersion during winter due to the presence of atmospheric stability conditions. Prevailing odours in this community has led to a general feeling of displeasure amongst community members especially since the management of the treatment plan does not include the local community in the decision-making process. In spite of these, the facility’s management approach was found to be more of a response driven nature even though it is ranked as a high-risk facility.
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Liney, Katherine Emma. "The endocrine modulating effects of sewage treatment works effluents on the roach (Rutilus rutilus)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493637.
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Surveys of UK rivers have shown a high incidence of sexual disruption in populations of wild roach (Rutilus rutilus) living downstream from sewage treatment works (STW). Moreover, the degree of intersex (gonads containing both male and female structural characteristics) has been correlated with the concentration of effluent in those rivers.
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Scholtz, Carl Christian. "Improving contaminated sewage sludge : an experiment based assessment of selected treatment options for the SASOL sewage works in Sasolburg (South Africa) / by Carl C. Scholtz." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1832.
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Sasol Chemical Industries (SCI) located in Sasolburg, South Africa (SA), have since the early fifties produced fuels and waxes commercially, and recently diversified to produce a wider range of other chemicals. The Sasol One processes as with all industrial processes generate various waste streams. One such waste stream in the case of the Sasol One Site, which was the main theme of this study is the so-called poor quality sewage sludge generated during the treatment of domestic and industrial effluent in biological oxidation ponds at the sewage works. The poor quality of the sludge is related to the metals and pathogenic organisms present in the sludge. Furthermore, the stockpiling area where the sludge is stored is running out of space thus creating an ongoing environmental and operational challenge to the management of the sewage works.
The primary objective of the study was therefore to identify suitable sludge treatment options by means of comparing three sludge treatment techniques, viz; Composting, ASP (Activated Sludge Pasteurisation) and SLASH (treatment of sludge with ash and / or lime). It was anticipated that one or a combination of these three techniques would improve the quality of the sludge in terms of its metal and pathogenic content and furthermore, as a more beneficial sludge, possibly support the humus requirements for the revegetation efforts during the rehabilitation activities on the Sasol One waste site.
In evaluating these possible treatment options the sludge was subjected to laboratory bench experiments and field plant trials. To arrive at an answer as to which treatment option was the best, a decision matrix was developed that compared and scored the treatment options using various weighted criteria. The criteria used considered (i) the present legal sludge treatment requirements in terms of the Water Research Commission guidelines;(ii) the sustainability of the option that would be the most likely one to succeed in the long term; (iii) the economic viability defined as a capital and operational expenditure required that would give an indication of the financial viability of the preferred option and; (iv) the technical feasibility being defined as the potential for the preferred option to achieve full scale operation and a measure of confidence to implement the option or not.
The experiments conducted and results achieved indicated that all three treatment options significantly improved the quality of the sludge in terms of metal and pathogenic content. However the composted sludge scored the highest points followed by SLASH and lastly ASP. Based on these experiments and the decision matrix used, Composting performed best by achieving a satisfactory score based on the WRC classification guidelines including cost and technical feasibility. With respect to this outcome the Composting was recommended as the preferred treatment option.Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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Bayard, Alynne. "An investigation of mangrove loss adjacent to the Bolivar Sewage Treatment Works using remote sensing techniques /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arb356.pdf.
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Mamabolo, Mmamala Florah. "Effects of cooperative governance in the sewage treatment works in the upper Vaal River / M.F. Mamabolo." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9784.
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The Upper Vaal Water Management Area (Upper Vaal WMA) lies in the eastern interior of South Africa. This WMA includes the Vaal, Klip, Wilge, Liebenbergsvlei and Mooi Rivers and extends to the confluence of the Mooi and Vaal Rivers. It also includes major dams such as the Vaal Dam, Grootdraai Dam and Sterkfontein Dam. The southern half of the WMA extends over the Free State province; the north-east mainly falls within Mpumalanga and the northern and western parts in Gauteng and North West provinces respectively (DWAF 2004). Several wastewater treatment works (WWTW) located in this area do not meet the standard set by the present legislation that addresses proper treatment of water. This results in number of problems that affect the quality of water in this catchment.
It was noted by the WRC (2006b) that with the challenges of implementation in an environment of shared responsibility, it is increasingly recognised that public/government institutions must foster institutional cooperation and interaction for efficient provision of public services, both at the policy-strategy level and the operational-implementation level. According to WRC (2006b), poor cooperation between institutions in the implementation of their interrelated mandates has resulted in inefficient utilization of scarce resources and/or endless disputes.
In order to address this shortcoming, a study that investigated the effects of cooperative governance in the Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) in the Upper Vaal Water Management Area was initiated. The results of the research indicate a lack of cooperation between the three spheres of governance that participate in the sustainable management of water treatment in this area.Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
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Niven, Stewart James. "The origins and occurrence of estrogenic A-ring aromatic steroids in U.K. sewage treatment works effluents." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2157.
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There is worldwide concern over the possible estrogenic effects of organic chemicals on a variety of wildlife and indeed on humankind. In the U.K., estrogenic compounds in sewage treatment works (STW) effluents have been implicated in causing the increases in egg yolk protein production observed in caged male trout and other fish species. At the initiation of the present study, few of the estrogenic compounds in STW effiuents had been recognised, although circumstantial evidence suggested that steroidal hormones were primary candidates. Cholesterol is abundant in STW effluents and is the precursor of all steroidal hormones biosynthesised in mammalian systems. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that cholesterol might undergo A-ring aromatisation, during sewage treatment, producing estrone and 17β-estradiol via, intermediates such as l9-norcholest-l,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol (NCT). To study this hypothesis NCT was first synthesised via a known route and several of its chromatographic and mass spectral properties established for the first time. NCT itself was found to possess some estrogenic potential determined using an established assay but this was rather weak compared to 17β-estradiol - about 200,000 times less active at the minimum concentration needed to invoke a response. NCT also proved to be a much more hydrophobic compound than, for example, 17β-estradiol with a computed log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) of over 9 compared with a log Kow of about 4 for l7β-estradiol. The established analytical properties of NCT were then used to investigate possible NCT formation in sewage. Radiolabelled 14C-cholesterol was incubated aerobically and anaerobically in Semi-Continuous Aaivated Sludge (SCAS), Die Away (DA) or simple stand alone STW simulation vessels. The products of incubation in both aqueous and solid fractions were examined by radio-high performance liquid chromatography (r-HPLC), radio-thin layer chromatography (r-TLC) and radio-gas chromatography (r-GC). Aerobic studies showed that side chain cleavage and A-ring rupture of cholesterol occurred rapidly (~25 % of added activity within 24 hrs) as measured by 14C02 evolution. Gaseous evolution was not monitored from the anaerobic experiments. Most remaining activity was associated with the solids fractions in all experiments. In the aqueous experiments both SCAS and DA systems, r-HPLC revealed rapid production of polar products which were not identified further. r-HPLC also revealed non-polar components of which choIest-3,5-diene, an unknown cholestadiene, a cholestadienol (other than 5,7-dienol), cholest-4-en-3-one and possibly NCT were identified by r-GC in the products of DA experiments. Whilst r-HPLC and r-TLC also revealed several products of anaerobic digestion of cholesterol, no compounds were detected by r-GC. STW effluents from two wastewater plants in the North London area were monitored over 7 months for A-ring steroids and other suspected estrogenic chemicals. Both effluents had previously proved estrogenic to caged fish. Liquid and SPM samples were taken, extracted and analysed by GC-MS. The two main estrogens, l7β-estradiol and estrone were identified from all liquid samples but not in SPM extracts. Generally the concentration of estrone (maximum ca 3 ng Lˉ¹) was significantly higher than that for 17β-estradiol (maximum 1 ng fˉ¹). The third natural estrogen, l6a,l7β-estriol, was identified in all Harpenden effluent samples analysed up to a concentration ca 0.5 ng Lˉ¹. However, estriol was not found in Deephams effluent extracts. The phytoestrogen, daidzein, found in soya based products was intermittently found in aqueous effluents samples from both sites >1 ng Lˉ¹. SPM made up <0.001 % of the effluent. Extracts showed that there was a high percentage of steroidal based material with coprostanol>cholesterol=β-sitosterol>>stigmasterol. NCT was twice identified from SPM taken from Deephams with a concentration of 39 and 136 ng 1ˉ¹ but
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Halliday, Stephen. "Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the main drainage of London." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264704.
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Booker, Victoria. "Investigating the occurrence and fate of anticancer drugs in sewage treatment works and the wider aquatic environment." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2015. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/82556/.
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The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and the wider environment is of growing concern. This thesis focuses on anticancer drugs - a group of biologicallypotent and often recalcitrant set of chemicals whose fate and impact on the wider freshwater environment is poorly studied. The aims of this thesis were to prioritise a group of anticancer drugs for environmental monitoring programmes (from the many drugs in use), based on their consumption and fate during wastewater treatment; to undertake a national and regional survey of two commonly used anticancer drugs, cyclophosphamide (CP) and ifosfamide (IF) in wastewater and river water; to assess the performance of a river-based chemical fate model through comparisons with field observations; and to conduct a mass balance for CP in wastewater treatment plants to assess chemical fate during the different stages of wastewater treatment. Given the large number of anticancer drugs currently in use (>70) a decision support process was developed to ascertain a short list of drugs which are most likely to persist and be released with treated effluent to environmental waters. To do this, accurate consumption data were compiled from a hospital survey in NW England and combined with urinary excretion rates derived from clinical studies. Physical– chemical property data were then compiled along with likely chemical fate and persistence during and after wastewater treatment. A shortlist of 15 chemicals (from 65), including CP and IF, was prioritised based on their consumption, persistency and likelihood of occurrence in surface waters and supported by observational studies where possible. The ecological impact of these ‘prioritised’ chemicals however is uncertain as the measured concentrations in surface waters generally fall below standard toxicity thresholds, although there is evidence that exposure of aquatic organisms to some of these chemicals may induce low-dose genotoxic effects. This prioritised sub-list of anticancer drugs should prove useful for developing environmental screening programmes and targeted toxicity assays. To assess the occurrence of anticancer drugs in wasterwaters both CP and IF were measured in raw influent and final effluent waters from fourteen STPs located across England using a sensitive analytical method. CP was detected in both wastewater influent and effluent with mean (SD) concentration of 4.1 ng/L (4.8) and 6.6 ng/L (6.5), respectively, in agreement to measured ranges from a limited number of studies conducted in Europe and elsewhere. IF was only detected in four wastewater samples with the highest concentration being observed in wastewater effluent at 0.77 ng/L (cv = 24.3% (n=3)) and possibly reflecting the relatively lower consumption of this drug relative to CP. Additional monitoring was conducted in the rivers Calder, Darwen and Ribble (North West UK) with CP present at 5 of the 6 river locations with concentrations ranging from 0.41 to 3.71 ng/L. All these rivers receive treated wastewater effluent from sewage treatment works serving different population sizes, with CP measured in river water some ~20 miles downstream of the nearest STP, indicating the widespread dispersal and persistence of this chemical. CP and IF were measured systematically down the Rivers Aire and Calder in NE England and the results compared to a GIS-based water quality model (LF2000- WQX) used to predict CP and IF distributions in the two rivers, using regional consumption data and subsequent release quantities from STPs. CP was detected in 90% of river samples, apart from rural/uplands sites located at the source of the River Aire and Calder, respectively. CP presented the highest concentration, ranging from 0.17 to 4.53 ng/L (average 1.14 ng/L). IF was seldom detected in the sampled sites and concentrations ranged from < LOD to 1.82 ng/L (average 0.51 ng/L). Model results showed a fair agreement to the measured data for CP in the River Aire, discrepancies arise as the river progressed further downstream where the modelled data was lower than the measured data. A significant input of CP from Leeds STP at A7 (STP-1) saw the continuing rise in CP despite the increase in river flow. At the lower end of the Calder (pre-confluence with the River Aire) a spike in CP is detected far beyond the modelled value. A risk assessment was carried out to establish the potential adverse effects of anticancer drugs in the river catchment. All calculated risk quotients were below 1, showing no significant risk to aquatic organisms. However, long term toxicity studies for these chemicals are needed to define the environmental stress produced by their continuous exposure and induction. The fate and removal efficiency of cyclophosphamide (CP) and ifosfamide (IF) were investigated in two conventional sewage treatment plants (STP-S and STP-C) during different stages of waste water treatment. Overall average concentrations of CP were 1.17±1 ng/L in the two plants, which is lower than recent measurements conducted elsewhere. Grab-samples were coordinated with the hydraulic residence time of wastewater in each of the treatment stages in order to monitor changes in CP concentrations in the same parcel of water as it passed through the STP. Interestingly, concentrations of CP were observed to increase from raw influent to final tertiarytreated effluent and this is likely to be attributable to the degradation of a CPmetabolite and subsequent ‘liberation’ of the parent CP as the metabolite passes through the various sewage treatment processes. This observation, apparent in both studied STPs, has implications for chemical fate modelling of anti-cancer drugs, especially if STP influent loads are used to predict subsequent fluxes to receiving waters rather than final effluent values. Moreover, this increase in concentrations made a mass balance difficult to achieve, but highlighted that elimination/removal of CP in wastewater during primary to tertiary processing is very low (<20%). The calculated fluxes of CP with final effluent discharge were 3.16- 6.48 g/year for STP-S and 4.56 -51.57 g/year for STP-C and highlight that STPs are a continuing source of highly water-soluble, recalcitrant anticancer drugs to the environment.
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Mahmoud, Huda Mahmoud Abdullah. "Structural and functional diversity of epilithic bacterial communities in streams : effects of pollution." Thesis, University of Hull, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271992.
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Ullberg, Malin. "Temporal water quality study of the heavily human-impacted Likangala River, Zomba, Malawi." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-243347.
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River water is used for a range of purposes, for example irrigation, laundry, hygiene, mining of sand, as drinking water and for disposal of wastes and wastewater. These anthropogenic activities, along with agriculture and the local climate and geology will have effects on the water quality, and by extension the people living in the area. This study intends to evaluate the water quality of Likangala River, which is a perennial river in southern Malawi, during hot dry season linking it to the activities present in the direct vicinity of the urban segment of the river. A small land use survey was carried out, and eight points for water sampling chosen for analysis of a set of physio-chemical water quality parameters. Also an estimate of the water discharge of the time was made. It was found that most parameters were within the guidelines for drinking water set up by WHO (2011) and Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS, 2008), although turbidity, manganese, iron, chromium and lead showed elevated levels. Some, but not all, parameters showed a trend with low values upstream the city and higher values downstream (except pH with a inverse trend), and almost all parameters were significantly higher in the effluents from the Zomba Sewage Works, and also directly afterwards.Flodvatten används för en rad olika ändamål, exempelvis bevattning, tvätt, hygien, utvinning av sand, som dricksvatten och för avyttrande av avfall och avloppsvatten. Dessa mänskliga verksamheter, tillsammans med effekter av jordbruk samt det lokala klimatet och geologin kommer att påverka vattenkvaliteten, och i förlängningen de människor som bor i området. Denna studie avser att utvärdera vattenkvaliteten i Likangala, som är en flod i södra Malawi, under heta torrperioden och koppla denna till de verksamheter som finns i dess direkta närhet längs den urbana sträckningen av floden. En liten kartläggning av markanvändning genomfördes, och åtta platser för vattenprovtagning valdes ut för analys av ett antal fysio-kemiska vattenkvalitets- parametrar. Också en uppskattning av vattenföring gjordes. Det visade sig att de flesta parametrar var inom riktlinjerna för dricksvatten som inrättats av WHO (2011) och Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS, 2008), även om turbiditet, mangan, järn, krom och bly visade förhöjda halter. Vissa, men inte alla, parametrar visade en trend med låga värden uppströms staden och högre värden nedströms (förutom pH med en inverterad trend), och nästan alla parametrar var betydligt högre i spillvattnet från Zomba vattenreningsverk, och även direkt efteråt.
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Snook, Deborah Jane. "Some aspects of the autecology of Rhizoclonuium riparium (Roth) Harv. with special reference to its growth in the maturation ponds of the Grahamstown sewage works." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004724.
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During 1982 benthic and floating filamentous algal mats appeared in the maturation ponds of the Grahamstown Sewage Disposal Works. These mats clogged the ponds and reduced the efficiency by which the effluent was purified. As they continued to be a problem despite numerous efforts to remove them, this study was initiated to investigate the alga, establish why it was successful in the pond environment, and how its growth could be controlled. The physico-chemical environment of a representative maturation pond was characterised while laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the growth, photosynthetic and respiratory characteristics in the alga. The alga was identified as Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harv. although its morphological variability was greater than that reported in the literature. Growth and photosynthetic studies indicated that the alga favoured temperatures between 20 and 30⁰C and relatively high light intensity (700μE.m⁻².s⁻¹) and that it was highly productive. In addition, the alga exhibited photoadaptive ability, although it seemed to be sensitive to photoinhibition. Its success in the maturation pond was attributed to the favourable physico-chemical environment, particularly the high transparency of the effluent which allowed the penetration of PAR to the pond floor and to the alga's ability to adapt to the change in environment when it floated from the pond floor to its surface. Although the algal mats contribute to the oxidation of the effuent within the maturation pond, they are generally detrimental to the system because they shade the water column and inhibit wind-induced mixing. Recommendations on methods of controlling of the mats are presented.KMBT_363
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Zakharova, Yulia S. "Highway drainage as a component of metal input into the catchment." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8254.
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Highway runoff, as a nonpoint source, may exert significant pollutant load on the catchment. Finding ways to mitigate nonpoint sources of pollutants is a matter of great concern for improving water quality. It was cited by the Environment Agency in 2005 that more than 80% of English rivers were at risk of failing to achieve Water Framework Directive (WFD) objectives through diffuse pollution (Faram, 2007; p.14). The presence and behaviour of metals were analysed and compared through seasonal sampling from one of the most trafficked roads in the Midlands, M1. These were compared with other sources: local streams and sewage works. The concentration of metals in stormwater from the M1, three neighbouring rural brooks and three local sewage works, all in the same catchment, were sampled. Three metals (Fe, Cu and Zn) were used as an indicator because of their predominance and potential harmful effect on biodiversity. The data was analysed to establish any links between the total and dissolved metals and standard water quality parameters. The thesis also examines the performance of a standard highway treatment system of interceptor and lagoon for removing metals. The results indicate that evaporation and de-icer salts had the strongest effect on metal concentrations and their solubility in the runoff from the M1. As additional factors, rainfall intensity and antecedent dry weather period (ADWP) had the most important influence on metal concentrations. Fe was always at the highest concentrations for all weather conditions (total and dissolved) and all sampling locations. The results also showed that Fe was affiliated with the particulate matter; however, it was also suggested that it was solubilised by anaerobic conditions. Zntot during wet weather exceeded the environmental quality standards (EQS) both on the M1 and in Woodbrook. The sewage work effluent did not exceed the EQS at any time of sampling. It was also found that Zn solubility was increased by the presence of de-icer salts which released it from the sediment by a process of ion-exchange, as suggested by the literature. Cu concentrations had the most erratic values and varied widely but were in the lowest concentrations compared to other metals. During wet weather Cudis from the M1 runoff exceeded the EQS. It was also concluded that the analytical and sample preservation methods chosen could have an effect on the concentrations of copper. Filtration with recycled glass and pea-gravel was able to remove particles down to 5 μm, but at the typical flow rate (5 m/hr), and solids loading the filters would need regular washing. The adsorption studies showed that metals are more effectively removed by alkaline conditions than acid conditions which release metals into the environment.
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Milašaitė, Indrė. "Raseinių rajono nuotekų valyklų efektyvumo analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090114_160431-07549.
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Vandenų apsauga yra viena iš svarbiausių aplinkosaugos sričių. Europos Sąjungos direktyvos griežtai reglamentuoja išleidžiamų į paviršinius vandenis miestų nuotekų kokybę. Ne mažiau kaip 80 procentų išleidžiamų nuotekų neturi viršyti didžiausios leidžiamos koncentracijos. Darbo tikslas ištirti nuotekų valyklų Raseinių rajono savivaldybėje darbo efektyvumą ir numatyti priemones jų darbui pagerinti. Darbe analizuojama Raseinių rajono (Raseinių, Ariogalos, Kaulakių gyvenviečių) nuotekų valyklų darbo efektyvumas. Analizei naudoti 2005-2007 metais atliktų tyrimų duomenys. Duomenų analizė parodė, kad visoms valykloms reikalinga rekonstrukcija, visose gyvenvietėse reikia didinti prie centrinės nuotekų šalinimo sistemos prisijungusių gyventojų skaičių.The protection of water is one of the most important spheres in the environment control. The quality of cities‘ sewage, that is drained to surface water, is strictly regulated by the directives of European Union. Not less than 80 per cent of drained sewage must not exceed the maximum allowable concentration. The purpose of this research is to analyse the effectiveness of sewage works in Raseiniai district and to provide the plant improvement scheme. In the article there is discussed the effectiveness of sewage works in Raseiniai district (Raseiniai, Ariogala, Kaulakiai). The data of 2007 is used in the analysis. The results show that the reconstruction is necessary for all the sewage works. Moreover, in all the places of residence it is a must to increase the number of residents who are linked to the central sewage removal system.
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Routledge, Edwin John. "Identification, quantification and assessment of oestrogenic chemicals in domestic sewage-treatment work effluents." Thesis, Brunel University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363200.
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Grinspum, Gabriel Rodrigues. "Metamorfose da várzea paulistana: energia, saneamento e urbanização." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16138/tde-11072014-112420/.
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O complexo hidrelétrico da Serra de Cubatão foi considerado a grande obra de engenharia da primeira metade do século XX no Brasil. Este complexo polêmico foi possível graças à opção do poder público de legitimar o predomínio das forças produtivas e do capital na incorporação das planícies aluviais do rio Pinheiros à malha urbana da cidade, permitindo a execução de um projeto de infraestrutura que transformou o leito natural e sinuoso do rio Pinheiros em um canal de derivação das águas do rio Tietê, que passam pela bacia de São Paulo e são desviadas para a geração de energia, lançando esta água Serra do Mar abaixo. A sinergia obtida com as múltiplas funções incorporadas ao projeto da São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company acelerou o processo de construção da cidade sobre os novos terrenos metamorfoseados. Este ganho de tempo, proporcionado pelo capital internacional investido, contrapõe-se à ausência, no espaço urbano, de infraestruturas e equipamentos públicos essenciais para o equilíbrio socioambiental da metrópole paulistana. A dissertação aborda a transformação da natureza do lugar e a transformação das prioridades na infraestrutura urbana já instalada. Apresenta, em seu desenvolvimento, um diálogo entre o Projeto da Serra executado pela Companhia Light e o plano apresentado pelo Município de São Paulo, através da Comissão de Melhoramentos do Rio Tietê, para o combate às enchentes, diluição de efluentes e navegação no trecho do rio que fazia frente à cidade. Os dois projetos, delineados na década de 20, são partes distintas de uma mesma iniciativa da sociedade, que tinha como os principais propósitos o progresso, o avanço sobre as planícies aluviais paulistanas, a valorização da terra, o saneamento e a integração da metrópole.The hydropower complex of Serra de Cubatão was considered the greatest engineering work of the first half of the 20th Century in Brazil. This controversial complex was made viable because the government has chosen to legitimize the predominance of the forces of production and capital in the incorporation of the floodplains of the Pinheiros River into the urban network of the city allowing the implementation of an infrastructure project that turned the river\'s natural and sinuous bed into a bypass channel of the waters from the Tietê River, which flow through the basin of São Paulo and are diverted for power generation , being discharged down the Serra do Mar. The synergy resulting from the multiple functions that were incorporated to the Project implemented by São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company accelerated the process of construction of the city on new metamorphosed land plots. This time saving initiative, which was enabled by the international capital invested, is opposed to the lack of essential public infrastructure and equipment in the urban space, which are essential for the socio-environmental balance of the metropolis of São Paulo. This dissertation addresses the transformation in the nature of the place and the changes in the priorities related to the infrastructure already installed. It introduces throughout its development a dialog between the Projeto da Serra performed by Companhia Light and the plan created by the City of São Paulo, through the Comissão de Melhoramentos do Rio Tietê (Comission for Improving the Tietê river), which established initiatives to fight floods, approached the dilution of effluents and navigation in the part of the river that stretched along the city. Both projects, outlined during the 20\'s, are different parts of the same initiative performed by society, whose main objectives were progress, the occupation of the floodplains of São Paulo, increasing land value, sanitation and the integration of the metropolis.
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ALONSO, MARIANNE OSLAY CORTES. "SOCIAL SERVICES AND SANITATION: AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMPONENT SOCIAL WORK IN WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS AND SEWAGE PAC IN RIO DE JANEIRO." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27913@1.
Full textAbstract:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
No atual contexto de disputas em torno do projeto de cidade, no qual perspectivas privatistas e democráticas se tensionam, as obras de infraestrutura social e urbana do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento se tornam importante palco desses embates. O Trabalho Social — enquanto componente obrigatório de parte desses empreendimentos — assume uma função mediadora entre os serviços implantados e a sua apropriação pela população beneficiária, sendo um espaço sócio-ocupacional no qual se insere o assistente social, que imprime uma direção social nesse processo. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar a inserção do Serviço Social nesses empreendimentos e identificar as possibilidades e limites para materialização da direção social crítica. Delimitou-se como campo de estudo os empreendimentos de saneamento do PAC, nas modalidades de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Deste modo, buscamos identificar as expectativas institucionais em relação ao trabalho a partir de pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e discursos presentes em um seminário avaliativo e prospectivo do Trabalho Social; e confrontamos com sua materialização no cotidiano, a partir de questionários e grupo focal. Com a pesquisa, foi possível apreender que, no âmbito do saneamento, tanto as expectativas institucionais quanto a sua objetivação apresentam limites ao fortalecimento do projeto democrático de cidade. Contudo, apesar do claro distanciamento entre o que se espera do trabalho e condições históricas, sociais culturais e institucionais para a sua materialização, foi possível identificar aproximações entre o Trabalho Social e o Projeto Ético-Político do Serviço Social.
In the current context of disputes around the project of the city, in which privatist and democratic prospects are fighting against the other, the works of urban and social infrastructure of the PAC becomes an important stage of these clashes. Social Work - as an obligatory component of these projects - assumes a mediating role between the deployed services and their appropriation by the population beneficiary, being a sociocupacional space which incorporates the social worker who prints a social direction in this process. The purpose of this research was to analyze the inclusion of social services in these developments and identify the possibilities and limits to materialisation of critical social direction. Delimited as a study field sanitation projects of PAC, in water supply and sanitation arrangements in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Thus, we seek to identify the institutional expectations regarding work from desk research, literature and discourses present in an evaluative and prospective seminar of Social Work; and faced with its materialization in daily life, from questionnaires and focus groups. Through the research it was possible to learn that under the reorganization, both institutional expectations, as its objectification, have limits to the strengthening of the democratic project of the city. However, despite the clear gap between what is expected of work and historical, cultural and institutional social conditions for its realization, it was possible to identify similarities between the Social Work and Ethical-Political Project of Social Work.
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Barrett, Redfern Jon. "Queer friendship : same sex love in the works of Thomas Gray, Anna Seward, Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin." Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43030.
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Sawkins, John William. "Can yardstick competition work? : a study of the water and sewerage industry in England and Wales." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21517.
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Under the terms of the Water Act 1989, the Office of Water Services (Ofwat) was established and given responsibility for the economic regulation of the English and Welsh water industry. One of the concepts underpinning the new regulatory regime was comparative or 'yardstick' competition. Implementation of the regime required the establishment of a methodology for comparative efficiency measurement. The thesis presents econometric results from estimates of a series of ordinary and stochastic frontier cost functions. These are used to compare the efficiency of operators in both the water supply and sewage treatment branches of the industry. A new water supply database covering the period 1977/86 is constructed for the purpose, and the comparative efficiency rankings for both branches of the industry are shown to be robust. Fieldwork methods are used to analyse the role of yardstick competition in the regulatory regime and the way in which the comparative efficiency results could be applied. The fieldwork covers twelve interviews with officials of water companies, and one with the Director General of Water Services. Based on results on both quantitative and qualitative work, conclusions are drawn as to whether yardstick competition is a more widely applicable regulatory device.
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Kullgren, Emma, and Johanna Olsson. "Bolagisering av kommunal vatten- och avloppsverksamhet : En studie av överlåtelsernas giltighet med avseende på rättigheter för ledningar." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för data-, elektro- och lantmäteriteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-8204.
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Den kommunala vatten- och avloppsverksamheten har i mindre skala bolagiserats sedan 1970-talet. I början var bolagisering inte så vanligt, men under 1990-talet skedde en ökning och många kommuner genomförde bolagiseringar. Idag har 76 av Sveriges 290 kommuner bolagiserat sin kommunala vatten- och avloppsverksamhet.När en kommunal verksamhet överförs till ett kommunalt bolag måste de ledningar som utgör fastighetstillbehör skiljas från fastigheterna de tillhör, för att överlåtelsen ska ha sakrättslig verkan enligt bestämmelser i jordabalken. De befintliga ledningsrätterna måste också överföras till bolaget i samband med överlåtelsen, annars blir överlåtelsen ogiltig enligt ledningsrättslagen. För att överlåtelserna och överlåtelseavtalen ska vara rättsligt hållbara måste överlåtelserna genomföras på rätt sätt enligt lag.Syftet med studien är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning överlåtelseavtalen som upprättas i samband med överlåtelserna är rättsligt hållbara. Frågor som kommer att besvaras i den här studien är: Hur bör en överlåtelse av vatten- och avloppsverksamhet gå till med avseende på ledningarna som tillhör verksamheten? Vad överlåts från kommunen till det kommunala bolaget? Är överlåtelserna rättsligt hållbara?Metoden som har använts i den här studien är att studera överlåtelseavtal som upprättats i samband med överlåtelser, samt att genomföra intervjuer och enkäter med kunniga personer på de kommunala bolagen. Genom att genomföra en analys av överlåtelseavtal och utvärdera resultat från intervjuer och enkäter, kunde författarna få en uppfattning om giltigheten i överlåtelserna.Resultatet visar att flera av överlåtelserna är ogiltiga och det finns en hel del ledningar inom kommunerna som saknar rättigheter. Vid överlåtelsen bör de ledningar som utgör fastighetstillbehör skiljas från fastigheterna för att ge överlåtelsen sakrättslig verkan. Även ledningsrätterna tillhörande ledningarna bör överlåtas i samband med överlåtelsen för att försäkra sig om att överlåtelsen är giltig enligt lag. Det bör göras så att rättigheterna till ledningarna och äganderätten innehas av samma ägare.The Swedish municipality public water supply and sewerage work activity has been put into municipal companies in small extent since the 70s. Corporatizations were not so common in the beginning, but in the 90s it increased and several municipalities around the country started to put their public water supply and sewerage into municipal companies. Today have 76 of 290 municipalities corporatized their water supply and sewerage work.When a municipal activity are transferred to municipal companies the utilities that are property fixtures must be separated from the property, in order for the transfer to be legal according to the conditions in the Swedish Land Code. The utility easements that belong to the activity must be transferred together with the title of the facilities, otherwise the transfer is not valid according to the Swedish Utility Easements Act. In order for the transfer agreements to be legally sustainable and to avoid future problems, the transfer must be accurate according to the law.The aim of the study is to investigate in which extent the transfer agreements that are established during the transfer of public water supply and sewerage work activity to municipal companies are legally sustainable. Questions that will be answered in this study are: how should a transfer of water supply and sewerage work activity be proceeded with regard to the utility easements? What are transferred from the municipality to the municipal company? Are the transfers legally sustainable?The method that have been used are to study transfer agreements and do interviews and questionnaires with erudite people employed at the municipal companies. When the analysis of the transfer agreement were made and the result from the interviews and questionnaires were put together, it gave the authors an idea of the agreements validity.The result shows that several of the transfers aren’t valid and that there are plenty of utilities in the municipalities that don’t have any rights. During the transfer the utilities that are property fixtures should be separated from the property in order for the transfer to be legally valid. The utilities easements should also be transferred so that the title of the utilities and the rights of the utilities have the same owner.
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Gaudinkskaitė, Justina. "Kauno miesto nuotekų valykloje susidarančio dumblo taršos sunkiaisiais metalais analizė ir panaudojimo galimybės." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090114_161210-22224.
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Šiuo metu pagal plitimo greitį aplinkoje ir ribas bei koncentracijos didėjimą vienais iš pavojingiausių žmonėms ir gyvūnams laikomi antropogeninės kilmės teršalai - sunkieji metalai. Tyrimui atlikti buvo panaudoti Kauno miesto nuotekų valyklos laboratoriniai duomenys apie nuotekose ir nuotekų dumble susikaupusius sunkiuosius metalus: cinką (Zn), šviną (Pb), nikelį (Ni), gyvsidabrį (Hg), chromą (Cr), kadmį (Cd), varį (Cu). Naudojant susistemintus laboratorinius duomenis buvo nustatyta, kad didesnės sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos žiemą buvo 2002 – 2003 metais, o 2004 – 2006 metais – rudenį ir pavasarį. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijų kaitą įtakoja krituliai, nustatyti vidutinio stiprumo ryšiai. Pagal taršą sunkiaisiais metalais (Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni, Hg) Kauno miesto nuotekų valyklos dumblas yra II kategorijos, o pagal Pb atitinka I kategoriją. III kategorijos dumblo iš viso nebuvo rasta, todėl nuotekų dumblas gali būti naudojamas laukų tręšimui bei sąvartynų uždengimui. Tyrimo metu buvo įvertinta galimybė Kauno miesto nuotekų dumblą panaudoti Lapių buitinių atliekų sąvartyno uždengimui. Dumble esančios sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos nepablogintų sąvartyno filtrato kokybės, tačiau dėl fizikinių savybių (dumblas slysta, technika klimpsta) nėra tinkamas Lapių sąvartyno uždengimui. Dumblo naudojimas energetinių želdinių tręšimui taip pat yra nepalankus nuotekų dumblą tvarkančioms įmonėms dėl mažų tręšimo normų.Heavy metals are anthropogenic pollutants which are toxic and mostly widespread in nowadays environment. For the research there were used Kaunas wastewater plant laboratorial data about heavy metals in wastewater and sewage sludge, such as chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), plumbum (Pb). By using the systemized laboratorial data it was determined that the biggest concentrations of heavy metals in winter season were in the year 2002 – 2003, but in the year 2004 – 2006 – in autumn and spring. The results of the research showed that precipitation influences heavy metals concentrations to change; there were determined middle strength connections. According to the pollution of heavy metals in the year 2002 – 2006 treated sludge of Kaunas wastewater plant corresponded second category, just plumbum corresponded first category. There was no treated sludge of third category that is why sewage sludge can be used to utilize the fields and cover the landfills. During the research it has been estimated the possibility to use sewage sludge to cover the landfill of Lapes. The concentration of heavy metals in the sludge wouldn‘t make worse the quality of the landfill’s leachate, but still it is not practicable for the covering the Lapes landfill because of the physical characteristics (sludge is slippery, technical equipment is sinking). Because of the low utilising rates the usage for utilizing short rotation forest is not suitable as well for... [to full text]
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Portilla, Karolis César Augusto. "L’artiste en tant que sujet politique : deux exemples : William Burroughs et Cildo Meireles. trois œuvres : Last Words, Insertions Dans les Circuits Idéologiques et Le Sermon Sur La Montagne : Fiat Lux." Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080071/document.
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L’analyse des processus de création de l’écrivain américain William Burroughs et de l’artiste brésilien Cildo Meireles construit deux figures exemplaires de l’artiste en tant que sujet politique. Les choix faits par ces deux artistes pendant le processus de réalisation de leurs œuvres déclarent en effet leur position face à la littérature, à l’art et à la réalité. Ils les construisent en tant que sujets-artistes et produisent des rencontres qui (re) configurent l’espace artistique. Ils renouvellent les pratiques de création. Nous étudions ces processus avec pour outils différentes notions théoriques. Outre celle de la politique, qui, selon Jacques Rancière, est le processus de l’égalité ; celle du sujet, définie par Alain Badiou, comme une construction qui se produit quand un événement arrive ; et celle de choix qui, selon Slavoj Zizek, ne laisse pas intacte la subjectivité du sujet. Nous essayons ainsi de définir le caractère politique des choix faits par ces deux artistes et de mettre en évidence l’idée de l’art et de la politique que leurs œuvres mobilisent.Nous étudions le processus de création de Burroughs, de son premier roman jusqu’à la découverte du cut-up et l’écriture de son texte Last Words. Nous analysons le processus de création des œuvres de Meireles : Insertions dans les circuits idéologiques, œuvre qui se constitue dans un processus en marche ; et Le sermon sur la montagne : Fiat lux. Construction d’une situation : transformation d’un espace en une bombe potentielle.Malgré leurs différences, ces œuvres ont une procédure de réalisation similaire, une sorte de travail tabulaire, de collage d’éléments hétérogènesThe analysis of the creation process of both Americain writer Willam Burroughs and Brazilian artist Cildo Meireles construct two exemplary figures of the artist as political subject. The choices made by these artistes during the process of realization of their works declare indeed their position on literature, art and reality. Their choices construct them as artists-subjects and produce encounters that (re) configure the art space. They renew the creative practices. We study these processes with some theoretical tools: such as the notion of politics which according to Jacques Rancière, is the process of equality; the notion of subject, defined by Alain Badiou as a construction that is produced when an event happens; and the notions of choice which, according to Slavoj Zizek, does not leave intact the subjectivity of the subject. Thus we try to define the political nature of the choices made by these artists and to highlight the idea of art and politics that their works mobilize. We study the process of creation of Burroughs, from his first novel until his discovery of cut-up technique and the writing of his text Last Words. We analyze the process of creation of Meireles’s works: Insertions into Ideological Circuits, a work that is established as a running process and The Sermon on the Mount: Fiat Lux that is the construction of a situation. It is the transformation of a space into a potential bomb. Despite their differences these works have a similar implementations procedures a kind of a tabular work, a collage of heterogeneous elements
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Hellström, Charlotte. "Empowerment in the Garment Industry : A Study on Home-Based Workers in Delhi, India." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-403464.
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India is becoming one of the biggest garment producers in the world and at the bottom of the industry women can often be found working from their homes because of norms restricting them what to do and where to go. These women often work under middlemen who take advantage of their disempowerment. The well-known Indian trade union/social movement the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) established its producer-company Ruaab to eliminate the middleman and link the home-based workers directly with the fashion companies. This study investigates in what ways the women’s participation in the producer-company Ruaab impact their empowerment process. It is based on a two-month long field study in Delhi, India in which interviews were conducted with women working at three of Ruaab’s centers. Drawing on Mosedale’s definition and Rowland’s analytical framework, the thesis looks at if the women are empowered in three different dimensions: personal, close relations and collective. The results show no clear patterns of empowerment but that SEWA’s work improves many aspects of the women’s life, and that their work should be considered an enhancing part in the women’s empowerment process.
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Sikhakhane, Sindisiwe S. "Cost-benefit analysis of the environmental impacts of Darvill Wastewater Works, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4906.
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Darvill Wastewater Works (DWWW) receives and treats both domestic and industrial wastewater from the city of Pietermaritzburg, in KwaZulu-Natal. Sludge from the wastewater treatment is sprayed onto surrounding lands, causing odour and fly problems. The plant also discharges treated effluent into the Msunduzi River, compromising water quality. This study uses several economic valuation techniques to estimate the value of the benefits of improving air and water quality to overcome these problems caused by DWWW. The benefits. are then compared with the costs of upgrading DWWW to see whether or not upgrading DWWW to improve air and water quality would be worthwhile. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to elicit people's willingness to pay (WTP) for improvements in air quality due to the elimination of odours and flies caused by sludge deposited by DWWW. The WTP estimates reflect individual's preferences for improvements in air quality. The stated WTP amounts were positively related to household income, but negatively related to the age and gender of the respondent and the number of dependants in the household. The mean monthly WTP for the surveyed households is higher for those that are closer to the pollution source (R23.00 and R29.00 for Zones land 2) and less for those further away (RI4.00 for Zone 3). Sobantu residential area had the lowest mean monthly WTP (R18.00), followed by Lincoln Meade (R27.00) and Hayfields (R54.00). This is expected, as Sobantu has relatively high levels of unemployment and lower household incomes. Strategic, hypothetical and free rider bias may have led to the unexpected signs of some estimated regression coefficients in linear regression models used to estimate WTP. The mean WTP was estimated as R307.20 per annum per household, and when this is aggregated over the total population in the residential areas impacted by odours and flies (37192 households), the benefits of eliminating odours and flies are estimated as R11 425 382.00 per annum. A hedonic price method was used to quantify the decline in property values as a result of odours and flies caused by sludge deposited by DWWW. Properties experienced a R6650.08 decline in selling price if the distance from them to DWWW is decreased by one kilometre. Properties that are closer to DWWW were worth RI5 953.90 less than those further away from DWWW. Aggregating these values over all estimated impacted households in the study, gives an estimated benefit of improving air quality of R28 480 518.00 per annum. The impact of water pollution was quantified by estimating the revenue (R3 744 975.00) that would be lost by Pietermaritzburg if the Duzi Canoe Marathon were to be cancelled due to incidences of diarrheoa reported during the race. A cost of illness procedure was adopted to quantify the effect of water pollution on the health of communities that use the Msunduzi River as a source of potable water supply. A value of R1 243 372.50 was estimated as the annual cost of water-related illnesses in these rural areas. This value represents the costs of the river pollution to those communities. Both of these exercises indicated that improving water quality of the Msunduzi River would be beneficial to society. The effect of nutrient enrichment of the Msunduzi River was quantified by estimating the cost of removing water hyacinth from the Inanda Dam, treatment cost at Wiggins water treatment works and the value of recreation at Mahlabathini Park (Inanda Dam). The annual cost of removing water hyacinth was estimated from the direct costs of chemicals and labour as R47 202.15. The increased treatment costs at Wiggins attributable to DWWW were estimated as R1 104 999.20 and R956 924.15 per annum for removal of algae, and tastes and odours, respectively. The value of R706.90 per annum was estimated as the consumer surplus accruing to recreationists, and, therefore, the value of recreation at Mahlabathini Park to an individual. These annual benefits, when aggregated over the total study population (296 590) were over two hundred million rands (R209 659 470.00). The estimated total benefits (R256 662 840.00) of eliminating odours and flies and effluent problems were compared to the actual costs of two alternative methods of upgrading DWWW using cost-benefit analysis. These alternatives were co-disposal option (R170 473 320) and a land disposal option (R168 809377). Benefit-cost ratios of 1.51 and 1.52 suggest that from society's standpoint, it would be beneficial to upgrade the plant in order to eliminate its adverse environmental impacts. The study results have important implications for policy makers, both the DWWW management and the Pietermaritzburg-TLC municipality. At present DWWW is operating beyond its design capacity, and this problem, together with the poor status of Pietermaritzburg's reticulation system, causes overflow of untreated or compromised final effluent into the Msunduzi River during rainy seasons. These problems also impact on the efficient operation of the plant as the sludge is not properly digested before being sprayed onto surrounding land. Thus to prevent further environmental degradation, a fundamental basis of the National Environmental Management Act, DWWW would need to address these issues. Upgrading DWWW would be a short-term solution if the problems with the storm-runoff into the plant is not addressed.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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Adadzi, Patrick Cudjoe. "Deep row trenching of pit latrine and waste water treatment works sludge : water and nutrient fluxes in forest plantations." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10034.
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The deep row trenching of ventilated improved pit-latrine (VIP) and waste water treatment
works (WWTW) sludge is a unique alternative cost effective land application method that will
prevent odour and health problems and may permit higher application rates than surface
application. The goal of this research is to assess the environmental consequences of employing
deep row incorporation of VIP and WWTW sludge to forest plantation lands for the production
of Eucalyptus dunnii. The objectives are to monitor, define and quantify the fluxes of nutrients
(nitrate and phosphorus) from the buried sludge to the surrounding soils, groundwater and
surface water. The WWTW study was conducted on a forestry plantation located near the
Shafton Karkloof Falls, about 10 km from Howick in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South
Africa. The land for the research is owned by SAPPI, a timber plantation company. The
trenching was done with stockpiled secondary sludge from Umgeni WWTW in Howick. VIP
sludge trenching was done at the Umlazi E-ponds site in Durban owned by EThekwini
Municipality. This site was formally used as a wastewater treatment plant sludge drying bed. The
treatment works comprised three oxidation ponds and was operated until 1999, when it was
decommissioned after a heavy flood, resulting in damage to the oxidation ponds. The sites were
instrumented with wetting front detectors, piezometers and boreholes for collection and analysis
of leachate from which were determined subsurface loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. Soil water
status and groundwater levels were also monitored. Simulation of the process of water, nitrate
and phosphorus transport was performed in order to aid the development of the sustainable
management methodologies for land application and the trenching of VIP/WWTW sludge. The
study focuses on the entrenched sludge to determine the concentration of pollutants, monitorchanges in concentration over time and to monitor the movement of solutes and any change
taking place in the surrounding soil water and groundwater. The results contribute to the
development of guidelines and protocols for VIP/WWTW sludge handling and trenching in
South Africa. It was demonstrated that the nutrient migration processes can be approximated
with the conceptual simplifications of the inputs to the model based on field evidence, soil
survey data and applicable literature. In the study, it was found that high concentrations of
nutrients were evident in the water infiltrating into and through the sludge in all trench types.
The nitrate concentration median values in the trenches were 234mg/l and 36mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively, while the recorded median value for phosphorus was 1.0mg/l and 3.5mg/l
for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively. However the effect of vertical seepage of nutrients, into the
deep aquifer in fractured rock has not been observed in the deep borehole with the nitrate
concentration median values at 5mg/l and 0.6mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi respectively, while the
phosphorus concentration median values were 0.03mg/l and 0.15mg/l for SAPPI and Umlazi
sites respectively. The study revealed significant differences between the sandy alluvial site at Umlazi and the shale
dolorite site at the SAPPI forests. Where an unsaturated zone below the entrenched sludge
existed at the Umlazi site, nutrient transport was retarded, whereas in the shales of the SAPPI
site, preferential delivery flowpaths transported high concentrations of nutrients rapidly from the
entrenched sludge to the base of the hillslope. These mechanisms needed to be treated differently
in the simulation exercise.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Seanego, Koena Gloria. "Ecological status of the Sand River after the discharge of sewage effluent from the Polokwane and Seshego wastewater treatment works." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1329.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Sc. (Aquaculture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014Population growth in urban areas is putting pressure on sewage treatment plants. The improper treatment of sewage entering the aquatic ecosystems causes deterioration of the water quality of the receiving water body. The effect of sewage effluent on the Sand River was assessed. Eight sampling sites were selected, site 1 and 2 were upstream of the of the sewage treatment plant along the urbanised area of Polokwane, whilst sites 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were downstream. The physicochemical parameters and coliform counts in the water samples were determined. Macroinvertebrate abundances and diversity (H') was determined at the different sites during the dry and rainy season. The water quality status of the Sand River with respect to the South African scoring system (SASS) scores and average score per taxon (ASPT) was determined. A linear regression was performed to test the correlation of the SASS scores with abundance and H'. Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment, grass (Ishaemum fasciculatum) and fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) at the sites were evaluated. The suitability of the Sand River and surrounding borehole water for irrigation was also determined. Hierarchical average linkage cluster analysis produced two clusters, grouping two sites above the sewage treatment works and six sites downstream of the sewage effluent discharge point. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified total nitrogen, total phosphorus, conductivity and salinity as the major factors contributing to the variability of the Sand River water quality. These factors are strongly associated with the downstream sites. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that Chironomidae family was found on the nitrogen gradient during the dry season. However during the rainy season, Chironomidae was found in the centre of the ordination which indicated that it was ubiquitous. Escherichia coli levels (1463.73 counts/100ml) in the maturation ponds of Polokwane wastewater treatment works could potentially lead to contamination of the Polokwane aquifer. High diversity was recorded at the sites before discharge and the sites further downstream. There was significant correlation (P<0.05) between the SASS scores and macroinvertebrate diversity during the dry season (R2=0.69) and the rainy season (R2=0.77). Fish samples had significantly higher (P<0.05) iron and copper concentrations, while the vi sediment had significantly higher lead concentration (P>0.05). The United States salinity laboratory (USSL) diagram indicated that the sodium hazard (SAR) and alkalinity hazard (conductivity) was low and the Sand River and borehole water was suitable for irrigation. The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) was below 1.24 meq/l, also indicating that both the Sand River and borehole water is still suitable for irrigation. The total phosphorus concentrations fluctuated across the different site. Total nitrogen concentrations showed a gradual decrease downstream from the point of discharge. The coliform levels also showed a gradual decrease downstream. This shows that the river still has a good self-purification capacity.
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Naidoo, Samantha. "The effect of wastewater works on foraging behaviour and metal content of Neoromicia nana (Family : Vespertilionidae)." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9767.
Full textAbstract:
Anthropogenic disturbance from urbanization has introduced a range of contaminants into freshwater ecosystems. Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) in particular, deposit effluent with high metal concentrations directly into rivers. These pollutants may affect river biota directly or through modifications to habitat and prey. Therefore, the impact of metal pollution through a food chain should be evident in high trophic level predators such as Neoromicia nana. N. nana is a small, insect-eating bat that occurs in forest and riparian habitats in Africa. Most importantly, it is an urban exploiter, i.e. a species that takes advantage of anthropogenic food and habitat resources. I investigated the foraging behaviour and metal content of N. nana at wastewater-polluted sites (WWTW sludge tanks and sites downstream of wastewater discharge into the rivers) and unpolluted sites (sites upstream of wastewater discharge) at three urban rivers in Durban, South Africa, during winter and summer. To assess water quality, I determined cadmium, copper, chromium, iron, nickel, zinc and lead concentrations using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). To investigate the foraging behaviour of N. nana, I quantified relative N. nana abundance, and feeding activity from recorded echolocation calls. Using ICP-OES, I quantified metal concentrations in three tissues (liver, kidney and muscle). My results show that concentrations of most metals were generally lowest upstream, intermediate at downstream sites and highest at the tanks. The relative abundance and feeding activity of N. nana were significantly higher at wastewater-polluted sites than at upstream sites, despite there being significantly more insect orders upstream. However, pollution-tolerant Chironomidae (Diptera), were significantly more abundant at wastewater-polluted sites. Indeed, at wastewater-polluted sites, Diptera represented the highest percentage of insects in the diet of N. nana. Essential metals (copper, zinc and iron) were detected in all tissue samples of N. nana. In contrast, the toxic metals cadmium, chromium and nickel were present in tissue of bats only at wastewater-polluted sites (except one upstream occurrence of cadmium). This suggests that these metals may accumulate in tissue through the ingestion of pollutant-exposed prey. Thus, metal pollution from WWTWs affects not only water quality of rivers, but also the diversity of resident aquatic insects and ultimately the ecology of N. nana populations, which may pose serious long-term health risks for these top predators.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.
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Liu, Hsi-hsiang, and 劉喜祥. "A Study of Jacking Technique for Sewage Works in Gravel Formation---- the Construction of Sewers Bid One in Central Taiwan Science Park." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36221466814621058886.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
土木工程所
96
According to 2004 statistic record of IMD (IMD Business School), the ranking of Taiwan sewage construction is far behind the global economic units. Referring to the statistic to Apr. of 2007 from Council for Economic Planning and Development, The Taiwan household waste water with discharging pipes ratio is around 16.13% and the whole waste water treatment rate reaches to 34.94%. The sanitary sewage construction is the indicator of modern countries, so the government put waste water sewage construction into the major promoting plan and expand the budge for promotion in “Challenge 2008 National Development Major Plan”, “New Ten Major Infrastructure Projects” and “2015 Economic Development Vision 1st Stage 3 Years Sprinting Plan”. Based on above, we can foresee the popular constructions in Sewage works, so the improve and research of the launching method technical skill should be significant. The increasing demand make the construction of underground and sewage main pipes become more and more important. Not only to have the smooth city traffic and reducing the road digging, noise, and shaking, but also we have to consider the stratum situation, economic cost and the difficulty of obtaining construction land, The main pipes construction already adopt trunnel to replace the traditional cut and cover tunnels. However, there are few case studies focus on the jacking technique for sewage works in gravel formation. This is why it is worthy and important for further research. This research will collect domestic and foreign cases about outtrude jacking technique in gravel formation and hope to get the treasured construction experiences to provide the domestic constructions reference. It also raised the practical and new construction suggestions for having more efficient and workable solutions and also preventing the occupational accidents happen for this research’s motivation and aim. The territory of this research focus on the Jacking Technique for sewage works. The sewer collects household and industrial waste water to the sewage and deliver to the waste water treatment facility for treatment, disinfection then recycle or discharge to river or ocean to prevent pollution. The jacking technique is kind of internal safe cutting, digging and extrudes skill to prevent stratum collapsing effectively. There are five major findings of this research listed below: 1. The most important point to decide if the sewages construction will be successful or not is the correction of constructing route plan with geology drilling and the underground water level which will influent the choose of jacking technique machines model and the practical construction progress. 2. Once the launching construction encounter the gravel formation, we should use the stronger mechanic power and the machine head should have high strength cutting drill and rolling blade to cut and break gravel successfully. 3. The launching construction should be notice with the underground pipes or discharging facilities, which normally set under the road of Taiwan area. We suggest having all protection procedure of each construction before the launching machine pass by to prevent the road caving in accident. 4. Once encountering the underground water during construction, we should slow down the speed of the jacking technique machines and also patrol the ground periodically. If the caving area is too big, we should use low pressure grouting method for pouring into. 5. Not only jacking technique machines adopt automatic control step by step, but also the monitoring system should be designed to the automatic information system. It could reduce the happen of occupational accident and assist the early warning management to ensure the works’ safe and preventing incidents.
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Moodley, Shomenthree. "Ecological and economic aspects of treating vegetable oil industrial effluent at Darvill Wastewater Works in Pietermaritzburg." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5605.
Full textAbstract:
The dissertation analyses the economic and ecological aspects of Darvill Waste Water Works
(WWW) through key indicators from Sustainable Development Records (SDR). The SDR study
identifies disturbances caused by large concentrations of soap, oil and grease (SaG), therefore a
framework of proposed solutions to dealing with these problems has also been investigated.
The first component of the study highlights the importance of adequate indicators. Key indicators
provide important information that is useful to management and policy makers. The SDR used to
analyse the DarvillWWW in Pietermaritzburg provides relevant information for the management
of Darvill WWW and Umgeni Water (UW), the City Council and the Department of Water Affairs
and Forestry (DWAF). According to the SDR model the Works is identified as a service providing
social institution. The operation of this institution affects the community of Pietermaritzburg as
well as the surrounding natural environment. SDR uses the key indicators of effectiveness, Thrift
and Margin to analyse the economic and ecological impacts of the service provided.The study
incorporates relevant data for Darvill WWW during 1993- 1996.
Effectiveness measures the degree of compliance with national water quality standards as set out
by the DWAF. Compliance of the following variables, E.coli, Chlorine, Soluble Reactive
Phosphate (SRP), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
and Ammonia were investigated. These variables produce varying trends. Increasing compliance
is linked to improved plant efficiency while decreasing compliance is linked to the poor quality of
industrial effluent. Industrial effluent containing large concentrations of SOG is a particular
problem.
Thrift measures the costs of operating the Works in terms of energy, chemicals, labour and capital.
Overall financial, energy and labour thrift declined while chemical thrift increased. Increasing
chemical thrift is due to the reduced consumption of chemicals as a result of a greater reliance on
the process of biological phosphate removal. Decreasing thrift is related to increased costs of
capital, energy and labour due to the deteriorating quality of vegetable oil effluent.
Margin measures the deviation of non-complying samples from water quality standards. Analysis
of the data produced varying trends. The following variables were analysed, E.coli, Chlorine, SRP,
TSS, Conductivity, COD and Ammonia. Marginal difference is studied in an attempt to analyse
those samples which do not comply with national standards. Deteriorating quality of industrial
effiuent seems to be the reason for deviation from the standards. Chemical margin was also studied
for the period between 1993-1996. Chemical margin is a comparison between the value of sludge
produced and the cost of chemicals used to produce the sludge. The SDR study highlights
deteriorating quality of industrial effluent as a cause for concern to Darvill WWW. Proposed
management options are investigated to provide a workable solution.
The second part of the study investigates alternate options for handling wet industrial effluent from
the vegetable oil industries. These industries were identified as the source of large concentrations
of SOG that were entering the Works which impacts negatively on the operational capacity,
thereby increasing operating costs and decreasing the quality of the service provided.
Vegetable oil industries were found guilty of discharging industrial effluent that did not meet the
City standards into the sewers, they were also charged with illegal dumping into rivers. The study
identified the interested and affected parties and alternate solutions were proposed to the problems.
Interested and affected parties include UW, Pietermaritzburg City Council, DWAF.
Some of the aspects that were investigated include the local industrial tariff, the drainage By-laws,
national legislation, the "polluter pays" principle and the principle of pollution prevention.
Economic incentives using economic instruments were reviewed. These include ecotaxes such as
marketable/tradable permits and pollution charges. These instruments may allow for more
equitable charges thereby promoting the "polluter pays" principle. The use of these instruments
may be able to achieve a workable solution but further investigations are necessary.
SDR analysis indicates that Darvill WWW seems to be effectively treating wastewater but
operating costs are increasing in order to achieve compliance. These costs are being unfairly borne
by the City ratepayers and UW and a more equitable situation is necessary.Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.
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Wu, Horng-Mou, and 吳宏謀. "A Study on Drainage and Sewage Separate System within House Connection Work of Sewerage System of Kaohsiung Municipal Government." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38638585502115552390.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程所
90
Percentage of population served by water treatment plants is one of the indices for evaluating metropolitan modernity and competitive advantage of a country. In the recent years, government has heavily realized that to carry out the household connection-pipe program is the only way to present performance of sewerage system. Moreover, the only way to raise the living environment quality of the city. The most famous river in Kaohsiung we call her “Lover River”. The river’s improvement of water quality has a stable trend. Due to the promotion of Kaohsiung City Government’s the program of drainage and sewage separate system. According to the survey the fish group is coming back to the river, and it is the important evidence of the effort of the program. The results of the research as follow：Household connection-pipe program efforts are not only correlative to the water quality of the river, but also to the community commitment. The safety issue is the most concerned by citizen in the construction phase.
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Ciou, Jhih-Yuan, and 邱志遠. "A Study on Sewage Work Improvement of Wastewater Treatment Plants." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f9zna4.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
106
The research object of this thesis is the wastewater treatment plant of a company. Because the original equipment cannot detect the pH value and SS value of the water quality, the quality of the water cannot be correctly judged when the factory treats the sewage, resulting in the result of wrong judgment, waste of time and the cost of reintroducing waste water will also result in emission exceeding discharge standards, not only polluting water resources but also being fined. In this thesis, the pH monitoring and SS monitoring of wastewater treatment process is added with pH detector and SS detector so that the pH of the coagulation reaction tank can be controlled at the ideal pH value. So that the suspended solids in the water can be precipitated, and finally to reduce the SS value of wastewater within the emission standards, and the entire process can be fully automated. The improved data show that the coagulation reaction tank installed in the pH controller and the float level switch, the wastewater due to excessive pH value cannot be discharged to be re-created hours, saving about 472 hours. Sediment scrape mud pool installed SS controller and the float level switch, resulting in many of the SS value of wastewater decreased, the improvement of suspended solids, due to excessive pH value cannot be discharged to be reset the number of hours, saving about 104 hours. Not only increase production of Company A's and it does not have to worry about penalties. As well as raising the industrial area's satisfaction with Company A's treated wastewater to a great extent, all of which are the main contributions of this thesis.
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Chang, Ping-Lin, and 張炳麟. "Construction Accident Prevention For Shield Driving Method In Sewerage System Works." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37346054006355087705.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災技術研究所
91
Sewerage system is the vital utility in a current civilized city, the sewage flows gravitationally into wastewater treatment plant for water quality improvement, amenity environment enhancement and going-concern to city development. Swiss IMD also adopts the coverage of sewerage as an indicator for the assessment to national competition. In addition to European countries, USA and Japan, other developing countries in South-East Asia, such as Thailand, Indonesia etc, are all devoting efforts on the sewerage construction development. Currently the network coverage in Taiwan is much behind compared with many countries in the world. Among city governments of Taiwan, Taipei and Kao-shiung cities are much organized and well functioned in sewerage networks. Other cities still are in initially developing stage and also aggressively moving on to. However, in terms of the mitigation of environment impacts during construction, the open trench construction works are getting less or forbidden to be applied in cities. Therefore, current construction for main sewer pipe and piping network prefer using shield-driving method to mitigate the impactions to the environment and municipal living quality. There was a previously excavation case using shield driving method for the B main sewer pipe construction work and technical imported by Taipei Sewerage Bureau in 1975. However, it was failure owing to lack the soil improvement experience by the sub-contractor. In 1979 it then successfully completed the constructing work for main sewer pipe on Chieng-Kaow south, north road and relative sewer pipes in Taipei and Kao-shiung cities. There are still some reports related to the properties damage or personnel injured even if shield-driving method has been using in Taiwan for 30 years. In order to minimize these incidents, the author, a member of Taipei Sewerage Bureau, is summarizing the literature reviews for mitigation measures, emergency response together with author-self experience for the risk and damage preventing measures when shield-driving method was applying. Some common incidents during constructing are such as flooding, excavation cave-in, foundation sinking, dropping, electric shocks, working in any confined space、gas explosion etc. However, the most seriously impact to property damaged or people injured mainly because of not heeded investigation to underground water and soil properties. The mitigation measures will include the implementation for investigation of pre-construction work、good plan & design work and properly machine selecting, QA/QC of construction work、OHS training etc.
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Hung, Ju-Yu, and 洪如幼. "A Study of city Sewerage System microtunneling construction for cost variance in the pipeline relocation factor - A Case Study of Keelung City the Pak Sewerage System Pipeline works." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f572pk.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
102
Sewage facilities are "modernization" of basic indicators, it is a symbol of civilization, the construction of urban sewage healthy development of important public works, public health relevant to the quality of a country is very huge, so the sewer construction is regarded as national infrastructure around the world construction, the assessment of national competitiveness School of Management in Lausanne, Switzerland, to "public sewage penetration rate" for the "Health and environment" indicators, such as sewer lines can apply for accelerated progress, will be able to effectively improve the penetration of domestic sewage, better enhance the competitiveness of countries. Domestic sewage is currently limited due to the construction of urban construction have been developed to reduce the impact of the construction process, the quality of life of people in the surrounding neighborhood, so most of the excavation work toward free method of forward direction, while free excavation in Taiwan has implemented three ten years, initially from abroad this construction method and construction-related machinery and equipment, construction has encountered many obstacles, but by past construction experience sharing and case studies scholars to explore a lot of information and feedback, etc. construction is now promoting domestic technology and geological factors to overcome the obstacle avoidance techniques have switched mature; obstacle after obstacle because the main factor in past construction experience via feedback and gradually exclude, but to highlight the impact of secondary factors; while Republican nine decades, research by Wu Cheng-chung sewer construction once adopted under short pipe jacking method summarized several factors that affect the cost, which places the tube moved factors led affect the proportion accounted for 42%, while the factors that not only allow the tube to move the slow progress of the project was completed within the foreseeable future, more funding so that the project does not work as expected expenditures, this phenomenon was always after completion, when the owners of the accounts only way to support the actual statistics of fees and extension of the duration. This pipe has now moved to the factors affecting the ratio is higher than the year of the survey, leaving estimates and accounts restated results far, this research area by Keelung Pak sewage works as a case, the information collected case scenario execution, as practice analytical basis. At present the findings to indicate that the city adopt a short pipe jacking method of the importance of the pipeline relocation experience, hope and later in a similar urban planners and designers to promote the region Preliminary engineering methods have to have this consideration, would make more practical implementation of sewage works helpful.
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Brabcová, Věra. "Čističky odpadních vod s využitím ve výuce na II. stupni základní školy na Benešovsku." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392770.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the Diploma Thesis, which is divided into two parts, is to summarize the issue of wastewater treatment for teaching purposes. In the theoretical part, it is possible to find interesting facts from the history, the beginnings of sewerage in the Czech, treatises on sewage, urban and industrial sewage. The thesis describes waste water, its composition and explains the concept of sewerage. The most extensive chapter is the section on sewage treatment plants. It deals with the type of sewage plants, cleaning processes and water and legislation. Readers will be informed about the drainage in Benesov and the sewage treatment in this city. An integral part is the issue of sewage treatment plants for family houses and root cleaner. The empirical part focuses of the questionnaire examines the relation of school facilities to sewage treatment and especially the use of worksheets. There is a work sheet for pupils II. grade or primary school or the relevant years grammar schools was check in primary school Benesov, Dukelska 1818. The practical part also includes a design of the excursion to the seweage treatment in Benesov. The aim of the thesis is to work on the issue of water purification, which could serve teachers as a guide to the teaching of pupils, they are able to answer the questions...
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Lin, I.-Ding, and 林怡廷. "Productivity model analysis on the main work of sewerage system branch networks—Take Kaohsiung as example." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03534838395592526493.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
94
The present domestic sewerage constructors and other construction schedules are mostly evaluated by experience, and take the construction process as the representation of executive results. For the use of human resource, however, and the relationship between unit values are still maintaining on the experience-based stage for the schedule of human resource. It will be helpful to understand how the constructors operate their human resource if the involvement of human resource is reexamined, quantifying the quantitative testing through scientific ways. The preliminary productivity theory, applied in manufacture and used as a tool to measure the efficient use of the resource (manufacturing factors), whose core is to discuss the evaluated technology of investment resource and productivity efficiency. The research, based on the relevant productivity theories of Thomas, focuses on the branch networks of sewerage system, and proceeding as case study. Referring to the construction process, which is analyzed by crew-working, drilling and oscillator crews are the major cores that the branch networks of sewerage system based on. The research is based on the record of the factors of productivity influence, and developing the productivity evaluation model through statistic regression. The analysis shows that the best daily productivity values of drilling crew’s tunneling work and that of oscillator crew’s 300wh/m short pipe oscillator work, are 3.541wh/m and 2.459wh/m respectively. The main factors which affect productivity of drilling crew such as machine breakdown, maintenance and recovery of pipelines, exclusion of road obstacles; those of oscillator crew are factors for delayed pipeline move, and solution for tunneling accidents. The preliminary conclusion acquired in this research can be provided as a reference for the constructors in formulating future schedules of human resource, and preventing the construction from being intervened by influential factors, efficiently controlling the construction process.
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Lin, Jing-lin, and 林錦伶. "The Relation between Work Space and Productivity to Household Pipe-connection Engineering of Public Sewerage System." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31815129727160076358.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
營建工程所
93
Abstract Household pipe-connection constructions of public sewerage system are mostly constructed in the lateral and back alleys. Space factor has a great effect upon the productivity. This research takes the example of household pipe-connection constructions of No.2 Cannal in Kaohsiung. According to the theory that space affects productivity developed by Thomas and Thabet, this research analyzed the space-productivity relationships by collecting data from 15 streets. According to the on-site observation, this research classified the working space into five different construction width, twelve plane types and six kinds of elevated space barriers. The pipe-connection constructions consists of three subtasks, including (1)digging, (2)piping, and (3)formwork. Based on diaries of construction, the average productivity was calculated for different working space. Because of the limited sample of productivity data and working space scope, only the width- productivity effects was analyzed. Finally, by regression analysis, productivity forecast formulas were developed, which can be used to predict the productivity during investigating and planning stages. Results of this research can much improve the planning and scheduling quality in the future.
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Wu, Hsien Sang, and 吳銜桑. "A study on Design/Build delivery method within house connection work of sewerage system of Kaohsiung Municipal Government." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83753702854486962285.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
營建工程系
89
Abstract Key Words：Sewerage System、Design/Build、Contractor Selection Process The percentage of population served by sewerage system is recognized as one of the indices to measure the level of the modernization and the competitive advantage of a country. The household pipe-connection defined as the work connecting the facilities of user to the public sewerage system is always the last stage and crucial for the function of entire sewerage system. For the purpose of shortening execution duration and encouraging the introduction of innovative construction methods and materials, the design/build delivery method is increasingly adopted to replace the traditional design-bid-build method in some of the public sectors. The success of Design/Build delivery method is highly dependent on the design-builder’s ability of managing resources such as capital, equipment, manpower, materials, and time to achieve the overall project objectives. Therefore, an appropriate contractor selection process is definitely a critical factor to ensure the successful delivery of the project. This research was designed to collect information from（1）a comprehensive literature review of domestic and foreign regulations and previous research reports of various types of project delivery methods,（2）a two way communication conference for clarifying current government policies and identifying the different attitudes of the attendants such as consultants and contractors, and（3）a questionnaire survey of the firms involved in the household pipe-connection program. Conclusions were made based on the analysis of the information collected. Complying with the Government Procurement Law, neither two nor three stages contractor selection process, which has been widely employed in many developed countries allowed. The best-value-buy contractor selection process of which the one stage qualification-based selection process replaces the traditional low-bid-win philosophy of design/bid/build delivery method, is recommended for the household pipe-connection program with the following terms (1) basic contractor qualification requirements, (2) the requirement of 25%~35% completion of design submittal, (3) either designer or contractor can be the D/B prime contractor, and (4) a unit price contract with a ceiling contract amount.