To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Sex crimes – United States.
Journal articles on the topic 'Sex crimes – United States'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Sex crimes – United States.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Isely, Paul J. "Sexual Assault of Men: American Research Supports Studies from the UK." Medicine, Science and the Law 38, no. 1 (January 1998): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249803800112.
Full textAbstract:
Incident reports and prevalence research on sexual assault, conducted in the United States, indicate that men may be at greater risk from sexual victimization than previously realized. These studies support the efforts of mental health professionals in the United Kingdom who have argued that sexual assault of men is an underreported crime which can result in significant biopsychosocial dysfunction. Given the increasing evidence that men are victims of sex crimes, future research studies on the prevalence of sexual assault should include adult males in their samples.
2
Klyuchnikov, A. Yu. "On Sex Offender Registry." Lex Russica 73, no. 3 (March 28, 2020): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.160.3.140-150.
Full textAbstract:
The paper examines the experience of the United States of America in recording and classifying convicted sexual offenders. The Federal register is a comprehensive criminal and administrative law tool for crime prevention. It has its origins in similar state registers. The author examines the principles of maintaining the register, the grounds for inclusion in the register and exclusion from it, the volume of data to be published, the frequency of data updates, and conducts a criminological characterization of the Institute. The paper analyzes the case law of the Supreme courts of the United States regarding the constitutionality of the rules and principles that form the institution of the registry, their retroactive application, and compliance with procedural and material guarantees of a fair trial. The author concludes that it is possible to introduce a similar Federal register in Russia, but taking into account the shortcomings identified in the study. Currently, the efforts of the legislator in this part are obvious (increasing criminal responsibility for violent sexual crimes with the establishment of restrictions on freedom, the emergence of new tools of "deterrence" in the hands of law enforcement agencies, such as administrative supervision). However, the measures are not comprehensive, often overlap, and do not achieve the stated goal (execution of restrictions under administrative supervision after serving the restriction of freedom). The author believes that it can be an independent institution, implemented from the stage of execution of the sentence, accessible to law enforcement agencies and victims, and in cases provided for by law — for social and educational institutions, guardianship authorities, family and child protection.
3
Gardner, Robert W. "Asian Immigration: The View from the United States." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 64–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100104.
Full textAbstract:
Between the 1965 immigration law and 1990, Asian immigration to the United States increased tenfold to a quarter of a million annually. As sender of the most immigrants, Japan has yielded to the Philippines, South Korea, Vietnam, India, and China. From 1974–1989, over 900,000 Southeast Asian refugees entered the United States. Most Asians today are admitted in the family preference category. On average, the sex ratio is balanced, but over 55% of immigrants from South Korea, the Philippines, and Taiwan are female. Asians are occupationally diverse, with a greater number of professionals/executives (35%) than laborers (14%). Though relatively few in number, Asians concentrate geographically (notably in California) and exert growing political influence in those areas. Except for refugees, Asians are generally viewed as having a positive impact as students and workers. On the other hand, inas much as they contribute to ethnic diversity, they fan the current fears over threats to a common American cultural heritage. Anti-Asian hate crimes and interethnic violence have risen. Asian immigration is likely to continue to rise and show greater emphasis on employment preference categories.
4
Ackerman, Alissa R., and Rich Furman. "An Analysis of Latino Male Immigrant Sex Offenders in Florida: The Impact of National Solutions on a Transnational Problem." Estudios Fronterizos 14, no. 28 (July 1, 2013): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21670/ref.2013.28.a02.
Full textAbstract:
This article assesses whether deported Latino immigrant sex offenders have similar offense types as each other (by country) and as deported non-Latino immigrants, and how they differ in terms of crimes committed and dispositions. To do so, the authors analyzed data available from the state of Florida, a state with one of the largest Latino populations in the United States. It situates the results of research within the current sociopolitical climate related to immigrants, fear of immigrants and sex offenders, and the nature of transnational migration.
5
Mehlman-Orozco, Kimberly. "Safe Harbor Legislation for Juvenile Victims of Sex Trafficking: A Myopic View of Improvements in Practice." Social Inclusion 3, no. 1 (February 23, 2015): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i1.56.
Full textAbstract:
Current social and political realties have focused attention on human trafficking in the United States. Although new mechanisms for criminalizing offenders and protecting victims are increasingly funded and implemented across the country, empirical exploration into the efficacy of these interventions is lacking. This article uses yearly count data on juvenile prostitution arrests aggregated at the state level to explore the criminalization of commercial sexually exploited children post safe harbor policy implementation. Preliminary data from four states suggests that the passage of safe harbor laws may not reduce the number of juveniles arrested for prostitution crimes. Implications for future research are discussed.
6
Veldhuizen-Ochodničanová, Eva, Elizabeth L. Jeglic, and Irena Boskovic. "Separate routes, similar crimes? Conceptualising differences between domestic and international sex traffickers in the United States." International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 62 (September 2020): 100395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2020.100395.
Full text
7
CHUNG, JUNG HWAN. "Professor Emeritus Chun Jung-Hwan's criticism of the Korean Jessica Bill's Ideology." Correction Welfare Society of Korea 84 (December 31, 2023): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35422/cwsk.2023.84.153.
Full textAbstract:
Legal sanctions against sex offenders include punishment and security measures.
There has been a diversification of punishment and security measures for increasing sex crimes until 2022, there were various security measures, including electronic anklets and disclosure of personal information. But, the recidivism of sex offenders remains un diminished. Therefore, legislation was announced for security measures called the Korean Jessica bill by the Ministry of Justice in October 2023.
But, the Korean Jessica bill by the Ministry of Justice in October 2023 is a stronger system than the United States Jessica Bill's contents and is being criticized for double punishment and so on. But, problems against the Korean Jessica bill by the Ministry of Justice are mainly pointed out on the legal side and there is no criticism in terms of the legislation ideology. Because the most important content of the bill is the legislative ideology, First, I write a history of security measures for sex crimes, and then I describe the problems in the ideological aspect of the Korean Jessica bill by the Ministry of Justice in an my original way.
8
Kaufka Walts, Katherine. "Child Labor Trafficking in the United States: A Hidden Crime." Social Inclusion 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i2.914.
Full textAbstract:
Emerging research brings more attention to labor trafficking in the United States. However, very few efforts have been made to better understand or respond to labor trafficking of minors. Cases of children forced to work as domestic servants, in factories, restaurants, peddling candy or other goods, or on farms may not automatically elicit suspicion from an outside observer as compared to a child providing sexual services for money. In contrast to sex trafficking, labor trafficking is often tied to formal economies and industries, which often makes it more difficult to distinguish from "legitimate" work, including among adolescents. This article seeks to provide examples of documented cases of child labor trafficking in the United States, and to provide an overview of systemic gaps in law, policy, data collection, research, and practice. These areas are currently overwhelmingly focused on sex trafficking, which undermines the policy intentions of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), the seminal statute criminalizing sex and labor trafficking in the United States, its subsequent reauthorizations, and international laws and protocols addressing human trafficking.
9
Rodda, Patricia C., and Heather Smith-Cannoy. "The Human Rights of Sex Trafficking Survivors: Trends and Challenges in American Vacatur Laws." Societies 14, no. 2 (February 19, 2024): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc14020029.
Full textAbstract:
For years, survivors of sex trafficking, people compelled by force or circumstance to engage in sex acts, were often wrongly convicted of prostitution and many collateral crimes in the United States. These convictions became a permanent part of survivors’ criminal records, inhibiting their ability to satisfy necessities for a dignified life—finding work and a place to live, or going to school. Since 2010, forty-five state legislatures across the US have sought to solve this problem by passing vacatur laws. These laws allow the survivors of sex trafficking a means to erase certain charges and convictions from their records. The American movement to support the human rights of sex trafficking victims is part of a larger, global non-criminalization movement to support survivors’ human rights. This article surveys the recent and robust diffusion of American vacatur laws, situates them amidst the larger, global non-criminalization movement, and highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of the current US vacatur laws with an eye toward closing the rights gap for sex trafficking survivors. We argue that extant vacatur legislation should be expanded to include all crimes traffickers compel victims to commit, should incorporate trauma-informed means for establishing victimhood, and should be passed at the federal level to ensure complete and uniform protection.
10
Dyer, Karen, Nathaniel Dickey, Sarah Smith, and Hannah Helmy. "Human Trafficking in Florida: The Role of Applied Anthropology in Addressing the Problem and Response." Practicing Anthropology 34, no. 4 (September 1, 2012): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.34.4.g632r1j2m4w60413.
Full textAbstract:
Human trafficking is a pervasive issue in the United States (Florida State 2003:16). While an estimated 18,000-20,000 persons are trafficked across the nation's borders each year, this may be a dramatic underestimation of actual occurrence due to the hidden nature of human trafficking crimes and the fact that this number does not include domestic trafficking incidents (Florida State 2003:16). Federal anti-trafficking legislation defines "trafficking in persons" to mean those compelled into commercial sex acts (sex trafficking) or labor and services (labor trafficking) through force, fraud or coercion (United States Congress 2000). Although exact data regarding the incidence of human trafficking in Florida are currently unavailable, it is considered a lucrative trafficking hub—often being cited as one of the top three states in which the crime occurs. This is principally because of its agriculture- and tourism-based economy, two industries in which trafficking can thrive with relatively little resistance (Florida State 2003:27). Indeed, Miami International Airport has ranked among the "top points of entry for trafficking" since as early as 1999 (Florida State 2003:28). The lack of comprehensive data also precludes a clear picture of the demographics and nationalities of all trafficked persons in Florida, but figures from the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops provide a snapshot of certified victims of trafficking who are receiving federal benefits. In a four-year period ending August 2010, 274 trafficked persons received federal benefits; of these individuals, 127 were female, 147 were male, and the top five nationalities were those from Haiti (81), the Phillipines (65), Mexico (42), Guatemala (13), and Honduras (12) (Florida State 2010:39-40).
11
Van der Watt, Marcel. "Discouraging the Demand That Fosters Sex Trafficking: Collaboration through Augmented Intelligence." Societies 13, no. 4 (April 4, 2023): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc13040094.
Full textAbstract:
Augmented intelligence—as the fusion of human and artificial intelligence—is effectively being employed in response to a spectrum of risks and crimes that stem from the online sexual exploitation marketplace. As part of a study that was sponsored by the National Institute of Justice, the National Center on Sexual Exploitation has documented 15 tactics that have been used in more than 2650 US cities and counties to deter sex buyers from engaging with prostitution and sex trafficking systems. One of these tactics, technology-based enforcement and deterrence methods, has been used in more than 78 locations in the United States. This paper explores the issue of technology-facilitated trafficking in the online sexual exploitation marketplace and juxtaposes this with the use of augmented intelligence in collaborative responses to these crimes. Illustrative case studies are presented that describe how two organizations employ technology that utilizes the complementary strengths of humans and machines to deter sex buyers at the point of purchase. The human(e) touch of these organizations, combined with artificial intelligence, natural language processing, constructed websites, photos, and mobile technology, show significant potential for operational scaling, and provide a template for consideration by law enforcement agencies, criminal justice systems, and the larger multidisciplinary counter-trafficking community for collaborative replication in other settings.
12
Tajti, Tibor. "What makes the securities criminal law system of the United States work: 'All-embracing' 'blanket' securities crimes and the linked enforcement framework." Pravni zapisi 12, no. 1 (2021): 146–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pravzap0-30658.
Full textAbstract:
The article explores the key factors that make the securities criminal law of the United States (US), as one of the integral building blocks of the capital markets and securities regulatory system, efficient. This includes the role and characteristics of sectoral (blanket) all-embracing securities crimes enshrined into the federal securities statutes, their nexus with general crimes, the close cooperation of the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) and prosecutorial offices, the applicable evidentiary standards, and the fundamental policies undergirding these laws. The rich repository of US experiences should be instructive not only to the Member States of the European Union (EU) striving to forge deeper capital markets but also to those endeavoring to accede the EU (e.g., Serbia), or to create deep capital markets for which efficient prosecution of securities crimes is inevitable.
13
Syroid, Т. "International criminal legal counteraction to transnational crimes." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 77 (July 13, 2023): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.77.2.52.
Full textAbstract:
The article focuses on international legal acts in combating transnational crimes. In particular, the article emphasised the significance of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of 2000 and the Protocols adopted in addition to it (the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children; the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air; and the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition). It is noted that the mentioned acts are of fundamental importance for the definition of the concept of transnational crime, types of transnational crimes, “organized criminal group” concept, which is essential for the qualification of illegal acts. In addition, attention is focused on the need to implement the provisions specified in the above acts into the national legislation of the states in fight against transnational crimes properly.
The acts adopted within international regional organizations are characterized, in particular, the main provisions of the acts of the Council of Europe (White Paper on transnational organized crime, Action Plan on combatting transnational organized crime) are revealed, which determine the priority of effectiveness in the fight against transnational crimes through criminal response.
The provisions of the EU acts in combating transnational organized crime in the specified area are given (Action Plan to combat organized crime of 1997, Joint Action 97/827/JHA, Council Decision 2004/919/EC on tackling vehicle crime with cross-border implications, Council Decisions 2006/616/EC and 2006/617/EC on the conclusion of the UN protocol against the smuggling of migrants (by land, sea and air), supplementing the UN convention against transnational organised crime, Council Framework Decision 2008/841/JHA on the fight against organised crime, Directive 2014/42/EU on the freezing and confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime in the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2019/452 establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments into the European Union, Priorities for the fight against serious and organised crime for 2022-2025), it is stated that the adopted acts are aimed both at countering transnational crime and at protecting vulnerable areas of the Union’s activity.
Attention is paid to the legal basis for combating transnational crime within ASEAN (the 1997 ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime, the 1999 ASEAN Action Plan to Combat Transnational Crime, the 2016 ASEAN Action Plan to Combat Transnational Crime (2016-2025). Relevant conclusions are made.
14
Cann, Deanna, and Deena A. Isom Scott. "Sex Offender Residence Restrictions and Homelessness: A Critical Look at South Carolina." Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, no. 8 (July 15, 2019): 1119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403419862334.
Full textAbstract:
Sex offender residence restrictions (SORRs) have been widely implemented across the United States since the 1990s. A common concern regarding the implementation of SORRs is the decrease in viable housing options for registered sex offenders, which could potentially lead to homelessness. The vast application of SORRs across the United States, in addition to the known association between homelessness and crime, necessitates a deeper understanding of how SORRs impact rates of homelessness among this population. Utilizing data from South Carolina’s Sex Offender Registry, this study describes patterns of homelessness among this population. Specifically, using an interrupted time series analysis, we examine whether the state’s implementation of its SORR has an effect on the proportion of registered sex offenders reported as homeless. Our findings reveal a strong association between the implementation of residence restriction policies and rates of homelessness for registered sex offenders in South Carolina. Policy implications are discussed.
15
Friedland, Martin L., and Kent Roach. "Borderline Justice: Choosing Juries in the Two Niagaras." Israel Law Review 31, no. 1-3 (1997): 120–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700015260.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the use of juries in criminal cases in Canada and the United States. It is part of a larger study of the administration of criminal justice in Niagara County, Ontario and Niagara County, New York. The basic question examined is why persons accused of serious crimes in the United States usually select a jury, whereas persons in similar circumstances in Canada normally select trial by a judge alone. An investigation of this question will enable us to see some significant differences between the administration of criminal justice in the United States and Canada. It will also show how changes in specific procedural rules may affect other practices. There is a complex interplay between procedural rules. The paper concludes by showing that the widespread use of juries in the United States is consistent with the more populist grass-roots approach in American society which tends to distrust government, compared with the traditional respect for authority, including the authority of judges, in Canada.
16
Marchant, Gary E., and Kyra Climbingbear. "Legal resistance to sex robots." Journal of Future Robot Life 3, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/frl-210009.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores the dynamic and the implications for the legal response to sex robots, using the United States legal system as a case study. This article does not try to cover all legal aspects of sex with robots, but rather focuses on likely legal strategies to prohibit or restrict sex robots. The American legal system has traditionally followed a two-step approach to non-traditional sexual practices, typified by an initial effort to prohibit such practices to protect “public morality,” followed by a subsequent period of relaxation and non-enforcement. This pattern will likely apply to sex robots, where some state legislatures will likely seek to ban sex robots outright, but may encounter Constitutional obstacles and the unwillingness of law enforcement to expend significant resources enforcing against such “victimless crimes.” More focused prohibitions that go beyond public morality arguments and seek to protect arguably legitimate interests will have greater salience. Examples include prohibitions on child sex robots that may be used to promote pedophilia, the recognition of human-robot marriage that could weaken the unique human bonds that sanctify marriage, and sex robot brothels that could debase and damage neighborhoods. However, even these more legitimate goals in restricting certain applications of sex robots are likely to encounter legal obstacles under U.S. constitutional law, and thus likely follow the two-step dynamic seen for other non-traditional sexual practices of initial attempts at legal prohibition followed by relaxation of enforcement and implicit acceptance.
17
Pradnyajaya, I. Kadek Wahyu, and Made Maharta Yasa. "LEGALITAS DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANY DALAM INVASI IRAK OLEH AMERIKA SERIKAT." Kertha Semaya : Journal Ilmu Hukum 10, no. 7 (May 29, 2022): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ks.2022.v10.i07.p03.
Full textAbstract:
Amerika Serikat (AS) melibatkan Perusahaan Militer dan Keamanan Swasta atau “Private Military and Security Companies” (PMSC) dalam jumlah besar atas misi rekonstruksi Irak sejak tahun 2003. Keterlibatan dari PMSC telah menimbulkan banyak permasalahan khususnya kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan (Crime Against Humanity) yang dilakukan kepada warga sipil dalam misi rekonstruksi Irak ini. Adapun tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status hukum dari PMSC dalam invasi Irak oleh Amerika Serikat (AS) berdasarkan hukum internasional yang berlaku serta untuk menganalisa pertanggungjawaban dari Amerika Serikat (AS) selaku pihak yang menggunakan PMSC dalam invasi ke Irak yang telah menyebabkan banyak permasalahan bagi Irak. Tulisan ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif yang menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, dalam hal ini perjanjian, konvensi dan instrumen internasional yang relevan, pendekatan kasus serta pendekatan sejarah. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan adalah PMSC merupakan sebuah perusahaan yang bergerak pada pelayanan jasa berupa bantuan militer atau keamanan. Kontraktor PMSC yang melakukan Penembakan terhadap warga sipil di Irak telah mengubah statusnya dari civilian menjadi seseorang yang tidak berhak diberi status sebagai kombatan ataupun tawanan perang. Adapun hal ini telah sesuai dengan unsur-unsur daripada pasal 47 Protokol Tambahan 1 1977 United Nation Mercenary Convention dan The Montreux Document. Dapat pula disimpulkan mengenai pertanggungjawaban dibebankan kepada Amerika Serikat selaku pihak penyewa PMSC yang telah melakukan banyak permasalahan khususnya kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan (Crime Against Humanity) kepada warga sipil wajib dikarenakan telah terjadi pelanggaran terhadap Konvensi Jenewa 1949, Pasal 51 Protokol Tambahan I 1977 dan Statuta Roma 1998.
The United States of America (US) has engaged a large number of Private Military and Security Companies (PMSC) in Iraq reconstruction missions since 2003. The involvement of the PMSC has created many problems of crimes against humanity committed against civilians on this Iraq reconstruction mission. This paper aims to see the legal status of the PMSC in the invasion of Iraq by the United States of America (US) based on applicable international law and to analyze the accountability of the United States of America (US) as the party who used PMSC in the invasion of Iraq which has caused many problems. This paper is a normative legal research that uses statute approach, in terms of treaties, conventions and relevant international instruments, case approach and historical approach. The conclusion is that PMSC is a company engaged in services such as military or security assistance. PMSC contractors who carried out shootings on civilians in Iraq have changed their status from civilian to someone who is not entitled to the status of a combatant or prisoner of war. As for this, it is in accordance with the elements of Article 47 of Additional Protocol 1 of the 1977 United Nations Mercenary Convention and The Montreux Document. It can also be concluded that the responsibility imposed on the United of America States as the charterer of PMSC which has committed many problems, especially crimes against humanity (Crime Against Humanity), to civilians is obliged due to violations of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, Article 51 Additional Protocol I 1977 and the Rome Statute 1998.
18
Hoppe, Trevor. "Punishing Sex: Sex Offenders and the Missing Punitive Turn in Sexuality Studies." Law & Social Inquiry 41, no. 03 (2016): 573–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12189.
Full textAbstract:
At precisely the same time that gay and lesbian activists were securing marriage rights for same-sex couples nationwide, courts and “tough on crime” state legislatures were devising new ways to regulate sex. Despite recent estimates that over 750,000 Americans are registered sex offenders, few sexuality scholars have examined the growth of punitive policies regulating sex offenders. In this article, I draw on a unique set of data on the population of sex offenders in the United States to analyze: (1) whether recent trends in sex offender registration mirror those of corrections more generally, and (2) whether these policies disproportionally impact racial minorities. Findings reveal that sex offender registries grew dramatically between 2005 and 2013; that this growth is out of step with concurrent trends in corrections; and that black communities are disproportionately impacted. I conclude by considering whether these data reveal a new mode of “governing through crime” specifically targeting sex. It might as well be admitted that sex is a disgrace. Michael Warner (1999) There is a big secret about sex: most people don't like it. Leo Bersani (1987)
19
Robertua, Verdinand, and Angel Damayanti. "MARITIME SECURITY PERSPECTIVE IN THE CASE STUDY OF DEEPWATER HORIZON." Sociae Polites 22, no. 2 (November 25, 2021): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v22i2.3481.
Full textAbstract:
Maritime security still focuses on the territorial sovereignty of a country. Environmental disasters and transboundary humanitarian crimes that occur at sea are a challenge for International Relations academics to reformulate maritime security. British Petroleum (BP) is negligent in implementing safety standards in oil exploration and exploitation in the Gulf of Mexico, United States resulting in oil leakage on the Deepwater Horizon platform. This research uses the Deepwater Horizon case study in exploring the relevance of maritime security in the prevention and management of marine pollution disasters. Primary data sources were taken from observations of researchers in seminars related to the Deepwater Horizon and secondary data were obtained from journals, electronic news and official reports from the US Government. There are two findings obtained. First, contemporary maritime security is much more complex than traditional maritime security and second, contemporary maritime security involves an element of justice seeking as demonstrated by the United States Court's decision against BP regarding negligence in the Deepwater Horizon.
Keywords: Maritime Security, United States of America, Deepwater Horizon, British Petroleum
20
Avalos, Lisa. "Prosecuting Rape Victims While Rapists Run Free: The Consequences of Police Failure to Investigate Sex Crimes in Britain and the United States." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 23.1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.23.1.prosecuting.
Full textAbstract:
Imagine that a close friend is raped, and you encourage her to report it to the police. At first, she thinks that the police are taking her report seriously, but the investigation does not seem to move forward. The next thing she knows, they accuse her of lying and ultimately file charges against her. You and your friend are in shock; this outcome never entered your minds. This nightmare may seem inconceivable, but it has in fact occurred repeatedly in both the United States and Britain—countries that are typically lauded for their high levels of gender equality. In Britain, where perverting the course of justice is a serious crime with a potential term of life in prison, many rape complainants have been sent to prison for two and three year terms. This five-part Article analyzes this problem and sets out recommendations for legal reform.
21
Julesz, Máté. "Pre-conceptual sex selection." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 46 (November 2014): 1815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.30036.
Full textAbstract:
According to Article 14 of the Oviedo Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of the Council of Europe, the use of techniques of medically assisted procreation shall not be allowed for the purpose of choosing a future child’s sex, unless serious hereditary sex-related disease is to be avoided. In Israel and the United States of America, pre-conceptual sex selection for the purpose of family balancing is legal. The European health culture does not take reproductive justice for part of social justice. From this aspect, the situation is very similar in China and India. Reproductive liberty is opposed by the Catholic Church, too. According to the Catholic Church, medical grounds may not justify pre-conceptual sex selection, though being bioethically less harmful than family balancing for social reasons. In Hungary, according to Section 170 of the Criminal Code, pre-conceptual sex selection for the purpose of family balancing constitutes a crime. At present, the Hungarian legislation is in full harmony with the Oviedo Convention, enacted in Hungary in 2002 (Act No. 6 of 2002). Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(46), 1815–1819.
22
Yung, Corey Rayburn. "Sex Panic and Denial." New Criminal Law Review 21, no. 3 (2018): 458–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2018.21.3.458.
Full textAbstract:
The American criminal justice system regarding sex is not just logically incoherent, it is also often morally bankrupt because it remains unexamined and poorly understood. This Article contends that there are actually common roots underlying the seemingly oppositional forces of social panic and denial, which explain why the United States has an endemic sexual violence problem. Both panic and denial reinforce the implicit, and sometimes explicit, desire to avoid substantive engagement with socially contentious issues related to sex. The use of residency restrictions and civil commitment fit the modern social goal of putting sex offenders out-of-sight and out-of-mind. Yet, those same desires also explain America’s unwillingness to believe victims of sexual violence and police failure to properly investigate criminal complaints. In this way, sex panic dovetails with sex denial—in both instances, American culture only permits a limited discussion and understanding of sex and sexual violence. The result is that our nation fails to take sex crime complaints seriously while overreacting to the few convictions that emerge from the hostile criminal justice system.
23
Elpus, Kenneth, and Bruce Allen Carter. "Bullying Victimization Among Music Ensemble and Theatre Students in the United States." Journal of Research in Music Education 64, no. 3 (August 3, 2016): 322–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429416658642.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of reported school victimization through physical, verbal, social/relational, and cyberbullying aggression among music ensemble and theatre students in the middle and high schools of the United States as compared to their peers involved in other school-based activities. We analyzed nationally representative data from five waves (2005–2013) of the biannual School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, a joint project of the U.S. Bureau for Justice Statistics and the National Center for Education Statistics. Logistic regression results showed that music ensemble and theatre students were significantly more likely to be victimized by in-person bullying than their non-arts peers. A significant interaction between sex and arts status showed that male music and theatre students faced the greatest risk of being subjected to physical bullying aggression while female music and theatre students faced the greatest risk of victimization through social/relational aggression. Though incidents of experiencing hate speech were rare, music and theatre students faced a significantly greater risk of hate speech victimization than non-arts students. The overall probability of a music student being victimized by any type of in-person bullying was .34 compared to .25 for non-arts students.
24
DeLisi, Matt, Daniel E. Caropreso, Alan J. Drury, Michael J. Elbert, Jerry L. Evans, Timothy Heinrichs, and Katherine M. Tahja. "The dark figure of sexual offending: new evidence from federal sex offenders." Journal of Criminal Psychology 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-12-2015-0030.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the dark figure of crime among federal sex offenders from the USA to quantify crime victims and sex crime events among those with no official criminal record. Design/methodology/approach – Using data on 119 offenders selected from a five-year census of sex offenders selected from a federal probation jurisdiction in the Midwestern United States, descriptive, partial correlations, and ROC-AUC models were conducted. Findings – In total, 69 percent of offenders self-reported a contact sexual offense during polygraph examination. In total, 34 offenders had zero official record of sexual abuse but non-zero self-reported history of sexual abuse. These 34 clients offended against 148 victims that potentially denoted a minimum number of 148 sex crime events, a median number of 1,480 sex crime events, a mean number of 32,101 sex crime events, and a maximum number of 827,552 sex crime events. Total paraphilias were not predictive of self-reported sexual offending but were strongly associated with prolific self-reported sexual offending. Originality/value – The dark figure of sexual offending is enormous and the revelation of this information is facilitated by polygraph examination of federal sex offenders. Ostensibly non-contact sex offenders such as those convicted of possession of child pornography are very likely to have a history of contact sexual offending. Consistent with the containment model, polygraph examinations of the sexual history of offenders convicted of sexual offenses should be required to facilitate public safety.
25
Rader, Nicole E., Sarah A. Rogers, and Jeralynn S. Cossman. "Physical Health, Mental Health, and Fear of Crime Among College Students: A Consideration of Sex Differences." Violence Against Women 26, no. 1 (February 23, 2019): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219826749.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines how physical health and mental health affect college students’ fear of crime. Few studies have examined the influence of fear of crime on both objective and subjective measures of physical and mental health and—to our knowledge—none has examined how health measures vary by sex in the United States. In addition, most of the existing research targets older individuals, rather than college students. Using the ACHA-NCHA data set (American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment), we expand the fear of crime literature by examining both subjective and objective physical and mental health measures among college-aged men and women.
26
Li, Yudu, Dennis Longmire, and Hong Lu. "Death Penalty Disposition in China: What Matters?" International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 1 (April 7, 2016): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16642426.
Full textAbstract:
In theory, sentencing decisions should be driven by legal factors, not extra-legal factors. However, some empirical research on the death penalty in the United States shows significant relationships between offender and victim characteristics and death sentence decisions. Despite the fact that China frequently imposes death sentences, few studies have examined these sanctions to see if similar correlations occur in China’s capital cases. Using data from published court cases in China involving three violent crimes—homicide, robbery, and intentional assault—this study examines the net impact of offender’s gender, race, and victim–offender relationship on death sentence decisions in China. Our overall multiple regression results indicate that, after controlling for other legal and extra-legal variables, an offender’s gender, race, and victim–offender relationship did not produce similar results in China when compared with those in the United States. In contrast, it is the legal factors that played the most significant role in influencing the death penalty decisions. The article concludes with explanations and speculations on the unique social, cultural, and legal conditions in China that may have contributed to these correlations.
27
Paul Marie, MANKOU, and N’ZAMBI-MIKOULOU Donald. "BLACK AMERICANS’ VIOLENT STRUGGLE AGAINST RACISM IN THE UNITED STATES: A SCRUTINY OF STEPHEN COONTS’S UNDER SIEGE." International Journal of Language, Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 03, no. 02 (2024): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.59009/ijlllc.2024.0064.
Full textAbstract:
The examination of Stephen Coonts’s Under Siege has enabled us to discover that Aldana and his black fellows are the first characters who organize a violent struggle against racism in the United States in order to achieve their civil rights denied to them for years by their white counterparts because of their black skin color. They, for example, start bombing on Whites’ stores and killing even white American authorities who refuse to see them as full American citizens. Unfortunately, this violence which gives to the author’s text the form of a historical book does not provide them with their needs. For, many of them are caught, punished, and killed under the white American authorities’ order. Such is the case of Aldana who is persecuted several times and tortured mercilessly by Whites for his committed crimes as a way for the latter to give a lesson to all Blacks in case of disobedience. This black character’s violence which also results in the spread of drug in all the spheres of the United States urges white American authorities to fight against drug business in this powerful nation.
28
ROBERTSON, S. "Separating the Men from the Boys: Masculinity, Psychosexual Development, and Sex Crime in the United States, 1930s-1960s." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 3–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/56.1.3.
Full text
29
Hollenbach, David. "Challenges to Religious Freedom in the USA: Some Lessons from Global Crises." Theological Studies 81, no. 3 (September 2020): 540–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040563920953145.
Full textAbstract:
Religious freedom is a focus of controversy in the United States today. The leaders of some religious communities, particularly Evangelicals and Roman Catholics, object to policies that challenge their beliefs, often their beliefs regarding sex and reproduction, by appealing to their right to religious freedom. This leads others to see religious freedom as a threat to moral changes they regard as progress. Religious liberty threatens to become a source of social division and conflict. This article analyzes these conflicts and considers how the USA can address them more effectively by reflecting on several international challenges to religious freedom. These global cases show that the religious freedom controversies in the USA today call both religious communities and those with secular worldviews to recognize that social unity and respect for freedom should go together. Social unity requires respect for freedom, including the freedom of those with whom one disagrees.
30
Jeng, Chu-Chuan, Edward Huang, Sarah Meo, and Louise Shelley. "Combating Sex Trafficking: The Role of the Hotel—Moral and Ethical Questions." Religions 13, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13020138.
Full textAbstract:
Legitimate companies are key facilitators of human trafficking. These corporate facilitators include not only websites providing advertisements for commercial sex services but also hotels and motels. Analysis of all active federal criminal sex trafficking cases in 2018 and 2019 reveals that in approximately 80% of these cases, victims were exploited at either hotels or motels. This paper studies the prevalence of the hospitality industry in the crime of sex trafficking and the failure of this industry to address this problem until recent civil suits were filed by victims against individual hotels and chains. Drawing on the civil cases filed in federal courts by victims of human trafficking between 2015 and 2021 along the East Coast of the United States, this paper assesses the characteristics of these hotels and the conditions in the hotels that facilitated sex trafficking. The paper then explores the moral and ethical problems posed by the facilitating role of hotel owners/operators in sex trafficking either through collusion or failure to act on and/or report evidence of individual abuse. Suggestions on how to address the problem are provided.
31
Wheat, Janette, Patricia Shavers, and Marilyn Bailey. "An Analysis of College Students’ Perceptions on Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking in Pine Bluff, Arkansas." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss12.2857.
Full textAbstract:
Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is modern-day slavery of children and the commercial sexual abuse of children through buying, selling, or trading their sexual services. DMST is a form of child abuse. The victim can be any person of nationality, age, socioeconomic status, or gender. In America, throughout college campuses, a lot of students are not informed of domestic minor sex trafficking. When thinking about domestic minor sex trafficking, most people do not think that this crime happens in our country, better yet our state of Arkansas.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of college students attending the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff on domestic minor sex trafficking in our country and in our state of Arkansas (a crime that is growing aggressively in the United States).
Fifty participants who were students attending the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff participated in the study. Participants consisted of male and female students between the ages of 18 to 25 (N = 30 Females; N = 20 Males). Survey data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. Participants responded to ten yes or no descriptive questions about domestic minor sex trafficking (e.g., Questions like: have you heard about domestic minor sex trafficking; and do you think child sex trafficking is an organized crime).
The data yielded both quantitative and qualitative results. Results showed that female students were more knowledgeable and were more aware of DMST than males. Implications for interventions will be discussed. Further research also is suggested.
32
Sweet, Victoria. "Rising Waters, Rising Threats: The Human Trafficking of Indigenous Women in the Circumpolar Region of the United States and Canada." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 6, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 162–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876-8814_007.
Full textAbstract:
Among indigenous people around the world, human trafficking is taking a tremendous toll. While trafficking is not an exclusively indigenous issue, disproportionately large numbers of indigenous people, particularly women, are modern trafficking victims. In Canada, several groups concerned about human trafficking have conducted studies primarily focused on the sex trade because many sex workers are actually trafficking victims under both domestic and international legal standards. These studies found that First Nations women and youth represent between 70 and 90% of the visible sex trade in areas where the Aboriginal population is less than 10%. Very few comparable studies have been conducted in the United States, but studies in both Minnesota and Alaska found similar statistics among U.S. indigenous women. With the current interest in resource extraction, and other opportunities in the warming Arctic, people from outside regions are traveling north in growing numbers. This rise in outside interactions increases the risk that the indigenous women may be trafficked. Recent crime reports from areas that have had an influx of outsiders such as Williston, North Dakota, U.S. and Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, both part of the new oil boom, demonstrate the potential risks that any group faces when people with no community accountability enter an area. The combination of development in rural locations, the demographic shift of outsiders moving to the north, and the lack of close monitoring in this circumpolar area is a potential recipe for disaster for indigenous women in the region. This paper suggests that in order to protect indigenous women, countries and indigenous nations must acknowledge this risk and plan for ways to mitigate risk factors.
33
Oxford, Juniper. "Draft Dodger, Soldier’s Wife: Trans Feminine Lives, Civic Duty, and World War II." Graduate History Review 12 (October 19, 2023): 73–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ghr12202321306.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines trans feminine lived experiences in the United States during the Second World War amid persecution amplified by the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, the May Act of 1941, and heightened visibility through local and national news publications. This article contends that there is a longer and more complicated linked history between trans feminine Americans and the U.S. military than has been acknowledged by both scholarship and public discourse. Federal statutes like the STSA and the May Act lent authority to the state and its auxiliaries beyond the singular municipal or county jurisdiction. These factors aided the legal persecution of innumerable Americans with perjury, draft evasion, ‘moral’, and fraud charges. Through case studies of the disparate circumstances surrounding the ‘discovery of sex’ of three individuals, Sadie Acosta, Lucy Hicks Anderson, and Georgia Black, this study illuminates the role of various actors involved in investigating and policing their ‘moral’ crimes and gender variance in the 1940s and 1950s. In the post-war years, the figure of the ‘ex-G.I.’ woman is seen through numerous well-publicized cases in the U.S. and the U.K., showing that trans feminine experiences of World War II could be found both at home and abroad.
34
Cho, Jeong Hye. "A Research on Terrorist Crime by Global Terrorism Index and Counter-Terrorism Policing." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 19, no. 10 (November 30, 2023): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/crisisonomy.2023.19.10.103.
Full textAbstract:
The landscape of terrorism has evolved from a national and international focus in the past to a prevalent transnational nature today. Islamic State-led attacks caused numerous casualties. Home-grown terrorism and terrorism with unclear motives also have risen. In this study, based on the Global Terrorism Index by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), I examined terrorist incidents targeting Western countries among the 66,000 recorded cases spanning from 2007 to 2022 to see their trends, motivations, and changes. Additionally, I conducted a comparative assessment of counter-terrorism policies and strategies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. As a result, I suggest the following approaches the effectiveness of counter-terrorism policing: 1. Shifting the paradigm towards a proactive, preventive approach to terrorist crimes. 2. Promoting a shift in perspective to view terrorism as a disaster response issue, thereby expanding the authority and role of law enforcement agencies. 3. Establishing a legal framework underpinning counter-terrorism policing efforts. 4. Enhancing coordination with counter-terrorism organizations and related agencies.
35
Aurey, Xavier. "The Nuremberg Doctors’ Trial: Looking Back 70 Years Later." International Criminal Law Review 17, no. 6 (November 23, 2017): 1049–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01706004.
Full textAbstract:
On 20 August 1947, the United States Military Tribunal condemned sixteen persons in Nuremberg for crimes committed in the name of science in several concentration camps. Moving away from a dichotomous stance delineating true science/false science, the judges were able to outline ten ethical and legal principles to regulate all clinical experiments, which were subsequently known as the Nuremberg Code. Where most of legal commentaries focus on the mere reading of these ten principles, this paper will highlight some of the steps in the legal journey of the American judges. We will see that, unfortunately, they failed to address one of the most difficult issues in clinical trials and human experimentation: the almost unavoidable context of exploitation of any situation where a person is used as an object for the good of others.
36
Mujtaba, B. G., A. A. Williams, and K. S. Wardak. "The Relationship of Suicides, Guns and Mass Shootings in the United States: An Ethical Dilemma." SocioEconomic Challenges 4, no. 3 (2020): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.4(3).77-92.2020.
Full textAbstract:
Suicides have been a reality of life due to many factors across nations. In the United States alone, about 30,000 to 40,000 individuals are likely to take their own life this year. During the Covid-19 Corona virus months, telephone calls to the suicide hotlines in the United States have increased significantly. As such, suicide is a huge, complex and costly problem in our society even when people are not dealing with a pandemic like Covid-19 and racial inequalities. In this study, we look at the relationship between suicides, guns and mass shootings based on age, gender and ethnicity, using data of 3,238-recorded suicides in South Florida’s Broward County. Through a review of descriptive data and regression analysis, we found that the top three methods of suicide are gunshot, asphyxiation, and hanging. Gunshot represents the largest majority of all suicides. In addition, there are statistically significant differences in suicides based on age, race, and gender. Overall, this article provides literature, reflections of morality, and some common reasons for suicides, while also offering reflective data on the epidemic of mass shootings during the past few decades, where the method used was entirely by the usage of various types of guns, assault rifles and military-grade artillery. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings along with specific recommendations for policy makers to prevent suicides and mass shootings in the future. Some acts of violence and suicide might be caused by illnesses or mental health issues, but most are caused by intentional acts of perpetrators due to misunderstandings, stereotypes and unnecessary aggressive behaviors. In the modern society, we see that millions of people in the United States and many other countries around the world are protesting against police violence which are disproportionately and negatively impacting minority groups. Today, we see both children, adults and even official police officers who are showing aggressive behavior which have become a concern as such behaviors are often reinforced over and over again through television and social media. If such behaviors become normal then we need better coping strategies to effectively deal with them because violence only begets more violence, which increases poverty in the society. For most adults, being stuck in poverty through societal inequities, despite their persistent hard work and efforts, can cause depression which might lead to further protests and suicides. It is recommended that policy makers and professionals work to stop unmanageable and aggressive behaviors at an earlier stage of a person’s life because it helps prevent problems in the future. If we do not effectively deal with aggression, violence, and ineffective use of guns, this could lead to more problems on the job, suicides, mass shootings, and/or other crimes in general. This article discusses the root of the suicide problem based on empirical analysis, while also offering recommendation for educators, researchers, and policymakers. Keywords: suicide, gunshot, mass shooting, asphyxiation, hanging, Broward County, Florida, subtle suicide, theory of reason action (TRA), ethical emotism.
37
Ramaj, Erjona. "Binding International Norms, Jus Cogens." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/351efr96j.
Full textAbstract:
Article 53 of the Vienna Convention of 1969 states that a treaty is considered invalid if it is in conflict with existing norms of jus cogens, and under Article 64 of the treaty becomes invalid if it conflicts with a norm youngest of the same nature. The case Nicaragua against the United States made clear that the notion of jus cogens is steadily entrenched in international law, however, is still necessary to determine accurately that power rates referred to in Articles 53 and 64 of the Vienna Convention. Jus cogens norms include more those norms relating to morality or natural law than with traditional positivist rates derived from State practice. In general, this includes making aggressive war, crimes against humanity, war crimes, sea piracy, genocide, apartheid, slavery, and torture.Jus cogens norms are norms of customary international law which are so important, it can not be changed through treaties. Under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, any treaty that is contrary to jus cogens norms is invalid. Jus cogens norms are not listed, there is no catalog , their determined by any authoritative body, but these rates come from judicial practices and political and social attitudes, which are not values static. Jus cogens norm of unconditional right international, accepted and recognized by the international community norm from which no deviation is permitted. Unlike the common law, which traditionally requires the consent and It lets change obligations between states through treaties, norms jus cogens can not be violated by any state "through treaties international or local regulations or special customary, or even through general rules of customary not have the same normative force.
38
Kamberi, Aurora. "Albanian National Museums: How to Overcome the Digital Gap Towards a Better National Heritage Promotion." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, no. 1 (October 9, 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/380kdz58.
Full textAbstract:
Article 53 of the Vienna Convention of 1969 states that a treaty is considered invalid if it is in conflict with existing norms of jus cogens, and under Article 64 of the treaty becomes invalid if it conflicts with a norm youngest of the same nature. The case Nicaragua against the United States made clear that the notion of jus cogens is steadily entrenched in international law, however, is still necessary to determine accurately that power rates referred to in Articles 53 and 64 of the Vienna Convention. Jus cogens norms include more those norms relating to morality or natural law than with traditional positivist rates derived from State practice. In general, this includes making aggressive war, crimes against humanity, war crimes, sea piracy, genocide, apartheid, slavery, and torture.Jus cogens norms are norms of customary international law which are so important, it can not be changed through treaties. Under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, any treaty that is contrary to jus cogens norms is invalid. Jus cogens norms are not listed, there is no catalog , their determined by any authoritative body, but these rates come from judicial practices and political and social attitudes, which are not values static. Jus cogens norm of unconditional right international, accepted and recognized by the international community norm from which no deviation is permitted. Unlike the common law, which traditionally requires the consent and It lets change obligations between states through treaties, norms jus cogens can not be violated by any state "through treaties international or local regulations or special customary, or even through general rules of customary not have the same normative force.
39
Hsieh, Ming-Li, and Jennifer Schwartz. "Female Violence and Gender Gap Trends in Taiwan: Offender-Behavioral Changes or Net-Widening Enforcement Explanations?" Feminist Criminology 13, no. 1 (January 25, 2016): 28–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085115626798.
Full textAbstract:
Two long-standing explanations of converging violence gender gap trends in the United States are net-widening enforcement and offender-behavioral changes. We examine these explanations in an Asian context, democratic Taiwan. We use sex-specific arrests, conviction, and imprisonment statistics for violent offenses, 1989 to 2012, to identify whether Taiwanese gender gaps are converging across the criminal justice system. This study did not identify a female violent crime “wave” but mainly stability, failing to support the offender-behavioral change hypothesis. There is limited evidence of net-widening enforcement of felony assault and domestic violence, where disparate impacts on female arrest trends are identified solely for domestic violence.
40
Flores, Andrew R., Ilan H. Meyer, Lynn Langton, and Jody L. Herman. "Gender Identity Disparities in Criminal Victimization: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017–2018." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 4 (April 2021): 726–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.306099.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. To estimate the prevalence of personal and household victimizations among transgender people in the United States. Methods. We analyzed pooled 2017 and 2018 data from the National Crime Victimization Survey, the first nationally representative sample that allows identification of transgender respondents. Results. Transgender people experienced 86.2 victimizations per 1000 persons compared with cisgender people’s 21.7 per 1000 persons (odds ratio [OR] = 4.24; 90% confidence interval [CI] = 1.49, 7.00). Households that had a transgender person had higher rates of property victimization (214.1 per 1000 households) than households with only cisgender people (108 per 1000 households; OR = 2.25; 90% CI = 1.19, 3.31). Transgender victims whose sex assigned at birth was male were more likely to perceive their victimization as a hate crime than cisgender victims whose sex assigned at birth was male. There were no disparities in reporting victimizations to authorities: only about half of the victimizations of both transgender and cisgender people were reported. Conclusions. Public policy and administration need to consider the unique vulnerabilities transgender people routinely encounter, resulting in disparities in criminal victimization.
41
Barber, Nigel. "The Sex Ratio and Female Marital Opportunity as Historical Predictors of Violent Crime in England, Scotland, and the United States." Cross-Cultural Research 37, no. 4 (November 2003): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397103254011.
Full text
42
Dodge, Alexa, and Dale C. Spencer. "Online Sexual Violence, Child Pornography or Something Else Entirely? Police Responses to Non-Consensual Intimate Image Sharing among Youth." Social & Legal Studies 27, no. 5 (August 21, 2017): 636–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663917724866.
Full textAbstract:
Due to child pornography laws, non-consensual intimate image sharing among youth is subjected to complex legal landscapes in a variety of jurisdictions such as Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. While a growing number of scholars have problematized the use of child pornography charges to respond to these cases, there remains little understanding regarding how the police that enforce these laws conceptualize this issue and how this influences responses to these cases. Drawing from interviews with members of sex crime–related units in police service organizations from across Canada, this article examines how police conceptions of non-consensual intimate image sharing among youth correspond with and/or diverge from legal and critical understandings of this issue. While it is widely understood that online and digitally enabled forms of sexual violence pose unique challenges for police, our research fills a gap in the literature by examining how police themselves understand and respond to these challenges.
43
Greebel, Evan L., Kathleen Moriarty, Claudia Callaway, and Gregory Xethalis. "Recent key Bitcoin and virtual currency regulatory and law enforcement developments." Journal of Investment Compliance 16, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-01-2015-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – To explain and draw conclusions from six recent bitcoin and virtual currency regulatory and law enforcement developments. Design/methodology/approach – Discusses and draws conclusions from six recent, important developments: two administrative rulings from the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), recent remarks by New York State Department of Financial Services Superintendent Benjamin Lawsky, remarks by Mark Wetjen of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), a recent Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) informational sweep of crowdsales of crypto-equity, and the US Department of Justice proceedings against Trendon Shavers. Findings – Rather than trying to stifle or control virtual currencies, US governmental entities recognize the long-term value of virtual currencies and are trying to create a regulatory regime to foster growth and development, and an atmosphere where institutional and retail investors are protected. Originality/value – Provides an overview of the key United States regulatory issues facing companies engaged in Bitcoin-related businesses.
44
Lee, Joseph G. L., Marcella H. Boynton, Bonnie E. Shook-Sa, and Thomas Wimark. "Is Where Same-Sex Couples Live a Valid Measure for Where Single Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People Live in Population Health Research? Results from a National Probability Phone Survey, 2017, United States." Annals of LGBTQ Public and Population Health 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/lgbtq-2019-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Emerging evidence using the concentration of same-sex couples from the U.S. Census suggests lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB), and transgender (LGBT; i.e., sexual and gender minority [SGM]) people living as a same-sex couple are concentrated in less healthful neighborhoods. However, it is unclear if findings would be different if based on where LGBT individuals live. Thus, we sought to assess differences in neighborhood, county, and state characteristics between same-sex couples and LGBT individuals to inform population health research and policy interventions on LGBT health inequities. In 2017, we conducted a cross-sectional national, probability survey of LGBT adults in the U.S. and geocoded addresses (N = 407). We linked locations with census tract, county, and state characteristics selected based on health inequities theories. In 2019, we used weighted analysis to calculate descriptive statistics and conducted planned contrasts of location characteristics by both cohabitation status and gender. Many location characteristics were similar by cohabitation status and gender. However, the tract proportion of Black residents and county crime rate were lower for cohabitating than non-cohabitating men. State smoke-free air score was weaker for cohabitating than non-cohabitating women. The use of same-sex couples to determine the geographical clustering of LGBT lives in the U.S. may give a reasonable indication of overall spatial characteristics but can underestimate some important determinants of health. Care should be taken using same-sex couples as a proxy for LGBT concentration when racial segregation is a potential confounder.
45
LeWinn, Kaja Z., Leonardo Trasande, Andrew Law, Courtney K. Blackwell, Traci A. Bekelman, Jessica A. Arizaga, Alexis A. Sullivan, et al. "Sociodemographic Differences in COVID-19 Pandemic Experiences Among Families in the United States." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 8 (August 23, 2023): e2330495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.30495.
Full textAbstract:
ImportanceFew population-based studies in the US collected individual-level data from families during the COVID-19 pandemic.ObjectiveTo examine differences in COVID-19 pandemic–related experiences in a large sociodemographically diverse sample of children and caregivers.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) multi-cohort consortium is an ongoing study that brings together 64 individual cohorts with participants (24 757 children and 31 700 caregivers in this study) in all 50 US states and Puerto Rico. Participants who completed the ECHO COVID-19 survey between April 2020 and March 2022 were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Data were analyzed from July 2021 to September 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresExposures of interest were caregiver education level, child life stage (infant, preschool, middle childhood, and adolescent), and urban or rural (population <50 000) residence. Dependent variables included COVID-19 infection status and testing; disruptions to school, child care, and health care; financial hardships; and remote work. Outcomes were examined separately in logistic regression models mutually adjusted for exposures of interest and race, ethnicity, US Census division, sex, and survey administration date.ResultsAnalyses included 14 646 children (mean [SD] age, 7.1 [4.4] years; 7120 [49%] female) and 13 644 caregivers (mean [SD] age, 37.6 [7.2] years; 13 381 [98%] female). Caregivers were racially (3% Asian; 16% Black; 12% multiple race; 63% White) and ethnically (19% Hispanic) diverse and comparable with the US population. Less than high school education (vs master’s degree or more) was associated with more challenges accessing COVID-19 tests (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.88; 95% CI, 1.06-1.58), lower odds of working remotely (aOR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.03-0.07), and more food access concerns (aOR, 4.14; 95% CI, 3.20-5.36). Compared with other age groups, young children (age 1 to 5 years) were least likely to receive support from schools during school closures, and their caregivers were most likely to have challenges arranging childcare and concerns about work impacts. Rural caregivers were less likely to rank health concerns (aOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.69-0.86) and social distancing (aOR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.73-0.91) as top stressors compared with urban caregivers.ConclusionsFindings in this cohort study of US families highlighted pandemic-related burdens faced by families with lower socioeconomic status and young children. Populations more vulnerable to public health crises should be prioritized in recovery efforts and future planning.
46
Mazza, Michael J. "Is the Internal Forum under Attack? The Status of the Sacramental Seal and the Internal Forum in Church and State in the USA." Jurist: Studies in Church Law and Ministry 80, no. 1 (2024): 151–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jur.2024.a929955.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: In recent years, the sacramental seal and the internal forum have been subjected to numerous attacks in both the mainstream media and in state legislatures. Arguments are made with increasing frequency that "secrecy" has no place in modern society, at least when respecting "confidential communications" means certain heinous crimes may go unreported. Nevertheless, respect for the contents of the internal forum is a long-established principle of morality and canon law, and its importance in the life of the Church cannot be ignored. This article begins with an examination of the current civil laws of the United States respecting confidential communications made to clergy. It then considers the relevant moral and legal principles, including recent and important relevant guidance from the Holy See. Finally, the article concludes with a review of three specific areas in which the balance between sharing necessary information and protecting the internal forum are especially imperative: abuse reporting systems, seminary formation programs, and document retention policies and practices.
47
Kelemen, Katalin, and Märta C. Johansson. "Still Neglecting the Demand that Fuels Human Trafficking: A Study Comparing the Criminal Laws and Practice of Five European States on Human Trafficking, Purchasing Sex from Trafficked Adults and from Minors." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 21, no. 3-4 (2013): 247–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-21042030.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses the implementation of duties to reduce the market for sexual services of trafficked persons, both adults and children. The article begins by describing the duties that stem from international and European obligations. It then presents the legislation and practice of five European states (Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom) regarding human trafficking and the purchase of sexual acts from trafficking victims. The states in the study have introduced measures to combat human trafficking by effective prosecutions and sentencing of traffickers. They have, however, taken few measures to combat demand for the sexual services of trafficked persons; in some countries, no measures at all. As all the countries criminalise the purchase of sexual acts from children below the age of 18, the article examines whether this has afforded trafficked children effective protection against sexual exploitation. One key element in the crime of purchasing sex from a minor is knowledge of the child’s age. The subjective elements that states require range from strict liability (below certain ages) to negligence, and their practice also varies. The article ends by discussing the lacunae that remain before states can be said to secure trafficked persons’ right to effective protection against sexual exploitation.
48
Brown, David S., and Tao Wang. "Cyberethics: Identifying The Moral, Legal And Social Issues Of Cybertechnology In K-12 Classrooms." College Teaching Methods & Styles Journal (CTMS) 4, no. 2 (August 3, 2011): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ctms.v4i2.5523.
Full textAbstract:
Two computer viruses that have caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage over the past four years are the Melissa and the Sasser virus. In March of 1999, the Melissa virus first appeared on the Internet and spread rapidly throughout computer systems in the United States and Europe. The virus made its way through 1.2 million computers in the United States alone. On December 9, 1999, David Smith pleaded guilty to state and federal charges associated with his creation of the Melissa virus (Vamosi, 2003). Reasons for writing the viruses; boredom, the challenge, and thats what Im good at, what I like to do. In May, 2004, the Sasser virus was released by an 18 year old in Germany (Williams, 2004). The arrest made on this script kiddie was the first which used Microsofts $5,000,000 fund, even though millions has been offered for information on other viruses. Unfortunately, young virus creators are unwilling to turn one another in, claiming they write viruses because they have nothing else to do or because they just want to see what happens. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, this paper will describe the extent of Internet/cyber use by American students. Second, this paper will present data from a resent research project showing the large amount of cyber crimes are secondary students are aware of and are participating in. Finally, this paper will present scenarios which might help the reader understand why ethical choices of todays script kiddies are not as black and white as the reader might think.
49
Harris, Andrew J., Jill S. Levenson, Christopher Lobanov-Rostovsky, and Scott M. Walfield. "Law Enforcement Perspectives on Sex Offender Registration and Notification: Effectiveness, Challenges, and Policy Priorities." Criminal Justice Policy Review 29, no. 4 (June 7, 2016): 391–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403416651671.
Full textAbstract:
Since the 1990s, sex offender registration and notification (SORN) has assumed a prominent place on state and federal crime control agendas in the United States. Although researchers have examined many aspects of SORN policies and systems, relatively little is known about how SORN is used, perceived, and experienced by law enforcement professionals in the context of their work. This article presents findings from a mixed-method study, consisting of face-to-face interviews and a national online survey of police and sheriff agencies. We examined law enforcement views on SORN’s general functions and efficacy, barriers to SORN effectiveness, and recommendations for SORN-related policy. Results highlight the challenges associated with SORN’s various functions as a law enforcement information tool, as an offender monitoring mechanism, and as a conduit of public information. They also indicate differences between the perspectives of agency leadership and those on the front lines of registry enforcement and management, as well as a range of concerns associated with the reliability and utility of registry information, inter-system communication, registrant homelessness and transience, and the public’s capacity to understand registry information. Implications for policy reform and for SORN-related research are discussed.
50
Al-Khafaji, Ammar. "Ruthlessness against Women during Wars in Danai Gurira's Eclipsed." Al-Adab Journal, no. 146 (September 15, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i146.3964.
Full textAbstract:
Civil wars, conflicts, and the spread of terror in recent times have produced a lot of loss and left great many victims. The terrorist assaults on women like the kidnappings of more than twenty-seven young female students by the terrorist organization Boko Haram and the news about the widespread rape and sexual exploitation in regions of conflict have prompted several theatrical plays in the United States that picture those crimes of violence. Works by women of African origin who migrated to the States as well as those who reside in Africa have also exposed the suffering of African women as far as sexual violence, oppression, and disease are concerned. The main purpose of the research is to clarify and investigate in detail Gurira 's Eclipsed through the lens of transnationalism as a recent field of inquiry which has emerged as another theoretical theory through which we can see the brutal acts against women in times of war. An example of those acts is those that took place during the Liberian Civil War in 2003. The helpless women in the play are caught in an intolerable state that lets them be treated like slaves who have lost their bodies and souls, and how do they pass their calamities.