Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sex determination, Genetic

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Sex determination, Genetic'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sex determination, Genetic"

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Werren, John H., and Leo W. Beukeboom. "SEX DETERMINATION, SEX RATIOS, AND GENETIC CONFLICT." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29, no. 1 (November 1998): 233–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.233.

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Corradi, Nicolas. "Sex Determination: Genetic Dominance in Oomycete Sex." Current Biology 30, no. 20 (October 2020): R1256—R1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.043.

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Simpson, Joe. "Genetic Control of Sex Determination." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 5, no. 03 (August 1987): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021869.

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HEDRICK, P., J. GADAU, and R. PAGEJR. "Genetic sex determination and extinction." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21, no. 2 (February 2006): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.11.014.

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Girondot, Marc, Patrick Zaborski, Jean Servan, and Claude Pieau. "Genetic contribution to sex determination in turtles with environmental sex determination." Genetical Research 63, no. 2 (April 1994): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300032225.

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SummaryIn many reptiles, sex determination is temperature-sensitive. This phenomenon has been shown to take place in the laboratory as well as in nature, but its effect on natural populations remains questionable. In the turtle Emys orbicularis, the effects of temperature override a weak mechanism of genetic sex determination which is revealed in incubation at pivotal temperature. At this temperature, the sexual phenotype is concordant with the expression of the serologically defined H-Y antigen (H-Ys) in non-gonadal tissues; males are H-Ys negative (H-Y−) whereas females are H-Ys positive (H-Y+). To estimate the importance of sexual inversion (sexual phenotype and H-Ys expression discordant) in populations of Brenne (France), the frequencies of male and female sexual phenotypes among H-Ys phenotypes were determined. The frequencies of sex reversed individuals are low, only 6 % of phenotypic females being H-Y− and 11 % of phenotypic males being H-Y+. According to these data, two theoretical models have been constructed to estimate the contribution to sex determination of individuals in relation to their genotype. The first model excludes any influence of incubation temperature and sexual phenotype on the fitness of individuals. The second one considers that these parameters influence fitness because this model has been previously shown to favour environmental sex determination. In both models, it appears that sex determination can be viewed as genotypic and monogenic with some individuals sexually inverted by theaction of temperature. One category of homozygous animals differentiates mainly into one sex, and the heterozygous animals differentiate mainly into the other sex. The second category of homozygotes has a low frequency in the populations and can differentiate as male or female without high constraint. Then it is estimated that in Brenne approximately 83% of the eggs are incubated in conditions allowing the genetic component to influence sex determination.
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Hedrick, P. W., and D. Hedgecock. "Sex Determination: Genetic Models for Oysters." Journal of Heredity 101, no. 5 (June 4, 2010): 602–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esq065.

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Wedekind, Claus. "Demographic and genetic consequences of disturbed sex determination." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1729 (July 31, 2017): 20160326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0326.

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During sex determination, genetic and/or environmental factors determine the cascade of processes of gonad development. Many organisms, therefore, have a developmental window in which their sex determination can be sensitive to, for example, unusual temperatures or chemical pollutants. Disturbed environments can distort population sex ratios and may even cause sex reversal in species with genetic sex determination. The resulting genotype–phenotype mismatches can have long-lasting effects on population demography and genetics. I review the theoretical and empirical work in this context and explore in a simple population model the role of the fitness v yy of chromosomally aberrant YY genotypes that are a consequence of environmentally induced feminization. Low v yy is mostly beneficial for population growth. During feminization, low v yy reduces the proportion of genetic males and hence accelerates population growth, especially at low rates of feminization and at high fitness costs of the feminization itself (i.e. when feminization would otherwise not affect population dynamics much). When sex reversal ceases, low v yy mitigates the negative effects of feminization and can even prevent population extinction. Little is known about v yy in natural populations. The available models now need to be parametrized in order to better predict the long-term consequences of disturbed sex determination. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.
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Weber, Ceri, and Blanche Capel. "Sex determination without sex chromosomes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1832 (July 12, 2021): 20200109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0109.

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With or without sex chromosomes, sex determination is a synthesis of many molecular events that drives a community of cells towards a coordinated tissue fate. In this review, we will consider how a sex determination pathway can be engaged and stabilized without an inherited genetic determinant. In many reptilian species, no sex chromosomes have been identified, yet a conserved network of gene expression is initiated. Recent studies propose that epigenetic regulation mediates the effects of temperature on these genes through dynamic post-transcriptional, post-translational and metabolic pathways. It is likely that there is no singular regulator of sex determination, but rather an accumulation of molecular events that shift the scales towards one fate over another until a threshold is reached sufficient to maintain and stabilize one pathway and repress the alternative pathway. Investigations into the mechanism underlying sex determination without sex chromosomes should focus on cellular processes that are frequently activated by multiple stimuli or can synthesize multiple inputs and drive a coordinated response. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)’.
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A, Yano. "SEX IN SALMONIDS: FROM GONADAL DIFFERENTIATION TO GENETIC SEX DETERMINATION." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 4, s1 (June 20, 2011): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2011/v4is.46.

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Mahowald, AnthonyP, Allen Lohe, Brian Oliver, Daniel Pauli, and Grace Wei. "Genetic control of germ cell sex determination." Cell Differentiation and Development 27 (August 1989): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0922-3371(89)90378-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sex determination, Genetic"

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Lourenço, Diana. "Genetic basis of mammalian sex determination." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066722.

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Chez les mammifères, la détermination sexuelle résulte dans le développement d’un individu mâle ou femelle. Le développement correct de deux sexes dimorphiques dotés d’organes reproductifs fonctionnels est primordial pour la survie des espèces. La détermination sexuelle chez les mammifères a une base génétique et les deux sexes sont génétiquement distincts dés la fertilisation. Les embryons féminins possèdent deux chromosomes X et les masculins un chromosome X et un Y. L’expression de SRY déclenche le développement testiculaire en assurant une expression stable et prolongée du gène SOX9 dans les cellules somatiques de la gonade masculine. Dans les gonades féminines, l’expression de SOX9 est activement réprimée et permet le développement ovarien. Ces événements sont placés en haut de la cascade de détermination sexuelle mais, même si beaucoup de facteurs ont été identifiés, beaucoup restent encore ignorés ou mal connus. Pour identifier de nouveaux facteurs génétiques qui contrôlent la détermination sexuelle chez l’Homme j’ai étudié plusieurs individus ayant des troubles de détermination sexuelle (DSD) - troubles congénitaux où le développement sexuel chromosomique, gonadique ou anatomique est atypique. Pendant ma thèse, mon but a été de mieux comprendre le rôle de trois gènes – NR5A1, GATA4 et FOG2 – dans le développement et fonction des gonades. Mutations dans NR5A1 sont associées à une insuffisance ovarienne précoce et à une infertilité masculine. Mutations dans GATA4 et FOG2 sont associées à des cas de 46,XY DSD avec ou sans phénotype cardiaque. Mes résultats ont démontré le rôle de ces gènes dans la cascade de détermination sexuelle chez l’Homme
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Louis, Matthieu Julien. "Sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster : a theoretical model for the regulation of the Sex-lethal gene." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615629.

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Smith, James Michael. "The molecular genetics of mammalian sex determination /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18156.pdf.

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Albrecht, Elizabeth Brown. "Genetic analysis of somatic sex determination in Drosophila: Regulation of Sex-lethal." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1057940390.

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Clement, Tracy M. "Molecular mechanisms of sex determination and testis differentiation." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2009/t_clement_050709.pdf.

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Therrien, Corie L. "Conservational implications of temperature-dependent sex determination." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008r/therrien.pdf.

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Lee, Chung-Hae 1966. "Mechanism of sex determination and reversal in an XY mouse strain." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38073.

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Sry on the Y-chromosome triggers the fetal gonad to begin differentiation into testis in mammals. Mutation or absence of Sry results in development of ovaries and the female phenotype. However, XY sex reversal in the presence of wild-type Sry exists in mice and man. One such example is the B6-YTIR mouse, whose autosomes and X-chromosome are of the C57BL6/J mouse (Mus musculus molossinus) whereas the Y-chromosome is from a mouse originating in Tirano, Italy (Mus musculus domesticus). B6-YTIR mice develop only ovaries or ovotestes in fetal life. The objective of my thesis was to identify the mechanism of sex reversal in the B6-YTIR mouse. The results indicate that onset of Sry transcription in B6-YTIR gonads is comparable to control B6 XY gonads. On the other hand, onset of Mis, 17alpha-HA, 3beta-HSD (testicular cell products), p450arom as well as inactivation of Sry transcription are delayed or absent in the sex reversed gonads. It has been suggested that low levels of Sry transcription may account for aberrant testis differentiation in B6-YTIR mice. We observed relatively low levels of Sry transcripts not only in B6-YTIR but also in B6 mice. However, levels in normal B6-YSJL mice were significantly greater. On the SJLB6F1 background, where no sex reversal occurs, Sry transcript levels of the TIR allele increased while those of B6 and SJL alleles remained the same as in the B6 background. Thus, low levels of Sry transcript from the B6 allele are sufficient whereas the levels from TIR and SJL alleles (both DOM type) appear to be critical for testis determination. We then compared the levels of endogenous Sry proteins. A combination of immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting succeeded in detecting a protein band whose expression profile and molecular size are consistent with those of the predicted Sry. Sry protein levels in B6-Y TIR gonads were roughly two fold greater than in B6 XY gonads. We hypothesize that the Sry protein of the TIR/SJL alleles is less efficient
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Nasseri, Roksana. "Transcriptional activity of sex chromosomes in the oocytes of the B6.Ytir sex-reversed female mouse." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21613.

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In the B6.YTIR mouse strain, half of the XY progeny develop bilateral ovaries and the female phenotype. These XY females are infertile mainly due to the death of their embryos. This developmental failure has been attributed to a defect intrinsic to the XY oocyte.
The present study examined the transcriptional activity of the X and Y chromosomes in these oocytes. RT-PCR results show that the Ube1y gene is transcribed in the XY ovary at all stages examined and also in growing XY oocytes. The Sry gene was transcribed only at the onset of ovarian differentiation whereas the Zfy gene was undetectable at all stages during fetal life. The Xist gene, which is involved in X inactivation, was not expressed in XY oocytes. We speculate that expression of Y-encoded genes may have a deleterious effect on the quality of the oocytes and thus renders them incompetent for post-fertilization development.
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Doniach, T. "Genetic analysis of sex determination in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373960.

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Lalous, Maria. "The mechanisms of sex reversal in the B6.Ytir mouse /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79021.

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The sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome, named Sry, initiates differentiation of gonadal somatic cells into testes, which in turn regulate the development of male phenotype.
The B6.YTIR sex-reversed mouse provides a good model for studying sex-determining mechanisms. We proposed a hypothesis that the testis-determining pathway is impaired downstream of Sry transcription in the B6.YTIR fetus.
The current study aimed to determine the hierarchical order of Sry, Sox9, Pn1, and Mis by examining their expression in B6.YTIR gonads as compared to normal B6.XY gonads by RT-PCR.
Results. Sry expression was comparable between B6.Y TIR and B6.XY gonads, with its onset between 10.5 and 11.5 dpc, a peak at 11.5 dpc, and downregulation thereafter. Sox9 expression was detectable in both B6.XX and B6.XY gonads at 11.5 dpc at comparable levels, but was then downregulated in B6.XX gonads at 12.5 dpc, by which stage testicular cord formation had began in B6.XY gonads. Pn1 was expressed in both B6.XX and B6.XY gonads at comparable levels at 11.5 dpc and was upregulated in B6.XY gonads at 12.5dpc. Mis expression in B6.Y TIR gonads was low at 10.5 and 11.5 dpc with a peak at 12.5dpc and higher levels only in ovotestes at 14.5dpc.
These results indicate that all Sox9, Pn1, and MIS genes follow a sexually dimorphic pattern of expression associated with development of testicular cords. Therefore, these genes are placed downstream of Sry in the fetal mouse gonad. Furthermore, we conclude that the testis-determining pathway is impaired upstream of Sox9 and Pn1 and Mis in the B6.YTIR gonad. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Books on the topic "Sex determination, Genetic"

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International Symposium on Vertebrate Sex Determination (3rd 2003 Kailua Kona, Hawaii). Vertebrate sex determination. Edited by Lance Valentine. Basel: Karger, 2003.

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Huseva, I. S. I͡O︡n i i͡a︡na: Ėtsi͡u︡dy pa henetytsy i ėvali͡u︡tsyi polu. Minsk: Navuka i tėkhnika, 1995.

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Sex chromosomes and sex determination in vertebrates. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1994.

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S, Wachtel Stephen, and International Conference on Developmental Biology, "Evolutionary Mechanisms in Sex Determination" (1987 : Memphis, Tenn.), eds. Evolutionary mechanisms in sex determination. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1989.

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S, Wachtel Stephen, ed. Molecular genetics of sex determination. San Diego: Academic Press, 1994.

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Reed, Ken, 1944 Nov. 22- and Graves Jennifer A. Marshall, eds. Sex chromosomes and sex-determining genes. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993.

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Derek, Chadwick, and Goode Jamie, eds. The genetics and biology of sex determination. Chichester, West Sussex, England: J. Wiley, 2002.

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service), ScienceDirect (Online, ed. Sex determination and sexual development. San Diego, Calif: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2008.

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Workshop on Genetic Markers on Sex Differentiation (1986 Center for Population Research). Genetic markers of sex differentiation. New York: Plenum, 1987.

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Hormonal and Genetic Basis of Sexual Differentation (2010 Miami, Fla.). Hormonal and genetic basis of sexual differentiation disorders and hot topics in endocrinology: Proceedings of the 2nd world conference. Edited by New Maria I. 1928- and Simpson Joe Leigh 1943-. New York, N.Y: Springer Science+Business Media, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sex determination, Genetic"

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McLaren, Anne. "Sex Determination and H-Y Antigen in Mice." In Genetic Markers of Sex Differentiation, 87–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1965-6_8.

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Erickson, Robert P., Arturo Bevilacqua, Craig Ross, Scott Donaldson, and John R. D. Stalvey. "Do BKM Sequences Play a Role in Human Sex Determination?" In Genetic Markers of Sex Differentiation, 149–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1965-6_13.

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Jamin, Soazik P., Nelson A. Arango, Yuji Mishina, and Richard R. Behringer. "Genetic Studies of MIS Signalling in Sexual Development." In The Genetics and Biology of Sex Determination, 157–68. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470868732.ch13.

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Vilain, Eric. "Anomalies of Human Sexual Development: Clinical Aspects and Genetic Analysis." In The Genetics and Biology of Sex Determination, 43–56. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470868732.ch5.

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Vandeputte, Marc, and Francesc Piferrer. "Genetic and Environmental Components of Sex Determination in the European Sea Bass." In Sex Control in Aquaculture, 305–25. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119127291.ch14.

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Ohno, Susumu. "Antiquity of the Genetic Mechanism of Sex Determination and the Immortality of the Primary Sex Determining Gene." In Genetic Markers of Sex Differentiation, 43–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1965-6_4.

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Scherer, Gerd. "The Molecular Genetic Jigsaw Puzzle of Vertebrate Sex Determination and Its Missing Pieces." In The Genetics and Biology of Sex Determination, 225–39. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470868732.ch18.

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Matsuda, Masaru. "Genetic Control of Sex Determination and Differentiation in Fish." In Diversity and Commonality in Animals, 289–306. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56609-0_14.

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Scriven, Paul N., and Caroline Mackie Ogilvie. "PGD for Sex Determination and Chromosome Rearrangements: FISH and Emerging Technologies." In Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis in Clinical Practice, 65–81. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2948-6_7.

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Kimble, Judith. "Genetic Control of Sex Determination in the Germ Line of C. elegans." In Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, 117–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47184-4_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sex determination, Genetic"

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Reflinur, Ma’sumah, Namira Nur Arfa, Budi Setiadi Daryono, and Azis Natawijaya. "Improvement of sex determination of salak plant using sequence characterized amplified regions." In THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GENETIC RESOURCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: Harnessing Technology for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075698.

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Hyden, Brennan. "Elucidating genetic pathways of sex determination and dimorphism in Salix purpurea." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1372260.

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Ataei, Abdol Hossain, and Figen Kırkpınar. "Application of In-Ovo Injection of Some Substances for Manipulation of Sex and Improving Performance in Chicken." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.006.

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In intensive production, freshly hatched cockerels are culled in the layer hatchery (7 billion males each year), On the other hand, for meat production rearing female birds has not economic benefits because of male broiler chicks have a faster growth rate and better feed efficiency than females. In this regards several methods are being developed for sex determination in the chick embryo during the incubation period. But these methods need to be rapid, cost-efficient, and suitable practical for commercial use. Additionally, sex determination should be done before pain perception has evolved in chick embryos. Biotechnology by in ovo technique to sex determination of between male and female chicks or sex reversal could improve production and eliminate ethical dilemmas for poultry industries. In birds, the differentiation of embryonic gonads is not determined by genetic gender with the certainty that occurs in mammals and can be affected by early treatment with a steroid hormone. During the development of the chick embryo, the genotype of the zygote determines the nature of the gonads, which then caused male or female phenotype. The differentiation of gonads during the period called the "critical period of sexual differentiation" is accompanied by the beginning of secretion of sexual hormones. Namely, any change in the concentration of steroid hormones during the critical period affects the structure of the gonads. Many synthetic anti-aromatases such as federazole and non-synthetic in plants, mushrooms, and fruits containing natural flavonoids have been used in the experiments in ovo injection of anti-aromatase had no negative effect on the growth performance of sexual reversal female chickens. In conclusion, administration of an aromatase inhibitor causes testicular growth in the genetic female gender, and estrogen administration leads to the production of the left ovotestis in the genetic male gender. Therefore, in the early stages of embryonic development, sexual differentiation can be affected by changing the ratio of sexual hormones. In this review, effects of some substances applied by in ovo injection technique on sex reversal and performance in chicks.
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Petrović, Milun, Snežana Bogosavljević-Bošković, Radojica Đoković, Simeon Rakonjac, Miloš Petrović, and Halid Žigić. "UTICAJ NEGENETSKIH FAKTORA NA MASU JAGNJADI PRI ROĐENJU, SA 30 I 90 DANA STAROSTI KOD SJENIČKE PRAMENKE." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.277p.

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Overall sheep production is influenced by certain factors, genetic and paragenetic. Fertility traits of sheep are more influenced by non-genetic systematic factors, whether they are discontinuous in nature (year of birth, season of birth and lambing, partus in order, type of birth, sex of lambs) or continuous (age at first insemination, etc.). The research included 180 sheep of the Pramenka breed, Sjenica pramenka in the breeding areas of three municipalities: Priboj, Prijepolje and Nova Varos. Data on the growth of lambs in the lactation period were analyzed, as follows: weight at birth, weight at the age of 30 and 90 days of age. The influence of fixed paragenetic factors such as: breeding area, year of birth of ewes, lambing in order, type of lambing, sex on the manifestation and variability of the observed characteristics of lamb growth in the lactation period was observed. The breeding area and type of birth had a significant effect (P <0.01) on the weight of lambs from all three age categories. The year of birth of lambs and the interaction of the breeding area and type of birth had a highly significant effect (P <0.01) on the mass of lambs at birth and at the age of 90 days, and significantly (P <0.05) on the mass of lambs at 30 days of age. Lambs in a row and a half of lambs did not significantly affect any trait of lamb growth in the lactation period. The coefficients of determination for the observed traits were high and very significant and ranged from 0.775 (77.5%) in the mass of lambs at birth to 0.397 (39.7%) in the mass at 30 days.
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Saccone, Giuseppe. "Genetics of sex determination in the Mediterranean fruit fly: From basic to applied research." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.92765.

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Celik, Zeki. "Determination of Package Die Temperature in a Set-Top Box Using JEDEC Thermal Metrics." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35212.

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This case study shows that neither the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance nor the junction-to-case thermal resistance will predict the die temperature of a package in a set top box application with reasonable accuracy. Instead junction-to-board thermal resistance, θJB, or junction-to-board thermal parameter, ΨJB, is proposed as the proper metric to be used to estimate die temperature under steady state conditions. Packages used in this work were 352 PBGA and 272 PBGA mounted on a 2-layer PCB which was designed to simulate a generic application. Nearby components with significant power dissipation were simulated using heater strips with specified power inputs. In the study, the die size varied from 7.1 mm × 7.1 mm to 11 mm × 11 mm. Measurements were taken in a generic set top box at various power inputs to the packages via thermal die and to the PCB via heaters.
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Woodbury, Keith A., Courtney Graham, John Baker, and Charles Karr. "An Inverse Method Using a Genetic Algorithm to Determine Spatial Temperature Distribution From Infrared Tranmissivity Measurements in a Gas." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56779.

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The ill-posed nature of inverse problems suggests that a solution be obtained through an optimization method. Genetic algorithms (GAs) effectively locate the global optimum, and are therefore an appealing technique to solve inverse problems. GAs mimic biological evolution, refining a set of solutions until the best solution is found. In this report, a genetic algorithm is developed and demonstrated based on a simple problem of determining the equation of a straight line. Then the GA is modified and implemented to estimate the temperature distribution in a gas based on the measured infrared tranmissivity distribution. The ulitimate task of this inverse method will be determination of the gas composition based on these transmissivity measurements.
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8

Rahman, Syed M., Tasnim Hassan, and S. Ranji Ranjithan. "Automated Parameter Determination of Advanced Constitutive Models." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71634.

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Parameter determination of advanced cyclic plasticity models which are developed for simulation of cyclic stress-strain and ratcheting responses is complex. This is mainly because of the large number of model parameters which are interdependent and three or more experimental responses are used in parameter determination. Hence the manual trial and error approach becomes quite tedious and time consuming for determining a reasonable set of parameters. Moreover, manual parameter determination for an advanced plasticity model requires in-depth knowledge of the model and experience with its parameter determination. These are few of the primary reasons for advanced cyclic plasticity models not being widely used for analysis and design of fatigue critical structures. These problems could be overcome through developing an automated parameter optimization system using heuristic search technique (e.g. genetic algorithm). This paper discusses the development of such an automatic parameter determination scheme for improved Chaboche model developed by Bari and Hassan [4]. A new stepped GA optimization approach which is found to be more efficient over the conventional GA approach in terms of fitness quality and optimization time is presented.
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9

Seisie-Amoasi, Ebenezer, Brian G. Williams, and Marco P. Schoen. "Optimization of a Star Pattern Recognition Algorithm for Attitude Determination Using a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79774.

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Attitude determination for unmanned spacecrafts usually employs star trackers. The specifications for these devices dictate fast, reliable, robust, and autonomous algorithms to satisfy various mission constraints. This results into simple algorithms for reduced power consumption and reduced overall weight. Optimizing a Star Pattern Recognition Algorithm (SPRA), using an imbedded star map, requires the optimization of the genetic operators that constitute the SPRA and the control parameters within the SPRA. Simultaneous optimization of the control parameters of the SPRA results into a multi-objective and multi-parameter constrained optimization problem. The optimizing of genetic algorithms is often time consuming and rather tedious by nature. In this work, a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) acting as a meta-level GA is applied together with a double objective transition selection scheme to achieve the optimization. This approach results in significantly expediting the cost assignment process. By evolving a pareto set, an optimization population element rule is determined to exist between the control parameters of the SPRA. The existence of this rule ensures effective balance between population exploitation and exploration in the algorithm estimation process. This leads to effective solutions for finding the optimum with multiple concurrent objectives while taking the constraints into consideration. Simulation results using the optimized parameters for the SPRA indicate an improvement of the recognition accuracy from less than 60% to 100% as well as a reduction of the processing time of over 2000 generations to under 250 generations at 99% precision.
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10

de Risi, Arturo, Paolo Carlucci, Teresa Donateo, and Antonio Ficarella. "A Combined Optimization Method for Common Rail Diesel Engines." In ASME 2002 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2002-470.

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The optimization method proposed in the present study consists of a multi-objective genetic algorithm combined with an experimental investigation carried out on a test bench, by using a DI Diesel engine. The genetic algorithm selects the injection parameters for each operating condition whereas the output measured by the experimental apparatus determines the fitness in the optimization process. The genetic algorithm creates a random population, which evolves combining the genetic code of the most capable individuals of the previous generation. Each individual of the population is represented by a set of parameters codified with a binary string. The evolution is performed using the operators of crossover, mutation and elitist reproduction. This genetic algorithm allows competitive fitness functions to be optimized with a single optimization process. For the determination of the overall fitness function the concept of Pareto optimality has been implemented. In this work, the input variables used for the optimization method are injection parameters like start of pilot and main injection, injection pressure and duration. The engine used is a FIAT 1929 cc DI diesel engine, in which the traditional injection system has been replaced by a common rail high pressure injection system. The competitive fitness functions were determined based on the measured values of fuel consumption, emissions levels (i.e. NOx, soot, CO, CO2, HC); combustion noise and overall engine noise, for each operating conditions. The optimization was performed for different engine speed and torque conditions typical of the EC driving cycles.
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Reports on the topic "Sex determination, Genetic"

1

Hulata, Gideon, Thomas D. Kocher, Micha Ron, and Eyal Seroussi. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Determination in Cultured Tilapias. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697106.bard.

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Tilapias are among the most important aquaculture commodities worldwide. Commercial production of tilapia is based on monosex culture of males. Current methods for producing all-male fingerlings, including hormone treatments and genetic manipulations, are not entirely reliable, in part because of the genetic complexity of sex determination and sexual differentiation in tilapias. The goals of this project are to map QTL and identify genes regulating sex determination in commonly cultured tilapia species, in order to provide a rational basis for designing reliable genetic approaches for producing all-male fingerlings. The original objectives for this research were: 1) to identify the gene underlying the QTL on LG1 through positional cloning and gene expression analysis; 2) to fine map the QTL on LG 3 and 23; and 3) to characterize the patterns of dominance and epistasis among QTL alleles influencing sex determination. The brain aromatase gene Cyp19b, a possible candidate for the genetic or environmental SD, was mapped to LG7 using our F2 mapping population. This region has not been identified before as affecting SD in tilapias. The QTL affecting SD on LG 1 and 23 have been fine-mapped down to 1 and 4 cM, respectively, but the key regulators for SD have not been found yet. Nevertheless, a very strong association with gender was found on LG23 for marker UNH898. Allele 276 was found almost exclusively in males, and we hypothesized that this allele is a male-associated allele (MAA). Mating of males homozygous for MAA with normal females is underway for production of all-male populations. The first progeny reaching size allowing accurate sexing had 43 males and no females. During the course of the project it became apparent that in order to achieve those objectives there is a need to develop genomic infrastructures that were lacking. Efforts have been devoted to the development of genomic resources: a database consisting of nearly 117k ESTs representing 16 tissues from tilapia were obtained; a web tool based on the RepeatMasker software was designed to assist tilapia genomics; collaboration has been established with a sequencing company to sequence the tilapia genome; steps have been taken toward constructing a microarray to enable comparative analysis of the entire transcriptome that is required in order to detect genes that are differentially expressed between genders in early developmental stages. Genomic resources developed will be invaluable for studies of cichlid physiology, evolution and development, and will hopefully lead to identification of the key regulators of SD. Thus, they will have both scientific and agricultural implications in the coming years.
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Hulata, Gideon, Thomas D. Kocher, and Micha Ron. Elucidating the molecular pathway of sex determination in cultured Tilapias and use of genetic markers for creating monosex populations. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695855.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to: 1) Identify genetic markers linked to sex-determining genes in various experimental and commercial stocks of O. niloticusand O. aureus, as well as red tilapias; 2) Develop additional markers tightly linked to these sex determiners, and develop practical, non-destructive genetic tests for identifying genotypic sex in young tilapia; A third aim, to map sex modifier loci, was removed during budget negotiations at the start of the project. Background to the topic. A major obstacle to profitable farming of tilapia is the tendency of females to reproduce at a small size during the production cycle, diverting feed and other resources to a large population of small, unmarketable fish. Several approaches for producing all-male fingerlings have been tried, including interspecific hybridization, hormonal masculinization, and the use of YY-supermale broodstock. Each method has disadvantages that could be overcome with a better understanding of the genetic basis of sex determination in tilapia. The lack of sex-linked markers has been a major impediment in research and development of efficient monosex populations for tilapia culture. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. We identified DNA markers linked to sex determining genes in six closely related species of tilapiine fishes. The mode of sex determination differed among species. In Oreochromis karongaeand Tilapia mariaethe sex-determining locus is on linkage group (LG) 3 and the female is heterogametic (WZ-ZZ system). In O. niloticusand T. zilliithe sex-determining locus is on LG1 and the male is heterogametic (XX-XY system). We have nearly identified the series of BAC clones that completely span the region. A more complex pattern was observed in O. aureus and O. mossambicus, in which markers on both LG1 and LG3 were associated with sex. We found evidence for sex-linked lethal effects on LG1, as well as interactions between loci in the two linkage groups. Comparison of genetic and physical maps demonstrated a broad region of recombination suppression harboring the sex-determining locus on LG3. We also mapped 29 genes that are considered putative regulators of sex determination. Amhand Dmrta2 mapped to separate QTL for sex determination on LG23. The other 27 genes mapped to various linkage groups, but none of them mapped to QTL for sex determination, so they were excluded as candidates for sex determination in these tilapia species. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that at least two transitions in the mode of sex determination have occurred in the evolution of tilapia species. This variation makes tilapias an excellent model system for studying the evolution of sex chromosomes in vertebrates. The genetic markers we have identified on LG1 in O. niloticusaccurately diagnose the phenotypic sex and are being used to develop monosex populations of tilapia, and eliminate the tedious steps of progeny testing to verify the genetic sex of broodstock animals.
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Perl-Treves, Rafael, Rebecca Grumet, Nurit Katzir, and Jack E. Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Sex Expression in Cucumis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586536.bard.

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Monoecious species such as melon and cucumber develop separate male and female (or bisexual) flowers on the same plant individual. They display complex genetic and hormonal regulation of sex patterns along the plant. Ethylene is known to play an important role in promoting femaleness and inhibiting male development, but many questions regarding critical sites of ethylene production versus perception, the relationship between ethylene and the sex determining loci, and the possible differences between melon and cucumber in this respect are still open. The general goal of the project was to elucidate the role of ethylene in determining flower sex in Cucumis species, melon and cucumber. The specific Objectives were: 1. Clone and characterize expression patterns of cucumber genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and perception. 2. Genetic mapping of cloned genes and markers with respect to sex loci in melon and cucumber. 3. Produce and analyze transgenic melons altered in ethylene production or perception. In the course of the project, some modifications/adjustments were made: under Objective 2 (genetic mapping) a set of new mapping populations had to be developed, to allow better detection of polymorphism. Under Objective 3, cucumber transformation systems became available to us and we included this second model species in our plan. The main findings of our study support the pivotal role of ethylene in cucumber and melon sex determination and later stages of reproductive development. Modifying ethylene production resulted in profound alteration of sex patterns in melon: femaleness increased, and also flower maturation and fruit set were enhanced, resulting in earlier, more concentrated fruit yield in the field. Such effect was previously unknown and could have agronomic value. Our results also demonstrate the great importance of ethylene sensitivity in sex expression. Ethylene perception genes are expressed in sex-related patterns, e.g., gynoecious lines express higher levels of receptor-transcripts, and copper treatments that activate the receptor can increase femaleness. Transgenic cucumbers with increased expression of an ethylene receptor showed enhanced femaleness. Melons that expressed a defective receptor produced fewer hermaphrodite flowers and were insensitive to exogenous ethylene. When the expression of defective receptor was restricted to specific floral whorls, we saw that pistils were not inhibited by the blocked perception at the fourth whorl. Such unexpected findings suggest an indirect effect of ethylene on the affected whorl; it also points at interesting differences between melon and cucumber regarding the mode of action of ethylene. Such effects will require further study. Finally, our project also generated and tested a set of novel genetic tools for finer identification of sex determining genes in the two species and for efficient breeding for these characters. Populations that will allow easier linkage analysis of candidate genes with each sex locus were developed. Moreover, effects of modifier genes on the major femaleness trait were resolved. QTL analysis of femaleness and related developmental traits was conducted, and a comprehensive set of Near Isogenic Lines that differ in specific QTLs were prepared and made available for the private and public research. Marker assisted selection (MAS) of femaleness and fruit yield components was directly compared with phenotypic selection in field trials, and the relative efficiency of MAS was demonstrated. Such level of genetic resolution and such advanced tools were not used before to study these traits, that act as primary yield components to determine economic yields of cucurbits. In addition, this project resulted in the establishment of workable transformation procedures in our laboratories and these can be further utilized to study the function of sex-related genes in detail.
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4

Weller, Joel I., Harris A. Lewin, and Micha Ron. Determination of Allele Frequencies for Quantitative Trait Loci in Commercial Animal Populations. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586473.bard.

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Individual loci affecting economic traits in dairy cattle (ETL) have been detected via linkage to genetic markers by application of the granddaughter design in the US population and the daughter design in the Israeli population. From these analyses it is not possible to determine allelic frequencies in the population at large, or whether the same alleles are segregating in different families. We proposed to answer this question by application of the "modified granddaughter design", in which granddaughters with a common maternal grandsire are both genotyped and analyzed for the economic traits. The objectives of the proposal were: 1) to fine map three segregating ETL previously detected by a daughter design analysis of the Israeli dairy cattle population; 2) to determine the effects of ETL alleles in different families relative to the population mean; 3) for each ETL, to determine the number of alleles and allele frequencies. The ETL on Bostaurusautosome (BT A) 6 chiefly affecting protein concentration was localized to a 4 cM chromosomal segment centered on the microsatellite BM143 by the daughter design. The modified granddaughter design was applied to a single family. The frequency of the allele increasing protein percent was estimated at 0.63+0.06. The hypothesis of equal allelic frequencies was rejected at p<0.05. Segregation of this ETL in the Israeli population was confirmed. The genes IBSP, SPP1, and LAP3 located adjacent to BM143 in the whole genome cattle- human comparative map were used as anchors for the human genome sequence and bovine BAC clones. Fifteen genes within 2 cM upstream of BM143 were located in the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4q22 and HSA4p15. Only a single gene, SLIT2, was located within 2 cM downstream of BM143 in the orthologous HSA4p15 region. The order of these genes, as derived from physical mapping of BAC end sequences, was identical to the order within the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4: FAM13A1, HERC3. CEB1, FLJ20637, PP2C-like, ABCG2, PKD2. SPP, MEP, IBSP, LAP3, EG1. KIAA1276, HCAPG, MLR1, BM143, and SLIT2. Four hundred and twenty AI bulls with genetic evaluations were genotyped for 12 SNPs identified in 10 of these genes, and for BM143. Seven SNPs displayed highly significant linkage disequilibrium effects on protein percentage (P<0.000l) with the greatest effect for SPP1. None of SNP genotypes for two sires heterozygous for the ETL, and six sires homozygous for the ETL completely corresponded to the causative mutation. The expression of SPP 1 and ABCG2 in the mammary gland corresponded to the lactation curve, as determined by microarray and QPCR assays, but not in the liver. Anti-sense SPP1 transgenic mice displayed abnormal mammary gland differentiation and milk secretion. Thus SPP 1 is a prime candidate gene for this ETL. We confirmed that DGAT1 is the ETL segregating on BTA 14 that chiefly effects fat concentration, and that the polymorphism is due to a missense mutation in an exon. Four hundred Israeli Holstein bulls were genotyped for this polymorphism, and the change in allelic frequency over the last 20 years was monitored.
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Tel-Zur, Neomi, and Jeffrey J. Doyle. Role of Polyploidy in Vine Cacti Speciation and Crop Domestication. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697110.bard.

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1. Abstract: Over the past 25 years, vine cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus have been introduced into Israel and southern California as new exotic fruit crops. The importance of these crops lies in their high water use efficiency and horticultural potential as exotic fruit crops. Our collaboration focused on the cytological, molecular and evolutionary aspects of vine cacti polyploidization to confront the agricultural challenge of genetic improvement, ultimately to improve success of vine cacti as commercial fruit crop plants. More specifically, we worked on the: 1- Identification of the putative ancestor(s) of the tetraploid H. megalanthus; 2- Determination of the number of origins of H. megalanthus (single vs. multiple origins of polyploidy); 3- Cytogenetic analysis of BC1 and F1 hybrids; 4- Determination of important agricultural traits and the selection of superior hybrids for cultivation. The plant material used in this study comprised interspecific Hylocereus F1 and first backcross (BC1) hybrids, nine Hylocereus species (58 genotypes), nine Selenicereus species (14 genotypes), and four Epiphyllum genotypes. Two BC1 hexaploids (BC-023 and BC-031) were obtained, a high ploidy level that can be explained only by a fertilization event between one unreduced female gamete from the triploid hybrid and a balanced gamete from the pollen donor, the diploid H. monacanthus. These findings are scientific evidence that support the possibility that “hybridization followed by chromosome doubling” could also occur in nature. Cytomixis, the migration of chromatin between adjacent cells through connecting cytoplasmatic channels, was observed in vine cacti hybrids and may thus imply selective DNA elimination in response to the allopolyploidization process. Evidence from plastid and nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequences support the placement of H. megalanthus within a monophyletic Hylocereus group. Furthermore, both plastid and ITS datasets are most consistent with a conclusion that this tetraploid species is an autopolyploid, despite observations that the species appears to be morphologically intermediate between Hylocereus and Selenicereus. Although the possibility of very narrow allopolyploidly (i.e., derivation from parents that are barely diverged from each other such as closely related species in the same genus) cannot be ruled out entirely based on our data (in part due to the unavailability of Hylocereus species considered to be morphologically the closest relatives of H. megalanthus), the possibility of H. megalanthus representing an intergeneric cross (i.e., Hylocereus × Selenicereus) seems extremely unlikely. Interestingly, the process of homogenization of ITS sequences (concerted evolution) is either incomplete or lacking in both Hylocereus and Selenicereus, and the inclusion of several artificial hybrids in the molecular study revealed the potential for biparental plastid inheritance in Hylocereus. The most important agricultural implication of this research project was the information collected for F1 and BC1 hybrids. Specifically, this project concluded with the selection of four superior hybrids in terms of fruit quality and potential yields under extreme high temperatures. These selected hybrids are self-compatible, avoiding the need for hand cross pollination to set fruits, thus reducing manpower costs. We recently offered these hybrids to growers in Israel for prioritized rapid evaluation and characterization.
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