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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex determination in animals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

McELREAVEY, Ken, Eric VILAIN, Corinne COTINOT, Emmanuel PAYEN, and Marc FELLOUS. "Control of sex determination in animals." European Journal of Biochemistry 218, no. 3 (1993): 769–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18432.x.

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2

Van Der Schoot, P. "Sex determination." Animal Reproduction Science 40, no. 3 (1995): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(95)90018-7.

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3

KORPELAINEN, HELENA. "SEX RATIOS AND CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SEX DETERMINATION IN ANIMALS." Biological Reviews 65, no. 2 (1990): 147–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1990.tb01187.x.

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4

Girondot, Marc, Patrick Zaborski, Jean Servan, and Claude Pieau. "Genetic contribution to sex determination in turtles with environmental sex determination." Genetical Research 63, no. 2 (1994): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300032225.

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SummaryIn many reptiles, sex determination is temperature-sensitive. This phenomenon has been shown to take place in the laboratory as well as in nature, but its effect on natural populations remains questionable. In the turtle Emys orbicularis, the effects of temperature override a weak mechanism of genetic sex determination which is revealed in incubation at pivotal temperature. At this temperature, the sexual phenotype is concordant with the expression of the serologically defined H-Y antigen (H-Ys) in non-gonadal tissues; males are H-Ys negative (H-Y−) whereas females are H-Ys positive (H-

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5

Yuan, W., and M. M. Buhr. "Embryonic stage affects chromosomal sex determination." Theriogenology 35, no. 1 (1991): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(91)90276-j.

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6

Meise, M., D. Hilfiker-Kleiner, A. Dubendorfer, C. Brunner, R. Nothiger, and D. Bopp. "Sex-lethal, the master sex-determining gene in Drosophila, is not sex-specifically regulated in Musca domestica." Development 125, no. 8 (1998): 1487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.8.1487.

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Sex-lethal (Sxl) is the master switch gene for somatic sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster. In XX animals, Sxl becomes activated and imposes female development; in X(Y) animals, Sxl remains inactive and male development ensues. A switch gene for sex determination, called F, has also been identified in the housefly, Musca domestica. An active F dictates female development, while male development ensues when F is inactive. To test if the switch functions of Sxl and F are founded on a common molecular basis, we isolated the homologous Sxl gene in the housefly. Though highly conserved in

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7

McLaren, Anne. "Clues from other animals and theoretical considerations." Development 101, Supplement (1987): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101.supplement.3.

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In the first two papers of this volume, the genetic control of sex determination in Caenorhabditis and Drosophila is reviewed by Hodgkin and by Nöthiger & Steinmarin-Zwicky, respectively. Sex determination in both cases depends on the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes, which acts as a signal to a cascade of règulatory genes located either on autosomes or on the X chromosome. The state of activity of the last gene in the sequence determines phenotypic sex. In the third paper, Erickson & Tres describe the structure of the mouse Y chromosome and the polymorphisms that have been detect

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8

Herr, C. M., and K. C. Reed. "Micronanipulation of bovine embryos for sex determination." Theriogenology 35, no. 1 (1991): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(91)90147-6.

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9

Meneely, P. M. "Sex determination in polyploids of Caenorhabditis elegans." Genetics 137, no. 2 (1994): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/137.2.467.

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Abstract In Caenorhabditis elegans triploid animals with two X chromosomes (symbolized 3A;2X) are males. However, these triploid males can be feminized by making them mutant for recessive dosage compensation mutations, by adding X chromosome duplications or by microinjecting particular DNA sequences termed feminizing elements. None of these treatments affects diploid males. This study explores several aspects of these treatments in polyploids. The dosage compensation mutants exhibit a strong maternal effect, such that reduction of any of the dosage compensation gene functions in the mother lea

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10

Sakae, Yuta, and Minoru Tanaka. "Metabolism and Sex Differentiation in Animals from a Starvation Perspective." Sexual Development 15, no. 1-3 (2021): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515281.

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Animals determine their sex genetically (GSD: genetic sex determination) and/or environmentally (ESD: environmental sex determination). Medaka (<i>Oryzias latipes</i>) employ a XX/XY GSD system, however, they display female-to-male sex reversal in response to various environmental changes such as temperature, hypoxia, and green light. Interestingly, we found that 5 days of starvation during sex differentiation caused female-to-male sex reversal. In this situation, the metabolism of pantothenate and fatty acid synthesis plays an important role in sex reversal. Metabolism is associat

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11

Veitia, R. A., M. Nunes, K. McElreavey, and M. Fellous. "Genetic basis of human sex determination: An overview." Theriogenology 47, no. 1 (1997): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(96)00342-1.

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12

Leibo, S. P., and W. F. Rall. "Determination of prenatal sex in cattle by amniocentesis." Theriogenology 27, no. 1 (1987): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(87)90123-3.

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13

Bull, J. J. "Temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles: validity of sex diagnosis in hatchling lizards." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 6 (1987): 1421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-224.

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In many reptiles, sex is determined by the incubation temperature of the egg. Studies of this phenomenon have usually diagnosed sex from gonads of hatchlings. The present study establishes the validity of this procedure in a lizard with temperature-dependent sex determination by diagnosing gonadal sex in hatchling leopard geckoes (Eublepharis macularius) and comparing these diagnoses with the sexes of the same animals as adults or subadults. The diagnosis of sex soon after hatching agreed with the subsequent diagnosis in all of the 96 animals studied. In a separate experiment, 29 eggs were div

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14

Nusbaum, C., and B. J. Meyer. "The Caenorhabditis elegans gene sdc-2 controls sex determination and dosage compensation in XX animals." Genetics 122, no. 3 (1989): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/122.3.579.

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Abstract We have identified a new X-linked gene, sdc-2, that controls the hermaphrodite (XX) modes of both sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mutations in sdc-2 cause phenotypes that appear to result from a shift of both the sex determination and dosage compensation processes in XX animals to the XO modes of expression. Twenty-eight independent sdc-2 mutations have no apparent effect in XO animals, but cause two distinct phenotypes in XX animals: masculinization, reflecting a defect in sex determination, and lethality or dumpiness, reflecting a di

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15

Ibraimov, Abyt. "Sex determination and Y chromosome constitutive heterochromatin." Current Research in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1, no. 1 (2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33702/crbmb.2019.1.1.1.

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In many animals, including us, the genetic sex is determined at fertilization by sex chromosomes. Seemingly, the sex determination (SD) in human and animals is determined by the amount of constitutive heterochromatin on Y chromosome via cell thermoregulation. It is assumed the medulla and cortex tissue cells in the undifferentiated embryonic gonads (UEG) differ in vulnerability to the increase of the intracellular temperature. If the amount of the Y chromosome constitutive heterochromatin is enough for efficient elimination of heat difference between the nucleus and cytoplasm in rapidly growin

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16

Carmi, Ilil, and Barbara J. Meyer. "The Primary Sex Determination Signal of Caenorhabditis elegans." Genetics 152, no. 3 (1999): 999–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.3.999.

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AbstractAn X chromosome counting process determines sex in Caenorhabditis elegans. The dose of X chromosomes is translated into sexual fate by a set of X-linked genes that together control the activity of the sex-determination and dosage-compensation switch gene, xol-1. The double dose of X elements in XX animals represses xol-1 expression, promoting the hermaphrodite fate, while the single dose of X elements in XO animals permits high xol-1 expression, promoting the male fate. Previous work has revealed at least four signal elements that repress xol-1 expression at two levels, transcriptional

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17

Schedin, P., C. P. Hunter, and W. B. Wood. "Autonomy and nonautonomy of sex determination in triploid intersex mosaics of C. elegans." Development 112, no. 3 (1991): 863–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.112.3.863.

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The primary sex-determining signal in Caenorhabditis elegans is the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (X/A ratio), normally 1.0 in hermaphrodites (XX) and 0.5 in males (XO). XX triploids (X/A = 0.67) are males, but if these animals carry a partial duplication of the X chromosome such that X/A approximately equal to 0.7, they develop as intersexes that are sexually mosaic. We have analyzed these mosaics using Nomarski microscopy and in situ hybridization to obtain information on whether sex determination decisions can be made independently in different cells and tissues, and when thes

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18

Saccone, G., I. Peluso, D. Artiaco, E. Giordano, D. Bopp, and L. C. Polito. "The Ceratitis capitata homologue of the Drosophila sex-determining gene sex-lethal is structurally conserved, but not sex-specifically regulated." Development 125, no. 8 (1998): 1495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.8.1495.

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In Drosophila, Sxl functions as a binary switch in sex determination. Under the control of the primary sex-determining signal, it produces functional protein only in XX animals to implement female development. Here we report that, in contrast to Drosophila, the Sxl homologue in the Medfly, Ceratitis capitata, expresses the same mRNAs and protein isoforms in both XX and XY animals irrespective of the primary sex-determining signal. Also, experiments with two inducible transgenes demonstrate that the corresponding Ceratitis SXL product has no significant sex-transforming effects when expressed i

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19

Shimada, Kiyoshi. "Sex determination and sex differentiation." Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 13, no. 1 (2002): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020602783698449.

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20

Virta, J., J. Markola, J. Peippo, M. Markkula, and J. Vilkki. "Sex determination of bovine embryo blastomeres by fluorogenic probes." Theriogenology 57, no. 9 (2002): 2229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(02)00824-5.

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21

Avery, B., A. Bak, and M. Schmidt. "Differential cleavage rates and sex determination in bovine embryos." Theriogenology 32, no. 1 (1989): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(89)90530-x.

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22

Curran, Sandra. "Fetal sex determination in cattle and horses by ultrasonography." Theriogenology 37, no. 1 (1992): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(92)90244-l.

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23

Alipanah, M., A. Torkamanzehi, and H. Taghavi. "Sex determination in ostrich (Struthio camelus) using DNA markers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 90, no. 3 (2010): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas09125.

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Production of bird species such as ostrich (Struthio camelus) has been gaining increasing importance in Iran as well as many other countries. Ostrich, similar to many other species of birds, lacks sexual dimorphism, making it difficult to differentiate between males and females, especially at an early age, which can be problematic in breeding programs. Recently developed molecular genetic methods that utilize polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based techniques can facilitate rapid identification of the bird’s sex in these species using a DNA sample, which can be easily extracted from blood or fea

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24

Akerib, C. C., and B. J. Meyer. "Identification of X chromosome regions in Caenorhabditis elegans that contain sex-determination signal elements." Genetics 138, no. 4 (1994): 1105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.4.1105.

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Abstract The primary sex-determination signal of Caenorhabditis elegans is the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (X/A ratio). This signal coordinately controls both sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation. To delineate regions of X that contain counted signal elements, we examined the effect on the X/A ratio of changing the dose of specific regions of X, using duplications in XO animals and deficiencies in XX animals. Based on the mutant phenotypes of genes that are controlled by the signal, we expected that increases (in males) or decreases (in hermaphrodites) in the

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25

Leclercq, Sébastien, Julien Thézé, Mohamed Amine Chebbi, et al. "Birth of a W sex chromosome by horizontal transfer of Wolbachia bacterial symbiont genome." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 52 (2016): 15036–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608979113.

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Sex determination is a fundamental developmental pathway governing male and female differentiation, with profound implications for morphology, reproductive strategies, and behavior. In animals, sex differences between males and females are generally determined by genetic factors carried by sex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes are remarkably variable in origin and can differ even between closely related species, indicating that transitions occur frequently and independently in different groups of organisms. The evolutionary causes underlying sex chromosome turnover are poorly understood, however. H

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26

Meyers-Wallen, Vicki N. "Genetics, genomics, and molecular biology of sex determination in small animals." Theriogenology 66, no. 6-7 (2006): 1655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.01.029.

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27

Warner, Daniel A., Matthew B. Lovern, and Richard Shine. "Maternal nutrition affects reproductive output and sex allocation in a lizard with environmental sex determination." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1611 (2007): 883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0105.

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Life-history traits such as offspring size, number and sex ratio are affected by maternal feeding rates in many kinds of animals, but the consequences of variation in maternal diet quality (rather than quantity) are poorly understood. We manipulated dietary quality of reproducing female lizards ( Amphibolurus muricatus ; Agamidae), a species with temperature-dependent sex determination, to examine strategies of reproductive allocation. Females maintained on a poor-quality diet produced fewer clutches but massively (twofold) larger eggs with lower concentrations of yolk testosterone than did co

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28

Khamlor, Trisadee, Petai Pongpiachan, Rangsun Parnpai, Kanchana Punyawai, Siwat Sangsritavong, and Nipa Chokesajjawatee. "Bovine embryo sex determination by multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification." Theriogenology 83, no. 5 (2015): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.025.

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29

Ellis, S. B., K. R. Bondioli, M. E. Williams, J. H. Pryor, and M. M. Harpold. "Sex determination of bovine embryos using male-specific DNA probes." Theriogenology 29, no. 1 (1988): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(88)90070-2.

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30

Indriawati, Indriawati, Slamet Diah Volkandari, and Endang Tri Margawati. "The Application of UTY and SRY Molecular Markers for Determination of Unknown Sex Samples in Bali Cattle." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 21, no. 1 (2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v21i1.9333.

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An investigation involving large number of animals is often resulting incomplete or in accurate information such as animal parentage, or misidentify on sex due to unlabeled sex samples. A PCR method by applying Y chromosome markers (UTY and SRY) facilitates in determination of unknown sex problem. This study was intended to determine sex from unlabelled sex of blood samples by applying PCR method using a pooled-DNA template. Twenty five of unknown sex blood samples from Nusa Penida, Bali were used in this study. The samples were plotted into 5 pooled-DNA whith each pool DNA consisted of 5 indi

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Spadola, Filippo. "Cloacal anatomy and sex determination in Tiliqua sp." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 156, Summer 2021 (July 1, 2021): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hb156.1113.

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A rigid endoscope was used to examine the cloacae of an adult pair of Tiliqua gigas gigas, and single specimens of Tiliqua gigas evanescens and Tiliqua sp. (Irian Jaya form). Throughout the procedure the animals showed no signs of stress. Clear anatomical differences were observed between the sexes. Females presented the typical two pairs of papillae (ureteral and genital) and males a single pair of urogenital papillae. The observed differences were confirmed when both pairs bred successfully in the following year.

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32

Janzen, Fredric J., David M. Delaney, Timothy S. Mitchell, and Daniel A. Warner. "Do Covariances Between Maternal Behavior and Embryonic Physiology Drive Sex-Ratio Evolution Under Environmental Sex Determination?" Journal of Heredity 110, no. 4 (2019): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esz021.

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Abstract Fisherian sex-ratio theory predicts sexual species should have a balanced primary sex ratio. However, organisms with environmental sex determination (ESD) are particularly vulnerable to experiencing skewed sex ratios when environmental conditions vary. Theoretical work has modeled sex-ratio dynamics for animals with ESD with regard to 2 traits predicted to be responsive to sex-ratio selection: 1) maternal oviposition behavior and 2) sensitivity of embryonic sex determination to environmental conditions, and much research has since focused on how these traits influence offspring sex ra

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Janes, Daniel E., Christopher L. Organ, Rami Stiglec, et al. "Molecular evolution of Dmrt1 accompanies change of sex-determining mechanisms in reptilia." Biology Letters 10, no. 12 (2014): 20140809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0809.

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In reptiles, sex-determining mechanisms have evolved repeatedly and reversibly between genotypic and temperature-dependent sex determination. The gene Dmrt1 directs male determination in chicken (and presumably other birds), and regulates sex differentiation in animals as distantly related as fruit flies, nematodes and humans. Here, we show a consistent molecular difference in Dmrt1 between reptiles with genotypic and temperature-dependent sex determination. Among 34 non-avian reptiles, a convergently evolved pair of amino acids encoded by sequence within exon 2 near the DM-binding domain of D

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34

Sinclair, Andrew H. "Human sex determination." Journal of Experimental Zoology 281, no. 5 (1998): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19980801)281:5<501::aid-jez15>3.0.co;2-b.

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35

Shi, Chenggang, Xiaotong Wu, Liuru Su, et al. "A ZZ/ZW Sex Chromosome System in Cephalochordate Amphioxus." Genetics 214, no. 3 (2020): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303051.

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Sex determination is remarkably variable among animals with examples of environmental sex determination, male heterogametic (XX/XY) and female heterogametic (ZZ/ZW) chromosomal sex determination, and other genetic mechanisms. The cephalochordate amphioxus occupies a key phylogenetic position as a basal chordate and outgroup to vertebrates, but its sex determination mechanism is unknown. During the course of generating Nodal mutants with transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) in amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae, serendipitously, we generated three mutant strains that reveal th

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36

Hodgkin, Jonathan. "Primary sex determination in the nematode C. elegans." Development 101, Supplement (1987): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101.supplement.5.

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Most nematodes have XO male/XX female sex determination. C. elegans is anomalous, having XX hermaphrodites rather than females. The hermaphrodite condition appears to result from the modification of a basic male/female sex-determination system, which permits both spermatogenesis and oogenesis to occur within a female soma. This modification is achieved by a germ-line-specific control acting at one step in a cascade of autosomal regulatory genes, which respond to X-chromosome dosage and direct male, female, or hermaphrodite development. Mutations of one of these genes can be used to construct a

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37

Argue, Kathryn J., and Wendi S. Neckameyer. "Altering the sex determination pathway in Drosophila fat body modifies sex-specific stress responses." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 307, no. 1 (2014): R82—R92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00003.2014.

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The stress response in Drosophila melanogaster reveals sex differences in behavior, similar to what has been observed in mammals. However, unlike mammals, the sex determination pathway in Drosophila is well established, making this an ideal system to identify factors involved in the modulation of sex-specific responses to stress. In this study, we show that the Drosophila fat body, which has been shown to be important for energy homeostasis and sex determination, is a dynamic tissue that is altered in response to stress in a sex and time-dependent manner. We manipulated the sex determination p

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38

Dervishi, E., A. Martinez-Royo, P. Sánchez, et al. "Reliability of sex determination in ovine embryos using amelogenin gene (AMEL)." Theriogenology 70, no. 2 (2008): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.006.

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Bolechová, Petra, Kateřina Ječmínková, Michal Hradec, Tomáš Kott, and Jana Doležalová. "Sex determination in gibbons of genus Nomascus using non-invasive method." Acta Veterinaria Brno 85, no. 4 (2016): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201685040363.

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Gibbons of the genus Nomascus have a strong sexual dimorphism and dichromatism. As they mature, both sexes develop sex-specific pelage colour. In combination with physical similarities in the genitalia with both sexes, there are problems with determining the sex of young individuals compared to other genus of gibbons. This is a pilot study applying a multiplex polymerase chain reactions based on a non-invasive method for sex determination of gibbons. The study was conducted on 22 faecal samples from gibbons of the genus Nomascus. The animals were monitored by staff so that the samples were ide

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40

Hossepian de Lima, V. F. M., C. A. Moreira-Filho, A. R. De Bem, and W. Jorge. "Sex determination of murine and bovine embryos using cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence assays." Theriogenology 39, no. 6 (1993): 1343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(93)90236-x.

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Hodgkin, Jonathan, Andrew D. Chisholm, and Michael M. Shen. "Major sex-determining genes and the control of sexual dimorphism in Caenorhabditis elegans." Genome 31, no. 2 (1989): 625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-116.

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Sex determination in Caenorhabditis elegans involves a cascade of major regulatory genes connecting the primary sex determining signal, X chromosome dosage, to key switch genes, which in turn direct development along either male or female pathways. Animals with one X chromosome (XO) are male, while animals with two X chromosomes (XX) are hermaphrodite: hermaphrodite development occurs because the action of the regulatory genes is modified in the germ line so that both sperm and oocytes are made inside a completely female soma. The regulatory genes are being examined by both genetic and molecul

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42

Steinmann-Zwicky, M. "Sex determination of the Drosophila germ line: tra and dsx control somatic inductive signals." Development 120, no. 3 (1994): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.3.707.

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In Drosophila, the sex of germ cells is determined by cell-autonomous and inductive signals. XY germ cells autonomously enter spermatogenesis when developing in a female host. In contrast, XX germ cells non-autonomously become spermatogenic when developing in a male host. In first instar larvae with two X chromosomes, XX germ cells enter the female or the male pathway depending on the presence or absence of transformer (tra) activity in the surrounding soma. In somatic cells, the product of tra regulates the expression of the gene double sex (dsx) which can form a male-specific or a female-spe

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Servan, J., P. Zaborski, M. Dorizzi, and C. Pieau. "Female-biased sex ratio in adults of the turtle Emys orbicularis at the northern limit of its distribution in France: a probable consequence of interaction of temperature with genotypic sex determination." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 5 (1989): 1279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-182.

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Adult sex ratio in the turtle Emys orbicularis was determined in populations from seven ponds in Brenne (Indre, France). In all populations, the sex ratio was biased toward females. Among 290 captured animals, the male:female ratio was close to 0.5. Among different demographic factors that could affect the adult sex ratio, the most influential was probably the sex ratio of hatchlings. In Emys orbicularis, a ZZ male/ZW female system of genotypic sex determination has been postulated. Moreover, gonad differentiation is dependent on temperature and sex-reversed individuals can occur. To evaluate

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Ventura, Tomer, Jennifer C. Chandler, Tuan V. Nguyen, et al. "Multi-Tissue Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Sexual Development-Related Genes of the Ornate Spiny Lobster (Panulirus ornatus)." Genes 11, no. 10 (2020): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11101150.

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Sexual development involves the successive and overlapping processes of sex determination, sexual differentiation, and ultimately sexual maturation, enabling animals to reproduce. This provides a mechanism for enriched genetic variation which enables populations to withstand ever-changing environments, selecting for adapted individuals and driving speciation. The molecular mechanisms of sexual development display a bewildering diversity, even in closely related taxa. Many sex determination mechanisms across animals include the key family of “doublesex- and male abnormal3-related transcription

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Mawaribuchi, Shuuji, Yuzuru Ito, and Michihiko Ito. "Independent evolution for sex determination and differentiation in the DMRT family in animals." Biology Open 8, no. 8 (2019): bio041962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.041962.

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Wertheim, B., L. W. Beukeboom, and L. van de Zande. "Polyploidy in Animals: Effects of Gene Expression on Sex Determination, Evolution and Ecology." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 140, no. 2-4 (2013): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351998.

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Yang, Hua, Fagang Zhong, Yonglin Yang, Xinhua Wang, Shouren Liu, and Bin Zhu. "Sex determination of bovine preimplantation embryos by oligonucleotide microarray." Animal Reproduction Science 139, no. 1-4 (2013): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.04.009.

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Aurich, Christine, and Jana Schneider. "Sex determination in horses—Current status and future perspectives." Animal Reproduction Science 146, no. 1-2 (2014): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.01.014.

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Erickson, Robert P., Edward J. Durbin, and Laura L. Tres. "Sex determination in mice: Y and chromosome 17 interactions." Development 101, Supplement (1987): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101.supplement.25.

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Abstract:

Mice provide material for studies of Y-chromosomal and autosomal sequences involved in sex determination. Eicher and coworkers have identified four subregions in the mouse Y chromosome, one of which corresponds to the Sxr fragment. This fragment demonstrates that only a small portion of the Y is necessary for male sex determination. The mouse Y chromosome also shows variants: the BALB/cWt Y chromosome, which causes nondisjunction of the Y in some germ cells leading to XO and XYY cells and resulting in many infertile true hermaphrodites; the YDom, a wild-type chromosome which can result in sex

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Nothiger, R., M. Jonglez, M. Leuthold, P. Meier-Gerschwiler, and T. Weber. "Sex determination in the germ line of Drosophila depends on genetic signals and inductive somatic factors." Development 107, no. 3 (1989): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.107.3.505.

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Abstract:

We have analyzed the mechanism of sex determination in the germ line of Drosophila by manipulating three parameters: (1) the ratio of X-chromosomes to sets of autosomes (X:A); (2) the state of activity of the gene Sex-lethal (Sxl), and (3) the sex of the gonadal soma. To this end, animals with a ratio of 2X:2A and 2X:3A were sexually transformed into pseudomales by mutations at the sex-determining genes Sxl (Sex-lethal), tra (transformer), tra-2 (transformer-2), or dsx (double-sex). Animals with the karyotype 2X;3A were also transformed into pseudofemales by the constitutive mutation SxlM1. Th

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