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1
Gallego-Noche, Beatriz, Cristina Goenechea, Inmaculada Antolínez‐Domínguez, and Concepción Valero‐Franco. "Towards Inclusion in Spanish Higher Education: Understanding the Relationship between Identification and Discrimination." Social Inclusion 9, no. 3 (July 21, 2021): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i3.4065.
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It is more and more evident that there is diversity among university students, but this diversity encompasses a wide variety of personal characteristics that, on occasion, may be subject to rejection or discrimination. The feeling of inequality is the result of one stand‐alone characteristic or an intersection of many. To widen our knowledge of this diversity and to be able to design actions with an inclusive approach, we have set out to explore the relationship between students’ feelings of discrimination, their group identification and their intersections. Participants for the study are selected from protected groups which fall into the following criteria: ethnic minority, illness, migrant minority, disability, linguistic minority, sexual orientation, income, political ideology, gender, age and religion. We will refer to this relationship as the ‘discrimination rate.’ To fulfil our objective, we have given a questionnaire to a sample of 2,553 students from eight Spanish universities. The results indicate that the characteristics with which they most identify are religion, age, sex and political ideology. However, the highest rate of discrimination is linked to linguistic minority, ideology and migration. Regarding intersectionality, it is worth noting that 16.6% of students feel discriminated against for more than one characteristic, with the most frequent relationships being the following: (1) ethnic or migrant minorities (2) sexual orientation, sex, being under 30, leftist ideology, low income, linguistic minority and (3) Christian Catholic, right‐wing and upper‐class ideology.
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Bristowe, Katherine. "ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE FOR LGBT PEOPLE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2324.
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Abstract LGBT people have higher risk of life-limiting illnesses and unmet needs when facing advanced illness.The ACCESSCare research programme aims to improve health and social care for LGBT people. ACCESSCare-A explored experiences of 40 UK LGBT people facing serious illness. Discrimination, heteronormative assumptions, and insensitivity influenced whether individuals disclosed relationships to professionals and place-of-care decisions. Professionals must go beyond anti-discrimination to proactive inclusion: 10 evidence-based recommendations were developed to improve care for LGBT people. Our sister study in Zimbabwe explored the healthcare experiences of key populations (LGBTI people, sex workers). Access to healthcare was dependent on conforming to ‘sexual norms’ and care was negatively affected by professionals’ attitudes to key populations. There are two ongoing research projects in the ACCESSCare programme: ACCESSCare-B, a mixed-methods population-based comparative study of LGB and heterosexual bereavement outcomes; and ACCESSCare-C a qualitative study to develop communication guidance for professionals supporting LGBT people facing serious illness.
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Jameson, Jill. "The Digital Abyss in Zimbabwe." International Journal of ICT Research and Development in Africa 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jictrda.2010070104.
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Just as refugees fleeing to escape Zimbabwe have struggled to cross the crocodile-hungry waters of the Limpopo, so are Zimbabweans battling to find ways to traverse the abyss of a digital divide affecting their country. In 2008-09, Zimbabwe was rated third worst in the world for its national information communications technology (ICT) capability by the World Economic Forum, being ranked at 132/134 nations on the global ICT ‘networked readiness index’. Digital divide issues, including severe deficits in access to new technologies facing this small Sub-Saharan country, are therefore acute. In terms of global power relations involving ICT capability, Zimbabwe has little influence in any world ranking of nations. A history of oppression, economic collapse, mismanagement, poverty, disease, corruption, discrimination, public sector breakdown and population loss has rendered the country almost powerless in ICT terms. Applying a critical social theory methodology and drawing on Freirean conceptions of critical pedagogy to promote emancipation through equal access to e-learning, this chapter is written in two parts. In the first place, it analyzes grim national statistics relating to education and to the digital divide in Zimbabwe, situating these in the wider context of Africa; in the second part, the chapter applies this information in a practical fictional setting to imagine life through the eyes of an average Zimbabwean male farm worker called Themba, recounting through narrative an example of the impact on one person’s life that could result from, firstly, a complete lack of educational and ICT resources for adults in a rural farming situation and, secondly, new opportunities as a migrant to become engaged with adult and higher education, including ICT training and facilities. Access to education, to book publications, to ICT facilities, in dialogue with others during a long process of conscientization, are seen to open up democratising and liberating opportunities for Themba in South Africa. The powerful transformation that takes place Themba’s life and propels him towards many achievements as an e-learning teacher is inspired by Freire’s critical pedagogy: it provides a message of hope in an otherwise exceptionally bleak educational and technological situation, given the current difficult socio-economic and political situation that has resulted in a digital abyss in Zimbabwe.
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Swartzman, Leora C., Clive Seligman, and Wlliam J. McClelland. "Detecting Gender Discrimination in University Salaries: A Case Study." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 22, no. 1 (April 30, 1992): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v22i1.183119.
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To assess sex discrimination in university salary allocation accurately, one must determine whether gender explains the salary difference in and of itself, or exerts its influence through other variables, such as rank and departmental affiliation, that themselves affect salary and may correlate with gender. Using members of the Faculty of Social Science (N = 133) of a large Canadian university as a case sample, we assessed gender discrimination in promotion and gender differences in departmental affiliation as related to salary before including these two variables in statistical analyses predicting salary. No evidence was found for discrimination in promotion and women were not morie under-represented in the higher-salaried departments. Several regression models recommended in the literature for assessing gender discrimination in salaries were conducted and yielded convergent findings : male and female faculty similar on salary-relevant variables were equivalently paid. While these results should be reassuring, they would not go very far toward resolving salary discrimination disputes in the university studied or in most other academic institutions. The difficulties of applying the results of statistical analyses within a politically-charged arena are discussed.
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Danylchuk, Karen E. "Occupational Stressors in Physical Education Faculties." Journal of Sport Management 7, no. 1 (January 1993): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.7.1.7.
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The prevalence of occupational Stressors in physical education faculties/ departments as a function of sex, age, marital status, family status, years of work experience in higher education, and type of appointment was examined through use of the Stress Diagnostic Survey (Ivancevich & Matteson, 1988a). This multidimensional self-report inventory consists of 17 dimensions, which are further subdivided into organizational Stressors (macrostressors) and individual Stressors (microstressors). The sample reported moderate degrees of stress in comparison to the normative data with the macrostressors being greater sources of stress than the microstressors. Quantitative overload was rated the highest followed by time pressure and rewards. Qualitative overload was rated lowest followed by role ambiguity and role conflict. Sex was associated with the greatest number of Stressors—gender discrimination, quantitative overload, and time pressure. Females perceived these three Stressors to be significantly greater sources of stress than did males.
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Liao, Meizhen, Dianmin Kang, Xiaorun Tao, Jennifer Huang Bouey, Muktar H. Aliyu, Yuesheng Qian, Guoyong Wang, et al. "Alcohol Use, Stigmatizing/Discriminatory Attitudes, and HIV High-Risk Sexual Behaviors among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/143738.
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Objective. This research was conducted to assess the correlates of alcohol consumption and HIV/AIDS-related stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shandong province, China.Methods. A cross-sectional survey provided demographics, sexual behaviors, illicit drug use, alcohol consumptions, and service utilization.Results. Of 1,230 participants, 82.8% were single, 85.7% aged <35 years, 47.2% had college or higher education, and 11.7% drank alcohol >3 times per week in the past six months. The average total score of stigmatizing and discriminatory attitude was 37.4 ± 4.4. More frequent episodes of alcohol use were independently associated with higher levels of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination, unprotected anal sex, bisexual identity, multiple male sex partners, drug use, and lower levels of education. Expressing higher levels of HIV/AIDS-related stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes was independently associated with alcohol use, unprotected male anal sex, bisexuals, more male sex partners, commercial sex with men, and non-receipt of peer education in the past year.Conclusion. HIV/AIDS-related stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes are common and associated with alcohol use and unprotected sex among MSM. The finding highlights the needs to develop programs that would reduce HIV/AIDS-related stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes and strengthen alcohol use prevention and risk reduction initiatives among MSM.
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Machado, Amanda Viana, Lidyane V. Camelo, Dora Chor, Rosane H. Griep, Joanna M. N. Guimarães, Luana Giatti, and Sandhi Maria Barreto. "Racial inequality, racial discrimination and obesity incidence in adults from the ELSA-Brasil cohort." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 75, no. 7 (January 8, 2021): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214740.
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BackgroundThis study investigated whether self-reported race/skin colour and perceived racial discrimination predict higher obesity incidence after approximately 4-year follow-up of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). We also investigated whether these associations are modified by educational level.MethodsFollowing exclusion of individuals defined as obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) at baseline, associations between race/skin colour and obesity incidence between the first (2008–2010) and second (2012–2014) visits were investigated in 10 130 participants. Next, associations between perceived racial discrimination and obesity incidence among black (n=1532) and brown (n=2958) individuals were investigated separately. Racial discrimination (yes/no) was assessed using the Lifetime Major Event Scale. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex and research site were used. All analyses were stratified for educational level.ResultsObesity risk was higher in Blacks with high education compared with white individuals to the same education level (OR: 2.22; 95% CI 1.62 to 3.04) following adjustments. After adjustments, obesity incidence was higher among black individuals reporting racial discrimination compared with peers who did not report this experience, but only among the low education group (OR: 1.64; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.51). No statistical association with perceived discrimination was observed among brown individuals.ConclusionResults are congruent with findings from other studies reporting associations between racial inequality and obesity incidence and also suggest racial discrimination may be one of the mechanisms leading to such inequalities. Also, it supports the paradox theory by which education modify the association in distinct directions.
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ADETUNJI, JACOB, and DOMINIQUE MEEKERS. "CONSISTENCY IN CONDOM USE IN THE CONTEXT OF HIV/AIDS IN ZIMBABWE." Journal of Biosocial Science 33, no. 1 (January 2001): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932001001213.
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Against the backdrop of a high prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zimbabwe, this paper analyses data from the 1997 Zimbabwe Sexual Behaviour and Condom Use Survey to throw light on the degree to which sexually active adults consistently use condoms in high-risk sexual situations. The multivariate results indicate that at the time of the survey, consistent condom use in non-marital relationships is significantly higher for males than females, higher among those who had access to information about condoms from multiple sources than among those with limited access, and higher among those who have positive attitudes to condoms than among those with negative attitudes. Even though consistent condom use with non-marital partners is higher for those who know a source where condoms can be obtained, this effect is due to the fact that these respondents have more positive attitudes towards condoms. Likewise, the higher levels of consistent condom use exhibited by those who are aware of the efficacy of condoms are due to the fact that men have higher awareness of this, and men use condoms more consistently than women. In sum, the results suggest that the effects of the respondents’ sex and their knowledge of the prophylactic importance of condoms and where condoms might be obtained are a function of other socioeconomic advantages they have. It is, therefore, concluded that programmes that use mass media information, education and communication campaigns to reduce shyness, embarrassment and stigma about condom use can help increase consistent use of condoms in non-marital relationships in Zimbabwe.
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Hwang, Kyung-Hye, Yang-Sook Yoo, and Ok-Hee Cho. "Sexual discrimination, attitudes toward sexual health, and consciousness of biomedical ethics in Korea." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 44, no. 6 (July 15, 2016): 899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.6.899.
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With industrialization, increasing workforce participation of women, and advances in information and communications technology, South Korean society is experiencing conflict and confusion regarding sexual ethics. We investigated the relationships among sexual discrimination, attitudes toward sexual health, and consciousness of biomedical ethics with a sample of 142 Korean adults in Seoul, South Korea. Men exhibited greater sexual discrimination than did women. Consciousness of biomedical ethics was higher in those with religious faith and married individuals, those with a higher level of education, individuals in paid employment, and those with firmly held ethical values, than in people without these characteristics. Finally, consciousness of biomedical ethics was higher in individuals with a more positive attitude toward sexual health. On the basis of these results, we proposed the development of a sex education program in South Korea to encourage gender-equality awareness, strengthen sound attitudes toward sexual health, and increase consciousness of biomedical ethics.
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Qiao, Xiao-Feng, Qian Ren, Xin Li, Tong-Li Li, and Redentor S. Mariano. "Analysis of subjective perception and influencing factors of different inclusive education models among prelingually deaf children with a cochlear implant." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 6 (June 2020): 030006052092985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520929855.
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Objective We aimed to explore the educational outcome and influencing factors of ongoing verbal rehabilitation training together with inclusive education among prelingually deaf children with a cochlear implant. Methods Prelingually deaf children who underwent cochlear implantation, rehabilitation, and had inclusive education placement were randomly divided into two groups: one group received continuous verbal rehabilitation training under inclusive education status; the other group did not receive this training. Speech discrimination scores were determined. Results Among 60 included children, subjectively perceived academic adaptability, peer relations, initiative communication, and teacher’s involvement under inclusive education, as well as speech discrimination scores, were all significantly different between groups. Continuous verbal rehabilitation training influenced the subjective perception of children and resulted in higher speech discrimination scores and more positive subjective perception. Subjective perception was not significantly correlated with chronological age, sex, age at the time of cochlear implantation, or duration of inclusive education. Conclusion Ongoing verbal rehabilitation training within inclusive education can largely improve the education placement outcomes of prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants.
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Farfel, Jose M., Lisa L. Barnes, Ana Capuano, Maria Carolina de Moraes Sampaio, Robert S. Wilson, and David A. Bennett. "Informant-Reported Discrimination, Dementia, and Cognitive Impairment in Older Brazilians." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 81, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 1273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201436.
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Background: Self-reported discrimination is a source of psychosocial stress that has been previously associated with poor cognitive function in older African Americans without dementia. Objective: Here, we examine the association of discrimination with dementia and cognitive impairment in racially diverse older Brazilians. Methods: We included 899 participants 65 years or older (34.3% Black) from the Pathology, Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias Study (PARDoS), a community-based study of aging and dementia. A structured interview with informants of the deceased was conducted. The interview included the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale for the diagnosis of dementia and cognitive impairment proximate to death and the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) as a second measure of cognitive impairment. Informant-reported discrimination was assessed using modified items from the Major and Everyday Discrimination Scales. Results: Discrimination was reported by informants of 182 (20.2%) decedents and was more likely reported by informants of Blacks than Whites (25.3% versus 17.6%, p = 0.006). Using the CDR, a higher level of informant-reported discrimination was associated with higher odds of dementia (OR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.08 –1.42, p = 0.002) and cognitive impairment (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06 –1.39, p = 0.004). Similar results were observed using the IQCODE (estimate: 0.07, SE: 0.02, p = 0.003). The effects were independent of race, sex, education, socioeconomic status, major depression, neuroticism, or comorbidities. Conclusion: Higher level of informant-reported discrimination was associated with higher odds of dementia and cognitive impairment in racially diverse older Brazilians.
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Ribeiro, César, and Carlos Santos Pinho. "The Ethics of Tax Evasion: Relevant Demographic Variables within the scope of Higher Education Students and Professors." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2020): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.810.9128.
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The purpose of our study is to determine the depth of various arguments that have emerged to justify tax evasion as an ethical procedure considering several demographic variables. Data collection was done using a questionnaire addressed to professors and students of higher management and non-management courses. This instrument was based on the 18 statements reflecting the three views of tax evasion ethics used by McGee and Benk [1]. Using a 5-point Likert scale, it is intended to evaluate whether the arguments contained in the statements have an effect on the perception of tax evasion as an ethical procedure and whether the previous effect varies according to age, sex, bachelor degree and income level. A universe of 406,980 individuals was determined using official information (sample: 384 individuals). Principal Component Analysis was used, as well as the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Statistics in order to measure the adequacy of the input matrix. After the extraction of the components three variables were identified: “Always Ethical”, “Waste, Corruption and Injustice” and “Discrimination and Oppressive Regimes” (Cronbach's Alpha results: 0.887, 0.85 and 0.862). “Discrimination and Oppressive Regimes” is the one that has values closest to “totally agree” that tax evasion is ethical. In general, older men with higher incomes tend to disagree about the ethics of tax evasion. The originality of the study is reflected in the controversial relationship between Ethics and Evasion and the source of the data collected. Interacting with professors and students allows the business and academic components to be combined.
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Jiang, Tingting, Xin Zhou, Hui Wang, Mingyu Luo, Xiaohong Pan, Qiaoqin Ma, and Lin Chen. "Psychosocial Factors Associated with Quality of Life in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV/AIDS in Zhejiang, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (July 25, 2019): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152667.
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Objectives: To explore the quality of life (QOL) status and related factors in young human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) aged 16 to 24 years in Zhejiang province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 22 counties of Zhejiang province, and 395 subjects took part in our research. A t-test, one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis were used to investigate the factors associated with QOL in young HIV-infected MSM. Results: The total score on the QOL was 86.86 ± 14.01. The multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that self-efficacy and discrimination were associated with all domains on the QOL assessment, monthly income was associated with QOL for all domains except spirituality and consistent condom use during oral sex with men in the past three months was associated with QOL for all domains except the relationship domain. Those individuals within the group of young HIV-infected MSM who have higher self-efficacy, a higher monthly income, greater social support, safer sexual behaviors, a higher level of education, and a higher cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) count have a better QOL. Conclusions: These findings suggest that to improve the QOL of this population, greater emphasis should be placed on improving social support, self-efficacy, and antiviral therapy adherence and on reducing discrimination, disease progression, and high-risk behaviors.
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Mishra, Vinod, Shyam Thapa, Robert D. Retherford, and Xiaolei Dai. "Effect of Iron Supplementation during Pregnancy on Birthweight: Evidence from Zimbabwe." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 26, no. 4 (December 2005): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650502600403.
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Background Iron deficiency in pregnant women has been shown to reduce the oxygen supply to the fetus, cause intrauterine growth retardation, and increase the risk of premature delivery and reduced birthweight. Yet the effects of iron supplementation programs on pregnancy outcomes are not well documented for developing countries. Objective To examine the relation between iron supplementation of mothers during pregnancy and children's birthweight using data from a national population-based survey in Zimbabwe. Methods The analysis uses information on 3,559 births during the five years preceding the 1999 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey. The effect of iron supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight was estimated by multiple regression, controlling for potential confounding effects of prenatal care, child's sex and birth order, mother's education and nutritional status (measured by body-mass index), household living standard, smoke exposure, and other variables. Results Babies born to mothers who received iron supplementation during pregnancy were 103 g heavier (95% confidence interval, 42–164; p = .001), on average, than babies born to mothers who did not receive iron supplementation during pregnancy. The difference was 64 g (95% confidence interval, 2–125; p = .043) for children whose birthweights were taken from health cards and 163 g (95% confidence interval, 44–281; p = .008) for children whose birthweights were reported by their mothers. Conclusions Iron supplementation during pregnancy is associated with significantly higher birthweight, independent of other pregnancy care factors, mother's nutritional status, smoke exposure, and a number of demographic and socioeconomic factors. Prenatal iron supplementation programs can improve pregnancy outcomes and promote child survival in developing countries.
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Camelo, Lidyane V., Luana Giatti, Roberto Marini Ladeira, Rosane Harter Griep, José Geraldo Mill, Dóra Chor, and Sandhi Maria Barreto. "Racial disparities in renal function: the role of racial discrimination. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 11 (July 27, 2018): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-210665.
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BackgroundRacial discrimination may play a significant role in higher incidence and poorer prognosis of chronic kidney disease among Black individuals. This study set out to investigate the association between racial discrimination and renal function and to estimate the contribution of racial discrimination to existing racial disparities in renal function.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis using baseline data (2008–2010) of 14 355 participants (35–74 years) in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health cohort study. Renal function was estimated based on estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) obtained by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Racial discrimination was assessed using a modified version of the Lifetime Major Events Scale ; race/colour was self-reported. Covariates included were age, sex, level of education and selected health-related factors.ResultsRacial discrimination was reported by 31.6%, 6.3% and 0.8% of Black, Brown and White individuals, respectively. The older the age, the lower the prevalence of racial discrimination among Blacks. Racial discrimination was independently associated with lower mean eGFR (β=−2.38; 95% CI −3.50 to −1.25); however, associations were limited to individuals aged under 55 years. In this age group, eGFR differences between Black and White individuals were reduced by 31% when exposure to racial discrimination was accounted for.ConclusionBlacks are approximately 40 times more likely to report racial discrimination than Whites. Racial discrimination was associated with lower mean eGFR and explained a significant portion of eGFR differences between Black and White individuals aged under 55 years. Exposure to experiences of racial discrimination should be accounted for in studies investigating racial disparities in renal function.
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Minikel-Lacocque, Julie. "Liars, Cheaters, and Short-Haired Girls: Gender Identity Denial of Young Athletes." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 28, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2019-0055.
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Gender-based discrimination in sport is omnipresent and manifests in various forms, including unequal pay, disparate access to facilities, and imbalanced media exposure. This discrimination also extends to those female athletes who do not meet stereotypical notions of how females should look and how they should move on the sporting field. Four gender nonconforming youth athletes who have faced gender and gender-identity discrimination in sport were recruited for this study, as well as their families and two of their coaches. A qualitative case study was conducted and data from in-depth interviews with each participant, one focus group with the young athletes, and observational field notes are analyzed. Through the lens of Critical Feminist Theory, this study examines the gender and gender-identity discrimination these young athletes have endured, the perpetrators of which are adults charged with organizing and regulating youth sport. The study finds that these athletes are repeatedly accused of lying about their identities, that they are often subjected to gender identity denial, and that their bodies are routinely policed and objectified. Implications for institutions of higher education, sport management, coaches, referees, and fans are discussed and include targeted education on nuanced understandings of gender, sex, misgendering, and gender identity denial. This study also calls for sport to believe youth athletes regarding their identities as well as for a re-examination of the gendered structure of youth sport.
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de Snyder, V. Nelly Salgado. "Factors Associated with Acculturative Stress and Depressive Symptomatology Among Married Mexican Immigrant Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 4 (December 1987): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00919.x.
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The purpose of the present study was to describe levels of acculturative stress and individual stressors and their relationship to levels of depressive symptomatology among young Mexican immigrant women. The mean age of the respondents was 25.7 years with a mean of 9.4 years of education. Their age at migration was 18.5 years and their average length of stay in the United States was 7.5 years. Women who in the last three months experienced discrimination, sex-role conflicts, and concern about starting a family in this country had significantly higher (over 16) CES-D scores than women who did not report experiencing those situations. The overall findings suggest that this sample of Mexican women immigrants as a group are at risk for the development of psychological problems.
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Klionsky, Elaine J., Judy B. Okawa, Robert W. Holmstrom, David E. Silber, and Stephen A. Karp. "Word-Association Patterns of Mental Hospital Patients." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3_suppl (December 1998): 1419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1419.
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The present study concerned an attempt to corroborate the classic findings of Rapaport, Gill, and Schafer in distinguishing mental hospital patients from control subjects, using a new objectively scored word-association test. 12 computer-scored objective scales were used to compare groups of 101 mental hospital inpatients ( n = 75, including 37 on a prison ward) and outpatients ( n = 26) and 101 control subjects matched with the patients for sex, age, racial and ethnic status, and education. A stepwise multiple discrimination analysis of the scores on the 12 scales of the test significantly distinguished the groups. Scales weighted most highly were Masochism, Antonyms, and Aggression. Subsequent t tests suggested that control subjects scored higher on Aggression, Self-reference, and Masochism scales, whereas patients scored higher on Rejections (nonresponses to stimulus words). Of these, only Self-reference and Rejections were items identified by Rapaport, et al.
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Alnabhan, Mousa, and Michael Harwell. "PSYCHOMETRIC CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING A COLLEGE ADMISSION TEST FOR JORDAN." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, no. 5 (January 1, 2001): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.5.445.
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In 1998, the Jordanian Council of Higher Education authorized the construction of a standardized aptitude test that would be used to assist colleges and universities in admissions decisions. This paper reports the results of a study that examined whether test items were operating as desired and path analyses that explored predictors of student performance for a highly selective sample of Jordanian students. Item analyses indicated that thirty percent of the items showed inadequate discrimination or inappropriate difficulty levels, and an additional nineteen percent of the items showed evidence of differential item functioning attributable to sex. The path analyses indicated that the strongest predictors of performance emerged for female students and included parental educational level and whether students attended a government-sponsored school or a private school. For males, the same predictive relationships were negligible.
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Zeeman, Laetitia, and Kay Aranda. "A Systematic Review of the Health and Healthcare Inequalities for People with Intersex Variance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 6533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186533.
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Extensive research documents the health inequalities LGBTI people experience, however far less is known for people with intersex variation. This paper presents a review of intersex health and healthcare inequalities by evaluating research published from 2012 to 2019. In total 9181 citations were identified with 74 records screened of which 16 were included. A synthesis of results spans nine quantitative, five qualitative and two narrative reviews. Literature was searched in Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane, PsycInfo and CINAHL. People with intersex variance experience a higher incidence of anxiety, depression and psychological distress compared to the general population linked to stigma and discrimination. Progressive healthcare treatment, including support to question normative binaries of sex and gender, aids understand of somatic intersex variance and non-binary gender identity, especially when invasive treatment options are avoided or delayed until individuals are able to self-identify or provide consent to treatment. Findings support rethinking sex and gender to reflect greater diversity within a more nuanced sex-gender spectrum, although gaps in research remain around the general health profile and the healthcare experiences of people with intersex variance. More large-scale research is needed, co-produced with peers who have lived experience of intersex variation to ensure policy, education and healthcare advances with greater inclusivity and ethical accountability.
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Katkuri, Sushma, and K. Nithesh Kumar. "Gender preference and awareness regarding sex determination among married women in urban slums." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 3 (February 24, 2018): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180421.
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Background: People in India exhibit a strong gender preference for male child and this discrimination or prejudice continues in spite of socio- economic development and higher growth rates. The preference for sons has been associated with preferential abortion of female fetuses and even to female infanticide. Objective of the study was to assess gender preferences among married women in urban slums. Methods: It was a community based cross sectional done at Urban Health Training Centre, Shahpur Nagar which is field practice area of Department of Community Medicine of Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. The study participants were all women who were above 18 years of age. During the study period we enrolled a total of 157 women. Results: The maximum subjects were in the age group of 18-30 (54.1%). 82.2% of the study participants knew that sex determination is a crime. The majority of study participants stated dowry problems as the reason for their non preference of female children (77.3%) while 4.5% did not prefer female children due to the fact that they do not stay with their parents after marriage, 9.1% said rearing problem. Conclusions: So intense health education should be given to the community telling them that it’s not only sons who take care of parents in old age but daughters can also play the same role. We need to educate them sons’ and daughters should be equally treated in the family.
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Parashar, Sangeeta. "Marginalized by race and place." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 11/12 (October 7, 2014): 747–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-01-2014-0003.
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Purpose – Given South Africa's apartheid history, studies have primarily focused on racial discrimination in employment outcomes, with lesser attention paid to gender and context. The purpose of this paper is to fill an important gap by examining the combined effect of macro- and micro-level factors on occupational sex segregation in post-apartheid South Africa. Intersections by race are also explored. Design/methodology/approach – A multilevel multinomial logistic regression is used to examine the influence of various supply and demand variables on women's placement in white- and blue-collar male-dominated occupations. Data from the 2001 Census and other published sources are used, with women nested in magisterial districts. Findings – Demand-side results indicate that service sector specialization augments differentiation by increasing women's opportunities in both white-collar male- and female-dominated occupations. Contrary to expectations, urban residence does not influence women's, particularly African women's, placement in any male-type positions, although Whites (white-collar) and Coloureds (blue-collar) fare better. Supply side human capital models are supported in general with African women receiving higher returns from education relative to others, although theories of “maternal incompatibility” are partially disproved. Finally, among all racial groups, African women are least likely to be employed in any male-dominated occupations, highlighting their marginalization and sustained discrimination in the labour market. Practical implications – An analysis of women's placement in white- and blue-collar male-dominated occupations by race provides practical information to design equitable work policies by gender and race. Social implications – Sex-typing of occupations has deleterious consequences such as lower security, wage differentials, and fewer prospects for promotion, that in turn increase labour market rigidity, reduce economic efficiency, and bar women from reaching their full potential. Originality/value – Very few empirical studies have examined occupational sex segregation (using detailed three-digit data) in developing countries, including South Africa. Methodologically, the paper uses multilevel techniques to correctly estimate ways in which context influences individual outcomes. Finally, it contributes to the literature on intersectionality by examining how gender and race sustain systems of inequality.
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Chouari, Monia, Moncef Ghiss, and Anastasia Zabaniotou. "Academic promotion and leadership: ‘moving the needle’ for the enhancement of gender equality in Tunisian higher education institutional members of the RMEI network following the TARGET framework." Open Research Europe 1 (March 24, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13217.1.
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Although job opportunities, recruitment criteria, health insurance and social welfare are equally available regardless of sex, academic promotion at higher education institutions has so far been a challenging issue for women more than men. Even though there are not legislative policies or political strategies proscribing gender discrimination, the under-representation of women in high profile positions is thought-provoking as it was found by this study on collecting segregating data at the Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences of Sousse (FAHSS) and to a lesser degree at the National Engineering School of Sousse (ENISO). Given insufficient research in the area under investigation, and despite the shortage of data needed for examination, this study makes use of and analyses the available data collected from Sousse University. Built upon the findings, this paper sets forth to examine impediments as challenges to progress which are encountered by women. Despite the belief that gender parity has been acquired, it is still a challenge to progress to endorse the culture of gender equality at higher education institutions. The study entails the activities of the gender equality committee created at Sousse University in 2018 with the support of the Mediterranean Network of Engineering Schools (RMEI) and under the framework of the EU TARGET project entitled ‘Taking a reflexive approach to gender equality at Institutional transformation’.
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Chouari, Monia, Moncef Ghiss, and Anastasia Zabaniotou. "Academic promotion and leadership: ‘moving the needle’ for the enhancement of gender equality in Tunisian higher education institutional members of the RMEI network following the TARGET framework." Open Research Europe 1 (May 13, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13217.2.
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Although job opportunities, recruitment criteria, health insurance and social welfare are equally available regardless of sex, academic promotion at higher education institutions (HEIs) has so far been a challenging issue for women more than men. Even though there are not legislative policies or political strategies proscribing gender discrimination, the under-representation of women in high profile positions is thought-provoking as it was found by this study on collecting segregating data at the Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences of Sousse (FAHSS) and to a lesser degree at the National Engineering School of Sousse (ENISO). Given insufficient research in the area under investigation, and despite the shortage of data needed for examination, this study makes use of and analyses the available data collected from Sousse University. Built upon the findings, this paper sets forth to examine impediments as challenges to progress which are encountered by women. Despite the belief that gender parity has been acquired, it is still a challenge to progress to endorse the culture of gender equality at higher education institutions. The study entails the activities of the gender equality committee created at Sousse University in 2018 with the support of the Mediterranean Network of Engineering Schools (RMEI) and under the framework of the EU TARGET project entitled ‘Taking a reflexive approach to gender equality at Institutional transformation’.
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Assari, Shervin. "American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Children’s Body Mass Index: Diminished Returns of Parental Education and Family Income." Research in Health Science 5, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): p64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v5n1p64.
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Background: High socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with several health-related outcomes, such as obesity and body mass index (BMI). However, we do not know whether SES is associated differently with children’s BMI from American Indian and Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (AIAN/NHPI) families when compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) families. Aim: To compare AIAN/NHPI and NHW families for associations between parental education, family income, and children’s BMI in the United States (U.S). Methods: This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Participants (n = 8580) included 63 AIAN/NHPI and 8517 NHW children between ages 9 and 10. The independent variables were parental education and family income. The primary outcome was BMI. Race was the moderator. Age, sex, and family structure were covariates. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Results: In the pooled sample, higher parental education and family income were associated with lower children’s BMI. We found interactions between race and parental education and family income indicating weaker associations between parental education and family income and children’s BMI in AIAN/NHPI families than in NHW families. Conclusion: The salience of parental education and family income as social determinants of children’s BMI is diminished for AIAN/NHPI families than NHW families. As a result, AIAN/NHPIs children with high SES remain at risk for high BMI, while high-SES NHW children show the lowest BMI. Future research should test if obesogenic environments, food options, and physical activity-friendly neighborhoods can explain higher-than-expected BMI in high-SES AIAN/NHPI children. In other terms, more research is needed to understand if residential segregation, discrimination, and historical trauma explain the observed differences in the social patterning of childhood BMI in AIAN/NHPI and NHW communities.
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Rodgers, Georgina T., Christa Poole, MaryKay Moore, Mikayla Baer, Christina Ferraro, Mailey L. Wilks, and S. Timpet. "Breaking down barriers: A strategic initiative to collect sexual orientation and gender identity information in the oncology patient population." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 29_suppl (October 10, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.29_suppl.128.
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128 Background: The LGBT community is a diverse population that crosses race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, and other factors. It is estimated that 8.8 million Americans are part of the community and the number is likely higher due to under reporting. The population is at increased risk for certain cancers, sexually transmitted infections, and is more likely to use alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and suffer from obesity, and behavioral health issues. LGBT patients face barriers to accessing care due to being under-insured, fear of discrimination and lack of access to culturally competent health care providers. Our cancer center embraced the need to collect sexual orientation/gender identity (SOGI) data as a means to identify and address the comprehensive needs of our patients and set a goal to provide an inclusive, patient-centered environment through education of our teams to build a trusted patient-provider relationship. Methods: We implemented a history section in the EHR to assist with data collection including, preferred name, sexual orientation, gender identity, legal sex, and sex assigned at birth. A project team was developed in 2019 to improve utilization of the existing tool and provide education to increase the comfort level of our caregivers. Our target groups consist of advance practice providers, RN care coordinators, social workers and physicians. Educational sessions occurred through multiple modes and “champions” were identified within target groups to keep the momentum going. Results: There was initial hesitation in utilization due to lack of understanding of the impact on patient care and lack of confidence in communication. Training was modified to include communication techniques and the why collection of SOGI data is important. Conclusions: A monthly report was developed to determine utilization of the SOGI fields and as of May 2020 have increased from 1.5% utilization to 17.5% utilization. A survey has been deployed to education attendees to determine pre and post education comfort levels in addressing the SOGI needs of patients and early data is showing a marked improvement in the comfort level of caregivers.
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Assari, Shervin. "Dimensional Change Card Sorting of American Children: Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns of Age." Children and Teenagers 3, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): p72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ct.v3n2p72.
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Background: While age is associated with an increase in cognitive flexibility and executive functioning as a result of normal development during childhood, less is known about the effect of racial variation in children’s age-related cognitive development. The Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) phenomenon suggests that, under racism, social stratification, segregation, and discrimination, individual-level economic and non-economic resources and assets show weaker effects on children’s development for marginalized, racialized, and minoritized families. Aim: We conducted this study to compare racial groups of children for age-related changes in their card sorting abilities. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 10,414 9-10-year-old American children. Data came from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was age, a continuous variable measured in months. The dependent variable was Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) score, which reflected cognitive flexibility, and was measured by the NIH Dimensional Change Card Sort. Ethnicity, sex, parental education, and marital status were the covariates. Results: Older age was associated with higher DCCS score, reflecting a higher card-sorting ability and cognitive flexibility. However, age showed a weaker association with DCCS for Black than for White children. This was documented by a significantly negative interaction between race and age on children’s DCCS scores. Conclusion: Age shows a weaker correlation with the cognitive flexibility of Black than of White children. A similar pattern can be seen when comparing low-income with high-income children. Conceptualizing race as a social factor that alters normal childhood development is a finding that is in line with MDRs. Marginalization due to social stratification and racism interfere with the normal age-related cognitive development of American children.
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Wright, Tessa, Fiona Colgan, Chris Creegany, and Aidan McKearney. "Lesbian, gay and bisexual workers: equality, diversity and inclusion in the workplace." Equal Opportunities International 25, no. 6 (August 1, 2006): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02610150610713782.
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PurposeAims to present a report of a conference held at London Metropolitan University in June 2006 that presented and discussed the findings of a two‐year research project, funded by the Higher Education European Social Fund. The project investigated the experiences of LGB workers following the introduction of the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulation 2003 in the United Kingdom.Design/methodology/approachThe research was a qualitative study carried out in 16 case study organisations, seen as representing “good practice” in the area of employment of LGB workers. The case studies involved: the analysis of company documentation and reports; interviews with 60 management, trade union and LGBT network group representatives, a short survey and in‐depth interviews with 154 LGB employees. The case studies were supplemented by a series of 25 national key informant interviews with individuals in UK organisations representing government, employers, employees, and LGB people charged with disseminating advice and promoting good practice.FindingsJust over half (57.8 per cent) of the LGB respondents were out to everyone at work. A third (33.8 per cent) were out to some people, while 8.4 per cent said that they were out to very few people or nobody at work. The research indicated that equal opportunities and diversity policies which include sexual orientation; the establishment and promotion of same sex benefits; positive employer and trade union signals; the existence of LGBT groups, the presence of LGB colleagues and LGB senior managers can help LGB people come out. However, LGB people may be prevented from coming out by fears about career progression; lack of visible senior LGB staff; temporary employment status; previous negative experiences of discrimination and harassment; desiring privacy; “macho” or religious attitudes/behaviours of co‐workers.Originality/valueLittle research exists in the UK on the experiences of LGB workers, and this is one of the first studies to focus on the experiences of LGB workers following the introduction of legislation to protect workers against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation in 2003.
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Mohsena, Masuda, CG Nicholas Mascie-Taylor, and Rie Goto. "Association between socio-economic status and childhood undernutrition in Bangladesh; a comparison of possession score and poverty index." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 10 (June 25, 2010): 1498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010001758.
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AbstractObjectiveTo determine how much of the variation in nutritional status of Bangladeshi children under 5 years old can be attributed to the socio-economic status of the family.DesignNutritional status used reference Z-scores of weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ). A ‘possession score’ was generated based on ownership of a radio, television, bicycle, motorcycle and telephone, and the availability of electricity, with categories of 0 to 4+ possessions. A five-point (quintile) ‘poverty index’ was created using principal component analysis.SettingThe Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2004 was the source of data.SubjectsA sample of 4891 children aged <5 years was obtained.ResultsSome 57·8 % of the sample was either stunted, wasted or underweight (7·7 % were stunted, wasted and underweight). Of those stunted (48·4 %), 25·7 % were also underweight. Underweight and wasting prevalences were 40·7 % and 14·3 %, respectively. Mean WAZ, HAZ and WHZ did not differ by sex. Children of mothers with no education or no possessions were, on average, about 1 sd more underweight and stunted than those with higher educated mothers or with 4+ possessions. The possession score provided much greater discrimination of undernutrition than the poverty index. Nearly 50 % of children from households with no possessions were stunted, wasted or underweight (only 27 % in the poorest quintile), compared with only 3–6 % of children from households with 4+ possessions (over 13 % in the richest quintile).ConclusionsMaternal education and possession score were the main predictors of a child’s nutritional status. Possession score was a much better indicator of undernutrition than the poverty index.
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Maric, N. P., S. Totic Poznanovic, D. Stojiljkovic, Z. Pavlovic, M. Mihaljevic, and M. Jasovic-Gasic. "Stigmatization of “psychiatric label” by medical and non-medical students." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72824-3.
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IntroductionStigmatization of a psychiatric patient is present both in general population and among health-care professionals.AimTo determine the attitudes of medical students (MS) towards a person who goes to a psychiatrist, before and after psychiatric rotation, and to compare those attitudes between medical and non-medical students.MethodsThe study included 525 MS (2nd and 6th year of studies) and 154 students of law. The study instrument was a 3-part self-reported questionnaire (socio-demographic data, Rosenberg self-esteem scale and a vignette depicting young, mentally healthy person). The experimental intervention consisted of ascribing a “psychiatric label” to only one set of vignettes. All the vignettes (with or without “psychiatric label”) were followed by 14 statements addressing acceptance of a person described by vignette as judged by social distance.ResultsWe found more stigmatizing attitudes of the MS in the final year, after psychiatric rotation. The non-medical students had similar tendency to stigmatize as MS before psychiatric rotation. A higher level of stigmatization was evident in regard to a closer relationship between a student and a hypothetic person who goes to a psychiatrist. Neither sex, nor the size of student's place of origin or average academic mark was associated with the tendency to stigmatize.ConclusionsPsychiatric education can either reinforce stigma or reduce it. Therefore, detailed analyses of educational domains which reinforce stigma should be conducted at the university level, in parallel with national initiative to fight against stigma and discrimination attached to mental health problems and those living with them.
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Hall, Michael J., Paul D'Avanzo, Yana Chertock, Jesse A. Brajuha, and Sarah Bauerle Bass. "Impact of medical mistrust (MM) on perceptions of tumor genomic profiling (TGP) among African American (AA) cancer patients: Application of perceptual mapping (PM)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e22527-e22527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e22527.
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e22527 Background: TGP is widely used to identify targetable mutations for precision cancer treatment and clinical trials. Many patients have poor understanding of TGP and are unaware of possible secondary hereditary risks. Lack of clarity regarding the relevance of informed consent and genetic counseling further magnify risks for patients. AA patients have lower genetic knowledge and health literacy and higher MM than Caucasian patients, making them especially vulnerable in the clinical setting. Perceptions of TGP in AA cancer patients have not been well-characterized. Methods: 120 AA pts from 1 suburban and 1 urban site (Fox Chase Cancer Center[FCCC] and Temple University Hospital[TUH]) were surveyed. A k-means cluster analysis using a modified MM scale was conducted; chi-square analysis assessed demographic differences. Perceptual mapping (PM)/multidimensional scaling and vector modeling was used to create 3-dimensional maps to study how TGP barriers/facilitators differed by MM group and how message strategies for communicating about TGP may also differ. Results: Data from 112 analyzable patients from FCCC (55%) and TUH (45%) were parsed into less MM (MM-L, n = 42, 37.5%) and more MM (MM-H, n = 70, 72.5%) clusters. MM-L and MM-H clusters were demographically indistinct with no significant associations by sex (p = 0.49), education (p = 0.3), income (p = 0.65), or location (p = 0.43); only age was significant (older = higher MM, p = 0.006). Patients in the MM-H cluster reported higher concerns about TGP, including cost (p < 0.001), insurance discrimination (p < 0.001), privacy breaches (p = 0.001), test performance/accuracy (p = 0.001), secondary gain by providers (p < 0.001) and provider ability to explain results (p = 0.04). Perceptual mapping identified both shared and contrasting barriers between MM clusters (Table). Conclusions: More than 2/3 of AA patients comprised a MM-H cluster. Communication strategies should focus on concerns about family and how to discuss TGP with an oncologist. PM can identify distinct and shared information needs of vulnerable populations undergoing TGP. [Table: see text]
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Estrella, Mayra L., Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu, Linda C. Gallo, Wassim Tarraf, Carmen R. Isasi, Krista M. Perreira, Donglin Zeng, et al. "Psychosocial Factors Associated with Cognitive Function Among Middle-Aged and Older Hispanics/Latinos: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos and its Sociocultural Ancillary Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 79, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200612.
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Background: Evidence suggests that psychosocial factors are associated with cognitive health in older adults; however, associations of psychosocial factors with cognition remain largely unexamined in middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos. Objective: To examine the cross-sectional associations of psychosocial factors with cognitive function among middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos living in the US. Methods: Baseline (2008–2011) data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study (n = 2,818; ages 45–74) were used to examine the associations of each psychosocial factor with global cognition (GC), verbal learning, verbal memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed independent of age, sex, education, Hispanic/Latino background, income, language, and depressive symptoms. Psychosocial variables included: intrapersonal factors (ethnic identity, optimism, and purpose in life), interpersonal factors (family cohesion, familism, social network embeddedness, and social support), and social stressors (perceived ethnic discrimination, loneliness, and subjective social status). Results: In fully-adjusted models, purpose in life and social support were each positively associated with all five cognitive variables. Loneliness was negatively associated with GC, verbal learning, memory, and processing speed. Ethnic identity was positively and familism negatively associated with GC, verbal fluency, and processing speed. Family cohesion was positively associated with verbal learning. Conclusion: These findings extend previous evidence from older, largely non-Hispanic White cohorts to show that higher purpose in life and social support are also strongly associated with cognitive health among middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos. We also highlight that intrapersonal factors, interpersonal factors, and social stressors have differential relationships with individual cognitive tests.
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Callaghan, Chris. "Gender moderation of intrinsic research productivity antecedents in South African academia." Personnel Review 46, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 572–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-04-2015-0088.
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Purpose Ascription theory together with human capital theory both predict that, over time, the scarcity of knowledge and skills in increasingly complex working contexts will “crowd out” the influence of arbitrary characteristics such as gender. The purpose of this paper is to test the extent to which job performance determinants of research productivity differ by gender in their contributions to research productivity, in the developing country (South Africa) context, in which gender and other forms of historical discrimination were previously endemic. Design/methodology/approach Research output was measured as published journal articles indexed by Thomson Reuters Institute for Scientific Information, ProQuest’s International Bibliography of the Social Sciences and the South African Department of Higher Education and Training, as well as conference proceedings publications, conference papers presented and published books and book chapters. Structural equation modelling, with critical ratio and χ2 tests of path moderation were used to test theory predicting gender (sex) differences moderate the potential influence of certain intrinsic determinants of job performance on research productivity, as a form of academic job performance. Findings Gender is found to moderate the relationship between experience and research productivity, with this relationship stronger for men, who are also found to have higher research output. This is considered a paradox of sorts, as English and African home languages, which proxy racial differences in societal and economic disadvantages and unequal opportunities, are not significantly associated with research output differences. Findings further suggest none of the tested intrinsic effects are moderated by gender, contesting theory from general work contexts. Research limitations/implications This research applied a cross-sectional design, and did not apply causal methods, instrumental variables or controls for endogeneity. Nevertheless, these are limitations shared with most research in the human resources field, which is constrained by the type of data available in organisational contexts. Further research might do well to investigate non-intrinsic influences on research productivity which may be vulnerable to differences in societal gender roles. Originality/value This research offers a novel perspective of research productivity and gender inequality in a developing country context of increasing diversity, which might offer useful insights into other contexts facing increasing diversity in higher education. The problem of gender-based inequality in research productivity is empirically identified, and little evidence is found to support the notion that intrinsic effects, including core self-evaluations, are at the heart of this problem. Arguably, these findings reduce the problem space around gender inequality in research productivity, in a context in which other forms of disadvantage might no longer manifest in research productivity inequality.
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Pati, Rabindra Nath, and Selemawit Tekie. "Biocultural Dynamics of Teenage Pregnancies in Ethiopia: Medico Anthropological Appraisal." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 3, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v3i1.14368.
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Teenage pregnancy is a burning public health and demographic problem in Ethiopia.The adolescent girls of rural regions in Ethiopia account for alarming higher proportion of teenage pregnancies and contribute serious threats to health and development interventions by the Government.Teenage pregnancies and adolescent reproductive health hazards are burning global issues which have obstructed effective implementation of agenda of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The UNICEF estimates that 80 per cent of teenage pregnancies are reported in least developed countries of the world.The multiple socio-cultural factors such as lack of parental control and guidance, gender inequality, poverty, social exclusion, peer pressure, adoption of transactional and intergenerational sex by unemployed adolescent girls in poor homes as coping mechanism, gender based sexual assault prevailing in and around schools have stimulated increased teenage pregnancies in rural regions of Ethiopia.This paper based on review of research articles and research synthesis argues that teenage pregnancies is a national concern of Ethiopia preventing a significant section of adolescent girls availing access to preparedness for adulthood, exercising reproductive rights, opportunities for skill development, education, safe sex and reproductive health.This paper is an attempt to develop framework of research hypothesis and research questions to be adopted for further research on this thematic area.In rural regions of Ethiopia, increased number of women headed families coupled with rising poverty; unemployment and family disorganization breed sexual exploitation of adolescent girls exposing them to high risk sexual transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS.The growing teenage pregnancies in the country have drastically affected achievement of agenda in Millennium Development Goals (MGDs) in term of reduction of maternal death by 75 percent by 2015.The health inequalities is a major contributing factor to deprive women of equal opportunity and availing access to reach her health potential irrespective of social status, ethnicity, gender, religion and economic status.The socio-economic conditions of family and community in rural regions of Ethiopia contribute to increasing teenage pregnancies and adolescent motherhood.These factors are inadequate opportunity in community level for positive youth development, illiteracy, poverty and limited employment opportunities.The study recommends for a comprehensive community driven approach promoting childhood interventions and adolescent development programme towards minimizing unintended teenage pregnancy and gender discrimination prevailing in rural and urban region of Ethiopia.Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-3, issue-1: 68-77
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Santos-Ortiz, María del Carmen, Hernando Mattei, Kenja Correa-Nivar, and Elizabeth Pintado-Díaz. "HIV/AIDS Among Middle and Older Adults in Puerto Rico." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v2i3.878.
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Of all the AIDS cases reported through March 2004 in Puerto Rico, 34.8% were among the 40-59 age group, and 3.9% in persons 60 years and over. This represents 38.7% of all cases of AIDS in Puerto Rico. The percentage was higher among new AIDS cases diagnosed. Currently half of all new cases were 40 years and older. The most prevalent mode of exposure reported was related to sexual contact (heterosexual contact, male-male/bisexual sexual contact, male-male sexual contact and injection drug use). Injection drug use is identified as an important mode of exposure, particularly among males 40-59 years old. In the older generation, ignorance or the refusal to acknowledge their sexual interest and activity has resulted in a failure to adequately consider such health issues as sexually transmitted infections, including HIV in this population. Due to the increase of new AIDS cases and to the rapidly growing segment of the older adult population, middle and older adults are becoming an important group in need of HIV/AIDS prevention. With the intention of obtaining information on HIV risk factors among older adults a descriptive research was conducted. A non-probability sample of 157 men and 57 women 60 years and older from the San Juan Metropolitan Area was interviewed. The questionnaire included questions on HIV/AIDS knowledge, risk-perception, sexual practices, condom use and accessibility, HIV testing, alcohol and health and sociodemographic characteristics. The age range of the participants was 60-93 years old. The majority of respondents listed Social Security and food stamps as their primary source of income. Thirty-three percent of the male and 38.2% of the women perceived themselves as being at risk of HIV infection. Sexual relations during the last month were reported by 56.6% of the male and 13.2% of the women. They mention spouse, girl/boy friend as their usual partners; male also indicated casual partners and sex workers. The majority did not use condoms in their last sexual relation. Only 21% of males that reported sexual relations with sex worker always used condoms. Pharmacy was mentioned by the majority as the place where they obtain condoms. Forty five percent of female and 34% of the male had been tested for HIV. Gonorrhea was the most frequent sexually transmitted infection reported by males and trichomonas vaginalis by females. We are confronting a condition that affects the present population as well as future generations of older adults. Recommendations of health promotion and health education interventions that contribute to decrease the HIV/AIDS incidence and to eliminate stereotyping, discrimination and disparities in health care services for this population are identify.
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Glover, LáShauntá M., Crystal N. Cene, Samson Gebreab, David R. Williams, James G. Wilson, Alex Reiner, Kari E. North, and Mario Sims. "Abstract P246: Dimensions of and Coping Responses to Perceived Discrimination and Leukocyte Telomere Length Among African Americans in The Jackson Heart Study." Circulation 141, Suppl_1 (March 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.p246.
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Background: Leukocyte telomeres are biological markers of cellular aging. Shorter telomeres are associated with cardiovascular disease and reduced longevity. Psychosocial stress (e.g., perceived discrimination) is also associated with shorter telomeres, which contribute to aging-related illnesses. African Americans have a high burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which may be partially explained by experiences of discrimination and their resultant effects on leukocyte telomere length (LTL). Behavioral coping responses to discrimination may alter the effects of discrimination on LTL. Objective: To investigate the associations of multiple measures of and coping responses to perceived discrimination with LTL, and determine the extent to which sex, age, and educational attainment modify these associations. Hypotheses: We hypothesize that dimensions of discrimination will be inversely associated with LTL, while coping responses will be positively associated with LTL. Additionally, there will be effect modification by sex, age, and educational attainment. Methods: Jackson Heart Study participants (21-93 years) from visit 1 (2000-2004) with LTL data were utilized (n=2518). The dimensions of discrimination (everyday, lifetime, burden of lifetime, and stress from lifetime discrimination) were categorized as low (referent), moderate, and high and scored in standard deviation (SD) units. Coping responses to everyday and lifetime discrimination were categorized as emotion-focused (e.g., ignoring discrimination) and problem-focused coping (e.g., speaking out against discrimination). Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to estimate the mean difference (standard errors-SEs) in LTL by dimensions of discrimination and coping responses. Covariates were age, sex, education, smoking and cardiovascular disease status. Effect modification by sex, age, and educational attainment was performed. Results: Mean LTL was 7.18 (kilobase pairs) (SD: 0.69). There were no statistically significant associations between dimensions of discrimination nor coping responses and mean LTL in unadjusted and fully adjusted models. However, after full adjustment, high (vs. low) stress from lifetime discrimination was associated with lower mean LTL among those aged 35-44 (vs. <35) (b=-0.292, SE=0.09; p = 0.001). Moderate (vs. low) burden of lifetime discrimination was associated with higher mean LTL among women and participants age 35-44 (p=0.009). Additionally, moderate everyday and lifetime discrimination was associated with higher mean LTL among those with high school diplomas and college degrees (vs. <high school diploma) (b=0.104, SE=0.053; p = 0.048 and b=0.103, SE=0.053; p = 0.047 respectively). Conclusion: Experiences of discrimination may be a risk factor for shorter LTL, when considering differences in age, sex and educational attainment.
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Thomas, Marilyn D., Saba Sohail, Rebecca M. Mendez, Leticia Márquez-Magaña, and Amani M. Allen. "Racial Discrimination and Telomere Length in Midlife African American Women: Interactions of Educational Attainment and Employment Status." Annals of Behavioral Medicine, December 8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaaa104.
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Abstract Background Over the life course, African American (AA) women have faster telomere attrition, a biological indicator of accelerated aging, than White women. Race, sex, age, and composite socioeconomic status (SES) modify associations of institutional racial discrimination and telomere length. However, interactions with everyday racial discrimination have not been detected in AA women, nor have interactions with individual socioeconomic predictors. Purpose We estimated statistical interaction of institutional and everyday racial discrimination with age, education, employment, poverty, and composite SES on telomere length among midlife AA women. Methods Data are from a cross-section of 140 AA women aged 30–50 years residing in the San Francisco Bay Area. Participants completed questionnaires, computer-assisted self-interviews, physical examinations, and blood draws. Adjusted linear regression estimated bootstrapped racial discrimination–relative telomere length associations with interaction terms. Results Racial discrimination did not interact with age, poverty, or composite SES measures to modify associations with telomere length. Interactions between independent SES variables were nonsignificant for everyday discrimination whereas institutional discrimination interacted with educational attainment and employment status to modify telomere length. After adjusting for covariates, we found that higher institutional discrimination was associated with shorter telomeres among employed women with lower education (β = −0.020; 95% confidence interval = −0.036, −0.003). Among unemployed women with higher education, higher institutional discrimination was associated with longer telomeres (β = 0.017; 95% confidence interval = 0.003, 0.032). Factors related to having a post-high school education may be protective against the negative effects of institutional racism on cellular aging for AA women.
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Machado, Amanda Viana, Lidyane V. Camelo, Dora Chor, Rosane H. Griep, Joanna M. N. Guimarães, Luana Giatti, and Sandhi Maria Barreto. "Racial inequality, racial discrimination and obesity incidence in adults from the ELSA-Brasil cohort." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, January 8, 2021, jech—2020–214740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214740.
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BackgroundThis study investigated whether self-reported race/skin colour and perceived racial discrimination predict higher obesity incidence after approximately 4-year follow-up of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). We also investigated whether these associations are modified by educational level.MethodsFollowing exclusion of individuals defined as obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) at baseline, associations between race/skin colour and obesity incidence between the first (2008–2010) and second (2012–2014) visits were investigated in 10 130 participants. Next, associations between perceived racial discrimination and obesity incidence among black (n=1532) and brown (n=2958) individuals were investigated separately. Racial discrimination (yes/no) was assessed using the Lifetime Major Event Scale. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex and research site were used. All analyses were stratified for educational level.ResultsObesity risk was higher in Blacks with high education compared with white individuals to the same education level (OR: 2.22; 95% CI 1.62 to 3.04) following adjustments. After adjustments, obesity incidence was higher among black individuals reporting racial discrimination compared with peers who did not report this experience, but only among the low education group (OR: 1.64; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.51). No statistical association with perceived discrimination was observed among brown individuals.ConclusionResults are congruent with findings from other studies reporting associations between racial inequality and obesity incidence and also suggest racial discrimination may be one of the mechanisms leading to such inequalities. Also, it supports the paradox theory by which education modify the association in distinct directions.
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Forde, Allana T., Mario Sims, Paul Muntner, Tené Lewis, Amanda Onwuka, Kari Moore, and Ana V. Diez Roux. "Abstract P488: Discrimination and Hypertension Risk Among African Americans in The Jackson Heart Study." Circulation 141, Suppl_1 (March 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.p488.
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Background: African Americans have a higher risk for hypertension compared to other racial or ethnic groups in the United States. One possible explanation for this health disparity is perceived discrimination. Few studies have prospectively examined the association between discrimination and the incidence of hypertension. Methods: We examined the associations of everyday, lifetime, and stress from lifetime discrimination with incident hypertension and whether these associations differed by sex, discrimination attribution (i.e. the main reason for the discrimination event), and coping responses to discrimination among African Americans enrolled in the Jackson Heart Study. Discrimination was self-reported by 1845 African Americans aged 21 to 85 years without hypertension at baseline (2000-2004). Participants completed two follow-up study visits from 2005-2008 and 2009-2013. We used interval-censored Cox regression to estimate associations of discrimination with incident hypertension (antihypertensive medication use; and/or systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg at follow-up visits 2 or 3) after adjustment for confounding variables. Results: Overall, 52% (954 of 1845) of participants developed hypertension over the follow-up period. After adjustment for age, sex, education and hypertension risk factors (body mass index, alcohol use, smoking, diet and physical activity), medium versus low levels of lifetime discrimination (hazard ratio-HR: 1.45, 95% confidence interval-CI: 1.15-1.82) and high versus low levels of lifetime discrimination (HR: 1.35, CI: 1.08-1.68) were associated with a higher incidence of hypertension. High versus low stress from lifetime discrimination was associated with hypertension risk after adjustment for demographics (HR: 1.20, CI: 1.02-1.41), but the association was attenuated after adjustment for hypertension risk factors (HR: 1.14, CI: 0.97-1.35). Lifetime discrimination and stress from discrimination were associated with an increased hypertension risk among females, but not males. No interactions with age, attribution or coping were present for any type of discrimination. Conclusions: Findings from this study support an association between lifetime discrimination and incident hypertension in African Americans.
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Lopez, Lenny, Bianca Porneala, James A. deLemos, Colby R. Ayers, and Michelle A. Albert. "Abstract P237: Perceived Discrimination and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Dallas Heart Study." Circulation 127, suppl_12 (March 26, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.ap237.
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Background: Discrimination is a form of chronic psychological stress that might have negative cardiovascular disease (CVD) effects. Specifically, data about discrimination and subclinical atherosclerosis remain sparse and limited by imaging modality. Methods: Using data from the Dallas Heart Study, we assessed the association between perceived discrimination (discrimination) and traditional CVD risk factors, coronary calcium (CAC) score, aortic plaque area (APA) and aortic wall thickness (AWT) among 3,261 participants (1066 whites, 1645 blacks, 467 Hispanics) who responded to a previously validated discrimination questionnaire. Participants were asked about ever experiencing perceived discrimination in three domains: religion, race/ethnicity (R/E) and social class or income. If a participant checked yes for any of these domains, they were determined to have perceived discrimination. Responses were dichotomized (no vs. yes). Questions were analyzed individually and together as a composite score. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between discrimination and prevalent CAC, APA and AWT above the sex and age specific 75h percentile and 90th percentile cutpoints adjusting for traditional CVD risk factors, medication use, smoking status and level of physical activity. Subgroup analyses were also performed by race/ethnicity, gender, smoking status, presence of diabetes and/or hypertension. Results: Overall, 37% participants reported discrimination (23% white, 47% black, 31% Hispanic). Blacks who reported R/E discrimination were more likely to be men, have a higher LDL, and a higher education level. Hispanics who reported R/E discrimination were more likely to be women, have higher rates of smoking and a higher education level. No association was observed between perceived discrimination and CAC in either univariable or multivariable analyses. Similar findings were observed for APA and AWT. Findings were similar when discrimination according to race/ethnicity, religion, and social/class income were evaluated individually. Conclusions: In this analysis which utilized multiple sophisticated imaging modalities to assess subclinical atherosclerosis, perceived discrimination was not associated with the coronary calcium score in fully adjusted multivariable models. Although perceived r/e discrimination is associated with certain health characteristics that may result in negative health outcomes, our findings suggest that previously reported associations of perceived discrimination with adverse CVD outcomes are not mediated through accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Key, Kaitlin V., Steven Estus, Terry A. Lennie, Ana Maria Linares, and Gia Mudd-martin. "Abstract 13770: Experiences of Ethnic Discrimination and COMT Val158Met Polymorphism Are Associated With Depressive Symptoms in Hispanic Adults at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease." Circulation 142, Suppl_3 (November 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.142.suppl_3.13770.
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Introduction: There is emerging evidence that ethnic discrimination, commonly experienced among U.S. Hispanics, is associated with depressive symptoms, increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Genetic variants in dopaminergic pathways may moderate this association. The catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism is a potential candidate because the Met allele is associated with increased risk for depressive symptoms. The purposes of this study were to examine associations among ethnic discrimination, Val158Met polymorphism, and depressive symptoms, and to explore if Val158Met moderates the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms in Hispanic adults. Methods: Participants were 124 Hispanic adults with 2+ CVD risk factors. Ethnic discrimination was measured with the Experiences of Discrimination instrument, which measures discrimination experiences across 9 settings (e.g. at work). Scores range from 0 to 45; higher scores indicate more experiences of discrimination. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-8. Scores range from 0 to 21; higher scores indicate more depressive symptoms. DNA was isolated from saliva and analyzed for Val158Met genotype. A hierarchical linear regression was conducted adjusting for sex, age, income, education, acculturation, and years in the U.S. Discrimination was entered in Step 1 and Val158Met in Step 2 to examine the association with depressive symptoms. To assess moderation, a discrimination*Val158Met interaction term was entered in Step 3. Results: Participants were aged 40.2 ± 9.3 years and mostly female (74.2%). Discrimination was positively associated with depressive symptoms (p = 0.041). Participants with at least one Met allele at the Val158Met polymorphism had more depressive symptoms than those with a Val-Val genotype (p = 0.049). No moderation effect was found. Conclusion: Findings suggest that discrimination and Val158Met genotype independently influence depression in Hispanic adults, which may increase risk for depression and CVD in certain individuals. This highlights the need to explore mechanisms underpinning these associations, and to address the impact of discrimination on depression and CVD disparities.
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DeLuca, Jaime R., Michael Mudrick, Molly Hayes Sauder, and Elizabeth A. Taylor. "Understanding Student Perceptions of Diversity and Inclusion." Sport Management Education Journal, 2021, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/smej.2020-0023.
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Colleges and universities should serve as inclusive environments positioned to provide a strong education to all students. However, bias and discrimination mar the college atmosphere for many. Simultaneously, there is a paucity of research that examines student views of diversity and inclusion in both higher education and sport management. Employing mixed methods, this research examined the perceptions of diversity and inclusion among undergraduate students in sport management programs. Data demonstrate that student perceptions differ across measures of sex, race/ethnicity, upbringing, internship experiences, and transfer status. Findings suggest implications for embedding diversity and inclusion topics within sport management curricula to develop competencies crucial to students’ educational success and future in the sport industry.
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Hussain, Maryam. "Abstract P240: Discrimination Mediates the Adverse Effect of Neighborhood Problems on Cardiometabolic Risk Among Latino/a Adults." Circulation 141, Suppl_1 (March 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.p240.
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Introduction: Latino/as in the US on average present with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and high body-mass index (BMI), putting them at higher risk for future cardiometabolic disease. Neighborhoods have been implicated, directly and indirectly, in poorer cardiometabolic health among ethnic minorities. US Latino/as often live in neighborhoods where they may not have access to engage in positive health behaviors, such as proper diet and physical activity. However, the mediating role of discrimination experienced in these neighborhoods has hardly been examined within the context of Latino/a cardiometabolic health. Methods: We analyzed data from the Texas City Stress and Health Study. Participants were self-identified Latino/a/Hispanic ( N = 500, 61.8% female, M age = 49.08, SD age = 15.80) who reported on their perceived experience of discrimination (higher scores reflecting more discrimination) and their perception of their neighborhood (higher scores reflecting more positive environment) validated survey measures. A trained phlebotomist drew blood in a clinic or in the participant’s home between 8 and 11 AM after fasting for HDL (mg/dL). Blood samples were centrifuged to obtain plasma, which was stored at –70°C until testing. All specimen were batch analyzed and read blind-coded. Additionally, they took clinical measures of participant’s height and weight, to calculate BMI (adjusted for sex). To estimate the mediating effect of discrimination through perception of neighborhood on cardiometabolic risk, path analysis with bootstrapped linear regression models were conducted. We conducted analyses unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, education, and nativity. All analyses were conducted in the PROCESS macro in SPSS. Results: Participants on average had high HDL levels ( M mg/dL = 51.00, SD = 15.59). Males on average were overweight ( M BMI = 29.78, SD = 5.49) and females ( M BMI = 31.42, SD = 7.27) on average were obese. Bootstrapped estimates showed that perception of neighborhood fully mediated the effect of discrimination on HDL (b = -.43, SE = .18 p = .015) and BMI (b = .02, SE = .01, p = .023), unadjusted for covariates. Although the fully mediated model for BMI withstood adjustment for covariates, the model for HDL did not withstand adjustment. Conclusion: Discrimination accounts for the negative impact that neighborhood problems have on poor cardiometabolic health among adult Latino/as. Future research should examine how positive neighborhood interactions (e.g., walking clubs or playgroups) can mitigate the adverse effects on cardiometabolic health among this at-risk population.
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Johnson, Dayna A., Tené T. Lewis, Na Guo, Chandra L. Jackson, Mario Sims, James G. Wilson, Ana V. Diez Roux, David R. Williams, and Susan Redline. "Associations between everyday discrimination and sleep quality and duration among African-Americans over time in the Jackson Heart Study." Sleep, July 1, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab162.
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Abstract Study Objectives African-Americans have a high burden of poor sleep, yet, psychosocial determinants (e.g. discrimination) are understudied. We investigated longitudinal associations between everyday discrimination and sleep quality and duration among African-Americans (N = 3404) in the Jackson Heart Study. Methods At Exam 1 (2000–2004) and Exam 3 (2008–2013), participants completed the Everyday Discrimination Scale, rated their sleep quality (1 = poor to 5 = excellent), and self-reported hours of sleep. A subset of participants (N = 762) underwent 7-day actigraphy to objectively measure sleep duration and sleep quality (Sleep Exam 2012–2016). Changes in discrimination were defined as low stable (reference), increasing, decreasing, and high stable. Within-person changes in sleep from Exam 1 to Exam 3 were regressed on change in discrimination from Exam 1 to Exam 3 while adjusting for age, sex, education, income, employment, physical activity, smoking, body mass index, social support, and stress. Results At Exam 1, the mean age was 54.1 (12.0) years; 64% were female, mean sleep quality was 3.0 (1.1) and 54% were short sleepers. The distribution of the discrimination change trajectories were 54.1% low stable, 13.5% increasing, 14.6% decreasing, and 17.7% were high stable. Participants who were in the increasing (vs. low stable) discrimination group had greater decrease in sleep quality. There was no association between change in discrimination and change in sleep duration. Among Sleep Exam participants, higher discrimination was cross-sectionally associated with shorter self-reported sleep duration, independent of stress. Conclusion Discrimination is a unique stressor for African-Americans; thus, future research should identify interventions to reduce the burden of discrimination on sleep quality.
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Brito, Ana Maria de, Célia Landmann Szwarcwald, Giseli Nogueira Damacena, and Inês Costa Dourado. "HIV testing coverage among female sex workers, Brazil, 2016." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 22, suppl 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720190006.supl.1.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Knowing the factors associated with periodic HIV testing among female sex workers (FSW) is essential to expand testing coverage and to broaden programs of treatment as prevention. Methods: We used data from 4,328 FSWs recruited by the respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method in 12 Brazilian cities in 2016. Data analysis considered the complex sampling design. The prevalence of HIV testing in the last year and periodic HIV test were estimated. Factors associated with regular HIV testing were identified through logistic regression models. Results: The testing coverage in the last year was 39.3%. Only 13.5% of FSW reported having performed a periodic HIV test in the last year. Among the factors associated with the higher probability of HIV testing in the last year were a better level of education, living with a partner, working indoors, consistent use of condoms, and regular use of public and private health services stood out. Discussion: Periodic HIV testing allows early diagnosis and immediate treatment of cases, reducing the chances of spreading the infection to the population. However, factors such as stigma and discrimination hinder the use of regular health services. Conclusion: It is necessary to expand awareness campaigns, especially among FSWs with low educational level and greater vulnerability, in order to broaden the perception of risk and the importance of periodic testing, in addition to encouraging regular health care.
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Magno, Laio, Andrea Fachel Leal, Daniela Knauth, Inês Dourado, Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães, Elis Passos Santana, Tiago Jordão, et al. "Acceptability of HIV self-testing is low among men who have sex with men who have not tested for HIV: a study with respondent-driven sampling in Brazil." BMC Infectious Diseases 20, no. 1 (November 19, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05589-0.
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Abstract Background Brazil has many people living with HIV (PLWH) who are unaware of their serostatus. The public health system has recently added HIV self-testing (HIVST) for key populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM). This study estimates HIVST acceptability among Brazilian MSM and explores factors associated with acceptability among MSM who have never tested for HIV or who had a previous negative result. Methods Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used to recruit 4176 MSM in 12 Brazilian cities in 2016 to this biological and behavioral surveillance study. We excluded from this analysis all MSM who were aware of their positive HIV serostatus. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Overall proportions were weighted with Gile’s estimator in RDS Analyst software and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The analyses of HIVST acceptability were stratified by prior HIV testing (never or one or more times). Results For this analysis, 3605 MSM were included. The acceptability of HIVST was 49.1%, lower among those who had never tested for HIV (42.7%) compared to those who had a previous HIV negative test (50.1%). In the subgroup of MSM who had never tested for HIV, those who reported discrimination or who had a medical appointment in the last 12 months reported higher HIVST acceptability. Among MSM who had a previous negative HIV test, only those reporting condomless receptive anal sex reported higher HIVST acceptability. In addition, we observed that high levels of knowledge of HIV/AIDS, taking part in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender nongovernmental organizations (LGBT-NGO), or complete secondary or incomplete higher undergraduate education reported higher acceptability. Conclusions The acceptability of HIVST was low among MSM, especially among those who never tested for HIV. Given access to HIVST in Brazil, we point to the need for programs that enhance promotion of testing addressed to MSM.
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Richards, Tara N., and Alyssa Nystrom. "Examining Faculty-to-Student Consensual Sexual Relationship Policies on Campus: Have There Been Changes in the Era of #MeToo." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, June 19, 2020, 088626052092631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260520926319.
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Although Title IX prohibits sex-based discrimination, including sexual harassment in institutions of higher education (IHEs), in the era of #MeToo, consensual faculty–student relationships have elicited significant attention. While some IHEs have developed consensual sexual relationship policies (CSRPs), little research to date has examined the content of such policies or whether IHEs have changed their policies as societal awareness regarding sexual harassment has increased. This study examined a stratified sample of IHEs, including state flagship, regional, and Ivy League schools ( n = 56), to compare the type of CSRPs in 2011 and 2018 as well as changes in the content of such policies over the 7-year study period. Findings suggested that IHEs are becoming more restrictive in their CSRPs with movement toward limited bans and prohibitions; most policies discuss power differentials, include reporting requirements, and identify the use of sanctions for policy violations. Innovations in CSRPs include nuanced discussions of consent, placing the burden of proof on faculty to prove consent in allegations of sexual harassment, and including graduate students in CSRPs. Implications inform the debate regarding policies and procedures on campus sexual misconduct and advance the literature on evolving responses.
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Shen, Yi, Shuanghua Xie, Lei Zhao, Guohui Song, Yi Shao, Changqing Hao, Chen Niu, et al. "Estimating Individualized Absolute Risk for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Population-Based Study in High-Risk Areas of China." Frontiers in Oncology 10 (January 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.598603.
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BackgroundEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has a high incidence rate and poor prognosis. In this study, we aimed to develop a predictive model to estimate the individualized 5-year absolute risk for ESCC in Chinese populations living in the high-risk areas of China.MethodsWe developed a risk-predicting model based on the epidemiologic data from a population-based case-control study including 244 newly diagnosed ESCC patients and 1,220 healthy controls. Initially, we included easy-to-obtain risk factors to construct the model using the multivariable logistic regression analysis. The area under the ROC curves (AUC) with cross-validation methods was used to evaluate the performance of the model. Combined with local age- and sex-specific ESCC incidence and mortality rates, the model was then used to estimate the absolute risk of developing ESCC within 5 years.ResultsA relative risk model was established that included eight factors: age, sex, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, education, and dietary habits (intake of hot food, intake of pickled/salted food, and intake of fresh fruit). The relative risk model had good discrimination [AUC, 0.785; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.749–0.821]. The estimated 5-year absolute risk of ESCC for individuals varied widely, from 0.0003% to 19.72% in the studied population, depending on the exposure to risk factors.ConclusionsOur model based on readily identifiable risk factors showed good discriminative accuracy and strong robustness. And it could be applied to identify individuals with a higher risk of developing ESCC in the Chinese population, who might benefit from further targeted screening to prevent esophageal cancer.
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Shen, Yi, Shuanghua Xie, Lei Zhao, Guohui Song, Yi Shao, Changqing Hao, Chen Niu, et al. "Estimating Individualized Absolute Risk for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Population-Based Study in High-Risk Areas of China." Frontiers in Oncology 10 (January 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.598603.
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BackgroundEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has a high incidence rate and poor prognosis. In this study, we aimed to develop a predictive model to estimate the individualized 5-year absolute risk for ESCC in Chinese populations living in the high-risk areas of China.MethodsWe developed a risk-predicting model based on the epidemiologic data from a population-based case-control study including 244 newly diagnosed ESCC patients and 1,220 healthy controls. Initially, we included easy-to-obtain risk factors to construct the model using the multivariable logistic regression analysis. The area under the ROC curves (AUC) with cross-validation methods was used to evaluate the performance of the model. Combined with local age- and sex-specific ESCC incidence and mortality rates, the model was then used to estimate the absolute risk of developing ESCC within 5 years.ResultsA relative risk model was established that included eight factors: age, sex, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, education, and dietary habits (intake of hot food, intake of pickled/salted food, and intake of fresh fruit). The relative risk model had good discrimination [AUC, 0.785; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.749–0.821]. The estimated 5-year absolute risk of ESCC for individuals varied widely, from 0.0003% to 19.72% in the studied population, depending on the exposure to risk factors.ConclusionsOur model based on readily identifiable risk factors showed good discriminative accuracy and strong robustness. And it could be applied to identify individuals with a higher risk of developing ESCC in the Chinese population, who might benefit from further targeted screening to prevent esophageal cancer.
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Aiello, Edoardo Nicolò, Chiara Gramegna, Antonella Esposito, Valentina Gazzaniga, Stefano Zago, Teresa Difonzo, Ottavia Maddaluno, Ildebrando Appollonio, and Nadia Bolognini. "The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): updated norms and psychometric insights into adaptive testing from healthy individuals in Northern Italy." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, July 27, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01943-7.
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Abstract Background The availability of fine-grained, culture-specific psychometric outcomes can favor the interpretation of scores of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the most frequently used instrument to screen for mild cognitive dysfunctions in both instrumental and non-instrumental domains. This study thus aimed at providing: (i) updated, region-specific norms for the Italian MoCA, by also (ii) comparing them to pre-existing ones with higher geographical coverage; (iii) information on sensitivity and discriminative capability at the item level. Methods Five hundred and seventy nine healthy individuals from Northern Italy (208 males, 371 females; age: 63.4 ± 15, 21–96; education: 11.3 ± 4.6, 1–25) were administered the MoCA. Item Response Theory (IRT) was adopted to assess item difficulty and discrimination. Normative values were derived by means of the Equivalent Scores (ESs) method, applied to the MoCA and its sub-scales. Average ESs were also computed. Agreement with previous ESs classification was assessed via Cohen’s k. Results Age and education significantly predicted all MoCA measures except for Orientation, which was related to age only. No sex differences were detected when tested along with age and education. Substantial disagreements with previous ESs classifications were detected. Several items proved to be scarcely sensitive, especially the place item from Orientation and the letter detection task. Memory items showed high discriminative capability, along with certain items assessing executive functions and orientation. Discussion Item-level information herewith provided for the Italian MoCA can help interpret its scores by Italian practitioners. Italian practitioners should consider an adaptive use of region-specific norms for the MoCA.