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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex estimation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Toneva, Diana H., Silviya Y. Nikolova, Dora K. Zlatareva, Vassil G. Hadjidekov, and Nikolai E. Lazarov. "Sex estimation by Mastoid Triangle using 3D models." HOMO 70, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/homo/2019/1010.

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2

Robling, Alexander G., and Douglas H. Ubelaker. "Sex Estimation from the Metatarsals." Journal of Forensic Sciences 42, no. 6 (November 1, 1997): 14261J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs14261j.

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3

Shim, Yun Taek, Ye Hwon Jeong, Yi-Suk Kim, Nahyun Aum, Seung Gyu Choi, Se-Min Oh, Ji Hwan Park, Dong Yeong Kim, and Hyung Nam Koo. "Estimation of Forensic Sex Based on Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Skull in Korean: Non-metric Study." Korean Journal of Legal Medicine 45, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7580/kjlm.2021.45.3.79.

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This study performed the forensic anthropological sex estimation of Koreans in a non-metric way by reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images of skulls. The skull CT images used in this study were 100 (51 males, 49 females), and all CT images were taken with a slice thickness of 0.75 mm and then reconstructed into 3D images using the MIMICS 23.0 program. Using the reconstructed 3D image, measurements were repeated twice. The sex determination was male if the 4 point to 5 point was relatively more in five landmarks, and female if the points of 1 to 2 were relatively more. Results of the study show that, 88 of the 100 cases matched the actual sex. Among the 12 discrepant cases, ten cases were mismatched with the actual sex even though the estimation and repeated estimation readout of sexestimating were the same. Two cases, were “unknown,” showing different sexes in the first and repeated estimations. In conclusion, this study indicated that a forensic anthropological analysis from 3D images provided accurate point information on the landmarks of skulls, showing as high an accuracy as the sex estimation method using real bones. The ten cases of sex mismatch, except the two “Unknown” cases, are considered to be errors that did not consider differences in population groups. In further studies, further establishing a nonmetric, specifically Korean methods to increase the accuracy and reliability of sex estimation is need.

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Mulyasari, Indri, and Purbowati Purbowati. "Lingkar lengan atas dan panjang ulna sebagai parameter antropometri untuk memperkirakan berat badan dan tinggi badan orang dewasa." Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition) 7, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jgi.7.1.30-36.

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Background: Weight (Wt) and height (Ht) can be estimated by using mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and ulna length (UL). The formula for estimating Wt and Ht that has been formulated is mostly using subjects not Asian especially Indonesian.Objectives : derived linear regression equations to estimate Wt and Ht from MUAC and UL for Indonesian adultsMethods : The study design was cross sectional study. Population of this study was student of Health Science and Nursing Faculty Ngudi Waluyo University. The sample consisted of 303 students 19-29 years old. Research instruments were digital weight scale, microtoise, and metline. Correlation was tested using Pearson analysis. Linear regression equations was derived from linear regression analysis.Results: Wt estimation was significantly correlated with Wt (r=0.917, p<0.0001). Ht estimation was significantly correlated with Ht (r= 0.812, p<0.0001). Estimation Wt = 2.863 MUAC (cm) – 4.019 sex -14.533 (R2=0.84, SEE=4.90). Estimation Ht = 2.525 UL (cm) – 5.828 sex + 99.384 (R2=0.66, SEE=3.92). Male=0, female = 1.Conclusion: The regression equations can be used as alternative to estimate Wt and Ht from MUAC and UL for Indonesian adults.

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5

Atamturk, Derya. "Estimation of Sex from the Dimensions of Foot, Footprints, and Shoe." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 68, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2010/0026.

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6

Viciano, Joan, and Anabel Amores-Ampuero. "Sex estimation in a contemporary Spanish population: cranial and dental anthropometry." HOMO 71, no. 3 (August 12, 2020): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/homo/2020/1200.

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7

Pradel, Roger, Lory Maurin-Bernier, Olivier Gimenez, Meritxell Genovart, Rémi Choquet, and Daniel Oro. "Estimation of sex-specific survival with uncertainty in sex assessment." Canadian Journal of Statistics 36, no. 1 (March 2008): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjs.5550360105.

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8

Koczkodaj, W. W. "No Sex Difference in Area Estimation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 109, no. 1 (August 2009): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.109.1.168-168.

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This paper is a follow-up to Adamic, et al., in which male and female participants estimated the areas of five randomly generated shapes of equal area. There was no significant sex difference in area estimation ability.

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9

Stull, Kyra E., Ericka N. L'Abbé, and Stephen D. Ousley. "Subadult sex estimation from diaphyseal dimensions." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 163, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23185.

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10

Singh, Bahadur, Kewal Krishan, Kawaljit Kaur, and Tanuj Kanchan. "Different predictive and accuracy models for sex and stature estimation from second- and fourth-digit lengths in the Kinnaur population of Himachal Pradesh, North India: Medico-legal and forensic implications." Medicine, Science and the Law 59, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802419847580.

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Forensic anthropologists are not only active in courtroom testimonies but also contribute to disaster victim identification. The timely recovery and identification of victims in any disaster is crucial, and anthropologists play a vital role in this process. In mass disasters such as airplane crashes, tsunamis, earthquakes or terrorist attacks, fragments of dead bodies are usually brought for identification. Each fragment demands special tactics to fulfil any of the basic attributes of forensic identification such as age, sex, stature or ancestry. If sex and stature can be estimated from a single fragment, then it can potentially reduce the identification time and possible victim matches. In this study, an attempt has been made to estimate sex and stature from the second- and fourth-digit lengths. Different predictive and accuracy models have been devised using statistical techniques. No bilateral difference was observed in the digit lengths in either sex. Consequently, an average of the digit lengths was employed for model approximations. The fourth-digit length provided the best sex estimates (M=82.1%, F=79.2%) when binary logistic regression (BLR) statistics were applied. It was also observed that overall sex estimations improved from 78.8% (from BLR) to 79.8% when discriminant function analysis was used for sex estimation. Second- and fourth-digit lengths were used independently and together for stature estimation models for males and females individually and for the pooled sample. In stature estimation models, three major interpretations were perceived: (1) the second-digit length provided the best stature estimates; (2) the estimation models compute better stature estimates for females than their counterparts, that is, standard errors are less in females than males; and (3) second and fourth digits predict more reliable stature estimation when the sex of the digits is known than that of the pooled sample.

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11

Montare, Alberto. "Further Learning Effects of Knowledge of Results upon Time Estimation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 66, no. 2 (April 1988): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.579.

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College students of both sexes served as their own controls to test four hypotheses in each of three experiments designed to assess effects of knowledge of results (KR) as verbal information correct to the nearest .01 sec. on time estimations. Analysis indicated that (1) KR significantly increased the mean accuracy of time estimations obtained by the methods of production and estimation but not by the method of reproduction, (2) that KR significantly decreased the variance of the time estimations in all three experiments, (3) that in all three experiments after KR underestimators significantly increased their mean time estimates whereas overestimators significantly decreased their mean time estimations, and (4) that no significant sex differences were present. Notions of excitation and inhibition as intervening variables and of the Pavlovian first- and second-signalling systems were employed in tentative explanations.

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12

Greene, Margaret E. "Intercensal Change and the Indirect Estimation of Mortality: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 569–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i4pp.569-585.

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In a country such as Pakistan, where there is no vital registration system, estimating mortality levels and trends can be difficult. One way we can learn about mortality is to use indirect estimation techniques on census age distributions. This paper applies some of these techniques and evaluates the quality of the census data in the process. Various researchers have found evidence of a mortality pattern unique to South Asian populations, (Heligman 1985). They find that the expectation of life for females is less than that for males where values of e(O) range between 40 and 50 years, but that the opposite is true where e(O) is between 60 and 70 years. This suggests that as South Asian mortality declines, the sex differential disappears, and the pattern is more like that found in the rest of the world. Consistently high sex ratios above age 10 are characteristic of Pakistan (see Table 1); the sex ratio at birth varies but tends to stay above 105, the expected value for most .populations (Visaria 1971). The underenumeration of females at marriageable ages is the explanation given by Krotki (1985) for the high sex ratios at ages 10-14 and 15-19. The age distribution implies greater survival to those ages than one would expect in a high fertility, high mortality population (see Table 2).

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13

Reinert, Regina M., Stefan Huber, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, and Korbinian Moeller. "Sex differences in number line estimation: The role of numerical estimation." British Journal of Psychology 108, no. 2 (June 22, 2016): 334–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12203.

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14

Kelley, Samantha R., and Sean D. Tallman. "Population-Inclusive Assigned-Sex-at-Birth Estimation from Skull Computed Tomography Scans." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 2 (March 26, 2022): 321–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2020024.

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Methods for estimating assigned, binary sex at birth from skeletonized remains have primarily been developed for specific population groups in the U.S. (e.g., African American, European American, Hispanic) and, thus, inherently rely on ancestry estimation as a foundational component for constructing the biological profile. However, ongoing discussions in forensic anthropology highlight pressing issues with ancestry estimation practices. Therefore, this research provides population-inclusive assigned-sex estimation models for cases where ancestry is not estimated or is truly unknown. The study sample (n = 431) includes 3D volume-rendered skull computed tomography scans from the novel New Mexico Decedent Image Database of African, Asian, European, Latin, and Native Americans. Five standard nonmetric traits were scored, and eighteen standard measurements were obtained. Binary logistic regressions and discriminant function analyses were employed to produce models and classification accuracies, and intraobserver reliability was assessed. The population-inclusive nonmetric and metric models produced cross-validated classification accuracies of 81.0–87.0% and 86.7–87.0%, respectively, which did not differ significantly from the accuracy of most population-specific models. Moreover, combined nonmetric and metric models increased accuracy to 88.8–91.6%. This study indicates that population-inclusive assigned-sex estimation models can be used instead of population-specific models in cases where ancestry is intentionally not estimated, given current concerns with ancestry estimation.

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15

Tise, Meredith L., M. Katherine Spradley, and Bruce E. Anderson. "Postcranial Sex Estimation of Individuals Considered Hispanic." Journal of Forensic Sciences 58 (November 5, 2012): S9—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12006.

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Spradley, M. Katherine, Bruce E. Anderson, and Meredith L. Tise. "Postcranial Sex Estimation Criteria for Mexican Hispanics." Journal of Forensic Sciences 60 (November 24, 2014): S27—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12624.

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17

Hora, Martin, and Vladimír Sládek. "Population specificity of sex estimation from vertebrae." Forensic Science International 291 (October 2018): 279.e1–279.e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.015.

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18

Dayan, Natalie, and Jacob A. Udell. "Moving Toward Sex-Specific Cardiovascular Risk Estimation." Canadian Journal of Cardiology 36, no. 1 (January 2020): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2019.08.029.

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19

Marino, Eugene A. "Sex estimation using the first cervical vertebra." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 97, no. 2 (June 1995): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330970205.

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20

Sawyer, Cheryl Chriss. "Child Mortality Estimation: Estimating Sex Differences in Childhood Mortality since the 1970s." PLoS Medicine 9, no. 8 (August 28, 2012): e1001287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001287.

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21

Andrade, Vanessa M., Rocharles C. Fontenele, Andreia CB de Souza, Casimiro AP de Almeida, Andrea CD Vieira, Francisco C. Groppo, Deborah Q. Freitas, and Eduardo D. Junior. "Age and sex estimation based on pulp cavity volume using cone beam computed tomography: development and validation of formulas in a Brazilian sample." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 48, no. 7 (October 2019): 20190053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20190053.

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Objectives: To develop and validate formulas for age and sex estimation based on the pulp cavity volume of teeth using cone beam CT. Methods: The sample was composed of 116 cone beam CT scans from Brazilian individuals of both sexes, ranging in age from 13 to 70 years. A total of 232 teeth (upper central incisors and canines) were evaluated. Two calibrated examiners determined pulp cavity volumes using the ITK-SNAP software. Pearson’s correlation test was used to assess the correlation between chronological age and pulp volume. Linear and logistic regression models were developed for age and sex estimation, respectively, and were validated in another sample of 72 teeth. Results: Pearson’s correlation coefficients between age and pulp volume were negative and significant (p < 0.0001) for both teeth (r = −0.8782 for central incisors and r = −0.8738 for canines). The age estimation formulas showed good determination coefficients (adjusted R² = 0.7614 to 0.8367). For sex estimation, when the age was known, the coefficients were also good (adjusted R² = 0.649 to 0.812). However, when the age was unknown, the coefficients of the sex estimation formulas were low (adjusted R² = 0.047 to 0.393). Validation showed high accuracy of age estimation in individuals older than 35 years, as well as high accuracy of sex estimation when the age was known. Conclusions: Our formulas provided excellent results and can be applied to the Brazilian population. The best results were observed for age estimation in females and for sex estimation when the age was known.

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de Mendonça, Diego Santiago, Lúcio Mitsuo Kurita, Francisco Samuel Rodrigues Carvalho, Fabrício Mesquita Tuji, Paulo Goberlânio de Barros Silva, Tácio Pinheiro Bezerra, Andréa Silvia Walter de Aguiar, and Fábio Wildson Gurgel Costa. "Development and validation of a new formula for sex estimation based on multislice computed tomographic measurements of maxillary and frontal sinuses among Brazilian adults." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 50, no. 6 (September 1, 2021): 20200490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20200490.

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Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of the measurements of the maxillary sinus (MS) and frontal sinus (FS) in sex estimation among Brazilian adults using multislice computed tomography (MCT) and to develop and cross-validate a new formula for sex estimation. Methods: The present cross-sectional research was conducted in two phases: (1) development of a formula on the basis of the measurements of both the sinuses (50 males and 50 females); and (2) validation study (20 males and 20 females). The linear measurements (height, width and diameter) were assessed using the RadiAnt DICOM software. A new formula for sex estimation was developed (multivariate statistical approach) and validated. Receiver operating characteristic curves, area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy and likelihood ratio were estimated. Results: Males displayed higher mean values (width, height and diameter) of the FS and MS (p < 0.05). The MS was a better predictor in sex estimation (males vs females), compared to the FS (accuracy between 61–74% and 58–69%, respectively). The distance between the right and left MS displayed the highest accuracy (74%). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the new formula were 80%, 95.5% and 87.5%, respectively. 63.1% reduction was observed in the number of predictive values for sex estimation (individuals older than 30 years). Conclusions: The present MCT measurements showed a higher accuracy in the estimation of sex in males. The highest accuracy was associated with the distance between the right and left MS. The new formula displayed high precision for sex estimation.

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23

Curate, Francisco. "The Estimation of Sex of Human Skeletal Remains in the Portuguese Identified Collections: History and Prospects." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 272–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2010021.

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The estimation of biological sex is of paramount significance for the identification of anonymous skeletal remains in contemporary medico-legal contexts or bioarcheological studies of past societies. Sex estimation techniques are usually affected by population-specific sexual dimorphism. As such, the need for distinctive standards for each population has long been acknowledged. This paper aims to document and critically address sex estimation methods that have been created, or tested, in Portuguese identified skeletal collections in a historically situated dimension. Moreover, the ever-changing landscape of forensic anthropology calls for a deep reflection about a plethora of issues regarding sex estimation in human remains, including the usage of medical imaging methods and innovative statistical approaches, the biological and social resignification of sex and gender, the problems arising from secular change, and the ethics involving the use of human skeletal collections within the discipline.

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Bašić, Željana, Ivana Kružić, Ivan Jerković, Deny Anđelinović, and Šimun Anđelinović. "Sex estimation standards for medieval and contemporary Croats." Croatian Medical Journal 58, no. 3 (June 2017): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2017.58.222.

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Azevedo, Álvaro, Maria Lurdes Pereira, Sónia Gouveia, João Nuno Tavares, and Inês Morais Caldas. "Sex estimation using the mandibular canine index components." Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 15, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-018-0051-2.

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Tunis, Tanya Sella, Rachel Sarig, Haim Cohen, Bahaa Medlej, Nathan Peled, and Hila May. "Sex estimation using computed tomography of the mandible." International Journal of Legal Medicine 131, no. 6 (February 20, 2017): 1691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1554-1.

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27

Qaq, Rawad, Scheila Mânica, and Gavin Revie. "Sex estimation using lateral cephalograms: A statistical analysis." Forensic Science International: Reports 1 (November 2019): 100034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2019.100034.

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28

Monum, Tawachai, Wiraporn Jongmuenwai, Siriwat Thunyacharoen, Apichat Sinthubua, Sukon Prasitwattanaseree, and Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh. "Sex Estimation Using Ulna in a Thai Population." International Journal of Morphology 39, no. 6 (December 2021): 1535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022021000601535.

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29

Ancona, Sergio, Francisco V. Dénes, Oliver Krüger, Tamás Székely, and Steven R. Beissinger. "Estimating adult sex ratios in nature." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1729 (July 31, 2017): 20160313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0313.

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Adult sex ratio (ASR, the proportion of males in the adult population) is a central concept in population and evolutionary biology, and is also emerging as a major factor influencing mate choice, pair bonding and parental cooperation in both human and non-human societies. However, estimating ASR is fraught with difficulties stemming from the effects of spatial and temporal variation in the numbers of males and females, and detection/capture probabilities that differ between the sexes. Here, we critically evaluate methods for estimating ASR in wild animal populations, reviewing how recent statistical advances can be applied to handle some of these challenges. We review methods that directly account for detection differences between the sexes using counts of unmarked individuals (observed, trapped or killed) and counts of marked individuals using mark–recapture models. We review a third class of methods that do not directly sample the number of males and females, but instead estimate the sex ratio indirectly using relationships that emerge from demographic measures, such as survival, age structure, reproduction and assumed dynamics. We recommend that detection-based methods be used for estimating ASR in most situations, and point out that studies are needed that compare different ASR estimation methods and control for sex differences in dispersal. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.

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Luque, Sebastián P., and David Aurioles-Gamboa. "Estimation of body volume and body density in California sea lion pups." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82, no. 6 (November 21, 2002): 1019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315402006550.

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Body volume was measured directly by the water displacement method and using three different geometric models, consisting of a series of cones and truncated cones, in California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups from the Gulf of California. Volume is required for the estimation of density, an indicator of the ratio of fat to lean mass. A model consisting of two cones and four truncated cones predicted body volume with greatest accuracy (volume=1·11+1·06&;estimated volume, r2=0·90, P<0·001, SEE=0·673, N=274). This model, however, was not adequate to estimate absolute pup body density (mass to volume ratio), as it yielded values poorly correlated with observed body density (r=0·14, P=0·02). However, the regression line of mass on volume indicated that density decreased with volume, so the mass to volume ratio is a biased estimate of density and is not appropriate for comparing whole body density among sea lion pups. The direct analysis of the relationship between body mass and body volume (observed or estimated) through analysis of covariance provided a better tool to compare the relative density among pups of different sex, populations, or born in different years. The results from such analyses are consistent with previous evidence of sex and age effects on body composition.

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Konstant, Tracey L., Jerushah Rangasami, Maria J. Stacey, Michelle L. Stewart, and Coceka Nogoduka. "Estimating the Number of Sex Workers in South Africa: Rapid Population Size Estimation." AIDS and Behavior 19, S1 (January 13, 2015): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0981-y.

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Jung, Chol-Hee, Daniel Park, Peter Georgeson, Khalid Mahmood, Roger Milne, Melissa Southey, and Bernard Pope. "sEst: Accurate Sex-Estimation and Abnormality Detection in Methylation Microarray Data." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 3172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103172.

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DNA methylation influences predisposition, development and prognosis for many diseases, including cancer. However, it is not uncommon to encounter samples with incorrect sex labelling or atypical sex chromosome arrangement. Sex is one of the strongest influencers of the genomic distribution of DNA methylation and, therefore, correct assignment of sex and filtering of abnormal samples are essential for the quality control of study data. Differences in sex chromosome copy numbers between sexes and X-chromosome inactivation in females result in distinctive sex-specific patterns in the distribution of DNA methylation levels. In this study, we present a software tool, sEst, which incorporates clustering analysis to infer sex and to detect sex-chromosome abnormalities from DNA methylation microarray data. Testing with two publicly available datasets demonstrated that sEst not only correctly inferred the sex of the test samples, but also identified mislabelled samples and samples with potential sex-chromosome abnormalities, such as Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome, the latter being a feature not offered by existing methods. Considering that sex and the sex-chromosome abnormalities can have large effects on many phenotypes, including diseases, our method can make a significant contribution to DNA methylation studies that are based on microarray platforms.

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Neal, Joyce J., Dimitri Prybylski, Travis Sanchez, and Wolfgang Hladik. "Population Size Estimation Methods: Searching for the Holy Grail." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 4 (December 3, 2020): e25076. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25076.

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Accurate size estimates of key populations (eg, sex workers, people who inject drugs, transgender people, and men who have sex with men) can help to ensure adequate availability of services to prevent or treat HIV infection; inform HIV response planning, target setting, and resource allocation; and provide data for monitoring and evaluating program outcomes and impact. A gold standard method for population size estimation does not exist, but quality of estimates could be improved by using empirical methods, multiple data sources, and sound statistical concepts. To highlight such methods, a special collection of papers in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance has been released under the title “Key Population Size Estimations.” We provide a summary of these papers to highlight advances in the use of empirical methods and call attention to persistent gaps in information.

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Yang, Wen, Mingquan Zhou, Pengfei Zhang, Guohua Geng, Xiaoning Liu, and Haibo Zhang. "Skull Sex Estimation Based on Wavelet Transform and Fourier Transform." BioMed Research International 2020 (January 11, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8608209.

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Skull sex estimation is one of the hot research topics in forensic anthropology, and has important research value in the fields of criminal investigation, archeology, anthropology, and so on. Sex estimation of skull is crucial in forensic investigations, whether in legal situations that involve living people or to identify mortal remains. The aim of this study is to establish a skull-based sex estimation model in Chinese population, providing a scientific reference for the practical application of forensic medicine and anthropology. We take the superior orbital margin and frontal bone of the skull as the research object and proposed a technology of objective sex estimation of the skull using wavelet transform and Fourier transform. Firstly, the supraorbital margin and frontal bone were quantified by wavelet transform and Fourier transform, and then the extracted features were classified by SVM, and the model was tested. The experimental results show that the accuracy rate of male and female sex discrimination is 90.9% and 94.4%, respectively, which is higher than that of morphological and measurement methods. Compared with the traditional methods, the method has more theoretical basis and objectivity, and the correct rate is higher.

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Lopez-Capp, Thais Torralbo, Christopher Rynn, Caroline Wilkinson, Luiz Airton Saavedra de Paiva, Edgard Michel-Crosato, and Maria Gabriela Haye Biazevic. "Sexing the Cranium from the Foramen Magnum Using Discriminant Analysis in a Brazilian Sample." Brazilian Dental Journal 29, no. 6 (December 2018): 592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201802087.

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Abstract In the identification process, the foramen magnum has shown controversial results in sex estimation. The present study aimed to analyze the morphometric variables of the foramen magnum in Brazilian adult cranium for sex estimation. The sample was composed of 100 craniums (53 males and 47 females) from the documented collection of the Institute of Teaching and Research in Forensic Sciences. The protocol measurement was constituted of two linear measurements: maximum length of the foramen magnum and maximum breadth of the foramen magnum and two formulas to calculate the area, method one (M1) and method two (M2). Descriptive statistics showed statistically significant differences between sex (p<0.05) for all variables. The univariate discriminant functions showed an accuracy between 56.0-62.0%, and the multivariate analysis showed a percentage of accuracy between 60.0-65.0%, the greatest accuracy was found combining the two linear measurements with M1(71.7%), even after cross-validation (66%). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that M2 is the best parameter for estimating sex (AUC=0.693). A reference table for Brazilians using the foramen magnum parameters was developed based on the results of the ROC curve analysis. In conclusion, the foramen magnum should be used with caution to estimate sex in forensic cases of fragmentary craniums, due to the limited accuracy.

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Diac, Madalina Maria, Tatiana Iov, Simona Irina Damian, Anton Knieling, Nona Girlescu, Codrin Lucasievici, Sofia David, Elena F. Kranioti, and Diana Bulgaru Iliescu. "Estimation of Stature from Tibia Length for Romanian Adult Population." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 11962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411962.

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The estimation of stature from bones plays an important role in identifying unknown bodies, body parts, or skeletal remains, as it is an important component of the biological profile in forensic identification. The objective of this study is to enhance the development of forensic anthropology in Romania by creating a new regression formula for stature estimation. This can be accomplished from the length of the tibia, taking into account sex and age, for the Romanian adult population. A total of 137 cases from a delimited territory of Romania were included in the study. The length of the tibia and the stature of the individuals were measured before autopsy. Statistical analysis was carried using (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) SPSS 23. Tibia length showed a high correlation with stature for males, females, and the total sample. Four regression formulae were created for stature estimation of Romanian males, females, and unknown sex. The results of the analysis are impressive and have a good applicability in a forensic anthropological context. The data used in this paper provide reliable results with a large applicability in the future for estimating stature from the tibia length for the Romanian adult population.

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Ochôa Rodrigues, Catarina, Maria Teresa Ferreira, Vítor Matos, and David Gonçalves. "“Sex change” in skeletal remains: Assessing how heat-induced changes interfere with sex estimation." Science & Justice 61, no. 1 (January 2021): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2020.09.007.

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Allam, Shaimaa, Reda Elsayed, Ahmed saied, and Soheir Mohamed. "Identification of sex from sternum bone and the role of C.T in sex estimation." Sohag Medical Journal 25, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/smj.2021.81885.1262.

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Kolić, Andrea, Ivan Jerković, and Šimun Anđelinović. "Sex estimation from handprints in a Croatian population sample." St open 1 (2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.48188/so.1.4.

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Aim: To test if handprint measurements show sexual dimorphism in the Croatian population, and to develop population-specific sex estimation standards. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 adult volunteers from a Croatian population (50 males and 50 females) aged between 20 and 45 years. Using a fingerprint ink, we collected handprints of both hands on a paper sheet. We scanned handprints and took 13 measurements. Bilateral asymmetry and sexual dimorphism of the measurements was analyzed and sex estimation models were developed using linear discriminant analysis. Results: All measurements exhibited statistically significant sexual dimorphism (P<0.001). Univariate discriminant functions provided sexing accuracy from 75% to 92%. The highest accuracy rate (92%) and the lowest sexing bias (0%) was obtained using the handprint breadth. A multivariate discriminant function could estimate sex with 93% accuracy, but with more pronounced sexing bias (10%). Conclusion: We showed that handprint measurements could be used for sex estimation in the Croatian population with a high accuracy level. Therefore, they could serve as a valuable tool for biological profiling of perpetrators in criminal investigations when other evidence is not conclusive.

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Tetteh, Joshua, Nancy Darkoa Darko, Chrissie Stansie Abaidoo, and Thomas Diby. "Height Estimation using Arm Span as a Proxy among Ghanaians." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 2.2 (May 11, 2021): 7984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.120.

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Height is an important anthropometric tool and most popular characteristic parameter employed in human identification. However, body height cannot always be ascertained by direct measurement due to various deformities of the extremities in patients with injuries. There is accumulating evidence to demonstrate the use of arm span measurements in the estimation of height but there is very little information on the use of arm span measurements in Ghana. Therefore, this study sought to determine the relationship between height, arm span and sex as well as the correlational efficiency of using arm span as a surrogate for height. This cross-sectional study recruited 716 participants [328 males and 388 females] aged 18 to 30 years. Ethical approval and informed participant consent were sought. Male participants were taller and had wider arm span than the females with a statistically significant value [p < 0.001]. The results also showed that, the mean arm span measurement was higher than the mean height measurement with values of males [arm span: 180.57 cm; height: 170.79 cm] and females [arm span: 168.60 cm; height: 161.19 cm]. There was a statistically significant strong positive correlation [p < 0.001] between the arm span and height in the male, female and pooled sample with “r” values of 0.815, 0.788 and 0.873 respectively. Sex-specific equations to predict height from arm span measurements among Ghanaians were established. This study has developed sex specific equations to predict height from arm span measurements and has proved that arm span can effectively predict height using regression equations. KEY WORDS: Height, Arm Span, Ghana, Identification, Forensic, Anthropometry.

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Tomczyk, Jacek, Joanna Nieczuja-Dwojacka, Marta Zalewska, Wojciech Niemiro, and Wioleta Olczyk. "Sex estimation of upper long bones by selected measurements in a Radom (Poland) population from the 18th and 19th centuries AD." Anthropological Review 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2017-0019.

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AbstractSeveral studies have shown that sex estimation methods based on measurements of the skeleton are specific to populations. Metric traits of the upper long bones have been reported as reliable indicators of sex. This study was designed to determine whether the four long bones can be used for the sex estimation of an historical skeletal population from Radom (Poland). The material used consists of the bones of 169 adult individuals (including 103 males and 66 females) from the 18th and 19th centuries. Twelve measurements were recovered from clavicle, humerus, radius and ulna. The initial comparison of males and females indicated significant differences in all measurements (p < 0.0001). The accuracy of sex estimation ranged from 68% to 84%. The best predictor for sex estimation of all the measurements in Radom’s population was the maximum length of the radius (84%), and the ulna (83%), and the vertical diameter of the humeral head (83%). The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) detected the strongest significant relationship between referential sex and the vertical diameter of the humeral head (p < 0.0001), followed by the maximal length of the ulna (p = 0.0117). In other measurements of the upper long bones, GLM did not detect statistically significant differences.

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Intasuwan, Pittayarat, Patison Palee, Apichat Sinthubua, and Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh. "Efficiency of dry bone inspection compared with two-dimensional os coxal images for age estimation in a Thai population." Veterinary Integrative Sciences 20, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.015.

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The auricular surface and pubic symphysis are commonly used in age estimation. This study aimed to compare the results of age estimation between dry bones and 2D images of the os coxae and to develop a tool specifically for Thai individuals. The total samples were 250 left os coxal dry bones divided into 200 samples (100 males, 100 females) for the training set and 50 samples for the test set. The age range was 26 – 94 years. We used the Suchey-Brooks method and Berg method for observing the pubic symphysis and the Buckberry-Chamberlain method for observing the auricular surface. Afterward we compared the dry bones and photo parts. Our results showed sex did not play a significant role in estimating the age-at-death. In both parts, the auricular surface yielded the highest accuracy (80 – 84%) with SEE = 13.99 – 14.24 years. The pubic symphysis showed an accuracy of 74 – 76% and SEE = 14.37 – 14.44 years. The results of the dry bone and photo parts did not differ significantly. In both dry bone and photo parts, the intra-observer agreement performed moderate to almost perfect agreement. On the other hand, the inter-observer agreement was slight to fair. In conclusion, our study can be potentially applied for distant consultation for age estimation using 2D pelvic images with a forensic anthropologist for estimating biological profiles.

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Montare, Alberto. "Learning Effects of Knowledge of Results upon Time Estimation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 60, no. 3 (June 1985): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.871.

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College students of both sexes served as their own controls to test three hypotheses in each of two separate experiments designed to assess the learning effects of knowledge of results upon time estimation. The results indicated that (1) knowledge of results in the form of feedback to the nearest hundredth of a second significantly increased the mean accuracy of time estimations obtained by the method of production, (2) that knowledge of results significantly decreased the variance of the time estimations, and (3) that sex difference as a main effect was not significant in either experiment. A major conclusion of the present study was that variance represents an authentic and independent measure of learning.

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Spradley, M. Katherine, and Richard L. Jantz. "Sex Estimation in Forensic Anthropology: Skull Versus Postcranial Elements." Journal of Forensic Sciences 56, no. 2 (January 6, 2011): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01635.x.

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Saini, Vineeta, Rashmi Srivastava, Rajesh K. Rai, Satya N. Shamal, Tej B. Singh, and Sunil K. Tripathi. "Sex Estimation from the Mastoid Process Among North Indians*." Journal of Forensic Sciences 57, no. 2 (November 21, 2011): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01966.x.

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ElBeshlawy, Dina Mohamed, and Yara Rabia Helaly. "Frontal sinus index for sex estimation: Is it possible?" Forensic Imaging 23 (December 2020): 200407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fri.2020.200407.

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Ulbricht, Viviane, Cristiane Martins Schmidt, Francisco Carlos Groppo, Eduardo Daruge Júnior, Dagmar de Paula Queluz, and Luiz Francesquini Júnior. "Sex estimation in brazilian sample: qualitative or quantitative methodology?" Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 16 (December 15, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v16i0.8650495.

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Aim: This study carried out cranial measurements (in mm) [Zygion-Zygion (Zy-Zy); Zygion-Glabella-right side (Zy-Ga-right); Zygion-Glabella-left side (Zy-Ga-left); Zygion-Glabella-mean (Zy-Ga-mean); Rhinion-Anterior Nasal Spine (Rhi-ANS); Nasal Width (Na Wid); Nasion-Anterior Nasal Spine (Na-ANS); Glabella-Anterior Nasal Spine (Ga-ANS); Glabella-Prosthion (Ga-Pr)], to verify whether they are dimorphic. Methods: We used skulls from the Eduardo Daruge Laboratory of Forensic Physical Anthropometry, which did not present growth abnormalities and belonged to the age range of 18 to 100 years. Linear measurements were performed by digital caliper, properly calibrated. Inter and intra-calibrator calibration was performed by obtaining as result the value of 0.98 (considered excellent). Results: We found that all measures carried out are dimorphic, and we were able to create a logistic regression model (logit: Sex = −33.6 + (0.15 × Zy-Zy) + (0.21 × Rhi-ANS) + (0.16 × Na-ANS)) to estimation the sex. Conclusions: We concluded that the developed quantitative method results in 85.2% sensitivity, 76.2% specificity, and 81.1% accuracy, being, therefore, more effective in the prediction of sex than the mere random hit.

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Ekizoglu, Oguzhan, Elif Hocaoglu, Ercan Inci, Mustafa Gokhan Bilgili, Dilek Solmaz, Irem Erdil, and Ismail Ozgur Can. "Sex Estimation From Sternal Measurements Using Multidetector Computed Tomography." Medicine 93, no. 27 (December 2014): e240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000000240.

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Toneva, Diana H., Silviya Y. Nikolova, Gennady P. Agre, Dora K. Zlatareva, Vassil G. Hadjidekov, and Nikolai E. Lazarov. "Data mining for sex estimation based on cranial measurements." Forensic Science International 315 (October 2020): 110441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110441.

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Capitaneanu, Cezar, Guy Willems, Reinhilde Jacobs, Steffen Fieuws, and Patrick Thevissen. "Sex estimation based on tooth measurements using panoramic radiographs." International Journal of Legal Medicine 131, no. 3 (August 17, 2016): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-016-1434-0.

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