Dissertations / Theses: 'Sex hygiene'

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Jama, P. Nwabisa. "Gender and age differences in condom use patterns among youth in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: a descriptive and analytical study." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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South Africa is estimated to have one of the highest epidemics of HIV infection. Recent youth studies have found that youth aged 15-24 years are increasingly becoming vulnerable to HIV. Condom use is promoted as one of the key HIV prevention methods in South Africa. Face-to-face structured questionnaire interviews were conducted with a volunteer sample of rural active women and men aged 15-26 years living in 70 villages in the Eastern Cape Province. Most of the participants were recruited in schools.

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Sanabria, Emilia G. "Limits that do not foreclose : biomedical intervention, hygiene and sex hormones in Salvador, Brazil." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612305.

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Bains, Deepraj. "Professionals' experiences of working therapeutically with sex offenders." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5686/.

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In the last 10 years there has been a growth in working collaboratively with sex offenders by focusing on goals, tailoring treatment to the needs of the client, and an emphasis on therapist features (Andrews & Bonta, 2003 ; Ward, 2002). This thesis explored how sex offender treatment workers are responding to working with sex offenders in light of the changes. The introduction covers the key concepts and theory relevant to the thesis, and highlights the aims. The second chapter is a systematic literature review investigating the impact of working therapeutically with sex offenders. The review highlighted the extent sex offender treatment workers are impacted by their work was inconclusive. The third chapter focused on critiquing the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI; Briere, 1995) as a potential tool that could be used to assess distress in sex offender treatment workers. The critique revealed that the TSI had good reliability and validity. The fourth chapter explored the experiences of sex offender treatment workers using semi-structured interviews. All participants reported enjoying their work despite experiencing some negatives (i. e., intrusive images, suspiciousness, and concerns about clients re-offending). This chapter also highlighted that sex offender treatment workers reported using a range of coping strategies to manage the work. In addition, it was found that sex offender treatment workers believed a genuine interest in the work, hope, optimism, self-efficacy, and circumstances outside of work were related to enhanced resilience. The last chapter of the thesis involved discussing the implications of the findings from each of the chapters.

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Agwu, Micheal Ezenna. "The health status and lifestyle behaviours of university students in Nigeria by sex and ethnicity." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2014. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3266/.

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Background: The health determinant model indicates that certain sociocultural, sociodemographic, environmental, and lifestyle factors influence health status and wellbeing of any population group in any given nation (Dahlgren & Whitehead, 1991). Previous studies have suggested the need for regional and interregional comparison of health inequalities due to the interaction of these factors. However, few studies have undertaken such investigation, especially among university students in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the health status and lifestyle behaviours by sex and ethnicity among university students in Nigeria. Method: The study was cross sectional. Full time university students were recruited from six universities within three ethnic groups in Nigeria for the study. Data collection was both subjective and objective. The subjective data was based on an anonymous questionnaire, while the objective data involved direct measurements of height in (m) weight in (kg), and blood pressure (mmHg). Ultimately, 1549 responses were valid, while 563 responses were rejected for various reasons including missing data especially sex and ethnicity. The variables examined were, socio-demographic, general health, mental health, cognitive resources and lifestyle behaviours. Descriptive tests, chi-square tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were conducted. Results: Regarding regional characteristics in socioeconomic status, the result indicated sex and ethnicity effects, and irrespective of ethnicity, female students had better monthly income than male students did. The result suggested that students from the Hausa ethnic group reported better monthly income than students from the other ethnic groups. There is evidence that income have a significant effect on health determinant factors. For example, income affects the choice of residential location, ability to pay for health care services, register for gym for physical activity, afford healthy lifestyles, (e.g. eating fruits and vegetables), participate in social activities and maintain positive self- esteem (WHO, 2006; Varela-Mato et al., 2012). With regard to social support, the result indicated sex*ethnicity effects, where female students from the Hausa and Igbo ethnic groups reported better social support than male students, in contrast to the Yoruba ethnic group, where male students reported better social support than females. Students from the Hausa ethnic group saw their GPs more often, had regular medications and had depression more than other ethnic groups. In addition, the result indicated higher prevalence of smoking and the use of psychotic drugs among students from the Hausa ethnic group than other groups. On the other hand, the Yoruba ethnic group had the lowest monthly income, saw their GPs few times and had less frequent medication than the other ethnic groups. In addition, students from the Yoruba ethnic group had low consumption of fruits and are more physically inactive compared to other ethnic groups. Regarding sex characteristics, the study suggested that irrespective of ethnicity female students are less healthy when compared to male students. In addition, significant sex *ethnic interaction effects (P < 0.001) were observed, in most variables examined in the study, indicating that the students health and lifestyles are both sex and ethnicity dependent. The study suggested that female students from the Hausa ethnic group reported better income and social support, compared to students from the other ethnic groups; however, they also reported regular medication, overweight or obesity, mental health problems, and poor cognitive health than female students from Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups. In addition, the Hausa male students’ preferred smaller female body size compared to male students from the other ethnic groups. On the other hand, Igbo female students had a better cognitive health and preferred small female body size than female students from the other ethnic groups. The Yoruba female students are less overweight or obese, but had the highest preference for big female body size and are the least depressed group in the sample. With regard to male students, the result suggested that Igbo male students had regular medication and depression more than other male groups. They also preferred bigger female body size and had better cognitive health than other male groups. On the other hand, Yoruba males reported overweight or obese, than the other male groups. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the health of female students in the sample was poorer than the health of male students; with female students from the Hausa ethnic group, demonstrating the worst possible health outcome. The result also suggested that both high and low socioeconomic statuses are associated with health compromising behaviours among university students in Nigeria. The findings indicated that high cognitive health appraisal might be related to students reporting better mental health especially depression in both male and female students. This study is the first to report that there is an interaction between the different layers of health, in the health determinant model proposed by Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991). Secondly, this study has made a major contribution to the understanding that people who live among regions with conflict and violence may report poor health (both physical and mental) compared to those that live in a conflict free zones. Consequently, the results of the present study suggest that conflict and violence be included among the health determinant factors in the health determinant model proposed by Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991).

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Ruiz, Burga E. "Migration, identity and risk : the experiences of migrant male sex workers in London." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/20270/.

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This dissertation explores the experiences of migration and sex work amongst migrant males operating in London. Twenty-five non-UK born males, who were working as independent internet-based escorts, contributed to this study. This investigation used convenience sampling selection to recruit participants from two sexual health programmes specialising in male sex workers in London. The data was compiled through in-depth interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. This study provides connections between the trajectories that participants reported towards the UK and the routes of entry in to sex work. It also delivers insights about their experiences operating as independent internet-based escorts in London. Finally, it contributes information about their risk perception and unprotected sex experiences in the context of commercial sex, which allows the contemplation of risky sexual behaviour from the perspective of an occupational risk.

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Chatterjee, Karishma. "An examination of self reports of young adults' talk about safer sex in dating relationships health, relationship and emotional outcomes /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1197598039.

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Boyce, Paul. "Men who have sex with men in Calcutta : gender, discourse and anthropology." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/40/.

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In this thesis I analyse paradigms for the conceptualisation of male-to-male sexuality as put forward in HIV/AIDS programming in India. This is an especially pertinent project; over the last decade, international and national HIV/AIDS agencies working in India have increasingly identified men who have sex with men as a ‘target population’ for community based intervention. By contrast, within the broader milieu of Indian society the notion of homosexual identity exercises little cognitive grip as a salient category for the constitution of specific persons. This is not withstanding ‘modern’, predominantly urban, middle class popularisations of ‘gay’ identity, nor the specification of various ‘indigenous’ categories of male-to-male sexuality, which have predominantly been outlined in policy oriented research. As a counterpoint to these concerns my research explores the experiences of men who have sex with men in Calcutta for whom categories of homosexual identity are either completely unfamiliar or, where used, inscribed within a far more subtle mesh of conflicting emotions and allegiances than current studies elucidate. Moreover, I argue that in many contemporary Indian contexts homosexuality is most often signified within relational tropes and social spaces made available within heteronormative parameters. Homosexuality therefore has an isomorphic correspondence to identity, meaning that policy and research needs better conceptions of the tacit conditions of sexual subjectivity. My thesis explores what this assertion means for the cross-cultural study of male-to-male sexuality and HIV/AIDS policy and programming.

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Cornish, Flora. "Constructing an actionable environment : collective action for HIV prevention among Kolkata sex workers." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/44/.

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How can marginalised communities organise a project to yield significant social change? This thesis theorises the resources which enable such community organisation to work. Participation, empowerment and conscientisation are understood, not through a logic of quantity which creates linear dimensions, but through a logic of concrete qualities. A pragmatist approach is taken, to define our constructs in terms of the actions being undertaken by participants, within specific, qualitatively distinctive domains. Activity theory is used to theorise participation as a process of collective activity, which is supported by shared rules, a division of labour and shared goals, and which is challenged by divergences of interest. A community case study of the Sonagachi Project, a successful HIV prevention project run by sex workers in Kolkata (India), is used to investigate participation. The case study is based on interviews and group discussions with sex workers and Project workers (sex workers employed by the Project), and observation of the daily activities of the Project. Sex workers relate to the Project as a source of support in solving their individual problems, gaining new powers, but not acting as collectivity members. Project workers are constituted as collectivity members, whose action interlocks with that of their colleagues, through participating in the politicising discourse of the Project, which states that sex workers should be granted “workers’ rights”, and through learning the rules of participation in meetings and the hierarchical division of labour. To be allowed to operate, the Project has to carefully adjust to local power relations, with madams, political parties, and funding agencies, in collaborative-adversarial relationships. In conclusion, the scope of participation is defined as producing significant, yet circumscribed, local change. To intervene in a fractured community is a political process in which the provision of new resources is both necessary and potentially divisive.

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Vängborg, Helena, and Carina Östergrens. "Kunskaper om Methicillin Resistent Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) och hygienrutiner hos sjuksköterskestuderande i termin sex." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Caring Sciences and Sociology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-732.

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The purpose of this study was to describe the level of knowledge that nurse students in term 6 have about Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and basic hygiene routines. The data collection was carried out by questionnaires. The questionnaire contained questions about knowledge regarding MRSA and basic hygiene routines. The questionnaires were handed out at an obligatory tuition occasion and all of the nurse students who were present (n=57) were asked to take part. The sample consisted of 45 women and 12 men. The youngest participant was 22 years old and the oldest participant was 52 years old. The main results showed a large variation regarding the participants knowledge on the subjects. Regarding questions about basic hygiene routines the majority had given the right answers. The number of right answers in the survey on questions about the participants knowledge of MRSA was lower. Only 12 % had given the right answer to the question about common symptoms of MRSA infection. Regarding the question about whether the nurse students considered themselves knowledgeable enough about MRSA for their future occupation, 32% had answered "to a high degree".

Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka kunskaper sjuksköterskestuderande i termin 6 har om Methicillinresistenta Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) och basala hygienrutiner. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med enkäter. Enkäten innehöll frågor om kunskaper gällande MRSA samt basala hygienrutiner. Enkäterna delades ut vid ett obligatoriskt undervisningstillfälle och samtliga, vid undervisningstillfället närvarade sjuksköterskestudenter (n =57) tillfrågades om deltagande. Undersökningsgruppen bestod av 45 kvinnor och 12 män. Yngsta deltagaren var 22 år och den äldsta deltagaren var 52 år. Huvudresultatet visade en stor variation gällande deltagarnas kunskaper i ämnena. På frågor angående basala hygienrutiner hade majoriteten svarat rätt. På de frågor som berörde deltagarnas kunskaper om MRSA var antalet rätta svar i undersökningen lägre. Endast 12 % hade svarat rätt på frågan om symtom som är vanliga vid MRSA infektion. På frågan om sjuksköterskestudenterna ansåg att de hade tillräckliga kunskaper om MRSA för sitt kommande yrke som sjuksköterskor svarade 32 % ”i hög grad”.

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Peters, Eleanor. "Young women's health and well-being : a qualitative study." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 1997. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/6176/.

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This thesis is concerned with young women's health and well-being, with a specific focus on young women's beliefs, behaviours and attitudes towards smoking, substance use, sexual health, diet and exercise and well-being. These issues are identified as priorities in 'The Health of the Nation: a Strategy for Health in England', (Department of Health, 1992). This document which was published by a previous (Conservative) government in July 1992,set objectives and targets relating to health status to be met by the year 2000. (There are similar separate documents for both Wales and Scotland.) It identified five key areas for action: coronary heart disease and stroke; cancers; mental illness; HIV/AIDS and sexual health and accidents. Some of its targets apply specifically to young women. Informed by a feminist theory and using ethnographic and qualitative research techniques, this study examines young women's health-related beliefs and behaviours within the context of their day-to-day lives.

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Miller, James MS. "Community-based Participatory Research: HIV in African American Men Who Have Sex with Men." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804829/.

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To date, traditional behavioral interventions have done little to reduce the prevalence and transmission of HIV among African American men who have sex with men (AAMSM), a highly at risk group. Some researchers theorize that the lack of success may be because these interventions do not address contextual factors among AAMSM. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is one approach to research with the potential to lead to effective interventions in the future. CBPR is a collaborative, mixed-methods and multidisciplinary, approach to scientific inquiry, which is conducted with, and within, the community. The current study follows the CBPR approach to engage and develop a relationship with the African American communities in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. Contextual issues were discussed in order to identify emerging themes regarding HIV health related issues among AAMSM to provide the groundwork for continued CBPR research and future interventions with AAMSM in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. To accomplish this goal, researchers began the CBPR process by conducting interviews and focus groups with a sample of approximately 62 (34 from key informant interviews, 28 from focus groups [gender balanced]) AIDS service organization leaders and workers, advocates, medical doctors and community members with first-hand knowledge of HIV health issues in the AAMSM community. Transcripts of these interviews and focus groups were analyzed to identify emerging themes at the societal (religious doctrine, African American Culture, age-related norms and stigma), community (education, religious views/policy and community norms) and individual (disclosure, personal identity, sexual behavior/risk, accessing care and communication) levels. This data was used to create a holistic narrative report that will be used to direct the community advisory board (CAB) and guide future research and interventions.

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Vittone, Tracy J. "HIV, sex, life, and death : a cluster analysis of the "HIV Stops With Me" campaign." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1285585.

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Chapter One introduces the "HIV Stops With Me" campaign, research by communication scholars on how HIV/AIDS messages are channeled, cultural influences, and the target audience of these messages in order to answer: What is the "HIV Stops With Me" campaign saying about individuals infected with HIV?Chapter Two describes the cluster analysis developed by Kenneth Burke. The steps in cluster analysis are: 1) identifying the key terms in the rhetoric, 2) charting the terms that cluster around the key terms, 3) discovering emergent patterns in the clusters, and 4) naming the motive, or situation, based on the meanings of the key terms.Chapter Three is a cluster analysis of the 2002 San Francisco "HIV Stops With Me" campaign. Key terms found in this analysis are "HIV," "sex," "life/living," and "death/dying."Chapter Four contains conclusions pertaining to the analysis of the rhetorical artifact, conclusions for cluster analysis, and future implications for academic scholarship.
Department of Communication Studies

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Baker, Colin. "Partnership working for the promotion of sport and physical activity : an investigation into Community Sports Networks in England." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2011. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/5588/.

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Background: Low participation in sport and physical activity pose a continuing public health challenge. In response, partnership approaches have commonly been employed in community public health interventions. However, evidence concerning sport and physical activity partnerships remains underdeveloped. Aim and methods: The aim of the research was to investigate the attitudes, perceptions, and experiences of community stakeholders participating in Community Sports Networks (CSNs) in England. A mixed methods research design was adopted. The quantitative component consisted of a sample of 171 CSN members from across England. The qualitative component consisted of a sample of 23 key informants from a single county in the South West of England. A synthesised grounded theory approach was used to integrate data. This involved: 1. Analysis of survey responses. 2. Analysis of interview transcripts. 3. Analysis of additional data including notes from CSN meetings and secondary documents. In addition, inferential statistical analyses were conducted on the quantitative data to assess the contributions from sets of predictor variables on the value of binary outcome variables. The results showed: 1. Participation in CSNs could be explained by a conceptual model which located 'searching for value' as the core category. Four sub-categories of notionally endorsing, speculating, scrutinising, and embedding helped to explain the participation process. 2. Perceived costs (OR = 0.89, 95% Cl 0.82 to 0.94, P < 0.05) were more important than perceived benefits (OR = 1.05, 95% Cl 0.98 to 1.14, P > 0.05) for predicting sense of satisfaction. Perceived costs (OR= 0.83, 95% Cl 0.74 to 0.94, P < 0.05) and communication (OR= 0.83, 95% Cl 0.67 to 0.81, P < 0.05) were strong predictors of sense of ownership. 3. Perceived benefits may have to be at least twice the level of perceived costs for a favourable cost-benefit ratio. Conclusions: Factors facilitating the creation of value promote stakeholder participation in CSN activities. However, the participation process is subject to a range of challenges which require constant attention.

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Cudhea, Maia Christine. "Topical content in sexuality education and sexual health outcomes." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5189/.

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Secondary analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health is used to examine possible explanatory variables for sexual health outcomes. Linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between sexual health outcomes and topical content in sexuality education, controlling for race, biological sex, low socioeconomic status, and religiosity. Results indicated increasing topical content in sexuality education had a positive effect on knowledge acquisition and confidence, but no statistically significant effect on engagement in sexual risk behavior or likelihood of reporting sexual coercion. Control variables were significant predictors and overall model fit was low, indicating topical content in sexuality education is minimally important in creating adolescent sexual behavior. Further exploration of differing aspects of sexuality education is suggested.

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Barker, Kenneth C. "Sexual Harassment Experience, Psychological Climate, and Sex Effect on Perception of Safety." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3276.

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Sexual harassment has significant adverse psychological and physical effects on employees and can negatively impact the workplace, and overall business operations. A gap in current research was identified concerning whether the employee's sex affects employee's perceived workplace sexual harassment climate, sexual harassment experience, and perceived safety from sexual harassment. This study examined the effects of employee workplace sexual harassment experience and perception of workplace sexual harassment psychological climate on employee's perceived safety from sexual harassment moderated by sex. Results showed that perceived workplace sexual harassment climate and employee workplace sexual harassment experience were both significant predictors of perceived safety from sexual harassment. Additionally, the findings revealed that for both men and women, high intolerance for sexual harassment and low employee sexual harassment experience were significantly associated with increased perceived safety from sexual harassment. When perceived workplace sexual harassment climate and employee sexual harassment experience were observed together, only perceived workplace sexual harassment climate was associated with increased perceived safety from sexual harassment. Further research into diverse populations and anti-harassment programming's impact on perceived safety may provide further insights. The findings from this study could assist decision-makers in organizations to promote better physical, psychological, and emotional security in the workplace. Therefore, reducing sexual harassment in the workplace would promote positive social change by reducing the number of adverse events affecting individuals, businesses, and society.

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Mills, Hayley. "A mixed method investigation into the perception and measurement of success in the Healthwise Exercise Referral Scheme." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2008. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3173/.

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Gunby, Clare E. "Exploring experiences of, and perspectives towards, alcohol intoxication and non-consensual sex amongst a student and legal population." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2011. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6087/.

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The association between consuming alcohol and experiencing non-consensual sex is now largely established. Little research however has addressed English students' experiences of nonconsensual sex when drinking and the alcohol related strategies used to procure intercourse. Study one of the PhD therefore carried out an online survey to address students' (N= 1,079) attitudes, understandings and experiences of alcohol involved non-consensual sex, also gaining insight into men's non-consensual encounters; a previously neglected participant group. The consumption of alcohol plior to rape impacts on perceptions of complainant credibility and academics have questioned the contribution of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 in the prosecution of alcohol involved rape cases specifically. Study two consequently carried out interviews with barristers (N= I 4) to establish the baniers that exist to the successful prosecution of alcohol involved rape cases, the application and usefulness of provisions introduced by the 2003 Act and where problems in the law of intoxication were still perceived to exist. Research documents that individuals endorse beliefs around false rape allegations being frequently made and surmise that alcohol consumption increases the potential for a false rape report. Study three therefore carried out focus group discussions with students to develop further understanding of alcohol involved non-consensual sex and the perceived role of alcohol within the false rape reporting process. Findings indicated that 30.7 percent (N=329) of participants had experienced at least one act of alcohol involved non-consensual oral, anal, or vaginal sex since the age of 14, that provisions introduced by the 2003 Act were not always being utilised as intended and that it was the perceived impact of alcohol on sexual inhibitions that was deemed central in encouraging individuals to behave in ways they would not if sober, regret those actions the next day, and increase the potential for a false rape report to be made. Studies emphasised that alcohol consumption disproportionately impacted on the credibility of the complainant, rather than the culpability of the defendant, and that future messages must emphasise the responsibility placed on defendants to take proactive steps in ensuring consent.

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McClure, Amy J. "The prevalence of eating disorders within Division I and Division III intercollegiate athletics." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1036193.

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This study examined the prevalence of eating disorders within Division I and Division III intercollegiate athletic programs. A secondary purpose was to examine gender and sport differences. The participants, 191 head coaches from 31 purposefully selected colleges and/or universities, completed a respondent information sheet and questionnaire which were created specifically for the purposes of this study.A chi-square analysis indicated no difference in the prevalence of eating disorders between Division I and Division III athletes. The results also indicated that the female athletes had a higher proportion of eating disorders than the male athletes. Women's gymnastics and cross country and men's wrestling and cross country had higher proportions of eating disorders than the other sports examined.
School of Physical Education

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Oronje, Rose Ndakala. "Understanding the drivers of change in sexual and reproductive health policy and legislation in Kenya." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46469/.

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The thesis explored the drivers and inhibitors of change in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) policy and legislation in Kenya. The overall purpose was to contribute to the limited knowledge on national-level debates that shape how developing countries adapt the SRH agenda, which originated from international processes. The thesis explains how and why some SRH reforms have been realised in Kenya amid contention, while others have been blocked. Guided by a synthesis conceptual framework that emphasised the central role of discursive power in decision-making, the thesis adopted a qualitative case-study design enriched with various anthropological concepts. Three case-studies (two bureaucratic, i.e. adolescent RH policy and national RH policy, and one legislative, i.e. sexual offences law) were deconstructed. Data collection involved semi-structured in-depth interviews with policy actors, observations and note-taking in meetings, and document review. Findings revealed that four influential narratives of SRH – the moral narrative, cultural narrative, medical narrative (with two variations i.e. ‘moralised' versus ‘comprehensive' medical narratives), and human rights narrative – underpinned by conflicting actor interests, mediated the interplay of actor networks, knowledge, context and institutions to determine reforms. The findings revealed that the strong entrenchment of the moral and cultural narratives in the Kenyan context (mainly public structures and institutions) was a major barrier to reforms on contested SRH issues. Even then, the hegemonic narratives were in some cases unsettled to make reforms possible. The most important factors in unsettling the hegemonic narratives to facilitate reforms included: a change in the political context that brought in new political actors supportive of reforms, the presence of knowledgeable and charismatic issue champions within political and bureaucratic institutions, the availability of compelling knowledge (scientific or lay) on an issue, sustained evidence-informed advocacy by civil society/non-governmental organisations, donor pressure, and reduced political costs (for politicians and bureaucrats) for supporting reforms. The main contribution of the thesis is three-fold. First, the thesis captures the disconnect between international SRH agreements and national-level realities, showing the need for international actors to consider national-level realities that shape decision-making. Second, its findings provide lessons for informing future SRH reform efforts in Kenya and in other sub-Saharan African countries. Third, its analysis of discursive power contributes to a major theoretical gap in health systems research in developing countries identified as lack of critical analysis of power in decision-making.

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Khalil, Khalid. "The health status and lifestyle behaviours of higher education students in Libya." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2011. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3243/.

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Aims. This research investigated the health status (e. g. weight perception and BMI, mental health conditions and general health complaints), and the lifestyle behaviours (e. g. smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary behaviour) of Libyan higher education students (HES). The objectives were to compare their health status and lifestyle behaviours in the different regions of Libya; and to compare Libyan HES with those from other countries. In addition to this, the study aimed to determine if any association existed between demographic and academic variables and health and lifestyle variables. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to provide baseline data required by university health programmes in Libya for planning related to the health needs of students. Methods. The sample consisted of 1300 higher education students from different higher education institutes and different disciplines. The self-administered health questionnaire used included questions on health and health-related behaviours and their associated social and economic factors. It was conducted during lecture time. Data were analysed with SPSS. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify sociodemographic variables associated with health and lifestyle variables. Results. In this sample of students, the prevalence of overweight was higher than the prevalence of underweight and obesity (14.5%, 18.2%, and 4.2% respectively), and 40% of students were trying to lose weight. High rates (45%) of depressive symptoms were found, however; overall 8.8% of respondents reported being diagnosed with anxiety, and 4.3% with depression. The findings of this study also indicated that students reported high levels of subjective health complaints. The majority of students reported that their physical activity levels were insufficient; only 5% of students met the international recommended levels of physical activity. Only one in ten students was found to be consuming an adequate amount of fruit and vegetables (at least five times a day). About 6% of the students self-identified themselves as current smokers, and the results revealed that smoking was a male phenomenon in Libya. Alcohol consumption is not very common among Libyan students, and only 3.5% reported drinking alcohol; overall, 1.6% reported using drugs, and all students who reported using drugs reported cannabis use. A gender difference was noticeable and consistent across types of complaints; depressive symptoms, dietary behaviour, physical activity, smoking and alcohol and drug consumption. Females reported significantly worse health status than males in terms of health complaints, and depressive symptoms. Males reported higher levels of physical activity and higher levels of smoking and alcohol and drug consumption than females. Students in North Libya showed the highest levels of physical activity, and also the highest levels of smoking, alcohol and drug consumption, whereas students in East Libya had the highest levels of fruit and vegetable consumption. Logistic regression analysis revealed substantial associations between females and depressive symptoms, dietary behaviour and higher levels of complaints, and also between social support and anxiety and depression. The comparisons with other survey data showed that the Libyan rates of overweight and obesity were similar to rates reported amongst students at Alexandria University in Egypt, and much higher than those reported in other countries such as Poland, Japan and Korea. Depressive symptom rates were similar to the rates reported among university students in Bulgaria and higher than those reported in Germany, Denmark and Poland with respect to male students, and Libyan HES reported lower rates of health complaints than students in certain other European countries. In addition, the levels of fruit and vegetable consumption amongst Libyan HES were lower than those reported amongst Australian students. The prevalence of physical activity levels was lower than that reported amongst university students in the United Arab Emirates. The results of this study clearly indicate that the prevalence of smoking and alcohol and drug consumption among students in Libya was " lower than among those from other Arabic countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. Conclusion. Efforts to promote a healthy lifestyle among students are needed and should place greater emphasis on physical activity and increased fruit and vegetable consumption, and on discouraging smoking and body dissatisfaction. There is a need for future research on student health, which should be carried out with a larger sample group to develop a national standardized instrument. Future research will be helpful for accurately identifying perceived barriers to, and recommending changes to enhance, physical activity among HES.

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Lima, Fernanda de Azevedo. "Sujeitos com câncer de próstata: gênero, sexualidade e cuidados com a saúde." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2018. http://tede2.unicap.br:8080/handle/tede/1047.

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The purpose of this thesis was to problematize how men build subjectively with prostate cancer being crossed by different real discourses about masculinity. There for, a qualitative empirical research was carried out, with eleven subjects diagnosed with this type of cancer and using the urology services of two hospitals: a private one and a public one settled down in the city of Recife. Some ethnographic resources were used, from the following instruments: the Narrative Interview and the Field Diary. The results were analyzed through Foucault's Enunciative or his Discursive Analysis, which aims to understand a set of conditions of existence that make possible the construction of a datum phenomenon. This author problematized his objects of study, starting from the historical conditions in which they emerged and understood the subject as an inhabitant crossed by the relations of knowledge, power and the ethics of a historical moment. In this thesis, the concept of hegemonic masculinity was considered, holding it as a discourse, according to Foucault, who reckons it a set of knowledges that function as truths. The results of this study point to a thin line between subjection and resistance to the discourses that circulate in our society, in the way these men are constituted and in the positions of subject that they assume. When it comes to health care, our interviewees assume positions of subject dependent on their own women, crossed by speeches that it is from the "nature" of the woman to take care of husbands and children. On the other hand, the strong man's discourse is used to ground the position of male domination about the female. Speeches about what they are allowed to do to be considered "males" lead these men not wanting to perform the rectal examination. They narrate the fear that, in making such an examination, they become "familiarized", which is associated with homosexuality. However, the discourses that circulate in a certain society, and ours is no exception, are multiple and almost always contradictory. The presence of programs that encourage human health care, PNAISH and the Campaign Blue November Campaign, call men to self-monitoring, and configure control and power over their lives (biopower and biopolitics). These discourses emerge as imperatives in building a culture of health care and, thus, other seemingly contradictory subject positions are assumed, it is 'obligatory' to take care of health and to be healthy. In addition, when medical guidance is not engaging in sex, it leads them to a reductionist understanding of human sexuality; sex is understood only as intercourse. It indicates a vigilant, normalized and controlled sexuality, with "truths" imposed by diverse knowledge, without problematizing these discourses. Finally, it was found that, despite cancer, being culturally a stigmatized disease associated with death, it was possible for some of these men to resist, not only believing in the possibility of cure, but constructing other ways of existing, an aesthetics of existence.
O objetivo desta tese foi problematizar como os homens se subjetivam tendo câncer de próstata sendo atravessados por diferentes discursos de verdade sobre a masculinidade. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa empírica qualitativa, com onze sujeitos diagnosticados com esse tipo de câncer e que estavam utilizando os serviços de urologia de dois hospitais: um particular e um da rede pública da cidade do Recife. Utilizaram-se alguns recursos etnográficos, a partir dos seguintes instrumentos: a Entrevista Narrativa e o Diário de Campo. Os resultados foram analisados por meio da Análise Enunciativa ou Discursiva de Foucault, a qual visa compreender um conjunto de condições de existência que possibilitam a construção de um dado fenômeno. Este autor problematizava seus objetos de estudo, a partir das condições históricas em que eles emergiam e compreendia o sujeito como habitante atravessado pelas relações de saber, poder e da ética de um momento histórico. Trabalhou-se, nesta tese, com o conceito de masculinidade hegemônica, considerando-a um discurso, de acordo com Foucault, que o considera um conjunto de saberes que funcionam como verdades. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para uma tênue linha entre sujeição e resistência aos discursos que circulam em nossa sociedade, no modo como estes homens se constituem e nas posições de sujeito que assumem. Quando se trata dos cuidados com a saúde, nossos entrevistados assumem posições de sujeito dependentes de suas mulheres, atravessados pelos discursos de que é da “natureza” da mulher cuidar de maridos e filhos. Por outro lado, o discurso do homem forte é usado para embasar a posição de dominação masculina sobre o feminino. Discursos sobre o que lhes é permitido fazer para serem considerados “machos”, levam estes homens a não querer realizar o exame de toque retal. Narram o receio de, ao fazer tal exame, ficarem “acostumados”, o que é associado à homossexualidade. Porém, os discursos que circulam em uma sociedade, e a nossa não é exceção, são múltiplos e quase sempre, contraditórios. A presença de programas que incentivam os cuidados com a saúde do homem, PNAISH e a Campanha Novembro Azul, convocam os homens à autovigilância, e configuram controle e poder sobre suas vidas (biopoder e biopolíticas). Estes discursos emergem como imperativos na construção de uma cultura de cuidados com a saúde e, desta forma, outras posições de sujeito, aparentemente contraditórias, são assumidas, é “obrigatório” cuidar da saúde e ser saudável. Além disso, quando a orientação médica é a de não praticar sexo, leva-os a um entendimento reducionista da sexualidade humana, sexo é entendido apenas como o coito. Isso aponta para uma sexualidade vigiada, normatizada e controlada, “verdades” impostas por saberes diversos, sem problematização desses discursos. Por fim, percebeu-se que, apesar do câncer ser, culturalmente, uma doença estigmatizada associada à morte, foi possível, para alguns desses homens, resistir, não somente acreditando na possibilidade de cura, mas construindo outros modos de existir, uma estética da existência mais própria.

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Lofton, Stacy L. "Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Weight, Body Shape and Eating in Male and Female College Students." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2713/.

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The purpose of this investigation was to assess the association between body mass index as well as race/ethnicity and established correlates of disordered eating including drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, bulimia, dietary restraint and social physique anxiety in male and female college students. Difference between actual, desirable and perceived body weight was also assessed. ANOVA suggested that as actual body mass index increased, in general, attitudes and behavior toward weight, body shape and eating increased. A two-tailed t-test suggested that males and females differed significantly with regards to attitudes and behavior toward weight body shape and eating. ANOVA indicated that little to no association existed between race/ethnicity and established correlates of disordered eating.

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Sah, Rajeeb Kumar. "Positive sexual health : an ethnographic exploration of social and cultural factors affecting sexual lifestyles and relationships of Nepalese young people in the UK." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2017. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/17253/.

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This PhD is an interdisciplinary research project in the field of public health, youth studies, sociology and cultural studies about the sexual lives of 16 young Nepalese aged 16-24 living in London. The research uses ethnography and biography to explore social and cultural factors affecting sexual health and lifestyles of Nepalese young people in the changing world. Sexual health still remains a taboo, which brings struggle for Nepalese young people to negotiate their sexual lives within Nepalese families and community. The current study explores young people’s reflections of their sexual lifestyles and experiences, which is embedded in the sociocultural norms and patterns of the society, and their interactions with families, community and broader social structures. The findings suggest that detailed examinations of the connectedness between agency and social context provide more clear understanding of the everyday sexual lives of young people. The changing lifestyles of Nepalese young people in the western world provide accessibility to the new ways of living in experiencing sexual lives through transforming leisure activities and creating multiple opportunities for sexual intimacies and relationships. The popularity of nightclubbing and changing attitudes towards sexual lifestyles create concerns for sexual health risks and vulnerability as well as conflict within family because of sociocultural dominance towards relationships and marriage. The data suggest that young people negotiate with several challenges, such as caste issues and parental consent, while transforming love relationships into love arranged marriage. It was found that lack of communication on sexual matters within family fuel the issues of trust and promote secret relationships and females are widely discriminated at different levels within Nepalese society. These structural factors along with lack of appropriate sexual health knowledge and education limit expressions of positive sexual lifestyles and relationships among Nepalese young people. Intersectionality in this study is used to investigate key structural influences of sexual health and lifestyles at multiple levels. This research uses grounded theory to develop a tentative social ecological model, adapted from an ecological model, to understand the positive sexual health experiences of Nepalese young people.

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McGrath, Moriah McSharry. "Neighboring in Strip City: A Situational Analysis of Strip Clubs, Land Use Conflict, and Occupational Health in Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1046.

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A lack of land use controls on sexually oriented businesses contributes to the unique configuration of Portland, Oregon's strip clubs: nearly fifty clubs are distributed throughout the city's neighborhoods. Considered a locally unwanted land use (LULU) by many, these strip clubs are regulated by a variety of formal and informal social processes in the absence of zoning. This qualitative study explores drivers and constraints shaping the spatial configuration of Portland's strip club industry as well as influences on land use conflict at strip club sites and working conditions for women who work as exotic dancers in the clubs. Data collection entailed review of documents (newspaper articles, legal and administrative decisions and records, and ballot measure pro/con statements); site observations; and in-person interviews with exotic dancers, strip club owners and managers, public employees who deal with strip clubs in their line of work, and people who live and work near strip clubs (n=43). Analysis follows Clarke's (2005) situational analysis methods. The study finds that strip clubs are not necessarily incompatible with residential locations and that such locations can confer benefits to dancers. The normalization of strip clubs in Portland decreases the place stigma associated with strip clubs but has a lesser impact on the person stigma of being an exotic dancer. With regard to land use conflict, the study finds that tolerance of sexual commerce is associated with urbanicity and that neighborhood socioeconomic status has a more complex relationship to community response than is suggested by the literature on land use conflict. Based on these findings, the dissertation argues that conflict resolution programs may be more effective than zoning at managing potential negative effects of sexually oriented businesses, and that improving working conditions for exotic dancers is a complex challenge. It proposes broader adoption of the sex work discourse, including the integration of labor issues in sex industry to advocacy efforts on behalf of other freelance and service sector workers.

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Lash, Steven Joseph. "Cardiovascular reactivity to stress in men: effects of masculine gender role stress appraisal and masculine performance challenge." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43901.

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Previous research has shown that excessive cardiovascular reactivity may be important in the development of coronary heart disease. The present study examines the role of masculine cognitive appraisal of stress as a mediator of cardiovascular reactivity in men. The reactivity of men who differed on a measure of cognitive appraisal of masculine gender role stress (MGRS) was compared using the cold-pressor test under conditions of high and low masculine performance challenge. Under conditions of minimal challenge, it was predicted that high and low MGRS men would not differ on reactivity. Under high challenge, high MGRS men were expected to show greater reactivity than low MGRS men. Since coping responses are related to appraisal of stressful situations and impact on cardiovascular reactivity, subjects' coping responses were also assessed. Analysis of results for systolic blood pressure confirmed the major predictions. High MGRS men showed greater systolic blood pressure reactivity than low MGRS men under high challenge and equal or less reactivity under low masculine performance challenge. In general, the high and low MGRS groups did not differ in their use of coping strategies as a function of the high and low challenge condition. The implications of MGRS appraisal for men's health are discussed.

Master of Science

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Ntlabati, Pumla L. "Patterns of early adolescent sex and implications for HIV/AIDS risk prevention : a contextual study in the Amatole Basin, Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007814.

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This study involves an analysis of accounts of first and subsequent early sexual experiences in a deep rural area of the Eastern Cape in South Africa over the last forty years. Through interviews and focus group discussions, the enculturation of youth into sexual activity in the community of interest is explored. The study looks into sexual experiences from childhood, through early adolescence to adults of up to sixty five years old, allowing an analysis of the changing forms of sexual experimentation and sexual debut in this context. Contextual factors mediating these changes are explored, with special emphasis on the changing regulatory practices around early sexual experiences and the effect thereof on behaviors connected to HIV infection risk. Practices that were previously important mediators of sexual behavior were: anxiety about the social consequences of pregnancy, which was previously a significant disincentive to sexual intercourse; men's previous acceptance of the need to practice non-penetrative forms of sex and girls postponing sexual debut for as long as possible. All these were culturally endorsed, but are now noted to have changed due to changes in the regulatory practices surrounding youth sexuality. The context of early sexual experiences and the surrounding cultural practices have also changed significantly, and this needs to be taken into account in understanding receptivity to condom use messages. Implications for HIV/AIDS prevention are discussed. Among other interventions, the study describes a participatory, community-based, multi-sectoral approach that takes social conditions into account as a way of empowering the community to strengthen its response to the pandemic. This incorporates different sectors of the community, including youth, parents, religious and traditional leaders, and various other structures, services and institutions that make up the community.

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Barge, Inês Gouveia. "A gestão da higiene menstrual : perceções sobre direitos sexuais e reprodutivos." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16376.

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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo compreender as perceções acerca da saúde sexual e reprodutiva, com ênfase na questão da gestão da higiene menstrual. A saúde sexual e reprodutiva e os direitos correspondentes têm um papel fulcral para o desenvolvimento individual e comunitário. A GHM é um meio para atingir a plenitude desses direitos, mas não tinha sido tratada do ponto de vista científico em Portugal. Esta temática é de relevância assinalável do ponto de vista político e social, em particular no quadro dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, parte integrante dos direitos humanos. A higiene menstrual influencia todos os níveis das vidas das raparigas e das mulheres, pelo que direitos como a educação, a privacidade, a igualdade de oportunidades e o acesso à saúde não podem ser respeitados sem uma gestão da higiene menstrual digna e capaz. Esta dissertação explora os compromissos internacionais e nacionais existentes e procura entender a sua influência nos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos. Através de inquéritos e entrevistas a informantes-chave, conclui-se que a gestão da higiene menstrual não é uma prioridade no panorama português. No entanto, tal não significa que não seja necessária: embora não seja vista como matéria digna de atenção pública e política, percebe-se que existe um longo trabalho a ser feito. A gestão da higiene menstrual ainda é desconhecida em Portugal, nomeadamente da perspetiva académica, pelo que se pretende que os resultados deste estudo exploratório possam estimular o aprofundamento da investigação e do debate científico, político e social sobre o tema.
The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the perceptions about sexual and reproductive health, with emphasis on the issue of menstrual hygiene management. Sexual and reproductive health, and the rights inherent to them, play a key role for individual and community development. Menstrual hygiene management is a mean of achieving the fullness of these rights but, until now, had not been treated from a scientific perspective in Portugal. This issue is of considerable political and social relevance, particularly in the context of the strides in sexual and reproductive rights, an integral part of human rights. Menstrual hygiene influences all aspects of the lives of girls and women, thus rights such as education, privacy, equal opportunities and access to health cannot be respected without dignified and adequate menstrual hygiene management. This dissertation explores existing international and national commitments and seeks to understand their influence on sexual and reproductive rights. Through surveys and interviews with key informants, it is concluded that the management of menstrual hygiene is not a priority in the Portuguese context. However, this does not mean that it is not a necessity: whilst it is not seen as a matter worthy of public and political attention, it is clear that there is much work to be done. Menstrual hygiene management is still unknown in Portugal, namely from an academic perspective, and it is therefore look forwarded that the results of this exploratory study may stimulate the deepening of scientific, political and social research and debate on the subject.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Hesslow, Thomas. "Blodets biopolitik : Heterosexuell hygien och män som har sex med män." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Genusvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-54877.

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Following the wake of the AIDS-catastrophe in the beginning of the eighties, homosexual men or 'men who have sex with men' (MSM) have been barred from donating blood throughout the planet. In this thesis I look into the different discourses at play in the context of creating the legal framework for blood donation in Sweden. Genealogically tracing the emergence of the category of MSM and mapping how the category is brought to use in contemporary negotiations on blood safety, I scrutinize how scientific truth is established within blood transfusion practice. I argue that the rationality of risk group exclusion is contingent on economical grounds, and that the foucauldian concept of biopolitics could productively be used to understand this rationality. In particular, the concept of the 'biopolitics of blood' can be employed in order to understand the reluctance from the involved actors to acknowledge the heteronormative consequences of the legal framework of contemporary blood donation.
Sedan HIV-virusets uppkomst i början av åttiotalet har homosexuella män eller 'män som har sex med män' (MSM) uteslutits från blodgivning. I den här uppsatsen tittar jag på de sexualitetsdiskurser som cirkulerar i de sammanhang där dessa regler utvecklas. Genom att genealogiskt spåra uppkomsten av kategorin MSM och sedan följa hur den används i samtida förhandlingar om blodsäkerhet undersöker jag hur vetenskaplig sanning etableras inom svensk blodtransfusion. Jag menar att riskgruppslogiken till viss del vilar på ekonomiska grunder, samt att begreppet 'blodets biopolitik' produktivt kan användas för att förstå den motvilja som de inblandade aktörerna visar mot att erkänna de heteronormativa konsekvenser som dagens lagstiftning kring blodgivning har.

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Danielsson, Anna. "The Role of Menstruation : a Case Study amongst Women from Nakwa Village in Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Utveckling och internationellt samarbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32689.

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This study investigates what role menstruation have for women in the village of Nakwa, Tanzania; how inadequate MHM affects the perception of women; and how menstruation is affecting the gender equality within a marriage in Nakwa. Most women in Nakwa village struggle to maintain high standards of cleanliness regarding their own Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM). This is due to many contributing factors relating to ingrained cultural beliefs that menstruation is something shameful and dirty. Most males within the household manage the finances, and menstrual hygiene products are not considered a priority, which further detaches the women from the possession of power over their own MHM. The theoretical framework used in this study is built upon two pillars, the woman as the inferior sex, and menstruation as something dirty and polluting, contributing to menstrual shame. These pillars are constructed upon two academic works; The Second Sex (1953) by Simone De Beauvoir, and Purity and Danger (1984) by Mary Douglas. Substantive previous research is accounted for to support the two pillars. Two weeks of field studies in Nakwa village during February and March 2017 included 23 individual semi-structured interviews and one group interview, with regularly menstruating married women. The results show a linkage between inadequate MHM, devaluation and inferiority of women and gender inequality.

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Souza, Chiara Musso Ribeiro de Oliveira. "Infecção vaginal : determinantes, microbiota, inflamação e sintomas : estudo descritivo com autocoleta diária ao longo do ciclo menstrual." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/5913.

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A saúde vaginal depende de complexas interações entre a microbiota vaginal, a histofisiologia da mucosa escamosa, o estado hormonal e os mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro. Muitos fatores podem alterar essas relações, induzindo citólise, infecção e inflamação, genericamente denominados infecção vaginal (IV). A IV manifesta-se por graus e combinações variáveis de ardor, prurido, dispareunia, disúria, mau odor e aumento e modificações do conteúdo vaginal. A abordagem clínica tem sido orientada apenas empiricamente e há pouca percepção do risco potencial das IV. Isso se deve a vários fatores, incluindo uma complexa rede de causas, inespecificidade das manifestações, discordâncias conceituais, dificuldade diagnóstica, natureza íntima da prática sexual e limitados recursos diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Objetivos: Avaliar em nosso meio o uso dos intrumentos autocoleta do conteúdo vaginal, diário de hábitos, sintomas e práticas sexuais e descrever as variações diárias da microbiota, da citólise, do exsudato inflamatório e dos sintomas. Casuística: 18 mulheres no menacme, não grávidas, recrutadas em clínicas ecológicas na região metropolitana de Vitória, ES. Métodos: Estudo descritivo com exame ginecológico inicial, registro diário de hábitos de vestuário, higiene, práticas sexuais e sintomas e autocoleta vaginal por um mínimo de trinta dias. Os esfregaços vaginais foram examinados (Gram e Papanicolaou), sumarizando-se os achados como grau lactobacilar, candidíase, citólise e inflamação. Os achados históricos, do exame ginecológico e do estudo seqüencial foram registrados em um quadro pictórico individual e sumarizados por freqüência simples. Resultados: A mediana dos dias com respostas às perguntas do diário foi maior que 87% em todas as participantes. A autocoleta do conteúdo vaginal garantiu espécimes adequados em mais de 85% dos dias em todas as participantes. Microbiota bacteriana anormal, candidíase, citólise e inflamação foram observadas em 27,8%, 50,0%, 83,3% e 94,4% das participantes em algum momento durante o estudo. Os hábitos de vestuário, higiene, e práticas sexuais e os sintomas, microbiota, citólise e inflamação variaram marcadamente tanto entre as mulheres como ao longo dos dias em uma mesma mulher. Conclusão: O registro diário e a autocoleta foram bem aceitos e garantiram dados e espécimes adequados que, sumarizados em um quadro pictórico, mostram que há marcadas variações diárias entre os elementos das redes de causas e efeitos de IV, indicando que somente com estudos seqüenciais é possível identificar todo o espectro das IV.
Vaginal health depends on complex interactions between the vaginal microbiota, the squamous mucosa histophysiology, hormonal status and host defense mechanisms. Several factors can alter these relationships, inducing cytolisis, infection and inflammation, generally named vaginal infection (VI). VI manifests itself by changeable degrees and combinations of burning, itching, dispareunia, disuria, offensive odour and increase and change of the vaginal content. The clinical approach has been taken only empirically and there is few perception of the potential risk of VI. This is due to several factors, including a complex net of causes, few specific manifestations, concept disagreements, difficulties on diagnostic approach, intimate nature of sexual practices and limited diagnostic and therapeutic resources. Objective: To evaluate in our environment the use of the following tools: self collect of the vaginal content and diary of habits, symptoms and sexual practices and to describe the diary changes of the microbiota, cytolisis, inflammatory exsudate and symptoms. Casuistic: 18 non pregnant women during menacme, enlisted at gynecological offices in metropolitan region of Vitória, ES. Study design: Descriptive study consisted of an initial clinical evaluation, daily register of clothing, hygiene, sexual practices and symptoms and self collect of vaginal content by at least 30 days. The vaginal smears were evaluated (Gram and Papanicolaou) and the findings were summarized as lactobacillary grade, candidiasis, cytolisis and inflammation. The historical, gynecological and sequential findings were registered on an individual pictorial table and were summarized by simple frequency. Results: The median of days with diary answers replys was higher than 87% in all of the participants. The self collect of the vaginal content guaranteed adequate smears in more than 85% of the days of the study in all of the participants. Anormal microbiota, candidiasis, cytolisis and inflammation were observed in 27,8%, 50%, 83,3% and 94% of the participants in any moment during the study period. The clothing and hygiene habits, sexual practices, symptoms, anormal bacterial microbiota, candidiasis, cytolisis and inflammation varied markedly between the participants and across the days in a single woman. Conclusion: The daily register and the self collect were well accepted and guaranteed adequate data and smears which, summarized on an individual pictorial table, show that there are marked daily variation between the elements of the nets of causes and effects of the VI, indicating that only sequential studies allow the identification of the whole VI spectre.

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Baret-Bourgoin, Estelle Lequin Yves-Claude. "Environnement et sensibilités les Grenoblois et leur ville au XIXe siècle /." Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2002. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr:8080/sdx/theses/lyon2/2002/baret-bourgoin_e.

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Boisvert, Moreau Marianne. "Exploration des éléments influençant la mise en oeuvre, la distribution et l'utilisation des autotests du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe à Cotonou et ses environs." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69814.

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Au Bénin, les travailleuses du sexe (TS) sont lourdement affectées par le VIH et leur utilisation des services de dépistage est sous-optimale. L’autodépistage du VIH pourrait permettre d’améliorer le dépistage chez les TS. Nous avons mené un projet pilote de distribution des autotests du VIH parmi les TS de Cotonou. Notre modèle de distribution comprenait trois stratégies : la distribution communautaire, la distribution en clinique et la distribution secondaire. Cette étude qualitative a permis d’explorer les éléments influençant la distribution et l’utilisation des autotests du VIH chez les TS. Nous avons conduit 29 entrevues individuelles avec des TS professionnelles. Les données ont été interprétées à l’aide d’une analyse thématique de contenu, en utilisant le cadre des domaines théoriques. Seulement deux TS (6,9%) connaissaient l’autotest du VIH avant l’étude. Toutes les participantes avaient l’intention d’utiliser l’autotest s’il était rendu disponible. Plusieurs avantages de l’autotest ont été mentionnés : l’autonomie, l’intimité, la discrétion, l’accessibilité et le fait qu’il soit indolore. Les barrières mentionnées quant à son utilisation incluent : le manque de fiabilité, de soutien psychologique et de suivi médical et la possibilité de dissimuler son résultat. Les participantes ont dit avoir eu de la facilité à utiliser l’autotest. Aucun cas de violence en lien avec l’autotest n’a été signalé. L’utilisation de l’autotest a permis la liaison aux soins pour quelques TS en déni de leur statut VIH-positif. La distribution secondaire des autotests par les TS dans leur réseau social a été bien reçue. Certaines TS ont dit avoir utilisé l’autotest du VIH à des fins de sérosélection. Nos résultats montrent que l’utilisation et le partage des autotests du VIH sont hautement acceptables et faisables chez les TS de Cotonou. L’autodépistage du VIH devrait donc être rendu disponible au Bénin rapidement et gratuitement pour tous les individus à risque de VIH.
In Benin, a high burden of HIV is observed in female sex workers (FSWs). Despite the importance given totesting services in HIV control, its uptake among FSWs remains suboptimal in Benin. HIV self-testing (HIVST) may be useful for increasing testing rates in FSWs. We conducted a pilot study of the distribution of HIVST kits among FSWs in Cotonou, Benin. The HIVST distribution model included three complementary strategies: community-based, facility-based and secondary distribution. In this qualitative study, we explored the elements influencing HIVST implementation, distributionand use among FSWs. We conducted 29 semi-structured individual interviews with professional FSWs. Datawere interpreted with a thematic analysis method, using the Theoretical Domains Framework.Only two FSWs (6.9%) were aware of HIVST before participating in the study. All participants were interested inusing HIVST if available in Benin. Many advantages of HIVST were mentioned, such as: autonomy, privacy,discretion, accessibility, rapidity and the fact that it is a painless test. Barriers to the use of HIVST included: the possible unreliability, the lack of psychological support and medical follow-up and the possibility of result dissimulation. Participants thought HIV self-tests were easy to use, and were confident they could use it correctly without assistance. HIVST enabled linkage to care for a few FSW in denial of their HIV-positive status. No case of suicide or violence associated with HIVST was reported. HIV self-tests secondary distribution within FSWs social network was well received. Some FSWs reported using HIVST to practice serosorting or to guide their decisions concerning condom use. Findings indicate that HIVST use and secondary distribution are highly acceptable and feasible among FSWs in Cotonou. Results also demonstrate the feasibility of implementing HIV self-tests distribution of in Benin. HIVST should be available in Benin quickly and free of charge to all individuals at risk of HIV.

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Jaars, Cleopatra. "HIV knowledge and sexual risk behaviour of grade 12 learners in the Cape Metropole, Cape Town." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85690.

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Thesis (MCurr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The HIV pandemic threatens the social, emotional, and physical development of all persons, especially the youth. Adolescents are more at risk of contracting HIV as their lifestyle often involves sexual exploration and experimentation. Effective educational interventions are central to HIV prevention in South Africa. Being a clinical nurse practitioner in a primary health care (PHC) facility, the principal investigator observed that school learners failed to practice safe sex and demonstrated little knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention. The aim of the study was to investigate the reported level of HIV knowledge and sexual risk behaviour of grade 12 school learners in the Eastern Sub-District of the Cape Metropole, Cape Town. A descriptive, non-experimental, research design was employed with a primarily quantitative approach. The study population comprised grade 12 learners from high schools in the Eastern Sub-District of the Cape Metropole in Cape Town (N=7940). A total of 92 participants from four schools (2 public and 2 private) were included in the sample by using a cluster sampling method. A self-completion semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was collected by the principal investigator and a trained field worker. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University (N11/07/225). Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the Department of Education. Reliability and validity were assured by means of a pilot study and the use of experts in the field of nursing research and statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Statistical associations were determined using ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney U tests. The qualitative data was analysed thematically and then quantified. The results show that the average HIV/AIDS knowledge score of participants was 60.73%. However, many gaps in HIV/AIDS knowledge were identified. Only 77.2% (n=71) of participants knew the meaning of HIV, 80.4% (n=74) did not know all the ways in which HIV can be transmitted and only 8.7% (n=8) knew how to safely use a condom. The majority of participants (67.4%; n=62) believed in the myth that HIV can be cured and 18.5% (n=17) reported that a traditional healer can cure HIV. With regard to risky behaviour, half of the participants at the time of the study (51%; n=47) reported sexual engagement and 20% (n=9) of these respondents did not use condoms. Furthermore, 25% (n=23) had used alcohol before having sex. There were no association found between the knowledge about HIV/AIDS of participants and their sexual risk behaviour. In view of these study findings, participants are exposing themselves to high risk sexual behaviour that may increase their chances of acquiring sexually transmitted infections including HIV. Several recommendations were identified, including the strengthening of HIV and STI education linked to sexual risk reduction, open communication and additional information sources, availability of condoms at schools and improved access to HIV testing at schools.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die jeug se sosiale, emosionele en fisiese ontwikkeling word deur die MIV-pandemie gekortwiek. As gevolg van hulle seksuele eksperimentering, word adolessente as ŉ hoë risikogroep beskou, sover dit die ontwikkeling van MIV aangaan. Gevolglik speel onderrig ŉ belangrike rol in MIV voorkoming. Die beoefening van onveilige seks, en onvoldoende kennis rakende MIV/VIGS-voorkoming, is deur die primêre navorser, ŉ kliniese verpleegpraktisyn in die primêre gesondheidsorg omgewing, waargeneem. Die studie het dit ten doel om te bepaal wat die MIV-kennis vlakke, en die seksuele gedrag risiko van Graad 12 leerders in die Oostelike sub-distrik van die Kaapstadse Metropool is. ŉ Beskrywende, nie-eksperimentele navorsingsontwerp is gebruik, met ŉ hoofsaaklike kwantitatiewe benadering. Uit die studie populasie van Graad 12 leerders in die Oostelike sub-distrik van die Kaapstadse Metropool hoërskole (N=7940), is ŉ steekproef van 92 deelnemers uit vier hoërskole (twee staatskole en twee privaatskole) gekies – die trossteekproefnemingsmetode is gebruik. Data is versamel deur middel van ŉ semi-gestruktureerde vraelys wat deur die deelnemers self voltooi is. Toestemming vir die uitvoer van die studie is verkry van die Etiese Komitee van die Mediese Fakulteit van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch (N11/07/225), asook die Wes-Kaapse Departement van Onderwys. Die betroubaarheid en geldigheid van die studie is verseker deur die uitvoer van ŉ voorstudie, en is verder versterk deur gebruik te maak van kundiges in die veld van statistiek en verpleegnavorsing. Data is ontleed deur middel van beskrywende statistiese metodes en assosiasies is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van variansie-analise (“ANOVA”) en Mann-Whitney U toetse. Die bevindinge is in frekwensie tabelle en histogramme vervat. Die kwalitatiewe data is gekodeer en gekategoriseer, waarna temas geïdentifiseer is. Alhoewel die studie-bevindinge aangedui het dat die deelnemers ŉ gemiddelde MIV/VIGS-kennis telling van 60.73% behaal het, is verskeie leemtes in hulle bestaande kennis geïdentifiseer. Slegs 77.2% (n=71) van die deelnemers het geweet wat MIV beteken, terwyl 80.4% (n=74) nie geweet het hoe MIV oorgedra word nie. Slegs 8.7% (n=8) van die deelnemers het kennis gehad rakende veilige kondoom gebruik. Die meerderheid van die deelnemers (67.4%; n=62) glo dat MIV genees kan word en 18.5% (n=17) het aangedui dat MIV deur ŉ tradisionele geneesheer genees kan word. Hoë-risiko gedrag, spesifiek seksuele aktiwiteit (51%; n=47%) sonder kondome (20%; n=9) is rapporteer. ŉ Verdere 25% (n=23) van die deelnemers het rapporteer dat hulle alkohol gebruik voor seks, maar daar was geen assosiasie tussen die vlak van MIV/VIGS-kennis en hoë-risiko gedrag nie. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat die deelnemers hulself blootstel aan hoë-risiko seksuele gedrag met die gevolg dat hul kans om MIV te kry verhoog. Die aanbevelings, gegrond op die bevindinge, sluit in: ŉ groter fokus op onderrig wat verband hou met MIV en seksueel oordraagbare infeksies wat gekoppel is aan ŉ verlaging in hoe-risiko seksuele gedrag, openhartige kommunikasie en bykomende inligtingshulpbronne, beskikbaarheid van kondome by skole, asook verbeterde toegang tot MIV toetsing by skole.

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Lundgren, Eva, and Marlene Persson. "HUR SER PERSONALENS KUNSKAP UT AVSEENDE HYGIENRUTINERNA?" Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-26286.

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Vårdrelaterade infektioner medför stora kostnader för samhället. Den vanligaste smittvägen är kontaktsmitta via personalens händer. Under hösten 2006 startades ett ptojekt på Universitetssjukhuset MAS i Malmö (UMAS) för att öka kunskapen hos personalen om de basala hygienrutinerna. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att kartlägga personalens kunskap om de basala hygienrutinerna. Respondenterna omfattade 44 individer, undersköterskor och sjuksköterskor, på en avdelning på UMAS. Datainsamlingen gjordes genom en enkätundersökning och deltagandet skedde anonymt och på frivillig basis. Bortfallet blev stort, endast 22 av 44 respondenter besvarade enkäten. Slutsatsen är att det finns brister i kunskapen hos personalen gällande handhygien. Däremot visar undersökningen att kunskaperna är goda avseende den personliga hygienen. Studien visar också på behovet av ytterligare fortbildning inom området med fokus på handhygien.
Cross infections lead to a lot of additional costs for society. The most common way of passing on infections is by the hands of the staff. During the fall of 2006 a project was started at the University Hospital in Malmoe (UMAS) to increase the knowledge of basic hygiene routines. The purpose of this study was to survey the knowledge among the staff on basic hygiene routines. The respondents in the study covered 44 individuals, assistent nurses and nurses, in one ward at UMAS. The collection of data was made by a questionnaire and the participation was made anonymously and voluntarily. The falling off was large, only 22 of 44 respondents answered the questionnaire. The conclusion is that there are shortages of knowledge among the staff concerning hand hygiene. However the study shows that there is good knowledge when it comes to personal hygiene. The study also proves that there is need for further in-service training with focus on hand hygiene.

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Holder, Sharon M. "Health inequalities amongst older people from ethnic minority groups in Britain : 'sensitivity' of different SES measures." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/208223/.

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The United Kingdom (UK) ethnic population is ageing. However, there has been a dearth of research focussing on the ethnic diversity of the older population and the implications for health and health care needs. In fact ‘ageing’ and ‘ethnicity’ are rarely integrated within health research. According to the United Kingdom (UK) 2001 Census, there are over 4.6 million individuals belonging to minority ethnic groups, with a quarter million aged 50 years or over. The ageing of these communities over the next two decades places greater emphasis on the importance of empirical evidence on their health status and the policy implications for health and health care needs. This thesis contributes to our understanding of health, socio-economic status (SES), ethnicity and ageing. The research explores the ‘sensitivity’ of different measures and their appropriateness and validity in assessing health inequalities amongst ethnic minority groups in order to better understand health inequalities in later life. This is a critical issue with widespread policy implications. Using cross-sectional data from Health Survey for England (HSE), with a sample size of 5,086 men and women 50 years and older, different logistic regression models are run for the outcome variables general health and limiting long-standing illness in order to ascertain the ‘sensitivity’ of SES of the different measures of health amongst the different ethnic minority groups. The results suggest that older people from ethnic minority groups are more likely to report bad/very bad’ health compared with the White population. For example, amongst Black Africans the odds of reporting ‘bad/very bad’ health are 1.45 times the odds amongst Whites, amongst Pakistanis the equivalent odds are 1.69 times the odds amongst Whites, amongst Bangladeshi the odds are 2.34 times the odds of Whites, and amongst Chinese people the odds are 2.53 times the odds of Whites. There are distinct patterns in reporting ‘bad/very bad’ health and a LLSI amongst and between ethnic minority men and women aged 50 and over based on SES measures employed in the study. Additionally, behavioural risk factors, that is, smoking and alcohol consumption were significant predictors of reporting ‘bad/very bad’ health and LLSI. Health inequalities have important implications for policy, particularly for health and health care. The research findings would be useful in informing national policies (e.g. health promotion campaigns, housing, occupationally based services, culturally competent health care services) and locally based interventions (e.g. health campaigns for older men and women; health education) would be better targeted at ethnic minority groups of older men and women

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Baret-Bourgoin, Estelle. "La ville industrielle et ses poisons : les mutations des sensibilités aux nuisances et pollutions industrielles à Grenoble, 1810-1914 /." Grenoble : Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400745844.

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Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Histoire--Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2002. Titre de soutenance : Environnement et sensibilités, les Grenoblois et leur ville au XIXe siècle.
En appendice, choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 375-420.

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Björk, Maria. "Problemet utan namn? : Neuroser, stress och kön i Sverige från 1950 till 1980." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för idé- och lärdomshistoria, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-151608.

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Focusing on Sweden between 1950 and 1980, this doctoral dissertation analyzes and problematizes the process in which a discourse about neurosis and nervous troubles gradually evolved into a discourse about stress. The thesis aims to show how the medical and general discussion about diffuse or vague symptoms transformed and rearticulated ideas and views on society and man, citizenship, gender roles, and medicine. It shows how the discourse on neuroses tended to locate sickness and deviance in the individual, whereas its subsequent transformation into a discourse on stress located the pathological in an external, societal sphere. A particularly prominent issue in the study concerns the role that gender, and in particular female gender, has played in these discourses, and how the place of the feminine can be understood in relation to stress and neuroses. The dissertation shows that female gender was not central to the discourse on neuroses and stress during the studied period. On the contrary, gender was subordinated to ideas about man and citizenship within the greater context of society and culture. The dissertation takes its starting point in the Swedish 1950’s, often characterized as the era of ”The Strong Society” or ”The People’s Home”. During this period, the neurosis discourse was fixed and remained unchanged. In practice, neurosis was a diagnosis that provided such symptoms that were otherwise difficult to measure and assess with a theory of origin. Neuroses were believed to principally affect a certain category of individuals, who, due to their constitution or disposition, were held to be particularly susceptible to neurotic sufferings. During the 1960s the belief in The Strong Society and its notion of ideal citizenship began to crumble. It was against this background that the Swedish medical profession started discussing ”stress”. Stress, in contrast, could afflict anyone and everyone, according to “the father of stress” Hans Selye and Swedish stress researchers. Stress was assumed to be a potential cause of ”nervous troubles” and disease, but was never considered to be a disease in itself. The concept of the individual as a citizen now gave way for the notion of the individual as a primarily biological organism. Within the stress discourse in the 1960s, the primacy of the universal normal (male) man was a recurring focal point. In the 1970s, the stress researchers distanced themselves from Selyes’ concept of stress by focusing on individual factors. In the discussion about stress during the 1970s, the ”constitutionally weak” individual of the 1950s and the biological organism of the 1960s blended into a hybrid construction of a unique, biological individual.

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Leão, Iberê Caldas Souza. "A prática do treinamento do handebol como benefício para uma mudança no estilo de vida em escolares praticantes, na faixa etária de 15 a 17 anos do sexo masculino, da cidade do Recife - PE." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física, 2001. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29516.

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Morin, Laurianne. "Cascades de prévention et de soins du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin, Afrique de l'Ouest." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67318.

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Contexte: Depuis 1990, le Bénin a implanté des programmes de prévention du VIH visant les travailleuses du sexe (TS). L’utilisation d’antirétroviraux (ARV) a été implantée au Bénin en 2002. Nous avons utilisé des données d’une étude nationale (2017) portant sur les TS afin d’évaluer la cascade de soins et deux cascades de prévention en leur sein. Méthodes: Les TS ont été recrutées par échantillonnage en grappe des sites de travail du sexe. Après consentement, un questionnaire a été administré et un dépistage du VIH a été fait avec un test rapide (les résultats ont été remis aux participants). Les participantes positives au VIH ont fourni quelques gouttes de sang sur papier-buvard pour le dosage d’antirétroviraux et la charge virale (limite de 839copies/mL de sang). Nous rapportons les résultats sous forme de proportions avec un intervalle de confiance exact à 95%. Résultats: L’âge moyen des 1086 travailleuses du sexe était 30 ans. Seulement 35% d’entre elles étaient béninoises et deux femmes sur trois avaient une éducation ne dépassant pas le primaire. 79,1% des TSont déjà été testé pour le VIH, et 84,1% d’entre elles l’ont été dans la dernière année. 90,1% ont assisté à des messages de prévention dans les six derniers mois. Parmi elles, 72,8% ont vu une démonstration du port du condom dans la même période et 92% d’entre elles ont reçu des condoms gratuits dans les3 derniers mois. Les femmes ayant été exposées à des messages de prévention dans les six derniers mois ont rapporté une utilisation consistante du condom plus élevée dans le dernier mois (69,0%),comparativement à celles qui ne l’ont pas été (48,5%, p<0,0001) La prévalence du VIH était de 7,7%.60,0% des travailleuses du sexe VIH positives connaissaient leur statut; parmi celles-ci, 90,5% avaient des ARV dans le sang; et de ces dernières, 81,8% avaient une charge virale indétectable. Conclusion: Malgré les efforts des programmes internationaux, nationaux et locaux, les indicateurs des cascades de prévention demeurent faibles, notamment à cause de la grande mobilité des TS. La liaison vers les soins était bonne, mais la charge virale était sous-optimale et la connaissance du statut tait particulièrement faible. Exposer les femmes aux messages de prévention est nécessaire afin d’améliorer le dépistage du VIH et l’adhésion aux ARVs par les TS.
Background & Objectives: Benin has a long-standing history of HIV prevention programs aimed atfemale sex workers (FSWs). Antiretroviral (ARV) treatment is available in Benin since 2002 and a testand-treat strategy was adopted in 2016. We used data from a national survey among FSWs (2017) toassess the prevention and care cascades in this population. Methods: FSWs were recruited through cluster sampling of sex work sites. After informed consent, a questionnaire was administered, and HIV tested with sequential rapid tests whose results were givenback to participants. After a second consent, HIV-positive participants were asked to provide driedblood spots (DBS). DBS were tested for ARV and viral load. We assessed two prevention cascades(HIV testing and safer sex) and the treatment cascade, using a combination of self-reported andbiological variables for defining HIV-positive status knowledge and being on treatment. Results: Mean age of the 1086 FSWs was 30 years. Only half of them were Beninese and two-thirdshad a primary school education level or less. Almost all FSWs had ever heard of HIV/AIDS. 79.1%had ever been tested, and 84.1% of the latter had been tested in the last year. In the previous sixmonths, 90.1% were exposed to prevention messages. Of those, over two thirds (72.8%) had seen a condom demonstration during the same period and 92% of the latter received free condoms in thelast three months. Women exposed to any HIV prevention message (last six months) reported a higherlevel of consistent condom use in the last month (69.0%) than those who were not (48.5%, p<0.0001).HIV prevalence was 7.7%. Among HIV-positive women, 60.6% knew their status; among those,90.5% were on ARV and 81.8% of the latter had a suppressed viral load.Conclusions: Despite long-standing HIV prevention programs for FSWs, the prevention indicators were often low, likely in relation to high FSW mobility, as half of them were migrants. Linkage to carewas good, viral suppression was sub-optimal, but knowledge of HIV-positive status was very low. Exposing women to prevention messages is necessary, as to increase HIV testing and improveadherence counselling towards FSWs on ARV.

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Mboup, Aminata. "Prophylaxie pré-exposition (PrEP) pour la prévention du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68401.

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Malgré tous les efforts de prévention et de traitement réalisés à ce jour, l’infection au virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) continue d’être un problème de santé publique. Proposer de nouvelles méthodes de prévention pour réduire la transmission du VIH est donc essentiel. L’utilisation des antirétroviraux (ARV) pour prévenir la transmission et l’acquisition de l’infection à VIH semble prometteuse à cette fin. Deux méthodes de prévention, le traitement précoce (early antiretroviral therapy: E-ART) pour les personnes séropositives et la prophylaxie pré-exposition (PrEP) pour les personnes séronégatives ont prouvé leur efficacité dans les essais cliniques mais devraient être évaluées dans les conditions réelles de vie hors du cadre des essais cliniques. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer la pertinence et la faisabilité d’ajouter ces deux nouvelles méthodes de prévention au paquet de prévention et traitement actuellement offert aux travailleuses du sexe (TS) au Bénin. Dans le projet de démonstration présenté, 361 TS ont été recrutées et suivies pendant 12 à 24 mois dont 105 TS sous E-ART et 256 TS sous PrEP. Dans un premier temps, des indicateurs clés ont été mesurés. L’acceptabilité était de 95,5% pour l’E-ART et 88,3% pour la PrEP. La rétention à la fin de l’étude était de 59,0% pour l’E-ART et 47,3% pour la PrEP. L’observance auto-rapportée à l’E-ART était plus élevée que l’observance auto-rapportée à la PrEP qui a significativement diminué au cours du suivi. Nos résultats ne suggèrent pas de compensation de risque avec la PrEP. Par la suite, nous avons comparé les tendances de trois mesures d’observance à la PrEP avec des équations d’estimation généralisées (GEE). Le dosage du tenofovir (TFV), considéré comme mesure de référence a été comparé aux mesures auto-rapportées et au décompte des pilules. Le dosage du TFV a indiqué que l’observance à la PrEP a significativement diminué durant l’étude. Le décompte des pilules et les mesures auto-rapportées ont surestimé l’observance. Le dosage du TFV est la mesure la plus appropriée pour mesurer l’observance dans cette population à haut-risque mais son coût empêche son utilisation systématique. Finalement, nous avons identifié les prédicteurs de l’observance à la PrEP. Un âge plus avancé, une durée plus courte dans l’étude et une intention élevée de prendre la PrEP au début de l’étude étaient les seuls facteurs associés à l’observance. En conclusion, la PrEP pourrait être intégrée comme choix au paquet de prévention combinée du VIH offert aux TS au Bénin. Toutefois, la PrEP ne protège pas contre les autres infections sexuellement transmissibles. Elle est une méthode de prévention individuelle pour les personnes à haut-risque d’infection au VIH pour qui les moyens de prévention traditionnels n’ont pas fonctionné ou ne sont pas adaptés. L’E-ART par contre pourrait avoir un grand impact pour une meilleure prise en charge clinique du VIH chez les TS et pour la prévention de sa transmission au niveau populationnel. Toutefois, pour la mise en œuvre de la PrEP et de l’E-ART, les interventions doivent tenir compte de la réalité des TS, et en particulier leur mobilité pour assurer une bonne observance et une bonne rétention.
HIV infection continues to be a public health burden despite all the prevention and treatment efforts accomplished to date. It is therefore essential to propose new prevention methods to reduce the transmission of HIV. The use of antiretrovirals (ARVs) to prevent the transmission and acquisition of HIV infection seems promising for this purpose. Two prevention methods, early antiretroviral (E-ART) and pre exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have proven their efficacy in clinical trials but should be evaluated in "real life" outside the framework of clinical trials. The objective of this thesis was therefore to assess the relevance and feasibility of adding these two new prevention methods to the prevention and treatment package currently offered to female sex workers (FSWs) in Benin. In this demonstration project, 361 FSWs were recruited and followed for 12 to 24 months, 105 FSWs for E-ART and 256 FSWs for PrEP. First, key indicators were measured. Uptake was 95.5% for E-ART and 88.3% for PrEP. Retention at the end of the study was 59.0% for E-ART and 47.3% for PrEP. Self-reported adherence to E-ART was higher than self-reported adherence to PrEP, which decreased significantly during follow-up. Additionally, our results do not suggest any risk compensation with PrEP. We then measured PrEP adherence using 3 different measures and compared the trends using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Tenofovir (TFV) concentration in plasma, considered as the gold standard, was compared to self-reports and pill counts. Adherence to PrEP measured by TFV concentration decreased significantly over the course of the study. The pill counts and self-reported measures overestimated adherence. The TFV concentration in plasma appears to be the most appropriate measure for adherence in this high-risk population. However, its high cost limits its systematic use. Finally, we identified the predictors of adherence to PrEP. Older age, shorter duration in the study, and high intention to take PrEP at the start of the study were the only factors associated with adherence. In conclusion, PrEP could be included as a choice in the combined HIV prevention package offered to FSWs in Benin. However, PrEP does not protect against other sexually transmitted infections. It is an individual prevention method for people at high risk of HIV infection for whom traditional means of prevention have not worked or are not adapted. E-ART, on the other hand, could have a great impact for the prevention of HIV at the population level, while significantly improving clinical care for HIV-infected FSWs. However, for the implementation of PrEP and E-ART, the interventions must take into account the reality of FSWs, particularly their mobility to ensure good adherence and retention.

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Eckstein, Ilton Isandro. "Tipificação dos fatores ligados ao manejo de ordenha e avaliação do seu impacto sobre a qualidade sanitária do leite." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1645.

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Knowing the factors that affect the composition and quality of milk in Dairy Production Systems (SPL) is of utmost importance to the producer. The objective was to evaluate the characteristics of 32 SPL in the city of Toledo, together in partnership with a dairy. We performed the data collection of properties, with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire, which collected information on the production traits, milk composition and quality, besides the technical and management practices carried out, mainly related to hygiene and management health of milking. Milk samples were analyzed for their composition (fat, protein, lactose and total solids), Somatic Cell Count (SCC), Total Bacterial Count (TBC), and also to the presence of total coliforms and fecal coliforms. Subsequently, data collection, the variables were selected and analyzed using multivariate techniques, using the principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of Ascendant Hierarchical Classification (AHC). We analyzed variables related to production and milk quality, techniques and practices used at the time of milking, feeding management, milking system and socio-cultural variables related to the producer. The variables that best explained the differences in the PCA were related to the hygienic and sanitary practices (pre and post-dipping, use of detergents in alkaline and acid cleaning, testing for mastitis) held for milking, with the composition of milk and linked to the producer (age, education, length of service). It was found that the use of these practices can help to improve production and milk quality, ensuring a raw material with high commercial value. The grouping of production systems has shown that there is great diversity among the forms of production, allowing identifying the factors that can influence it, in order to form strategies that may result from gains in production and milk quality
Conhecer os fatores que afetam a composição e qualidade do leite em Sistemas de Produção Leiteiros (SPL) é de extrema importância ao produtor. Objetivou-se avaliar as características de 32 SPL, na cidade de Toledo, juntamente em parceria com um laticínio. Foi realizada a coleta de dados das propriedades, com o auxílio de um questionário semi-estruturado, onde se colheu informações acerca das características de produção, composição e qualidade do leite, além das técnicas e práticas de manejo realizadas, principalmente relacionadas ao manejo higiênico-sanitário de ordenha. As amostras de leite foram analisadas em relação a sua composição (gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais), Contagem de Células Somáticas (CCS), Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT), e também para presença de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes. Posteriormente, a coleta de dados, as variáveis foram selecionadas e analisadas por meio de técnicas multivariadas, sendo utilizada a análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e a análise de Classificação Hierárquica Ascendente (CHA). Foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas à produção e qualidade do leite, técnicas e práticas utilizadas no momento da ordenha, manejo alimentar, sistema de ordenha e variáveis sócio-culturais relacionadas ao produtor. As variáveis que melhor explicaram as diversidades das ACP foram as relacionadas com as práticas higiênico-sanitária (pré e pós-dipping, utilização dos detergentes alcalino e ácido na higienização, testes para detecção de mastite) realizadas na ordenha, com a composição de leite e vinculadas ao produtor (idade, escolaridade, tempo na atividade). Foi verificado que o uso destas práticas podem auxiliar para melhorar a produção e qualidade do leite, assegurando uma matéria-prima com maior valor comercial. O agrupamento dos sistemas de produção permitiu verificar a existência de grande diversidade entre as formas de produção, possibilitando identificar os fatores que podem influenciá-lo, a fim de formar estratégias que possam resultar ganhos em produção e qualidade do leite

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Clüver, Frances Rose Mannix. "Negotiating sexuality in Grahamstown East: young black women's experiences of relationships in the context of HIV risk." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002460.

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Adolescent sexual health has been identified as a significant health and development problem facing South Africa. Limited amounts of research on sexual interactions have been undertaken, with information on adolescents’ romantic relationships being particularly scarce. Qualitative research needs to foster an understanding of the dynamics of sexual interactions in specific settings, and with emphasis in the past on cognitive health psychology models, very little is thus known about how adolescents negotiate and make sense of their sexual experiences. This highlights the need to investigate the complexities of human sexuality in a contextual manner. In response, this study explores the lived experiences of four young black women as they negotiate their agency and sexuality in a local context. By way of in-depth qualitative interviews, which were analysed for recurrent themes using interpretative phenomenological analysis, this project examines the participants’ experiences regarding sex, relationships, communication, sexual health care, as well as HIV and pregnancy prevention. The results reveal that communication about sexuality in the participants’ homes was limited if not absent altogether. When seeking sexual health care, they found clinic nurses to be judgemental and rude. Regarding sexuality and HIV education, the participants stressed the need for outside educators to teach in more practical ways to increase efficacy. In their dating relationships, most participants revealed their boyfriends had a great deal of influence over their sexual initiation. Unwanted pregnancy surfaced as a greater fear than HIV in their accounts due to pressure to finish their education and attain well-paying jobs in the future. The participants felt unable to stop their boyfriends’ infidelity and had limited agency when facing sexual demands. Their accounts revealed that they negotiate their agency in an atmosphere of coercion and the threat of rape. However, areas of agency included their consistent condom use even when facing pressure to have unprotected sex, and their active accessing of sexual health services for hormonal contraception. These insights serve to better inform sexual and reproductive health education and intervention programmes for young women. Moreover, educators, researchers and programme developers alike may gain useful insights from the personalised accounts derived from this study.

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Castensson, Alice. "The Capability of Cups : A comparative field study in Uganda investigating the impact of menstrual cups on women and girls’ achieved capabilities." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352669.

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Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) has for long been a neglected topic within development research, policy and practice, despite findings recognising how insufficient MHM poses obstacles to women and girls’ well-being and quality of life. Those living in low-resource settings are especially vulnerable to such challenges. This thesis aims to provide empirical evidence for the relationship between improved MHM and human development. Amartya Sen’s capability approach serves as the starting point, suggesting that development is the process of expanding capabilities to lead a life one has reason to value. It is argued that the use of menstrual cups enables the achievement of capabilities, by removing obstacles to these. This hypothesis is tested using material collected during a field study in Uganda. Two groups of women and girls have been interviewed and compared – one in which everyone is using menstrual cups, and one in which everyone is using pads or cloths. The results show that capabilities to a larger extent are achieved among the women and girls using menstrual cups, than among those using pads or cloths. Moreover, obstacles to capabilities were predominantly present in the second group. The findings thereby support the theoretical argument, demonstrating that the use of menstrual cups removes obstacles – positively impacting capabilities. This highlights the importance of considering MHM as a key aspect of sustainable development.

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Mendonça, Juliana Silverio Campanati. "Início da introdução de acúcar na dieta e presença de cárie dentária em bebês com e sem fissura labiopalatina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/61/61132/tde-04032016-163805/.

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As fissuras labiopalatinas estão entre as principais causas de problemas relacionados à alimentação dos bebês, devido a comunicação entre as cavidades bucal e nasal. Essa dificuldade em se alimentar pode contribuir para um comprometimento de seu ganho ponderal. Outro aspecto importante é a introdução precoce de carboidratos, principalmente carboidratos simples (açúcares) em sua dieta, visto que o mesmo proporciona um paladar mais agradável, além de favorecer o ganho de peso, fato imprescindível para a cirurgia de correção. Para bebês com fissura labiopalatina esta situação pode se agravar devido à dificuldade de higienização bucal, pela presença da fissura e provável receio dos pais ou cuidadores para realizar a higienização correta. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar o início e introdução de açúcares na dieta de bebês de seis a dezoito meses, com e sem fissura, bem como a presença de cárie dentária, comparando-os. Foram avaliadas 142 crianças, sendo 84 do grupo fissura e 58 do grupo controle (sem fissura). Para esta verificação foi aplicado um questionário aos pais ou cuidadores contendo perguntas relativas ao hábito alimentar e higiene bucal e realizado um exame clínico intrabucal. A análise dos dados foi realizada por porcentagem e por meio do Teste Qui-quadrado para estabelecer a relação entre a prevalência de cárie, hábitos alimentares e higienização bucal. Foi identificada relação entre higienização bucal e cárie (p<0,001). Não foram observadas associações entre a ingestão de açúcar (p=0,937), assim como a idade em que foi introduzido (p=0,432) com o surgimento de cáries. Apenas 4 bebês pertencentes ao grupo fissura apresentaram cárie, totalizando 9 dentes cariados, sendo 6 dentes de apenas 1 bebê. O índice ceo-d médio foi 0,11%. Os incisivos superiores foram os principais dentes acometidos pela cárie. Conclui-se a higienização bucal é imprescindível para evitar o desenvolvimento da cárie e que o hábito alimentar não está relacionado ao surgimento da mesma, nesta faixa etária tão precoce.
Cleft lip and palate are among the main causes of problems related to infant feeding, due to communication between the oral and nasal cavities. This difficulty in feeding may impair their weight gain. Another important aspect is the early introduction of carbohydrates, especially simple carbohydrates (sugars) in the diet, since it provides a more pleasant taste, in addition to promoting weight gain, which is fundamental for surgical repair. For babies with cleft lip and palate this situation may be worse due to the difficulty of oral hygiene, the presence of the cleft and probable fear of parents or caregivers to perform proper hygiene. This study analyzed the onset and introduction of sugars in the diet of infants, from six to eighteen months, with and without clefts, as well as the presence of dental caries by comparing the groups. A total of 142 children were evaluated, 84 from the cleft group and 58 from the control group (without cleft). For that purpose, a questionnaire was applied to parents or caregivers with questions relating to eating habits and oral hygiene, and an intraoral clinical examination was performed. Data analysis was performed by percentage and by the Chi-square Test, to establish the relationship between the prevalence of caries, eating habits and oral hygiene. The findings revealed a relationship between oral hygiene and dental caries (p<0.001). No associations were observed between sugar intake (p=0.937) and age at which it was introduced (p=0.432) with the development of caries. Only 4 infants in the cleft group presented caries, totaling 9 decayed teeth, considering that one baby presented six decayed teeth. The mean dmft was 0.11%. The maxillary incisors were the teeth most affected by decay. It was concluded that oral hygiene is essential to prevent the development of caries, and feeding habits were not related to the presence of caries at this very early age.

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Pereira, Paula Cristina Romão. "Influência parental e outros determinantes nos níveis de actividade física-um estudo em jovens do sexo feminino doa 12 aos 19 anos." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física, 1999. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29102.

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Tounkara, Fatoumata Korika. "Prévalence, incidence, persistance et facteurs associés aux infections à virus du papillome humain chez les travailleuses du sexe en Afrique de l’Ouest." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67968.

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Les travailleuses du sexe (TS) constituent une population fortement à risque d’infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST), incluant le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) et le virus du papillome humain (VPH). À notre connaissance, depuis 2009, aucune étude n’a été réalisée sur l’épidémiologie des IST/VIH chez les TS au Mali. Par ailleurs, nous n’avons aucune connaissance d’étude réalisée sur l’épidémiologie des infections à VPH dans cette population clé au Mali et au Bénin. Cette thèse avait pour objectifs de : (1) déterminer la prévalence du VIH et des autres IST ainsi que des facteurs associés à ces infections chez les TS à Bamako, Mali; (2) estimer la prévalence du VPH, la distribution de même que les facteurs associés aux infections à VPH à haut risque chez les TS à Bamako, Mali et à Cotonou, Bénin; et (3) estimer les taux d’incidence et de persistance des infections à VPH chez les TS dans les deux pays ainsi que les facteurs qui leur sont associés. Les objectifs 1 et 2 ont conduit à la réalisation d’études transversales, tandis que l’objectif 3 a nécessité une étude longitudinale d’un an avec trois visites : recrutement initial, visites de suivi à 6 et 12 mois. Les sites d’étude étaient Cotonou (Bénin) et Bamako (Mali). Des variables concernant les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, comportementales et antécédents gynécologiques ont été recueillies. Des statistiques descriptives ont été produites. Des modèles multivariés de régression log-binomiale et de Poisson ont été utilisés pour identifier les facteurs associés aux différentes issues. Au total 353 TS ont été recrutées au Mali, l’âge moyen était de 26,8 ans. Concernant l’objectif 1, la prévalence du VIH était de 20,4%, et 35,1% des TS avaient au moins une IST. Les facteurs significativement associés à l’infection au VIH étaient l’âge plus avancé (test de tendance, p < 0,0001), la durée du travail du sexe ≥ 6 ans, la non-scolarisation ainsi que des infections à gonocoque et à chlamydia (p < 0,05). Par ailleurs, le jeune âge (test de tendance, p = 0,018), le nombre de clients ≥ 10 au cours des sept derniers jours et l’infection au VIH taient significativement associés aux autres IST (p < 0,05). Pour ce qui est de l’objectif 2, les données sur le VPH étaient disponibles pour 659 TS (309 au Bénin et 350 au Mali). La prévalence globale du VPH était de 95,5% au Bénin et de 81,4% au Mali. Les trois types de VPH à haut risque les plus prévalents chez les TS au Bénin étaient les VPH-58, VPH-16 et VPH-52; cet ordre au Mali était VPH-16, VPH-51 et VPH-52. Au Bénin, les principaux facteurs associés aux VPH à haut risque étaient la pratique de la douche vaginale et l’infection gonococcique (p < 0,05), tandis qu’au Mali, la durée du travail du sexe < 1 an et l’infection à VIH étaient les facteurs prédominants (p < 0,05). En lien avec l’objectif 3, le taux de participation à la visite de 12 mois était de 51,6%, mais 68,6% des participantes ont eu au moins une visite de suivi (51 femmes n’ayant pas participé à la visite de suivi de 6 mois sont revenues à 12 mois). Les taux d’incidence les plus élevés ont été observés avec VPH-59, VPH-16 et VPH-35 (≥ 6,3 cas pour 1000 femmes-mois). Les principaux facteurs associés à l’incidence des infections à VPH à haut risque étaient la durée du travail du sexe ≤ 1 an et l’infection par le VIH (p < 0,05). Les taux de persistance à 12 mois les plus élevés ont été observés avec VPH-59, VPH-51/VPH-52 et VPH-35 (≥ 28,6%). Les facteurs de risque de persistance étaient l’âge des TS < 20 ans ou ≥ 50 ans (p < 0,05); les infections à VIH ou à chlamydia ainsi que l’infection avec de multiples types de VPH à l’inclusion (p < 0,05). En conclusion, les TS dans ces pays d’Afrique occidentale sont caractérisées par une prévalence élevée des IST/VIH, des taux élevés de prévalence, d’incidence et de persistance du VPH. Ces données impliquent la nécessité de revoir la conception des programmes de prévention des IST/VIH y compris le VPH chez les TS afin de prévenir le cancer du col utérin chez ces dernières et de briser la chaine de transmission de ces IST vers la population générale de ces pays.
Female sex workers (FWs) represent a high-risk group for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the human papillomavirus (HPV). To our knowledge, since 2009, no study has been conducted on the epidemiology of HIV/STIs among FSWs in Mali. Also, there are no available data on the epidemiology of HPV infections in this key population in Mali and Benin.The objectives of this thesis were to (1) assess the prevalence of HIV/STIs and associated factors among FSWs in Bamako, Mali; (2) estimate HPV prevalence, distribution and factors associated with high-risk (HR) HPV infections in FSWs in Bamako (Mali) and Cotonou (Benin), and (3) estimate the incidence and persistence rates of HPV infections in FSWs in the two countries as well as factors related to both incidence and persistence of HR-HPV infections. Cross sectional studies were conducted for objectives 1 and 2, where as a longitudinal study with visits at three time points (baseline, follow-up visits at 6 months and at 12 months) were carried out for objective 3. It took place in Cotonou (Benin) and Bamako (Mali). Sociodemographic, behavioral and gynecological history data were collected. Descriptive statistics were computed. Multivariate log-binomial and Poisson regression models were used to identify factors associated with study outcomes. Overall, 353 FSWs were recruited in Mali; the mean age was 26.8 years. Concerning objective 1, HIV prevalence was 20.4% and 35.1% of FSWs had at least one STI. Factors significantly associated with HIV were older age (trend test, p < 0.0001), sex work duration ≥ 6 years, uneducated status, gonococcal and chlamydial infections (p < 0.05). In addition, younger age (trend test, p = 0.018), number of clients ≥10 during the past week, and HIV infection were significantly associated with other STIs (p < 0.05). Regarding objective 2, HPV data were available for 659 FSWs (309 in Benin and 350 in Mali). The overall HPV prevalence rates were 95.5% in Benin and 81.4% in Mali. The three most common HPV types among FSWs in Benin were HPV58, HPV16, and HPV52; this order was HPV16, HPV51, and HPV52 in Mali. In Benin, the main factors associated with HR-HPV infections were vaginal douching and gonococcal infection (p < 0.05), whereas in Mali, these factors were duration of sex work < 1 year and HIV infection (p < 0.05). Concerning objective 3, the 12-month participation rate was 51.6%, but retention for at least one follow-up visit was 68.6% (51 women not attending the 6-month follow-up visit came back at 12 months). The highest incidence rates of HR-HPV over 12 months occurred with HPV59, HPV16 and HPV35 (≥ 6.3 cases per 1000 women-months). Factors associated with HR-HPV incidence were sex work duration ≤ 1 year and HIV infection (p < 0.05). The highest HR-HPV persistence rates were observed for HPV59, HPV51/HPV52 and HPV35 (≥ 28.6%). Risk factors for HR-HPV persistence were age < 20 years or ≥ 50 years (p < 0.05); HIV and chlamydial infections as well as infection with multiple HPV types at baseline (p <0.05). In conclusion, FSWs in these West African countries are characterized by high HIV/STI prevalence, and by high rates of HPV prevalence, incidence and persistence. These data suggest the need to reconsider the conceptual framework of STI/HIV (including HPV) prevention programs aimed at FSWs in order to prevent cervical cancer among them and break the transmission chain of these STIs to the general population.

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Diallo, Mamadou Aliou, and Mamadou Aliou Diallo. "Étude de faisabilité du traitement précoce comme méthode de prévention du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe à Cotonou, au Bénin." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38095.

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Les travailleuses du sexe (TS) restent fortement affectées par l’infection au VIH et jouent un rôle clé dans sa propagation dans la population générale. Cependant la couverture antirétrovirale chez ces dernières reste toujours faible en Afrique en générale, et de l’Ouest et du centre en particulier. En lien avec les recommandations de l’ONUSIDA qui étendent l’accès au traitement antirétroviral à toute personne séropositive indépendamment de son taux de CD4, nous avons lancé ce projet de démonstration du traitement précoce du VIH comme méthode de prévention afin d’évaluer l’acceptabilité, la faisabilité, et l’utilité d’ajouter cette stratégie au paquet actuel de traitement et de prévention chez les TS au Bénin. Tout en évaluant l’acceptabilité et la faisabilité, nous avons mis l’accent sur la réponse au traitement notamment l’adhérence et la suppression de la charge virale, la restauration des taux de CD4 et l’émergence de résistance au traitement. L’étude a inclus 107 TS qui ont été suivies entre 12 et 24 mois. À la fin du suivi, seules 64 sont restées dans l’étude, donnant un taux de rétention de 59,8%. La restauration des taux de CD4 au-delà de 500 cells/μl a été atteinte chez plus de 70% des participantes, tandis que la moyenne géométrique de la charge virale est passée de 12372 copies/ml au début de l’étude à 105,1 copies/ml (p<0,0001) à 12 mois; 95,1 copies/ml (p<0,0001) à 24 mois et à 187,3 copies/ml à l’ensemble des visites finales (p=0,003). De plus, la charge virale supprimée (<1000 copies/ml) ou indétectable (<40 copies/ml) était fortement associée à l’augmentation du niveau d’adhésion thérapeutique auto-rapportée (p de tendance =0,048 et 0,004 respectivement). Plusieurs participantes ont montré des génotypes de résistance au début de l’étude, cependant aucune de ces dernières ayanteu une visite finale n’a montré de résistance clinique lors de cette dernière visite. Compte tenu de la mobilité de ce groupe, des efforts sur la rétention et l’adhérence au traitement, et une collaboration régionale entre les cliniques ISTs dédiées aux TS pourraient faciliter l’implantation et l’impact positif du traitement précoce comme méthode de prévention dans la sous-région.
Les travailleuses du sexe (TS) restent fortement affectées par l’infection au VIH et jouent un rôle clé dans sa propagation dans la population générale. Cependant la couverture antirétrovirale chez ces dernières reste toujours faible en Afrique en générale, et de l’Ouest et du centre en particulier. En lien avec les recommandations de l’ONUSIDA qui étendent l’accès au traitement antirétroviral à toute personne séropositive indépendamment de son taux de CD4, nous avons lancé ce projet de démonstration du traitement précoce du VIH comme méthode de prévention afin d’évaluer l’acceptabilité, la faisabilité, et l’utilité d’ajouter cette stratégie au paquet actuel de traitement et de prévention chez les TS au Bénin. Tout en évaluant l’acceptabilité et la faisabilité, nous avons mis l’accent sur la réponse au traitement notamment l’adhérence et la suppression de la charge virale, la restauration des taux de CD4 et l’émergence de résistance au traitement. L’étude a inclus 107 TS qui ont été suivies entre 12 et 24 mois. À la fin du suivi, seules 64 sont restées dans l’étude, donnant un taux de rétention de 59,8%. La restauration des taux de CD4 au-delà de 500 cells/μl a été atteinte chez plus de 70% des participantes, tandis que la moyenne géométrique de la charge virale est passée de 12372 copies/ml au début de l’étude à 105,1 copies/ml (p<0,0001) à 12 mois; 95,1 copies/ml (p<0,0001) à 24 mois et à 187,3 copies/ml à l’ensemble des visites finales (p=0,003). De plus, la charge virale supprimée (<1000 copies/ml) ou indétectable (<40 copies/ml) était fortement associée à l’augmentation du niveau d’adhésion thérapeutique auto-rapportée (p de tendance =0,048 et 0,004 respectivement). Plusieurs participantes ont montré des génotypes de résistance au début de l’étude, cependant aucune de ces dernières ayanteu une visite finale n’a montré de résistance clinique lors de cette dernière visite. Compte tenu de la mobilité de ce groupe, des efforts sur la rétention et l’adhérence au traitement, et une collaboration régionale entre les cliniques ISTs dédiées aux TS pourraient faciliter l’implantation et l’impact positif du traitement précoce comme méthode de prévention dans la sous-région.
Female sex workers (FSW) remain highly affected by HIV and play a critical roleinits spread towards the general population, however, antiretroviral treatment coverage in this group still remains very low in west and central African countries. In line with the UNAIDS recommendations extending antiretroviral treatment to all HIV-infected individuals regardless their CD4 count, we carried out this demonstration project of early HIV treatment as prevention (TasP) aiming to assess the acceptability, feasibility, and utility of adding this strategy to the current prevention and treatment packageamong FSW in Cotonou, Benin. While assessing both acceptability and feasibility, we focused on treatment response including CD4 count restoration, adherence to treatment and viral suppression, and emergence of drug resistance. The study included 107 FSW who were followed between 12 and 24 months. At the end of the follow-up 64 remained in the study giving a retention rate of 59.8%. CD4 count recovery above 500 cells/μl was reached in more than 70% of participants. The geometric mean viral load decreased from 12372 copies/ml at baseline, to 105.1 copies/ml (<.0001) at 12 months; 95.1 copies/ml (p <.0001) at 24 months and 187.3 copies/ml at all final visits (p = 0.003). In addition, both suppressed (<1000 copies/ml) and undetectable (<40 copies/ml) viral loads were strongly associated with increasing levels of adherence to treatment (p for trend =0.048 and 0.004 respectively). Resistance mutations were detected in several participants at baseline, but none of those who had a final visit showed clinical resistance. Given the mobility in this group of population, efforts on retention and adherence to treatment, and regional collaboration between FSW-dedicated clinics could facilitate the implementation and positive impact of early treatment as prevention in this population.
Female sex workers (FSW) remain highly affected by HIV and play a critical roleinits spread towards the general population, however, antiretroviral treatment coverage in this group still remains very low in west and central African countries. In line with the UNAIDS recommendations extending antiretroviral treatment to all HIV-infected individuals regardless their CD4 count, we carried out this demonstration project of early HIV treatment as prevention (TasP) aiming to assess the acceptability, feasibility, and utility of adding this strategy to the current prevention and treatment packageamong FSW in Cotonou, Benin. While assessing both acceptability and feasibility, we focused on treatment response including CD4 count restoration, adherence to treatment and viral suppression, and emergence of drug resistance. The study included 107 FSW who were followed between 12 and 24 months. At the end of the follow-up 64 remained in the study giving a retention rate of 59.8%. CD4 count recovery above 500 cells/μl was reached in more than 70% of participants. The geometric mean viral load decreased from 12372 copies/ml at baseline, to 105.1 copies/ml (<.0001) at 12 months; 95.1 copies/ml (p <.0001) at 24 months and 187.3 copies/ml at all final visits (p = 0.003). In addition, both suppressed (<1000 copies/ml) and undetectable (<40 copies/ml) viral loads were strongly associated with increasing levels of adherence to treatment (p for trend =0.048 and 0.004 respectively). Resistance mutations were detected in several participants at baseline, but none of those who had a final visit showed clinical resistance. Given the mobility in this group of population, efforts on retention and adherence to treatment, and regional collaboration between FSW-dedicated clinics could facilitate the implementation and positive impact of early treatment as prevention in this population.

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Bertrais, Sandrine. "Marqueurs du risque cardiovasculaire dans une population féminine française : approche épidémiologique des différences liées au sexe et au statut hormonal." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA11T007.

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Les maladies cardiovasculaires liées à l'athérosclérose sont une cause majeure de décès dans les pays à haut niveau de vie. Ce travail vise à résumer les connaissances sur les particularités du risque cardiovasculaire chez les femmes et tente d’apporter des éléments de réponse concernant les modifications potentiellement liées au statut hormonal et à la prise d'hormones exogènes à partir de données transversales et longitudinales recueillies en France. A âge égal, les marqueurs de risque cardiovasculaire (MRCV) variaient selon la maturité sexuelle chez les adolescentes ; la prise en compte du stade de puberté semble importante pour interpréter les valeurs élevées du cholestérol total. Chez les adultes, la prise d'une contraception orale était liée à un profil plus ou moins défavorable selon les MRCV, suggérant une sélection probable des utilisatrices. En comparaison aux pilules de 2éme génération contenant du lévonorgestrel, les contraceptifs de 3ème génération étaient associés à des niveaux plus élevés de cholestérol total, de triglycérides, d'insuline à jeun, d'HDL-cholestérol et d'apo-Al. Le profil cardiovasculaire était semblable chez les femmes ménopausées et non ménopausées, après ajustement sur les facteurs de confusion. L’utilisation d'un traitement hormonal substitutif après la ménopause était associée à des valeurs plus favorables pour les lipoprotéines et le fibrinogène. Enfin, chez les hommes et femmes non ménopausées, l'adiposité abdominale était étroitement liée aux autres MRCV. Le dimorphisme sexuel de répartition du tissu adipeux expliquait en partie les différences de profil cardiovasculaire entre sexes, indépendamment des aractéristiques socio-démographiques et comportementales. L'ensemble de nos résultats est discuté, les relations observées ne peuvent avec certitude être attribuées à l’environnement hormonal. Il est aussi nécessaire de préciser la signification clinique des différences observées et d’étudier les changements à la périménopause
Cardiovascular diseases related to atherosclerosis are one of the main causes of death in industrialized countries. The aim of this work was to summarize the known sex differences in cardiovascular risk and to compare cardiovascular risk markers (CVRM) according to pubertal stage, use of oral contraceptives (OC), menopausal status and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the French context. CVRM varied according to sexual maturity among girls of the same age. Taking into account the puberty stage appears important for the interpretation of high cholesterol concentrations. Among adults, OC use was associated with a more or Jess unfavourable profile according to CVRM and sorne results suggested an healthy user effect. In comparison with women who used 2nd generation pills containing levonorgestrel, 3rd generation contraceptive users bad higher mean levels of total cholesterol level, triglycerides, fasting insulin, HDL-cholesterol and apo-Al. After adjustment on confounding factors, the cardiovascular risk profile was similar among non-menopausal and postrnenopausal women. HRT use in postmenopausal women was associated with favourable levels for lipoproteins and fibrinogen. Finally, in men and non-menopausal women, there were gradual relationships between abdominal adiposity and the levels of most lipoproteins, of fasting glucose and insulin, and to lesser extent of blood pressure. The sexual dimorphism in body fat distribution partially explained the relative unhealthier cardiovascular risk profile of men, independently of the sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics. To conclude, all these results are discussed, it remains uncertain whether the observed relationships are due to sex hormones. It is also necessary to determine the clinicat significance of the observed differences and to assess how cardiovascular risk markers could be modified during perimenopause

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Costa, Karoline Louise Silva da. "Luiz Ant?nio dos Santos Lima e o seu legado educacional (Natal/RN, 1910-1961)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14571.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KarolineLSC_DISSERT_Capa_ate_pag51.pdf: 10660385 bytes, checksum: 7aa95365c173bcdf19eb39ee7d846f62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-01
This research aims to analyze the intellectual practice of Luiz Ant?nio Ferreira Souto dos Santos Lima. This is done considering the author?s legacy related to the History of Education in Rio Grande do Norte/Brazil in the time span of 1910 to 1961. Thus, the research is grounded on assumptions that rely on the Cultural History field. The research also dealt with dialogues between the author and Chartier (1990), Elias (1994), Morais (2003; 2006), as well as Gondra (2003). For the bibliographical research the work dealt with a vast array of documents such as newspapers called A Rep?blica and Di?rio do Natal, Pedagogium, Revista do ensino, as well as state laws and decrees These documents were obtained at the Historical and Geographical Institute in Rio Grande do Norte. The research also dealt with School Bylaws and a medical doctoral thesis called Mental Hygiene and Education that was written by Luiz Ant?nio dos Santos Lima. Other documents were obtained at the State?s Public Archive, such as the Book of Honor, Work Records, Reports and Minutes of the General Directorate of Public Instruction Meetings. It was possible to infer that professor Luiz Ant?nio dos Santos Lima was teacher at Grupo Escolar Augusto Severo, the Atheneu as well as some local grade schools. The professor had a broad role in society, in administrative positions such as the Presidency of the Association of Teachers of Rio Grande do Norte, as Grade School Director in the School of Pharmacy and the State Education Department. He was also a member of the Academy of Arts and a partner at Historical and Geographical Institute in Rio Grande do Norte. The professor has also concerned with issues related to teaching good habits such as feeding, grooming, discipline, game morals, temperance, smoking, sex education; all of which necessary for the formation of healthy children. He was an enthusiast of an intuitive method and teaching lessons through practice, that he considered key elements in education. It is seen that professor Luiz Ant?nio dos Santos Lima had presence in the State?s health education and that his ideals were line with the ideal of modernity of the early twentieth century
A pesquisa analisa a pr?tica do intelectual Luiz Ant?nio Ferreira Souto dos Santos Lima e o seu legado ? hist?ria da educa??o no Rio Grande do Norte, durante o per?odo de 1910 a 1961. Fundamenta-se nos pressupostos da Hist?ria Cultural, por meio do di?logo promovido por autores a exemplo de Chartier (1990), Elias (1994), Morais (2003; 2006), e Gondra (2003). Utilizamos os Jornais A Rep?blica e Di?rio do Natal, as Revistas Pedagogium, do ensino e do Instituto Hist?rico e Geogr?fico do Rio Grande do Norte e, as leis e decretos do Governo do RN, o Regimento Interno dos Grupos Escolares, al?m da Tese de doutoramento em Medicina intitulada Higiene Mental e Educa??o, escrita por Luiz Ant?nio dos Santos Lima. Documentos estes procedentes do acervo do Instituto Hist?rico e Geogr?fico do Rio Grande do Norte (IHGRN). No Arquivo P?blico do Estado (APE/RN) encontramos o Livro de Honra, Livros de Of?cios, Relat?rios e Atas das Reuni?es da Diretoria Geral da Instru??o P?blica. Observamos que o professor Luiz Ant?nio dos Santos Lima exerceu o magist?rio no Grupo Escolar Augusto Severo, no Atheneu Norte-Rio-Grandense e na Escola Normal de Natal. Desenvolveu uma ampla atua??o na sociedade, frente a cargos administrativos como o da Presid?ncia da Associa??o de Professores do Rio Grande do Norte (APRN), Dire??o da Escola Normal de Natal, da Escola de Farm?cia e do Departamento de Educa??o do Estado. Pertenceu a Academia Norte-Rio-Grandense de Letras e ao Instituto Hist?rico e Geogr?fico do Rio Grande do Norte, como s?cio efetivo. Destacou-se pela preocupa??o com a arte de ensinar e cultivar bons h?bitos, como: metodiza??o da alimenta??o, do asseio, da disciplina, da moral contra o jogo, do antialcoolismo, do antitabagismo, da educa??o sexual, dentre outros cuidados para a forma??o sadia das crian?as. Defendia o m?todo intuitivo e a realiza??o da pr?tica de ensino concreto realizada pelas li??es de coisas, consideradas a chave para desencadear a pretendida renova??o educacional. Evidenciamos que Luiz Ant?nio dos Santos Lima atuou na educa??o e na ?rea m?dica do Estado em conson?ncia com o ideal de modernidade do in?cio do s?culo XX

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Jacobs, Olivia. "The Simple Truths of Safety at Sea for Alaskan Tender Vessels: Feasible Regulatory Changes to Prevent Vessel Casualties in the 17th Coast Guard District Tender Fleet." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/908.

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Tender vessels in the United States will soon need to comply with new safety regulations as mandated by the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2010. This thesis focuses specifically on assisting in the formation of an Alternative Safety Compliance Program (ASCP) for the unique tender vessel fleet and seeks to understand why tender vessels experience fatalities and vessel casualties. By analyzing data of tendermen fatalities and tender vessel casualties between 2000 and 2012, the report sheds light on the realities of these incidents. Among other findings, the data show that the most common cause of vessel casualty was striking rocks or the ocean floor, and the most common human error was falling asleep at the helm. This thesis then proposes potential regulations that would be economically feasible and realistic for tenders by comparing the casualty data to the reported financial realities of current tender vessels. Notably, the analysis indicates that applying the current Alternative Compliance and Safety Agreement (ACSA) to tenders would not be beneficial. Ultimately, the proposed regulations herein should act as a foundation for a discussion regarding an alternative compliance agreement, as the final agreement will be reached through a much greater dialogue between many involved parties, including tendermen, regulators, safety compliance experts, and others.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sex hygiene'

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