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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex role. Identity (Psychology) Androgyny (Psychology)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Lin, Yi-Ching, and Robert E. Billingham. "Relationship between Parenting Styles and Gender Role Identity in College Students." Psychological Reports 114, no. 1 (February 2014): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/21.09.pr0.114k13w4.

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The relationship between perceived parenting styles and gender role identity was examined in college students. 230 undergraduate students (48 men, 182 women; 18–23 years old) responded to the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and the Bern Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI). The hypothesis was that parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive for both fathers and mothers) would be significantly associated with gender role identity (undifferentiated, feminine, masculine, and androgynous) of college students, specifically whether authoritative parenting styles associated with androgyny. To account for differences in sex on gender role identity or parenting styles, sex was included as a factor. The pattern of the difference in identity groups was similar for males and females. There were significant differences in parenting styles between gender role groups. Maternal and paternal authoritativeness correlated with participants' femininity, and for both parents, the relationship was observed to be stronger in males than females; paternal authoritativeness was significantly associated with androgyny. Future research based on these results should investigate how the findings relate to children's psychological well-being and behavioral outcomes.

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2

Kimlicka, Thomas M., Peter L. Sheppard, James A. Wakefield, and Herbert J. Cross. "Relationship between Psychological Androgyny and Self-Actualization Tendencies." Psychological Reports 61, no. 2 (October 1987): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.2.443.

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Bem's Sex-role Inventory and the Personal Orientation Inventory were administered to 339 college men and 265 women to test Bern's hypothesis that a relationship would exist between androgyny and a measure of psychological adjustment. Analysis gave some support for the relationship between sex-role identity and self-actualizing tendencies for women but not for men.

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3

Chow, Esther Ngan-Ling. "The Influence of Sex-Role Identity and Occupational Attainment on the Psychological Well-Being of Asian American Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 1 (March 1987): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00775.x.

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This study examined the extent to which sex-role identity as defined by Bem's typology is related to occupational attainment, self-esteem, and work satisfaction for 161 employed Asian American women. Three major hypotheses were tested: (a) Masculine and androgynous Asian American women have a higher level of occupational attainment than those with feminine and undifferentiated sex-role identity; (b) androgynous Asian American women have a higher level of self-esteem and a greater degree of work satisfaction than those with other types of sex-role identity; and (c) the higher the level of occupational attainment secured by Asian American women, the greater their work satisfaction and the higher their self-esteem. As predicted, sex-role identity was significantly related to occupational attainment. Androgynous Asian American women and those with a high level of occupational attainment had a higher level of self-esteem and a greater degree of work satisfaction than those with other types of sex-role identity. The implications of these findings for Bem's formulation of androgyny, its relation to occupational achievement, and its consequences for psychological health and work outcomes are discussed.

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Stern, Chadly, and Nicholas O. Rule. "Physical Androgyny and Categorization Difficulty Shape Political Conservatives’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 1 (June 7, 2017): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617703172.

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Researchers have recently begun to examine how categorization processes impact social evaluations. In two studies, we examined how sex categorization influences attitudes toward transgender individuals. We found that people evaluated transgender individuals more negatively if they possessed physically androgynous (vs. sex-typical) characteristics because they struggled to identify their sex. These relationships were stronger among political conservatives compared to individuals with more liberal political views. These findings provide new insights for research on attitudes toward gender minorities and for the role of political ideology in social judgments.

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5

Alley, Thomas R., and Jeanette I. Kolker. "Psychological Gender, Hand Preferences, and Sex Differences in Book-Carrying Styles." Perceptual and Motor Skills 66, no. 3 (June 1988): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.3.815.

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Individuals with stronger sex-role identities may be expected to show greater conformity to sex-typed behaviors. Proceeding from this assumption, the sex-role status and sex of students using different styles of carrying books were compared. This study also examined whether over-all hand preference or age were related to carrying styles or sex-role status. Subjects completed a questionnaire comprised of the 24-item Personal Attributes Questionnaire of Spence and Helmreich, a 6-item scale of hand preference and a self-rating of sex-role identity. Afterwards, each subject's carrying style was covertly observed and recorded. Most subjects carried their materials in a sex-typical way or in book bags (for which no sex-typed carrying styles were discovered). As in previous studies, men in this study scored higher than women on masculinity and androgyny and lower on femininity. Hand preference was not related to sex-role status. Carrying style was not significantly correlated with any of the predictor variables for men, perhaps because almost no variance in carrying style was observed among them. Women who used masculine carrying styles tended to be older, have greater instrumentality, and a more masculine identity.

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6

Cook, Ellen Piel. "Psychological Androgyny." Counseling Psychologist 15, no. 3 (July 1987): 471–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000087153006.

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Androgyny represents a combination of personality characteristics traditionally associated with men (masculine) and those associated with women (feminine). This critical review provides an overview of basic assumptions, measures, research topics, and results of research in the androgyny literature. In particular, research on developmental perspectives emphasizes the importance of focusing upon how individuals systematically maintain and modify their perceptions and experiences as men and women over the life span. The impact of client and practitioner femininity and masculinity upon the counseling process remains poorly understood. Researchers and practitioners alike should recognize the complexity of sex-role-related phenomena, including the importance of situational factors and the role of individual differences in accounting for sex role behavior and adjustment.

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7

KING, LYNDA A. "SEX-ROLE EGALITARIANISM AND ANDROGYNY: DISCRIMINANT EVIDENCE." Psychological Reports 67, no. 7 (1990): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.67.7.1129-1130.

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KING, LYNDA A. "SEX-ROLE EGALITARIANISM AND ANDROGYNY: DISCRIMINANT EVIDENCE." Psychological Reports 67, no. 8 (1990): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.67.8.1129-1130.

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9

King, Lynda A., and Daniel W. King. "Sex-Role Egalitarianism and Androgyny: Discriminant Evidence." Psychological Reports 67, no. 3_suppl (December 1990): 1129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1990.67.3f.1129.

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10

Spangenberg, Judora J., and Therése P. Lategan. "Coping, Androgyny, and Attributional Style." South African Journal of Psychology 23, no. 4 (December 1993): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639302300406.

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To examine the impact of androgyny and attributional style on coping ability, a demographic questionnaire, the Zeitlin Coping Inventory, the Bem Sex-role Inventory and the Attributional Style Questionnaire were completed by 301 first-year students at the University of Stellenbosch. It was found that androgynous female subjects displayed significantly better coping abilities than female subjects with feminine, masculine, or undifferentiated sex-role orientations. No significant difference was found between coping abilities of androgynous and masculine male subjects, although both androgynous and masculine males showed significantly better coping abilities than males with feminine or undifferentiated sex-role orientations. Regarding a specific aspect of coping, namely flexibility of coping style, both male and female subjects with androgynous sex-role orientations displayed significantly more flexibility in their coping styles than subjects of any other sex-role type. Regarding attributional style, a significant positive correlation was found between good coping ability and an internal, stable, and global attributional style for positive events. A significant positive correlation was likewise found between good coping ability and an external, unstable, and specific attributional style for negative events. The conclusion was drawn that androgyny and an adaptive attributional style served as important coping resources.

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Shin, Kyoung Ho, Jang Ae Yang, and Carla E. Edwards. "Gender role identity among Korean and American college students: Links to gender and academic achievement." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.2.267.

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Gender role identity (androgyny, masculinity, femininity), and its link to gender and academic achievement were examined across a sample of Korean and American college students. Results indicate that the androgyny group represented the largest proportion in the American sample, while the femininity group was the largest in the Korean sample. Korean students with masculinity achieved the highest score in Korean Sooneung Examination, followed by the androgyny group. In contrast, American students in the femininity group scored highest in the American College Testing examination. Academic performance in Korean male students differed across socioeconomic status but that of the American male students was influenced more by gender role identity than by socioeconomic status.

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Turner, Robert L., and M. E. Fakouri. "Androgyny and Differences in Fantasy Patterns." Psychological Reports 73, no. 3_suppl (December 1993): 1164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.3f.1164.

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The relationship between sex-typing (androgynous vs traditional) and differences in fantasies of 19 men and 37 women was investigated. They completed May's test as a measure of fantasy pattern and the Bern Sex-role Inventory to ascertain sex-type. Analysis indicated that, while fantasy patterns were related to gender as expected from May's work, they were not related to sex-typing.

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Lundy, Allan, and Judy A. Rosenberg. "ANDROGYNY, MASCULINITY, AND SELF-ESTEEM*." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1987.15.1.91.

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The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and the Rem Sex Role Inventory were administered to 194 adult subjects. It was found that an androgyny scale which emphasized masculinity was most predictive of self-esteem. It was shown that these results were due to the strong independent correlation between masculinity and self-esteem. There were virtually no effects due to femininity, the interaction of femininity and masculinity, or sex. An analysis of the items in the Bem Masculinity Scale suggested that the frequently reported masculinity-self-esteem relationship is an artifact of the inclusion of a “strong self-image” component in the masculine stereotype, despite the fact that this component does not distinguish males from females.

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May, Adéle, and Judora J. Spangenberg. "Androgyny and Coping in Men with a Managerial Orientation." South African Journal of Psychology 27, no. 4 (December 1997): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639702700407.

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To examine the relationship between sex-role orientation and coping ability in men with a managerial orientation, a demographic questionnaire, the Zeitlin Coping Inventory and the Bem Sex-role Inventory were completed by 169 adult males undertaking the Master of Business Administration (MBA) course at the University of Stellenbosch Graduate School of Business. No significant difference was found between the global coping abilities of subjects with androgynous and masculine sex-role orientations, although both androgynous and masculine subjects showed significantly better coping abilities than subjects with feminine or undifferentiated sex-role orientations. Regarding coping styles, androgynous subjects displayed a significantly more flexible style in coping with the environment than subjects with other sex-role orientations. No significant difference was found between androgynous and masculine subjects regarding flexibility in coping with the self. The conclusion was drawn that both androgyny and masculinity could serve as effective coping resources in men with a managerial orientation.

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Culkin, Joseph, Donald Tricarico, and Florence Cohen. "Sex-Role Orientation of Nursing Students at a Community College." Psychological Reports 60, no. 3 (June 1987): 948–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3.948.

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The sex-role orientation of 20 male and 48 female nursing students at an urban community college was assessed by the Bern Sex-role Inventory. Sex and sex-role orientation were not significantly associated, and no significant difference was found between male and female students on a geometric mean estimate of androgyny. No support was found for Bern's theory of sex-role orientation. Results are discussed in terms of sample-specific features of the subjects.

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Schneck, Mary M., Thomas G. Bowers, and Maria A. Turkson. "Sex-Role Orientation and Attachment Styles of Sex Offenders." Psychological Reports 110, no. 2 (April 2012): 624–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.09.16.21.pr0.110.2.624-638.

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Given the increase of individuals who have a history of sexual offenses, there has been an increase in research on the etiology of sex-offending behavior. The present purpose was to evaluate the relationship between sex-role orientation and attachment styles of males who were sex offenders. Analysis yielded statistically significant differences between comparison ( n = 22) and clinical groups ( n = 21) in gender roles, with little sign of the androgynous gender type for sex offenders. The offender group showed significantly lower frequency of androgyny scores and significantly higher scores on feminine and undifferentiated orientations, supporting the theoretical view of sex offenders as being “cross-sex-typed.” In addition, the sex offender group had a significantly higher mean score on anxious-avoidant relationship attachment. Based on the present findings, there appears to be a need to help sex offenders explore how their gender roles may relate to their sex-offending behavior and assist sex offenders in the development of adaptive relationships with reduced anxiety and ambivalence.

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Sedney, Mary Anne. "Development of Androgyny: Parental Influences." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 3 (September 1987): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00906.x.

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While many researchers have documented the existence of pressures toward traditional sex-typing in the family, schools, and media, little consideration has been given to the effectiveness of these sources in fostering more flexible orientations to sex-typing. The present paper focuses on the extent to which parents are able to influence their children toward the development of nonstereotyped behaviors, conceptualized here in terms of androgyny. This issue is examined through an exploration of several theories of sex-role development and empirical” research on sex-role development. Additional consideration of theories and research on life-span development and resistance among children in the current culture to nonstereotyped behavior lead to a distinction between short-term and long-term effects of nonsexist parental behavior. Although androgynous parents may not produce androgynous children, their children often do grow up to be androgynous adults.

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Hawkins, Darryl, William G. Herron, William Gibson, Geraldine Hoban, and Mary Jane Herron. "Homosexual and Heterosexual Sex-Role Orientation on Six Sex-Role Scales." Perceptual and Motor Skills 66, no. 3 (June 1988): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.3.863.

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A comparison was made of the sex roles of homosexual and heterosexual men and women on the Bern Sex Role Inventory, Personality Attributes Questionnaire, Personality Research Form Androgyny Scale, Adjective Checklist Masculinity and Femininity Scales, Extended Personality Attributes Questionnaire and Undesirable Characteristics Scale. The results indicated that homosexuals and heterosexuals differ in their response to different aspects of sex roles. The most consistent difference was the greater femininity of male homosexuals in respect to male heterosexuals. Other differences were scale-specific and the low interscale comparability indicated such scales should not be used interchangeably. Differences between results of studies comparing sex roles of the homosexuals and heterosexuals appear attributable to sample heterogeneity and distinctions between sex-role scales.

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Baldwin, Amy C., Joseph W. Critelli, Larry C. Stevens, and Sue Russell. "Androgyny and sex role measurement: A personal construct approach." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, no. 5 (1986): 1081–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1081.

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Ramanaiah, Nerella V., and Fred R. J. Detwiler. "Psychological Androgyny and the NEO Personality Inventory." Psychological Reports 71, no. 3_suppl (December 1992): 1216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3f.1216.

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The hypothesis that the personality profile of androgynous individuals is different from those of the other sex-role groups was tested by giving the Personal Attributes Questionnaire and the NEO Personality Inventory to 113 male and 135 female undergraduates. Results strongly supported the hypothesis.

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Nigro, Giovanna, and Ida Galli. "Sex-Role Identity and Machiavellianism." Psychological Reports 56, no. 3 (June 1985): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.863.

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177 Italian undergraduates (83 men and 94 women) completed the Italian version of the Spence, et al.'s Personal Attributes Questionnaire and the Italian version of the Christie's Mach IV Scale. One-way analysis of variance indicated for men that undifferentiated individuals reported significantly higher Mach scores. For women, feminine sex-typed individuals reported higher Mach scores. Low masculinity might be associated with stronger Machiavellianism. Further implications of the findings were discussed.

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Willemsen, Tineke M. "On the Bipolarity of Androgyny: A Critical Comment on Kottke (1988)." Psychological Reports 72, no. 1 (February 1993): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.1.327.

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In 1988 Kottke proposed that androgyny, as measured on the Bern Sex-role Inventory according to Bern's 1977 classification method, is not two-dimensional but unidimensional and tested whether this concept could just as well be assessed with a single bipolar Masculinity-Femininity scale with Androgyny as a midpoint. In testing the relationship between the two assessment methods two errors have been made. First, the median splits were calculated for the sexes separately instead of for both sexes combined, leading to incomparable scores for men and women which are nevertheless combined in the analyses. Second, subjects who were undifferentiated according to Bern's classification were removed from the analyses, although Bern's definition of undifferentiated subjects corresponds exactly to Kottke's definition of androgynous subjects. Therefore, Kottke's study is not conclusive on the bipolarity of androgyny It is concluded that the concept of androgyny needs theoretical reconsideration

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Forshaw, Karen, and Diana Shmukler. "Sex-role Orientation and Psychological Well-being: A Critique of the Masculinity Model." South African Journal of Psychology 23, no. 2 (June 1993): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639302300205.

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As a model of the relationship between sex-role orientation and psychological well-being, the masculinity model has proved more successful than either the androgyny or the congruence models. In this article, it is, nevertheless, argued that the model has many shortcomings and limitations which need to be addressed by future research. The central criticisms of the model are that it fails to provide a theoretical understanding of its own success, cannot infer causality and represents an oversimplification of psychological life.

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Watson, P. J., Michael D. Biderman, and Carolyn Boyd. "Androgyny as synthetic narcissism: Sex role measures and Kohut's psychology of the self." Sex Roles 21, no. 3-4 (August 1989): 175–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289902.

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Boldizar, Janet P. "Assessing sex typing and androgyny in children: The Children's Sex Role Inventory." Developmental Psychology 27, no. 3 (1991): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.3.505.

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26

Royse, David, and Donna Clawson. "Sex-Role Egalitarianism, Feminism, and Sexual Identity." Psychological Reports 63, no. 1 (August 1988): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.1.160.

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This study of 132 feminists found no statistically significant differences among heterosexuals, bisexuals, or lesbians on the Sex-role Egalitarianism Scale. The hypothesis of greater sex-role egalitarianism among lesbians was not supported.

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Hungerford, Joan K., and Alexandria P. Sobolew-Shubin. "Sex-Role Identity, Gender Identity, and Self-Schemata." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 1 (March 1987): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00769.x.

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Forty females and 40 males were shown slides of masculine and feminine phrases controlled for social desirability, sex-linked content, syllable length, and negative semantic construction to evaluate schematic processing on the dimensions of masculinity and femininity. Their responses to the phrases were timed. The BSRI, PAQ, and SSRIQ administered subsequent to the slide presentation were used to categorize subjects into groups of masculine, feminine, androgynous, and undifferentiated. Comparisons between the groups evaluated by the different scales indicated that the PAQ was the best predictor of schematic processing and that the SSRIQ and gender were not predictors of schematic processing. Correlations between the SSRIQ and the masculine and feminine scales of the BSRI and PAQ provided evidence partially supportive of Storms's (1979) theory that sex-role identity influences the development of same-sex-typed attributes but does not influence opposite-sex-typed attributes.

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McChrystal, Jane, and Bridget Dolan. "Sex-role identity and separation-individuation pathology." Counselling Psychology Quarterly 7, no. 1 (January 1994): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515079408254132.

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Burke, Kevin L. "Comparison of Psychological Androgyny within a Sample of Female College Athletes Who Participate in Sports Traditionally Appropriate and Traditionally Inappropriate for Competition by Females." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 2 (October 1986): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.779.

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Female participants in sports traditionally inappropriate (basketball and Softball) and traditionally appropriate (tennis and swimming) for competition by females were compared on the personality trait of psychological androgyny. 49 university female athletes were administered the Bern Sex-role Inventory anonymously. A chi-squared test and phi coefficient showed no significant difference between the categorized two sport groups on psychological androgyny. However, a t test between masculinity scores of athletes in the two sports groups showed a significant difference.

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Park, Bernadette, and Stephen Hahn. "Sex-Role Identity and the Perception of Others." Social Cognition 6, no. 1 (March 1988): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.1988.6.1.61.

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Prinsloo, Casper H. "The Tenacity of Sex-Role Stereotypes." South African Journal of Psychology 22, no. 2 (June 1992): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639202200206.

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The Feminist Movement, technological developments and economic changes have led to sex-role confusion. This confusion has influenced thinking about sex-role identity and sex-role stereotypes, which are also seen as a form of prejudice. Counsellors, therapists, theologians, employers, spouses and others are regularly confronted by this confusion. South African sex-role stereotypes have never been assessed nor have they been compared with findings from studies in other cultures. Following a careful conceptualization, a theoretical exposition and an overview of existing instruments and research results, data on local sex-role stereotypes were collected by means of a postal survey in order to establish a baseline of the stereotypical nature and social desirability of 171 characteristics. This information is necessary for the construction of a local sex-role identity scale. The findings indicated that local stereotypes are similar to those found in 25 cultures abroad, although African and western respondents evaluated certain stereotypes differently. The implications of the findings are considered.

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Lee, Sandra S. "Attributions and Performance: The Effects of Sex Role Identity and Sex-Typed Tasks." Journal of Social Psychology 127, no. 2 (April 1987): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1987.9713674.

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van Strien, Tatjana. "Gender‐schematic processing: An extended replication of the Larsen and Seidman study." European Journal of Personality 8, no. 1 (March 1994): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080106.

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This study is an extended replication of the Larsen and Seidman study (1986) on the Bem Sex‐Role Inventory (BSRI) as a measurement instrument for gender‐schematic processing. Using a Dutch sample and the GRAS (Groninger Androgyny Scale)—a Dutch sex‐role inventory—responses to this inventory were factor‐analysed separately for sex‐typed and non‐sex‐typed groups. The extremity of response style on GRAS items and the degree of self‐indicated cross‐situational variability on GRAS items were used as additional indices for gender‐schematic processing. Similar to Larsen and Seidman's (1986) study, bipolar factors were found for the sex‐typed groups and unipolar factors for the non‐sex‐typed groups. Similar to a study conducted by Bem (1981) into differences among the sex‐types in their response latencies to the attributes of the BSRI, sex‐typed subjects showed more extremity of response style on attributes of the GRAS when making schema‐consistent judgements about themselves, and showed less extremity of response style when making schema‐inconsistent judgements about themselves. The data on cross‐situational variability were less equivocal. It is concluded that the degree of gender‐schematic processing in individuals can be well measured by means of a sex‐role inventory.

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Powell, Gary N. "Effects of sex role identity and sex on definitions of sexual harassment." Sex Roles 14, no. 1-2 (January 1986): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00287844.

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Autor, David H., Karen L. Suyemoto, and David W. Harder. "Negative Androgyny and Self-Esteem: Towards a Confound-Free Scale." Psychological Reports 63, no. 2 (October 1988): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.2.643.

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To assess the effects of negatively valued items on the concept of androgyny and its relationship with self-esteem, negative items were constructed to parallel the positively valued masculine and feminine items in the Bern Sex-role Inventory and validated for equivalent gender association. These items were added to the original positive items and the revised scale was administered with a self-derogation scale to 27 male and 26 female college students. Analysis showed strong relationships between self-derogation and negative traits for men and weaker, but expected relationships between self-derogation and negative traits for women. Bern's “undifferentiated” category of respondents, those individuals who endorsed few masculine and feminine traits, were redistributed when negative items were added to the scale. The authors conclude that individuals may exist who are androgynous in that they endorse both masculine and feminine traits but who were formerly classed as undifferentiated because low self-esteem restricted them from endorsing positive items. Implications for further research and redefining the concept of androgyny, especially as it applies to undifferentiated individuals, are discussed.

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Sundvik, Lilli, and Marjaana Lindeman. "Sex-role identity and discrimination against same-sex employees." Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 66, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1993.tb00512.x.

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Bartle-Haring, Suzanne, and Richelle Echelberger Strimple. "Association of Identity and Intimacy: An Exploration of Gender and Sex-Role Orientation." Psychological Reports 79, no. 3_suppl (December 1996): 1255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3f.1255.

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This study examined Erikson's psychosocial crises of identity versus identity diffusion and intimacy versus isolation, focusing specifically on how sex-role orientation contributes to gender differences in the resolution of these two crises. Perceptions of competence in self-disclosure and emotional support in both same-sex friendships and relationships with heterosexual dating partners, along with achievement of ideological and interpersonal identity, were included in the study so that differences could be examined. First-year and fourth-year college students ( n = 135) at a large midwestern university responded to measures assessing identity, capacity for intimacy, and sex-role orientation. When controlling for sex-role orientation, the relationship between identity and intimacy was nonsignificant for men but significant for women.

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Krampen, Günter, Britt Effertz, Ursula Jostock, and Beatrix Müller. "Gender differences in personality: Biological and/or psychological?" European Journal of Personality 4, no. 4 (December 1990): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410040404.

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The results of three empirical studies are reported in which the hypothesis is tested that differences in personality variables between the morphophenotype sexes can be explained by psychological sex‐role orientation variables. Furthermore, it was expected that normative sex‐role orientations (measured with the SRO‐S and the AWS‐S Scales) and gender‐related self‐concepts (femininity, masculinity, and androgyny measured with a modified BSRI) explain more variance in personality variables than morphophenotype sex. Besides these sex‐role orientation variables, test and questionnaire data on verbal fluency, spatial reasoning, self‐concept, anxiety, and aggressiveness were obtained in Study I from 50 young adults and their same‐sex parents; in Study II, data on verbal fluency, spatial reasoning, self‐concept, anxiety, and neuroticism were obtained from 120 university students; and in Study III, data on anxiety, locus of control, and Machiavellianism were obtained from 226 university students. The results confirm both hypotheses for the two aspects of intelligence studied, domain‐specific self‐concepts, different aspects of anxiety and aggressiveness, neuroticism, powerful others' externality in locus of control, and Machiavellianism. For all these personality variables the effect sizes of the psychological gender variables were larger than those of morphophenotype sex and reached medium to large values.

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Peterson, Cynthia D., Donald H. Baucom, Mary Jane Elliott, and Pamela Aiken Farr. "The relationship between sex role identity and marital adjustment." Sex Roles 21, no. 11-12 (December 1989): 775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289808.

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BOGAERT, ANTHONY F. "Gender Role/Identity and Sibling Sex Ratio in Homosexual Men." Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 31, no. 3 (May 2005): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00926230590513438.

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Lamke, Leanne K., and Kitty G. Peyton. "Adolescent sex-role orientation and ego identity." Journal of Adolescence 11, no. 3 (September 1988): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1971(88)80004-6.

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42

Grieve, Norma, Doreen Rosenthal, and Antoniette Cavallo. "Self-Esteem and Sex-Role Attitudes: A Comparison of Italian- and Anglo-Australian Adolescent Girls." Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 2 (June 1988): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00935.x.

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Two groups of 15-year-old girls, one Italian-Australian (IA, n = 60), and one Anglo-Australian (AA, n = 48), were compared on self-esteem and a wide range of measures associated with sex roles, including sex-role satisfaction, sex-role orientation, and assessment of and attitudes toward sex-role differentiation in the family and the culture. Self-esteem and sex-role satisfaction did not differ in the two groups. Nor were there differences in attitudes toward sex-role differentiation, even though cultural and familial differentiation were greater in the IA group and males were accorded relatively more value. However, the groups did differ in the pattern of variables associated with self-esteem and with these sex-role measures. In the more traditional IA subculture, girls' sex-role attitudes correlated with situational constraints. Unlike the AA girls, self-esteem was, in part, associated with stereotypic feminine attributes and preoccupations, and conformed to the androgyny model of well-being. In the AA group, sex-role attitudes and self-esteem were associated with perceptions of personal qualities valued in the broader, more egalitarian culture, such as intellectual ability and masculinity, thus confirming the masculinity model.

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Maltby, John, and Liza Day. "Sex Role Identity, Attitudes Toward the Opposite Sex and Same Sex, and Defense Style." Journal of Genetic Psychology 160, no. 3 (September 1999): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221329909595407.

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Smith, Stephen C., Jon B. Ellis, and Trisha A. Benson. "GENDER, GENDER ROLES AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS VIOLENCE: ARE VIEWPOINTS CHANGING?" Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.1.43.

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Androgyny is a gender role that has several positive characteristics such as adaptive coping strategies and less violent viewpoints. To examine the relationship between gender, gender roles, and attitudes towards violence, 161 individuals were administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory and a violence questionnaire. It was hypothesized that a significant number of non-androgynous people would have a great predisposition towards violence. The mean violence score was higher for men than for women, however, there was no difference between androgynous individuals and others. There were no significant interaction effects. Results are surprising when compared to previous research. It may be that more and more people, regardless of their interpersonal style, are moving towards a view which does not condone violence.

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Faulkender, Patricia J. "Does Gender Schema Mediate between Sex-Role Identity and Self-Actualization?" Psychological Reports 68, no. 3 (June 1991): 1019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.68.3.1019.

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Powell, Gary N., and Barry Z. Posner. "Commitment to Career versus Family/Home Life: Effects of Sex, Sex-Role Identity, and Family Status." Psychological Reports 64, no. 3 (June 1989): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3.695.

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This study examined commitment to career, as opposed to family or home life, for a sample of 154 working MBA students. In contrast to previous results for middle managers, men were more committed to their careers than women. However, the effect of sex was largely explained by individuals' sex-role identity. Family status had no effect on commitment.

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Fais, Connor R., Catherine J. Lutz-Zois, and Jackson A. Goodnight. "Mediators and Moderators of the Association Between Stalking Victimization and Psychological Distress." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 9-10 (March 28, 2017): 1843–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517699951.

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The current study aims to understand mediators and moderators of the relationship between stalking victimization and depression. Based on the reformulated learned helplessness theory, which emphasizes the role of internal, global, and stable attributions for negative events in the development of depression, we predicted that the association between stalking victimization and depression would be mediated by attributions for the stalking and characterological self-blame. We predicted that the association between stalking victimization and helplessness attributions or characterological self-blame, in turn, would be moderated by gender, sex-role identity, and length of stalking. Specifically, we hypothesized that female victims, victims possessing a feminine sex-role identity, and victims experiencing longer stalking episodes would be more likely to experience depression in comparison with male victims, victims possessing a masculine sex-role identity, and victims experiencing shorter stalking episodes. The results indicated that global attributions for the cause of stalking significantly mediated the relationship between stalking victimization and depression. The results for stable attributions, internal attributions, and characterological self-blame were nonsignificant. Furthermore, gender, sex-role identity, and length of stalking did not moderate the association between stalking and attributional style or characterological self-blame. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

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Parmelee, Patricia A. "Sex Role Identity, Role Performance and Marital Satisfaction of Newly-Wed Couples." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 4, no. 4 (November 1987): 429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407587044003.

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Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Katsuharu Nakazato, and Akira Homma. "Personality, Longevity, and Successful Aging among Tokyo Metropolitan Centenarians." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 42, no. 3 (January 1, 1996): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/umwd-64w7-3m2k-2mkj.

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The purpose of our study was to examine two hypotheses: 1) that androgyny and Type B behavior are related to longevity; and 2) that personality characteristics associated with longevity may also be related to successful aging. Participants were eighty-two centenarians (37 men and 45 women) who were compared with 605 elderly in their sixties, seventies, and eighties. Both groups were living in the Tokyo metropolitan area. We used the Bem Sex Role Inventory and Bortner Pattern A Behavior Scales to measure personality, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Cattell Anxiety Scale to measure successful aging. We found that androgyny was not more prominent among centenarians than masculinity, femininity, or undifferentiated. In fact, more femininity was observed. Additionally, we found that more women were classified as feminine than were men. The results indicated more Type B's among centenarians than among those in their sixties and more women than men showed Type B behavior. Our hypothesis that Type B behavior is related to longevity was supported. We observed lower self-esteem for femininity than for either the masculinity or androgyny. We also observed that anxiety was lower for femininity than masculinity but higher than androgyny among women. Type B women showed lower self-esteem than Type A women. Type B men showed lower anxiety than Type A men. We conclude that femininity is related to longevity and that androgyny may be related to successful aging. Further, we suggest that Type B behavior is associated with longevity, but its relationship to successful aging differs between men and women.

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McChrystal, Jane. "Sex-role identity and “being-inrelation”: The implications for women counsellors." Counselling Psychology Quarterly 7, no. 2 (April 1994): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515079408254144.

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