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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex role. Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

BREITLING, L. PH, A. J. WILSON, A. RAIKO, et al. "Heritability of human hookworm infection in Papua New Guinea." Parasitology 135, no. 12 (2008): 1407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008004976.

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SUMMARYHookworms infect approximately 740 million humans worldwide and are an important cause of morbidity. The present study examines the role of additive genetic effects in determining the intensity of hookworm infection in humans, and whether these effects vary according to the sex of the host. Parasitological and epidemiological data for a population of 704 subjects in Papua New Guinea were used in variance components analysis. The ‘narrow-sense’ heritability of hookworm infection was estimated as 0·15±0·04 (P<0·001), and remained significant when controlling for shared environmental (household) effects. Allowing the variance components to vary between the sexes of the human host consistently revealed larger additive genetic effects in females than in males, reflected by heritabilities of 0·18 in females and 0·08 in males in a conservative model. Household effects were also higher in females than males, although the overall household effect was not significant. The results indicate that additive genetic effects are an important determinant of the intensity of human hookworm infection in this population. However, despite similar mean and variance of intensity in each sex, the factors responsible for generating variation in intensity differ markedly between males and females.

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2

Soukup, Martin, and Jan D. Bláha. "Exogenous Cultural Change in the Background of the Generational Change: The Case from Papua New Guinea." Slovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology 67, no. 2 (2019): 216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/se-2019-0012.

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Abstract An analysis of cultural change and generation gaps in the local community of the Nungon ethnic group in the state of Papua New Guinea will be the subject of the study. This ethnic group came into contact with Europeans for the first time in the mid-1930s. The pace of cultural changes within the community has been gradually increasing. For example, the local animistic cult has been replaced with Christianity, school attendance has been introduced in the villages of Nungon, travel opportunities have become more accessible, and as the mobile signal has recently been introduced, Nungon residents can now connect to the internet and access information about the globalised world. Those who remember the colonial period still live in the community and many of them are still illiterate, with only limited knowledge of Pidgin English, the lingua franca of Papua New Guinea. On the other hand, the youngest generation can study in cities or experiment with social media and share information there. The aim of the paper is not only to show intergenerational differences, but also to document the local history and its ties to particular generations and show the role the generational memory played in illiterate societies with unwritten history. The only existing written and photographic documents were created by colonial officers. The study will show the transformation of the Nungon community from the time of photographs kept in boxes to the youngest generation, which keeps photographs in mobile phones and shares them on social media.

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Kakul, T.K, Laup, S, Stathers, T., Beaudoin -Ollivier, L., Morin, J.P, and Rochat, D. "TRAPPING AND DISRUPTION OF THE MATING ACTIVITY OF SCAPANES AUSTRALIS USING LIVE MALE AS BAIT IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA." CORD 15, no. 02 (1999): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v15i02.333.

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Scapanes australis is a major insect pest of coconut palms in Papua New Guinea. Field observations showed that on host plants like coconuts, male Scapanes always attracted females and other male members. Bucket traps were developed to lure Scapanes beetles using live males as attractant (bait). Live males feeding on sugarcane were placed singly in an inner bucket within a 10 litres bucket container with rectangular holes at the side for insect entry and soapy water inside for drowning the insects. Scapanes populations were continuously monitored by traps and results indicated a gradual decline in the Scapanes population over time. Traps were also placed in the field to see if losses to coconuts used by Scapanes can be reduced. Results indicated that the reduction in trap catches was not consistent. Further studies are required to study the physiological behavior of male Scapanes and to improve the technique of trapping of Scapanes with male member alone. The role of trapping Scapanes in pest management is discussed.

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Wang, Yujian, Jian Zhang, Yuanyuan Sun, and Li Sun. "A Crustin from Hydrothermal Vent Shrimp: Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanism." Marine Drugs 19, no. 3 (2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19030176.

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Crustin is a type of antimicrobial peptide and plays an important role in the innate immunity of arthropods. We report here the identification and characterization of a crustin (named Crus1) from the shrimp Rimicaris sp. inhabiting the deep-sea hydrothermal vent in Manus Basin (Papua New Guinea). Crus1 shares the highest identity (51.76%) with a Type I crustin of Penaeus vannamei and possesses a whey acidic protein (WAP) domain, which contains eight cysteine residues that form the conserved ‘four-disulfide core’ structure. Recombinant Crus1 (rCrus1) bound to peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid, and effectively killed Gram-positive bacteria in a manner that was dependent on pH, temperature, and disulfide linkage. rCrus1 induced membrane leakage and structure damage in the target bacteria, but had no effect on bacterial protoplasts. Serine substitution of each of the 8 Cys residues in the WAP domain did not affect the bacterial binding capacity but completely abolished the bactericidal activity of rCrus1. These results provide new insights into the characteristic and mechanism of the antimicrobial activity of deep sea crustins.

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5

Burung, Willem. "ALIENABLE AND INALIEANABLE NOUNS IN WANO." Linguistik Indonesia 36, no. 1 (2019): 37–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v36i1.72.

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This paper describes structural and distributional properties of alienable and inalienable nouns in Wano, a Trans-New Guinea language spoken in Papua by about 7,000 native speakers. I define differences between alienable and inalienable nouns in §2, where it will be apparent that they can be distinguished in terms of their (i) nominal generalisation (§2.1), (ii) lexical forms (§2.2), (iii) plurality coding (§2.3), (iv) possessive constructions (§2.4), and (v) head-role in a clause (§2.5). Alienable nouns are described in §3. Then in §4, I will demonstrate that inalienable nouns are: (i) restricted on vowel-initial words, and (ii) there is a clear morphosyntax-semantics-pragmatics interface reflected in kin terminologies. The kin term for 'child', for instance, is distinguished with respect to the sex of parents. In expressing the ownership of a child, a father will use the word nabut for the English 'my child' (inflection of: {n-abut} \1s-child.of.male\) and a mother will use nayak 'my child' (inflection of: {n-ajak} \1s-child.of.female\). Terms for kinship relations, body parts, cultural items, and experiential events are inalienably coded. Finally, words that are inalienably marked will be presented in §5.

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6

Ye, Wangquan, Jinjia Guo, Nan Li, Fujun Qi, Kai Cheng, and Ronger Zheng. "Depth Profiling Investigation of Seawater Using Combined Multi-Optical Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 74, no. 5 (2020): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702820906890.

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Depth profiling investigation plays an important role in studying the dynamic processes of the ocean. In this paper, a newly developed hyphenated underwater system based on multi-optical spectrometry is introduced and used to measure seawater spectra at different depths with the aid of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The hyphenated system consists of two independent compact deep-sea spectral instruments, a deep ocean compact autonomous Raman spectrometer and a compact underwater laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system for sea applications (LIBSea). The former was used to take both Raman scattering and fluorescence of seawater, and the LIBS signal could be recorded with the LIBSea. The first sea trial of the developed system was taken place in the Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea, in June 2015. Over 4000 multi-optical spectra had been captured up to the diving depth about 1800 m at maximum. The depth profiles of some ocean parameters were extracted from the captured joint Raman–fluorescence and LIBS spectra with a depth resolution of 1 m. The concentrations of [Formula: see text] and the water temperatures were measured using Raman spectra. The fluorescence intensities from both colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and chlorophyll were found to be varied in the euphotic zone. With LIBS spectra, the depth profiles of metallic elements were also obtained. The normalized intensity of atomic line Ca(I) extracted from LIBS spectra raised around the depth of 1600 m, similar to the depth profile of CDOM. This phenomenon might be caused by the nonbuoyant hydrothermal plumes. It is worth mentioning that this is the first time Raman and LIBS spectroscopy have been applied simultaneously to the deep-sea in situ investigations.

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7

Pharoah, P. O. D. "Papua New Guinea: Broken down by age and sex." Lancet 337, no. 8736 (1991): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)90888-v.

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8

Flower, Scott. "Conversion to Islam in Papua New Guinea." Nova Religio 18, no. 4 (2014): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2015.18.4.55.

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Papua New Guinea is famous for its religious diversity, innovation, and role as the intellectual home of the “cargo-cult.” Contrary to the dominant contemporary trend toward localized and syncretized forms of Christianity, one of the fastest-growing new religious movements in Papua New Guinea is the not so “new” religion of Islam. From 2000–2012, the Muslim convert population grew more than 1,000 percent, and data from fieldwork between 2007 and 2011 suggests that globalization factors, especially missionaries and media, are contributing to increased conversion rates. Transition from traditional life to modernity is sparking a range of social and personal crises leading people to search for new religions more closely aligned with traditional, local, cultural and material dimensions. This makes future conversion growth in Papua New Guinea likely.

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9

Quinnell, R. J., A. F. G. Slater, P. Tighe, E. A. Walsh, A. E. Keymer, and D. I. Pritchard. "Reinfection with hookworm after chemotherapy in Papua New Guinea." Parasitology 106, no. 4 (1993): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000067123.

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SUMMARYReinfection with hookworm (Necator americanus) following chemotherapy was studied over 2 years in a rural village in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. The prevalence of hookworm infection had returned to pre-treatment levels after 2 years, and the geometric mean hookworm burden had returned to 58 % of the pre-treatment value. The rate of acquisition of adult worms was independent of host age, and was estimated as a geometric mean of 2·9–3·3 worms/host/year (arithmetic mean 7·9–8·9 worms/host/year). There was significant predisposition to hookworm infection; the strength of this predisposition did not vary significantly between age or sex classes.

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10

Chausson, Juliette, Maya Srinivasan, and Geoffrey P. Jones. "Host anemone size as a determinant of social group size and structure in the orange clownfish (Amphiprion percula)." PeerJ 6 (November 6, 2018): e5841. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5841.

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The size and structure of social groups of animals can be governed by a range of ecological factors and behavioral interactions. In small, highly site-attached coral reef fishes, group size is often constrained by the size of the habitat patch they are restricted to. However, group size may also be influenced by changes in abundance along important environmental gradients, such as depth or distance offshore. In addition, the body size and sex structure within social groups can be determined by the size of the habitat patch and the dominance relationships among group members. Here we examined the roles of ecological factors and behavioral interactions in governing group size and structure in the orange clownfish, Amphiprion percula, on inshore reefs in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. We quantified relationships between ecological variables (anemone size, depth, and distance from shore) and social group variables (group size, and total body length of the three largest individuals (ranks 1, 2, and 3)). Anemone size explained the greatest amount of variation in group variables, with strong, positive relationships between anemone surface area and group size, and total length of individuals ranked 1, 2, and 3. Group structure was also weakly correlated with increasing depth and distance from shore, most likely through the indirect effects of these environmental gradients on anemone size. Variation in group size and the lengths of ranks 2 and 3 were all closely related to the length of rank 1. Path analysis indicated that anemone size has a strong direct effect on the length of rank 1. In turn, the length of rank 1 directly affects the size of the subordinate individuals and indirectly affects the group size through its influence on subordinates. Hence, anemone size directly and indirectly controls social group size and structure in this space-limited fish species. It is also likely that anemonefish have feedback effects on anemone size, although this could not be differentiated in the path analysis.

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11

Rooney, Michelle Nayahamui. "Name, Shame and Blame: Criminalising Consensual Sex in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Pacific History 52, no. 4 (2017): 537–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2017.1399772.

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12

Samba, Obert. "P14.23 Transgender sex workers response to hiv in papua new guinea." Sexually Transmitted Infections 91, Suppl 2 (2015): A206.3—A207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.535.

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13

Kitur, Urarang, Tim Adair, and Alan D. Lopez. "Patterns of All-Cause Mortality in Papua New Guinea, 2011." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 31, no. 4 (2019): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539519841492.

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Existing estimates of mortality for Papua New Guinea (PNG) have primarily been based on models using little empirical data, and without estimation of life expectancy at subnational level. We used data on deaths from the 2000 and 2011 censuses and indirect demographic methods to estimate under-5 mortality (5q0), adult mortality (45q15), and life expectancy by province and sex. A Socioeconomic Composite Index was constructed to assess the plausibility of life expectancy estimates. We generated 5q0 estimates (68 per 1000 live births for males and 58 for females), 45q15 (269 per 1000 for males and 237 for females), and life expectancy (62.0 years for males and 64.3 for females) in PNG in 2011. Provinces with low life expectancy had correspondingly low levels of development as measured by the Composite Index, and vice versa. These subnational estimates of mortality levels and patterns maybe useful at the provincial level to improve population health in PNG.

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14

Marai, Leo. "Pictorial Depth Perception of Papua New Guinean Students." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 4 (1991): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400001589.

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Twenty male and five female undergraduates were assessed in a study designed to test for three dimensional pictorial perception in a Papua New Guinea sample. A version of Hudson's (1960) and Deregowski's (1968) test stimuli was used; the stimuli were slightly modified to make them culturally appropriate. The major result of the study was a finding of consistent sex differences in pictorial depth perception. Males tended to perceive three dimensionally while females tended to perceive two dimensionally.

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15

Noushini, Saeedeh, Jeanneth Perez, Soo Jean Park, et al. "Attraction and Electrophysiological Response to Identified Rectal Gland Volatiles in Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schiner)." Molecules 25, no. 6 (2020): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061275.

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Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schiner) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a polyphagous fruit fly pest species that is endemic to Papua New Guinea and has become established in several Pacific Islands and Australia. Despite its economic importance for many crops and the key role of chemical-mediated sexual communication in the reproductive biology of tephritid fruit flies, as well as the potential application of pheromones as attractants, there have been no studies investigating the identity or activity of rectal gland secretions or emission profiles of this species. The present study (1) identifies the chemical profile of volatile compounds produced in rectal glands and released by B. frauenfeldi, (2) investigates which of the volatile compounds elicit an electroantennographic or electropalpographic response, and (3) investigates the potential function of glandular emissions as mate-attracting sex pheromones. Rectal gland extracts and headspace collections from sexually mature males and females of B. frauenfeldi were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Male rectal glands contained (E,E)-2-ethyl-8-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro [5.5]undecane as a major component and (E,E)-2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane as a moderate component. Minor components included palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, and ethyl oleate. In contrast, female rectal glands contained (E,E)-2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane and ethyl laurate as major components, ethyl myristate and ethyl palmitoleate as moderate components, and 18 minor compounds including amides, esters, and spiroacetals. Although fewer compounds were detected from the headspace collections of both males and females than from the gland extractions, most of the abundant chemicals in the rectal gland extracts were also detected in the headspace collections. Gas chromatography coupled electroantennographic detection found responses to (E,E)-2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane from the antennae of both male and female B. frauenfeldi. Responses to (E,E)-2-ethyl-8-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane were elicited from the antennae of females but not males. The two spiroacetals also elicited electropalpographic responses from both male and female B. frauenfeldi. Ethyl caprate and methyl laurate, found in female rectal glands, elicited responses in female antennae and palps, respectively. Y-maze bioassays showed that females were attracted to the volatiles from male rectal glands but males were not. Neither males nor females were attracted to the volatiles from female rectal glands. Our findings suggest (E,E)-2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane and (E,E)-2-ethyl-8-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane as components of a sex-attracting pheromone in B. frauenfeldi.

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Kelly-Hanku, Angela, Patrick Rawstorne, Martha Kupul, Heather Worth, Patti Shih, and Wing Young Nicola Man. "Anal Sex, Vaginal Sex and HIV Risk Among Female Sex Workers in Papua New Guinea." AIDS and Behavior 18, no. 3 (2013): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0624-8.

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17

Gemo, Oria. "PNG's new information order (in waiting)." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 1, no. 1 (1994): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v1i1.519.

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18

Cass, Philip. "Fr Francis Mihalic and Wantok niuspepa in Papua New Guinea." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 17, no. 1 (2011): 210–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v17i1.380.

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Papua New Guinea’s Tok Pisin language newspaper Wantok, founded in 1969, is one of the publishing icons of the South Pacific. Drawing on interviews with Fr Francis Mihalic and Bishop Leo Arkfeld made in the early 1990s, a manuscript history of the early days of the Wantok, written by Mihalic, and material drawn from the archives in the Society of the Divine Word’s mother house in Mt Hagen, this article seeks to present a picture of a man who was at once a priest, a publisher, a propagandist, a linguist, a lecturer and often a cause of bewilderment to the very bishops whose work he was supposed to be doing. While acknowledging Mihalic’s role as the creator of Wantok, it places the emergence of the newspaper within an historical, educational, religious and social framework that shows it emerging and growing in response to several broad trends.

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19

Matasororo, Emily. "Standoff in Papua New Guinea: Students take issue over corruption." Pacific Journalism Review 22, no. 2 (2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v22i2.71.

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Commentary: A widespread student national boycott of classes and protests against the government of Peter O’Neill in Papua New Guinea during May and June 2016, supported by many civil society groups and activists. The epicentre of these protests was the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) in the nation's capital, Port Moresby. Demonstrations stirred by allegations of corruption against Prime Minister O'Neill grew in intensity until police opened fire on peaceful protesters on June 8. The protests were largely organised by the elected UPNG Student Representative Council, which entered into alliances with other tertiary student bodies, especially at the University of Technology in Lae, and civil society groups such as UPNG Focus and the Community Coalition Against Corruption. The essential argument of the students was that instead of thwarting investigations into allegations that $30 million of fraudulent legal bills were paid to the legal firm Paraka Lawyers, O’Neill should resign from office and present himself to the police investigators for questioning as they had demanded. This article focuses on the student leadership’s role and critiques the coverage of two major national press outlets, the PNG Post-Courier and The National, leading to the temporary shutdown of the university. It argues that there were issues of ethics and integrity at stake with both students and the news media.

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20

Wand, Handan, and Peter Siba. "Prevalence and Correlates of HIV Infection Among Sex Workers in Papua New Guinea: First Results from the Papua New Guinea and Australia Sexual Health Improvement Project (PASHIP)." AIDS and Behavior 19, no. 12 (2015): 2194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1096-9.

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21

Sagrista, Maria, and Patrick Matbob. "The digital divide in Papua New Guinea: Implications for journalism education." Pacific Journalism Review 22, no. 2 (2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v22i2.44.

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Access to new technology and the development of the necessary skills to master them are crucial aspects when developing countries aim to play a more important role in the current information age and knowledge-based society. New technology and the internet have the potential to enhance access to information for people and to help countries such as Papua New Guinea become active producers of knowledge, shifting away from the traditional role of passive consumption. However, new technology also has the potential to increase already existing inequalities. In this regard, exploring the concrete shortcuts brought by the digital divide in PNG and trying to address them for journalism education is an imperative, so that journalists in the country can bridge this gap, raise their own voices and best contribute to the development of Papua New Guinean society.

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Biddulph, John. "The Role and Training of Hospital Paediatric Nurses in Papua New Guinea." Paediatrica Indonesiana 16, no. 1-2 (2019): 21–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi16.1-2.1976.21-6.

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Demands for health services are increasing in all countries of the world. Both affluent and less affluent countries are starting to realise to the importance of nurse practitioners to enable comprehensive health services to be made available to more people at cheaper cost. The training programme for hospital paediatric nurses in Papua New Guinea has been designed to allow them to carry out effectively their future role of taking responsibility for the screening, diagnosis and initial treatment of sick children pending the availability of a doctor. The nurses receive practical on the job training by rotating through specific areas during the one year post basic course in paediatric nursing. The areas are acute paediatric ward, gastroenteritis ward, special care nursery, paediatric outpatients, nutrition rehabilitation unit and MCH clinics. The nurses learn to diagnose the common acute paediatric illnesses. They learn standardised management regimens for each of these common childhood illnesses. They also learn how to carry out the practical procedures required to allow them to diagnose and treat these illnesses, and become skilled in doing such procedures as lumbar punctures and intravenous rehydration.

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23

Laka, Robert Plews. "The role of religion in development communication in Madang, Papua New Guinea." Media Asia 42, no. 1-2 (2015): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2015.1072352.

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24

Laurenson, Ian, Sirus Naraql, Neville Howcroft, Ian Burrows, and Simon Saulei. "Cryptococcal meningitis in Papua New Guinea: ecology and the role of eucalypts." Medical Journal of Australia 158, no. 3 (1993): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121714.x.

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25

Matbob, Patrick. "The Post-Courier and media advocacy: A new era for Papua New Guinean journalism?" Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 13, no. 1 (2007): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v13i1.886.

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The Papua New Guinea media is often described as ‘free’ and ‘vibrant’ compared to other media in developing countries in the region. The style of journalism and the news values are based on the Western model familiar in developed countries, where objectivity is one of the conventions of journalism practice. This is a result of influence on the PNG media by Western news values through a history of ownership of the local media and training in journalism provided at the workplace and at journalism schools in PNG. However, the coverage of two major national issues by PNG’s national daily Post-Courier has signalled a shift in reportage style in PNG to one of advocacy journalism. The two major issues are the National Superannuation Fund of Papua New Guinea (NASFUND) corruption crisis and an anti-gun campaign. Although at present both issues have dropped out of the media, they have yet to reach satisfactory conclusions. The prosecution of people involved in the NASFUND mis-management is pending while the anti-gun campaign report has been tabled in Parliament, but nothing has been heard about it since. This article examines the role of the Post-Courierand its coverage of the two issues and why it chose to use advocacy style journalism for its coverage. The coverage has drawn criticism from sectors of society and other journalists. The article also examines the views of journalists in Papua New Guinea about the Post-Courier’s coverage and advocacy journalism.

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Muddle, Grant Robert. "Relationship between Leadership Style and Hospital Employee Engagement in Papua New Guinea." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 15, no. 4 (2020): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v15i4.441.

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Engagement, an important concept in the determination of overall employee output, has become an important factor within the healthcare sector, and in light of various challenges facing employees, such as high workloads and long working hours, engagement also plays a significant role in ensuring improved healthcare output. Meanwhile, leadership, which plays a major role in guiding and influencing employees toward goal achievement, is the driving force behind employee engagement. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the nature of the relationship between three different leadership techniques—transformational, transactional and passive avoidant—and employee engagement in the Papua New Guinea (PNG) healthcare sector. Research has shown that transactional and transformational leadership have the highest level of impact on employee engagement as a result of the role leaders play in the inspiration and stimulation of employees. The methodology applied to examine this statement involved a random selection of 84 health employees from three PNG hospitals: ANGAU Memorial Provincial Hospital, Mount Hagen General Hospital and Port Moresby General Hospital. A correlation analysis of the quantitative research methodology was then applied to evaluate the relationship between key variables in the collected data. A final analysis of results revealed that, within the PNG healthcare sector, transformational and transactional leadership both have a positive relationship with employee engagement, while passive avoidant leadership has a negative relationship with employee engagement.

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CLARK, JEFFREY. "gold, sex, and pollution: male illness and myth at Mt. Kare, Papua New Guinea." American Ethnologist 20, no. 4 (1993): 742–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1993.20.4.02a00040.

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28

Lee, Ling, Fabrizio D'Esposito, Jambi Garap, et al. "Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in Papua New Guinea: a nationwide survey." British Journal of Ophthalmology 103, no. 3 (2018): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311802.

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ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and main causes of blindness and vision impairment in people aged 50 years and older in Papua New Guinea (PNG).DesignNational cross-sectional population-based survey in National Capital District (NCD), Highlands, Coastal and Islands regions.MethodsAdults aged 50 years and above were recruited from 100 randomly selected clusters. Each participant underwent monocular presenting and pinhole visual acuity (VA) assessment and lens examination. Those with pinhole VA<6/12 in either eye had a dilated fundus examination to determine the primary cause of reduced vision. Those with obvious lens opacity were interviewed on barriers to cataract surgery.ResultsA total of 4818 adults were examined. The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted prevalence of blindness (VA <3/60), severe vision impairment (SVI, VA <6/60 but ≥3/60), moderate vision impairment (MVI, VA <6/18 but ≥6/60) and early vision impairment (EVI, VA <6/12 but ≥6/18) was 5.6% (95% CI 4.9% to 6.3%), 2.9% (95% CI 2.5% to 3.4%), 10.9% (95% CI 9.9% to 11.9%) and 7.3% (95% CI 6.6% to 8.0%), respectively. The main cause of blindness, SVI and MVI was cataract, while uncorrected refractive error was the main cause of EVI. A significantly higher prevalence of blindness, SVI and MVI occurred in the Highlands compared with NCD. Across all regions, women had lower cataract surgical coverage and spectacle coverage than men.ConclusionsPNG has one of the highest reported prevalence of blindness globally. Cataract and uncorrected refractive error are the main causes, suggesting a need for increased accessible services with improved resources and advocacy for enhancing eye health literacy.

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Finau, Glenn, Kerry Jacobs, and Satish Chand. "Agents of alienation: accountants and the land grab of Papua New Guinea." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 32, no. 5 (2019): 1558–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-10-2017-3185.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and examine the role of accounting and accountants in customary land transactions between Indigenous peoples and foreign corporate entities. The paper uses the case of two accountants who utilised accounting technologies in lease agreements to alienate customary land from Indigenous landowners in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Design/methodology/approach Employing a case study methodology, the paper draws on contemporary data sets of transcripts related to a Commission of Inquiry established in 2011 to investigate PNG’s Special Agricultural Business Lease system. Analysis of other publicly available data and semi-structured interviews with PNG landowners and other stakeholders supplement and triangulate data from the inquiry transcripts. A Bourdieusian lens was adopted to conceptualise how accounting was used in the struggles for customary land between foreign developers and Indigenous landowners within the wider capitalist field and the traditional Melanesian field. Findings This paper reveals how accountants exploited PNG’s customary land registration system, the Indigenous peoples’ lack of financial literacy and their desperation for development to alienate customary land from landowners. The accountants employed accounting technologies in the sublease agreements to reduce their royalty obligations to the landowners and to impose penalty clauses that made it financially impossible for the landowners to cancel the leases. The accountants used accounting to normalise, legitimise and rationalise these exploitative arrangements in formal lease contracts. Originality/value This paper responds to the call for research on accounting and Indigenous peoples that is contemporary rather than historic; examines the role of accountants in Indigenous relations, and examines the emancipatory potential of accounting.

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Shinoda, Naomi, Kevin M. Sullivan, Katie Tripp, et al. "Relationship between markers of inflammation and anaemia in children of Papua New Guinea." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 2 (2012): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012001267.

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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the association of the acute-phase protein biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), with anaemia in children aged 6–59·9 months in Papua New Guinea.DesignA nationally representative household-based cross-sectional survey of children aged 6–59·9 months was used to assess the relationships between various combinations of elevated CRP (>5 mg/l) and AGP (>1·2 g/l) with anaemia. Logistic regression was used to determine if other factors, such as age, sex, measures of anthropometry, region, urban/rural residence and household size, modified or confounded the acute-phase protein–anaemia association.SettingPapua New Guinea.SubjectsA total of 870 children aged 6–59·9 months from the 2005 Papua New Guinea National Micronutrient Survey were assessed.ResultsThe following prevalence estimates were found: anaemia 48 %; elevated CRP 32 %; and elevated AGP 33 %. Children with elevated CRP had a prevalence of anaemia of 66 % compared with children with normal CRP who had a prevalence of 40 %. Corresponding estimates for AGP were 61 % and 42 %, respectively. Similar results were found with combinations of elevated CRP and AGP. The higher prevalence of anaemia in children with elevated CRP and/or AGP was still present after controlling for confounders.ConclusionsElevated levels of CRP and AGP were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of anaemia in the children surveyed. There are no expert group recommendations on whether to or how to account for markers of inflammation in presenting results on anaemia prevalence. Additional research would be helpful to clarify this issue.

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Kelly, Angela, Heather Worth, Frances Akuani, et al. "Gendered talk about sex, sexual relationships and HIV among young people in Papua New Guinea." Culture, Health & Sexuality 12, no. 3 (2010): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050903181107.

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Bruce, Eunice, Ludwina Bauai, William Yeka, et al. "Knowledge, attitudes, practices and behaviour of female sex workers in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea." Sexual Health 7, no. 1 (2010): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09089.

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Lawrence, M. G., and J. Lelieveld. "Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 22 (2010): 11017–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010.

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Abstract. Southern Asia, extending from Pakistan and Afghanistan to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, is one of the most heavily populated regions of the world. Biofuel and biomass burning play a disproportionately large role in the emissions of most key pollutant gases and aerosols there, in contrast to much of the rest of the Northern Hemisphere, where fossil fuel burning and industrial processes tend to dominate. This results in polluted air masses which are enriched in carbon-containing aerosols, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. The outflow and long-distance transport of these polluted air masses is characterized by three distinct seasonal circulation patterns: the winter monsoon, the summer monsoon, and the monsoon transition periods. During winter, the near-surface flow is mostly northeasterly, and the regional pollution forms a thick haze layer in the lower troposphere which spreads out over millions of square km between southern Asia and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), located several degrees south of the equator over the Indian Ocean during this period. During summer, the heavy monsoon rains effectively remove soluble gases and aerosols. Less soluble species, on the other hand, are lifted to the upper troposphere in deep convective clouds, and are then transported away from the region by strong upper tropospheric winds, particularly towards northern Africa and the Mediterranean in the tropical easterly jet. Part of the pollution can reach the tropical tropopause layer, the gateway to the stratosphere. During the monsoon transition periods, the flow across the Indian Ocean is primarily zonal, and strong pollution plumes originating from both southeastern Asia and from Africa spread across the central Indian Ocean. This paper provides a review of the current state of knowledge based on the many observational and modeling studies over the last decades that have examined the southern Asian atmospheric pollutant outflow and its large scale effects. An outlook is provided as a guideline for future research, pointing out particularly critical issues such as: resolving discrepancies between top down and bottom up emissions estimates; assessing the processing and aging of the pollutant outflow; developing a better understanding of the observed elevated pollutant layers and their relationship to local sea breeze and large scale monsoon circulations; and determining the impacts of the pollutant outflow on the Asian monsoon meteorology and the regional hydrological cycle, in particular the mountain cryospheric reservoirs and the fresh water supply, which in turn directly impact the lives of over a billion inhabitants of southern Asia.

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FILER, COLIN. "Interdisciplinary perspectives on historical ecology and environmental policy in Papua New Guinea." Environmental Conservation 38, no. 2 (2011): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000913.

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SUMMARYPapua New Guinea (PNG) has been the site of a great deal of scientific work, and a fair amount of interdisciplinary debate, within the broad field of historical ecology, which encompasses the study of indigenous society-environment relationships over different time periods. However, this in itself provides no guarantee that scientists engaged in such debate will have a greater influence on the formulation of environmental conservation policies in a state where indigenous decision makers now hold the levers of political power. Five environmental policy paradigms which have emerged in the course of public debate about environmental conservation in PNG over the past half century; the wildlife management, environmental planning, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem assessment, and carbon sequestration paradigms. Each paradigm has framed a distinctive form of interdisciplinary debate about indigenous society-environment relationships within a contemporary political framework. However, a further connection can be drawn between the role of interdisciplinary debate in an evolving national policy framework and the history of scientific debate about the nature of indigenous society-environment relationships in the pre-colonial era. This connection places a distinctive emphasis on the relationship between indigenous agricultural practices and management of the national forest estate for reasons which are themselves a contingent effect of the nature of European colonial intervention over the course of the last century and a half. This particular bias in the relationship between historical ecology and environmental policy has lasted down to the present day. PNG's environmental policy problems are unlikely to have any rational or sensible solution in the absence of a better scientific understanding of the complexity of indigenous society-environment relationships. Scientists need to understand the complexity of the environmental policy process as a historical process in its own right in order to work out which policy problems offer both the scope and the incentive to sustain specific forms of interdisciplinary debate that are likely to produce better policy outcomes.

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NARAQI, SIRUS. "THE ROLE OF INTERNAL MEDICINE IN HEALTH CARE AND TRAINING IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 16, S2 (1986): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imj.1986.16.s2.301.

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Lohmann, Roger Ivar. "The Role of Dreams in Religious Enculturation among the Asabano of Papua New Guinea." Ethos 28, no. 1 (2000): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/eth.2000.28.1.75.

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37

Zwick, P., and KG Hortle. "First records of Net-winged Midges (Diptera: Blephariceridae) from Papua New Guinea, with description of a new species." Marine and Freshwater Research 40, no. 4 (1989): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9890361.

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Curupirina papuana sp. n. and an unnamed species of a probably new genus of Apistomyiini (Diptera : Blephariceridae) are described from the Ok Tedi, a tributary of the Fly River, Papua New Guinea. This is the first report of the family from the island; its zoogeographical significance is discussed with reference to the long-presumed role of the island in the evolution and dispersal of the tribe Apistomyiini.

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38

Singh, Shailendra. "Media ownership in Oceania: Three case studies in Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Tonga." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 10, no. 2 (2004): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v10i2.804.

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The news media in Oceania are small but remarkably diverse and vigorous. Ownership ranges from large transnational corporations and robust local media companies, as in Fiji and Papua New Guinea, to local entrepreneurial and Government media interests, such as in Tonga and smaller South Pacific nations. News Corporation, through its South Pacific subsidaries, owns the two largest English-language dailies, The Fiji Times and the PNG Post-Courier, while the Malaysian timber company Rimbunan Hijau is a major media investor in Papua New Guinea (The National) as well as having interests in New Zealand and South-East Asia. Australia's Channel nine owns PNG's national TV broadcaster, EMTV, and New Zealand has played an important role in the development of Fiji Television. All three countries have had constitutional freedom of expression guarantees under assault in recent years and the role of the media in good governance has been an emerging theme. Three authors, prominent journalists (and, in the case of two, now also media edcators), analyse the trends in their countries.

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Slotta, James. "The perlocutionary is political: Listening as self-determination in a Papua New Guinean polity." Language in Society 44, no. 4 (2015): 525–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404515000421.

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AbstractJ. L. Austin's influential dissection of speech acts into locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts has given rise to much scholarly attention to illocutionary acts and forces. While the perlocutionary facet of speech acts has gone largely undiscussed by philosophers and linguists, folk theories of language often attend closely to the relation between speech and its consequences. In this article, I discuss one conception of perlocutions prominent in Yopno speaking communities in Papua New Guinea that emphasizes the agentive role of listeners in mediating between speech and its outcome. This cultural conception of perlocutions, I argue, is tied to a political sensibility that stresses the self-determination and equality of adult men. The article shows how cultural conceptions of perlocutions provide insight into political values and practices, and how political concerns inform folk models of perlocutions. (Perlocutions, politics, fashions of speaking, language ideology, Melanesia, Papua New Guinea)*

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40

Kelly-Hanku, Angela, H. Worth, M. Redman-MacLaren, et al. "Perpetration of Violence by Female Sex Workers in Papua New Guinea: ‘We will Crush their Bones’." British Journal of Criminology 61, no. 1 (2020): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa058.

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Abstract There is a small but important body of literature on female sex workers’ (FSWs) violence towards others, but little of that focused on low- and middle-income countries. Drawn from a larger biobehavioural study of FSWs in three cities in Papua New Guinea, we analyse the interviews from 19 FSWs who reported having perpetrated physical violence towards four major groups: (1) ex-husbands; (2) clients; (3) other sex workers and (4) other people (mainly women). Our study demonstrates that FSWs’ use of violence arises from a complex set of social, material and gendered circumstances and cannot be addressed in isolation from other aspects of their lives.

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Lyons, Ilisapeci, and Jim Cavaye. "Community-Led Engagement With Government and the Role of Community Brokers in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea." Society & Natural Resources 29, no. 4 (2015): 462–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1086457.

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42

Cullen, Trevor. "Better Aids coverage." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 4, no. 1 (1997): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v4i1.620.

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One of the basic roles of journalism is to inform people about what is happening. Technically, we describe this as the 'watchdog' role. But in Papua New Guinea the 'watchdog' has dangerously dosed off on the AIDS situation.

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43

Steckenreuter, Andre, Nicolas Pilcher, Barry Krüger, and John Ben. "Male-Biased Primary Sex Ratio of Leatherback Turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) at the Huon Coast, Papua New Guinea." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 9, no. 1 (2010): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/ccb-0763.1.

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44

Wardlow, Holly. "Anger, Economy, and Female Agency: Problematizing “Prostitution” and “Sex Work” among the Huli of Papua New Guinea." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 29, no. 4 (2004): 1017–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/382628.

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45

Agnarsson, Ingi. "Systematics of new subsocial and solitary Australasian Anelosimus species (Araneae:Theridiidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 26, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is11039.

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Species of the cobweb spider genus Anelosimus range from solitary to subsocial to social, and sociality has evolved repeatedly within the genus. Thus, this genus allows studies of the traits that play a role in social evolution. However, taxonomic knowledge of Anelosimus is geographically narrow and nearly all sociobiological studies have been done in the Americas. Only one behaviourally unknown species has been described from all of Australasia. Here, I describe seven new Anelosimus from Papua New Guinea (Anelosimus potmosbi, sp. nov., Anelosimus pomio, sp. nov., Anelosimus eidur, sp. nov. and Anelosimus luckyi, sp. nov.), Bali (Anelosimus bali, sp. nov.), Australia (Anelosimus pratchetti, sp. nov.) and an unknown locality (Anelosimus terraincognita, sp. nov.), ranging from solitary to subsocial. A phylogenetic analysis supports the inclusion of these species in Anelosimus, and suggests that solitary Papuan species represent a second reversal from subsocial behaviour. Both solitary species inhabit the beachfront, a habitat that appears not to be conducive to social behaviour in spiders. Subsocial species, as in other parts of the world, are found in montane tropical forests of Papua New Guinea, and at relatively high latitudes in Australia. Thus, a global ecological pattern of sociality in Anelosimus is emerging as taxonomic, phylogenetic and ethological knowledge extends beyond the Americas.

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Zheng, Gina. "Strengthening participatory approaches to coastal fisheries governance in Papua New Guinea: the role of local-level government legislation." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 2 (2018): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18001.

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Fisheries governance in Papua New Guinea is a significant factor to the nation’s sustainable development. In seeking to strengthen community-based and participatory approaches to fisheries management in the nation, this paper will highlight the significant role of local-level governments in re-envisioning coastal and small-scale fisheries governance and argues that such local-level legislative authorities provide an opportunity to progress the nation’s coastal fisheries governance.

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Goodale, Eben, Uromi Goodale, and Ralph Mana. "The role of toxic pitohuis in mixed-species flocks of lowland forest in Papua New Guinea." Emu - Austral Ornithology 112, no. 1 (2012): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu11026.

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Gilberthorpe, E. "Community development in Ok Tedi, Papua New Guinea: the role of anthropology in the extractive industries." Community Development Journal 48, no. 3 (2013): 466–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bst028.

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P. Faith, Daniel, C. R. Margules, P. A. Walker, J. Stein, and G. Natera. "Practical application of biodiversity surrogates and percentage targets for conservation in Papua New Guinea." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 4 (2000): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010289.

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A conservation planning study in Papua New Guinea (PNG) addresses the role of biodiversity surrogates and biodiversity targets, in the context of the trade-offs required for planning given real-world costs and constraints. In a trade-ofts framework, surrogates must be judged in terms of their success in predicting general biodiversity complementarity values ? the amount of additional biodiversity an area can contribute to a protected set. Wrong predictions of low complementarity (and consequent allocation of non-protective land uses) may be more worrisome than wrong predictions of high complementarity (and consequent allocation of protection, perhaps unnecessarily forgoing other land uses benefiting society). Trade-ofts and targets work well when predictions of complementarity are based on surrogate information that is expressed as a continuum of variation. The PNG study used hierarchical variation for environmental domains and vegetation types, and a nominated target then dictated the level within those hierarchies that was used. Internationally-promoted targets provide a potential basis for comparative evaluation of biodiversity protection levels among countries or regions. However, conventional application of percentage targets, in focusing on proportions of total area or on proportions of habitat types, does not serve the goal of biodiversity protection or sustainability well because targets can be miss-used to restrict the amount of biodiversity protected. At the same time, recent complaints about percentage targets are equally misguided in claiming, based on species-area curves, that 10% targets imply 50% extinctions. We apply a new approach to percentage targets in PNG, in which the maximum diversity that could be protected by an unconstrained 10% of the total area of the country becomes the working biodiversity target. Reaching that same biodiversity target may then require more than 10% of the area, because of constraints (e.g., existing reserves) and costs. In the baseline analysis for PNG, we found that hierarchical variation at the level of 564 vegetation types, combined with the 608 environmental domains, could be protected in an unconstrained 10% of the country. This process of determining a biodiversity target also revealed some "must-have" areas for any future conservation plan. Sur.h must-have areas were also identified for a 15%-based target. The satisfaction of the 10%-based target in practice required 16.8% of PNG (Faith et al. 2001a). This low-cost proposed protected set corresponded to greater net benefits relative to our application of two conventional targets approaches.

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Haberle, Simon G. "Prehistoric human impact on rainforest biodiversity in highland New Guinea." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1478 (2007): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1981.

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In the highlands of New Guinea, the development of agriculture as an indigenous innovation during the Early Holocene is considered to have resulted in rapid loss of forest cover, a decrease in forest biodiversity and increased land degradation over thousands of years. But how important is human activity in shaping the diversity of vegetation communities over millennial time-scales? An evaluation of the change in biodiversity of forest habitats through the Late Glacial transition to the present in five palaeoecological sites from highland valleys, where intensive agriculture is practised today, is presented. A detailed analysis of the longest and most continuous record from Papua New Guinea is also presented using available biodiversity indices (palynological richness and biodiversity indicator taxa) as a means of identifying changes in diversity. The analysis shows that the collapse of key forest habitats in the highland valleys is evident during the Mid–Late Holocene. These changes are best explained by the adoption of new land management practices and altered disturbance regimes associated with agricultural activity, though climate change may also play a role. The implications of these findings for ecosystem conservation and sustainability of agriculture in New Guinea are discussed.

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