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Journal articles on the topic 'Sex slavery'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Myrne, Pernilla. "Slaves for Pleasure in Arabic Sex and Slave Purchase Manuals from the Tenth to the Twelfth Centuries." Journal of Global Slavery 4, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 196–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00402004.

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Abstract Women probably made up the majority of the slave population in the medieval Islamic world, most of them used for domestic service. As men were legally permitted to have sexual relations with their female slaves, enslaved women could be used for sexual service. Erotic compendia and sex manuals were popular literature in the premodern Islamic world, and are potentially rich sources for the history of sex slavery, especially when juxtaposed with legal writings. This article uses Arabic sex manuals and slave purchase manuals from the tenth to the twelfth century to investigate the attitudes toward sexual slavery during this period, as well as the changing ethnicities and origins of slaves, and the use of legal manipulations.

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2

Suzuki, Hideaki. "Enslaved Population and Indian Owners Along the East African Coast: Exploring the Rigby Manumission List, 1860–1861." History in Africa 39 (2012): 209–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2012.0014.

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Abstract:The main purpose of this article is to explore the potential of the “List of Slaves unlawfully held in slavery by British Indian Subjects at Zanzibar & its Dependencies, who have been emancipated at the Consulate” for historical slavery studies. This list, a result of the first British-led manumission campaign against slave ownership along the east coast of Africa, is the most comprehensive list detailing slave ownership and slaves for the pre-colonial coastal society of East Africa. Despite of the importance and uniqueness, both this list and the campaign have not been yet fully analyzed. This article challenges to extract the data as much as possible from the list, not only sex ratio and ethnic origin of enslaved individuals, but also their identity and emotional status. Moreover, this article shows an aspect of slave ownership by British Indian subjects from the list.

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3

Saud, Indah Wardaty. "SLAVERY IN CHARLES DICKENS’ NOVEL OLIVER TWIST." NOTION: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 2, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/notion.v2i1.1110.

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This research discusses the slavery experienced by the characters in the Oliver Twist novel. Those who have no family and no place to stay eventually become slaves who are forced to work for the benefit of the owner. They are treated as property and often get physical violence. This research aims to analyze the types of slavery that are reflected in Oliver Twist novel. This research using descriptive qualitative methods. Researchers used the Marxist approach and slavery theory to find the types of slavery contained in Oliver Twist novel. From the results of the analysis, it was found that there are 4 types of slavery in Oliver Twist novel, namely forced labor, sex slavery, child slavery and domestic servitude.

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4

Ali, Kecia. "Concubinage and Consent." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816001203.

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In our imperfect world, rape happens frequently but nearly no one publicly defends the legitimacy of forcible or nonconsensual sex. So pervasive is deference to some notion of consent that even Daʿish supporters who uphold the permissibility of enslaving women captured in war can insist that their refusal or resistance makes sex unlawful. Apparently, one can simultaneously laud slave concubinage and anathematize rape. A surprising assertion about consent also appears in a recent monograph by a scholar of Islamic legal history who declares in passing that the Qurʾan forbids nonconsensual relationships between owners and their female slaves, claiming that “the master–slave relationship creates a status through which sexual relationsmay become licit, provided both parties consent.” She contends that “the sources” treat a master's nonconsensual sex with his female slave as “tantamount to the crime ofzinā[illicit sex] and/or rape.” Though I believe in the strongest possible terms that meaningful consent is a prerequisite for ethical sexual relationships, I am at a loss to find this stance mirrored in the premodern Muslim legal tradition, which accepted and regulated slavery, including sex between male masters and their female slaves.

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5

de Lamotte, Malenka, and Dietrich Brandt. "Sex-Slavery in the Contemporary World." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 8 (2013): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130606-3-xk-4037.00008.

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6

Brysk, Alison. "Sex as Slavery? Understanding Private Wrongs." Human Rights Review 12, no. 3 (November 25, 2010): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12142-010-0182-7.

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7

HOPKINS, B. D. "Race, Sex and Slavery: ‘Forced Labour’ in Central Asia and Afghanistan in the Early 19th Century." Modern Asian Studies 42, no. 4 (July 2008): 629–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0600271x.

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AbstractThe word ‘slavery’ conjures images of cruelty, racial bigotry and economic exploitation associated with the plantation complex crucial to the Atlantic trading economy from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. Yet this was only one manifestation of practices of human bondage. This article examines the practice of ‘slavery’ in a very different context, looking at Central Asia, Afghanistan and the Punjab in the early nineteenth century. Here, bondage was largely a social institution with economic ramifications, in contrast to its Atlantic counterpart. Slavery served a social, and often sexual function in many of these societies, with the majority of slaves being female domestic servants and concubines. Its victims were often religiously, rather than racially defined, although bondage was a cross-confessional phenomenon. The practice continued to be widespread throughout the region into the early twentieth century.

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8

Abárzuza, Antoni Ferrer. "Captives or Slaves and Masters in Eivissa (Ibiza), 1235–1600." Medieval Encounters 22, no. 5 (November 24, 2016): 565–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342238.

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This article concerns captivity or slavery on the island of Eivissa (Ibiza) from the time of its conquest by Christians until the end of the sixteenth century. Captives were used to cultivate and harvest vineyards and to labor on public building works in accordance to the strict calendar for agricultural and salt production. The sources have been examined for quantitative data and for the identity of their masters. They contain valuable information on the characteristics of these captives (sex, origins) and on their mode of arrival to the island. Slave masters have also been evaluated in search of common features, such as economic position, political offices held, and properties owned. These data have been used to test Claude Meillassoux’s (1986) definition of slavery. Simultaneously, Charles Verlinden’s work has also been analyzed, with special regard to the motivation behind his turning of what the medieval sources referred to as “captives” into “slaves.”

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9

Foster, Thomas A. "The Sexual Abuse of Black Men under American Slavery." Journal of the History of Sexuality 20, no. 3 (2011): 445–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sex.2011.0059.

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10

Mellor, Anne K. "Sex, Violence, and Slavery: Blake and Wollstonecraft." Huntington Library Quarterly 58, no. 3/4 (January 1995): 345–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3817572.

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11

Bekteshi, Venera, Eglantina Gjermeni, and Mary Van Hook. "Modern day slavery: sex trafficking in Albania." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 32, no. 7/8 (July 20, 2012): 480–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443331211249093.

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12

Skrodzka, Aga. "Xenophilic spectacle in films about sex slavery." Transnational Cinemas 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20403526.2018.1465155.

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13

Bromfield, Nicole F. "Sex Slavery and Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States." Affilia 31, no. 1 (November 15, 2015): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109915616437.

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14

Allerfeldt, Kristofer. "Marcus Braun and “White Slavery”." Journal of Global Slavery 4, no. 3 (August 16, 2019): 343–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00403001.

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Abstract When the history of American abolitionist legislation is assessed—if it gets any consideration at all—the 1910 White Slave Act is often regarded as a flawed overreaction to a largely imagined, or at least exaggerated, problem. However, the law, usually known as the Mann Act, has arguably influenced US trafficking policy more than any other single law since the 13th Amendment. This article examines the career, ambitions and misfortunes of one of the leading figures behind the Act, the immigration investigator Marcus Braun, to show how the concept of slavery was manipulated. It also shows how the problem of trafficking evolved over the opening years of the twentieth century and how the legacy of the Mann Act has continued to affect American attitudes toward sex and morality and their ties to slavery ever since.

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15

Taylor, Eric Robert. "Slavery at Sea: Terror, Sex, and Sickness in the Middle Passage." Journal of American History 104, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 757–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jax337.

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16

Fett, Sharla M. "Slavery at sea: terror, sex, and sickness in the middle passage." Slavery & Abolition 39, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 766–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2018.1537166.

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17

Phillips, Coretta. "Utilising ‘modern slave’ narratives in social policy research." Critical Social Policy 40, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018319837217.

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Modern slavery has received somewhat limited attention in social policy. Partially responding to this gap, while acknowledging the contested nature of the term ‘modern slavery’, this article makes the case for the primary and secondary analysis of ‘slave narratives’ which provide experiential and agential accounts by those directly harmed by forced labour, coerced sex work and other forms of exploitation. Analysis of a narrative interview with Sean, a (citizen-)victim of forced labour proved under s.71 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, demonstrates the multifaceted nature of labour exploitation and its multiple, severe and long-lasting harms. That the form and structure of Sean’s narrative of forced labour resembles those used in the abolitionist cause against antebellum slavery points to a certain timeless essence to forced labour exploitation. The article concludes with implications for intervention.

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18

Tully, Stephen. "Sex, Slavery and the High Court of Australia: The Contribution of R v. Tang to International Jurisprudence." International Criminal Law Review 10, no. 3 (2010): 403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181210x507886.

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AbstractThe judgment of the High Court of Australia in R v. Tang is a significant contribution to jurisprudence on the definition of slavery under international law. This case considered whether the intention of the perpetrator was a necessary element for the prosecution of that offence under Australian law. The High Court also preserved the conceptual integrity of slavery, evaluated the decisions in Kunarac and Siliadin, identified the powers attaching to the right of ownership as that expression appears in the 1926 and 1956 Slavery Conventions and employed a human rights orientation to contemporary manifestations of slavery. Although considerable practical challenges remain for enforcing the prohibition against slavery in Australia, R v. Tang marks a significant precedent likely to influence future international jurisprudence on the topic.

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19

Nicolaus, Peter, and Serkan Yuce. "Sex-Slavery: One Aspect of the Yezidi Genocide." Iran and the Caucasus 21, no. 2 (June 21, 2017): 196–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20170205.

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Even though almost three years have passed since the black banners of the terror organisation, calling themselves the “Islamic State of Iraq and Syria” (ISIS) were first hoisted throughout the Yezidi heartland of Sinjar, the Yezidi community continues to be targeted by ISIS, militias. 300,000 vegetate in camps as Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) in Iraqi Kurdistan; thousands of others have been killed, are missing, or remain in captivity where they are subjected to unspeakable sexual and physical abuse. With deference for these victims of violence, and without detracting from the collective suffering and trauma of the entire Yezidi community of Sinjar (families, women, men, and children alike), the authors have chosen to focus the present article on the plight and misery of the females; who were, and still are, facing despicable sexual abuses, unfathomable atrocities, and unfettered human rights violations. In doing so, they highlight the views of the fundamentalist Islam practiced by ISIS that encourages sex-slavery, while elaborating on the complacent acceptance of ISIS terror tactics by the local Sunni population of the territories they control. The work goes on to describe how survivors escaped, as well as how they are received and treated by the Yezidi community and state authorities. This discussion includes an overview of the national and international mechanisms available for prosecuting ISIS members for their crimes of genocide against the Yezidi people. The authors further stress that the genocide has contributed to, and even accelerated the process of the Yezidi selfidentification as a unique ethno-religious entity; which, in turn, has produced changes to their religious traditions. These changes will be briefly covered by examining a new approach to the institution of the Kerāfat.

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20

Walters, Suzan. "Sex trafficking: inside the business of modern slavery." Culture, Health & Sexuality 14, no. 1 (January 2012): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2011.613565.

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21

Adam, Balkozar S., Sala Webb, and Cheryl S. Al-Mateen. "10.0 Human Sex Trafficking: A Modern Day Slavery." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 56, no. 10 (October 2017): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.057.

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22

Mary Ting Yi Lui. "Saving Young Girls from Chinatown: White Slavery and Woman Suffrage, 1910–1920." Journal of the History of Sexuality 18, no. 3 (2009): 393–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sex.0.0069.

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23

Fashanu, Grace, Leah Lauderdale, Caitlin McCauley, Amanda Puszcz, and Anastasia Vakoula. "To What Extent Do Laws throughout England and Wales Protect Women against Sex Trafficking?" Student Journal of Professional Practice and Academic Research 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/sjppar.v1i1.803.

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Despite somewhat extensive legislation that reduce the number of offences connected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation throughout England and Wales, all circumstances are not fully elaborated upon. Sex trafficking, according to the Shared Hope International Group, is when ‘someone uses force, fraud or compulsion to cause a profitable sex act with an adult which includes prostitution, pornography and sexual performance done in exchange for items of value, all including, money, drugs, shelter, food and clothes.’ Whilst undertaking this research report to consider the chosen topic, sex trafficking is closely allied to human trafficking and slavery, as they link together under the same legislation guidelines. We believe that it is best to address this matter in the opening of our report as sex trafficking has only recently converted into an issue within England and Wales as it was previously perceived solely as human trafficking and slavery. Human trafficking is the action of illegally transporting people from one country or area to another and this action is usually forced. Section 1 of the Modern Slavery Act then defines slavery to be ‘If a person requires another to perform forced or compulsory labour and the circumstances are such that the person knows or ought to know that the other person is being required to perform forced or compulsory labour’.

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24

Rust, Marion. "Invisible woman: female slavery in the New World." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 66, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1992): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002006.

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[First paragraph]Slave women in Caribbean society, 1650-1838, by BARBARA BUSH. Bloomington:Indiana University Press, 1990. xiii + 190 pp. (Cloth US$ 29.95,Paper US$ 12.50) [Published simultaneously by: James Curry, London, &Heinemann Publishers (Caribbean), Kingston.]Within the plantation household: Black and White women of the Old South,by ELIZABETH FOX-GENOVESE. Chapel Hill: University of North CarolinaPress, 1988. xvii + 544 pp. (Cloth US$ 34.95, Paper US$ 12.95)Slave women in the New World: gender stratiftcation in the Caribbean, byMARIETTA MORRISSEY. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989. xiv +202 pp. (Cloth US$ 29.95)In a letter to his son in 1760, Chesapeake slaveowner Charles Carrol employed a curious euphemism for woman: "fair sex." Obviously, he wasn't thinking of his slaves. An attempt to remedy his negligence by considering this popular definition of eighteenth-century womanhood in relation to the females he forgot reveals this highly restrictive code to be exclusionary as well, for the difficulty of figuring out how brown or black skin can be "fair" suggests that a bondwoman in the New World was not, according to dominant ideology, a woman. Slavery made nonsense of female gender in the case of those whose labor allo wed white society its definition. A contemporary observer reveals just how thorough was the distinction between white womanly passivity and whatever unnamed oblivion was left to black females: "The labor of the slave thus becomes the substitute for that of the woman" (Smith 1980:70; Dew 1970 [1832]:36).

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25

Dando, Coral J., Robin Brierley, Karen Saunders, and Jay-Marie Mackenzie. "Health inequalities and health equity challenges for victims of modern slavery." Journal of Public Health 41, no. 4 (November 2, 2018): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy187.

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AbstractBackgroundModern slavery is a serious organized crime, with severe consequences for the physical and mental health of victims, and so has public health implications. Anecdotally many victims of sex slavery experience difficulties accessing healthcare. Public Health England recently articulated the importance of health engagement to address modern slavery but little is known about the experiences of the survivors.MethodsWe conducted in depth interviews with Albanian female survivors of sex slavery who all displayed significant and complex health needs. Interviews were conducted between July 2017 and January 2018. Thematic analysis identified four primary themes: (i) barriers to access, (ii) negotiating access, (iii) health needs and care received and (iv) overall experience of primary care.ResultsSurvivors experienced repeated challenges accessing healthcare, for themselves and their children, and initially could not access GP services. When accompanied by an advocate they reported qualitatively and quantitatively improved experiences resulting in improved permeability. Confusion surrounding eligibility criteria and a lack of understanding of modern slavery emerged as the primary barriers, fueling biased adjudications.ConclusionsThe importance of advocates, enabling rights-based approaches, improving understanding about access to health services for vulnerable groups, and a need for education across health service settings are discussed.

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26

Hogarth, R. A. "Sex, Sickness, and Slavery: Illness in the Antebellum South." Journal of American History 100, no. 3 (November 1, 2013): 829–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jat382.

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27

Sturges, Robert S. "Race, sex, slavery: reading Fanon with Aucassin et Nicolette." postmedieval: a journal of medieval cultural studies 6, no. 1 (April 2015): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/pmed.2014.41.

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28

Kenny, Stephen C. "Sex, Sickness, and Slavery: Illness in the Antebellum South." American Nineteenth Century History 16, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664658.2015.1094634.

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29

ARAUJO, ANA LUCIA. "Slavery Unseen: Sex, Power, and Violence in Brazilian History." History: Reviews of New Books 47, no. 3 (May 4, 2019): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2019.1587359.

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30

McGaha, Johnny. "Systemizing Local and Regional Cooperation Efforts to Combat Sex Slavery." Revue internationale de droit pénal 81, no. 3 (2010): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ridp.813.0513.

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31

Kumar, Satish. "Book Review: “Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery”." Asia Pacific Business Review 5, no. 2 (April 2009): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097324700900500215.

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32

Ball, A. Dwayne, and Julia R. Pennington. "Book Review: Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery." Journal of Macromarketing 31, no. 4 (December 2011): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146711414711.

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33

Perry, Noam. "Kara, Siddharth. Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery." Human Rights Review 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2011): 401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12142-011-0192-0.

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34

Idowu, Babatunde M., Mercy C. Arua, Chiedozie P. Nwosu, and Felix M. Nwankwo. "Slavery in the Contemporary World." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss8.3274.

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The paper examines slavery in the contemporary world with focus on examination of modern slavery in Africa. It underscored factors promoting slavery in the modern world, trends of modern slavery, causes of modern slavery in Africa, and consequences of modern slavery in Africa. The Marxian conflict theory was used as a guide and a background upon which the paper was anchored. From the point of view of the theory and available literature reviewed, the paper observed that factors such as population explosion of the post second world war, rapid economic change and the incorporation of the third world economies into the world economy in the guise of globalisation, and the widespread governmental corruption among others, are responsible for modern slavery in Africa and the world over. It revealed that forced labour, sex slavery, practice of debt bondage and trafficking in persons are all characteristics of modern slavery. The significance of this is enormous and antithetical to the development of the continent and humanity at large. The paper recommended that policies on human migration should be reviewed across borders, agencies established to tackle the menace of trafficking in persons should straightened so as to function effectively and efficiently, African countries should make frantic efforts in tackling the issue of corruption and over-dependence on advanced countries of the world. Finally, a radical change in mentality is advised of African citizens on migration.

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35

Macioti, P. G., Eurydice Aroney, Calum Bennachie, Anne E. Fehrenbacher, Calogero Giametta, Heidi Hoefinger, Nicola Mai, and Jennifer Musto. "Framing the Mother Tac: The Racialised, Sexualised and Gendered Politics of Modern Slavery in Australia." Social Sciences 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9110192.

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Centred on the slavery trial “Crown vs. Rungnapha Kanbut” heard in Sydney, New South Wales, between 10 April and 15 May 2019, this article seeks to frame the figure of the “Mother Tac” or the “mother of contract”, also called “mama tac” or “mae tac”—a term used amongst Thai migrants to describe a woman who hosts, collects debts from, and organises work for Thai migrant sex workers in their destination country. It proposes that this largely unexplored figure has come to assume a disproportionate role in the “modern slavery” approach to human trafficking, with its emphasis on absolute victims and individual offenders. The harms suffered by Kanbut’s victims are put into context by referring to existing literature on women accused of trafficking; interviews with Thai migrant sex workers, including Kanbut’s primary victim, and with members from the Australian Federal Police Human Trafficking Unit; and ethnographic field notes. The article unveils how constructions of both victim and offender, as well as definitions of slavery, are racialised, gendered, and sexualised and rely on the victims’ subjective accounts of bounded exploitation. By documenting these and other limitations involved in a criminal justice approach, the authors reveal its shortfalls. For instance, while harsh sentences are meant as a deterrence to others, the complex and structural roots of migrant labour exploitation remain unaffected. This research finds that improved legal migration pathways, the decriminalisation of the sex industry, and improved access to information and support for migrant sex workers are key to reducing heavier forms of labour exploitation, including human trafficking, in the Australian sex industry.

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36

Winter, Kari J. "Sowande’ M. Mustakeem. Slavery at Sea: Terror, Sex, and Sickness in the Middle Passage." American Historical Review 123, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/123.1.188.

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37

Jawor, Marta. "INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM OF MODERN SLAVERY." Researchers' Guild 2, no. 1 (October 9, 2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/rg2019.2.

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Modern slavery is gradually becoming one of the most widespread crimes in the world. A conscious understanding of the issue is an extremely important part of the process of tackling this problem. The aim of this work is to introduce the reader to the issue of human trafficking and its most common forms. The phenomenon splits in to the following main branches: sex trafficking, forced labour, debt bondage, domestic servitude, forced marriage, forced criminality and organ harvesting. Modern-day slavery happens all around us and at a surprisingly high rate.

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38

Solomon, Richard. "Sexual Practice and Fantasy in Colonial America and the Early Republic." IU Journal of Undergraduate Research 3, no. 1 (September 5, 2017): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v3i1.23364.

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The sexual practices of European colonists, Native Americans, and African-American slaves of the American colonies and early republic reflected economic and religious disparities, providing specific cultural phenomena in which power relations are established and reaffirmed. These hierarchies not only prescribed the role of sex in quotidian American life; they created lasting traditions in sexual practices that continue to the present day. For this thesis, I rely on contemporary and classic historiography, religious studies, and gender scholarship to make claims about the role of women in colonial society and the treatment and fantasy-construction of marginalized peoples: namely, African-American slaves and Native Americans. Specifically, I will show how colonial women leveraged their scarcity and sexual desirability to secure their gender’s procreative role and social utility in Puritan and Southern colonies. I will show how the formation and subjugation of the Black slave class acquired distinct and lasting sexual fault lines, how political pressures and economic incentives to justify and nurture slavery shaped whites’ sexual attitudes and behavior, and finally how national myths of manifest destiny and the fecundity of the land came dominate whites experience of native American sexuality.

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39

Mitchell, Gregory. "Review of Slavery Unseen: Sex, Power and Violence in Brazilian History." European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, no. 108 (September 27, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32992/erlacs.10548.

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40

Richardson, Kathleen. "Sex Robot Matters: Slavery, the Prostituted, and the Rights of Machines." IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 35, no. 2 (June 2016): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mts.2016.2554421.

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41

Day, Sophie. "The re-emergence of ‘trafficking’: sex work between slavery and freedom." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 16, no. 4 (November 3, 2010): 816–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2010.01655.x.

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42

O’Donnell, Rachel. "Reproducing the British Caribbean: Sex, Gender, and Population Politics after Slavery." Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue canadienne des études latino-américaines et caraïbes 40, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2015.1044705.

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43

Sealing Cheng. "Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery (review)." Journal of World History 21, no. 2 (2010): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.0.0120.

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44

Gómez, Pablo F. "Reproducing the British Caribbean: Sex, Gender and Population Politics after Slavery." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 71, no. 1 (October 13, 2015): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrv041.

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Lightfoot, Natasha. "Reproducing the British Caribbean: sex, gender, and population politics after slavery." Slavery & Abolition 37, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 479–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2016.1174447.

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Lewis, Linden. "Reproducing the British Caribbean: Sex, Gender, and Population Politics after Slavery." Hispanic American Historical Review 96, no. 2 (April 26, 2016): 376–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-3484534.

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Carnegie, Charles V. "Slavery at Sea: Terror, Sex, and Sickness in the Middle Passage, by Sowande’ M. Mustakeem." New West Indian Guide 93, no. 1-2 (June 7, 2019): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-09301004.

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Borucki, Alex. "Slavery at Sea: Terror, Sex, and Sickness in the Middle Passage by Sowande' M. Mustakeem." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 116, no. 1 (2018): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/khs.2018.0010.

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Eliot, Lewis B. H. "Slavery at Sea: Terror, Sex, and Sickness in the Middle Passage, by Sowande’ M. Mustakeem." Black Scholar 48, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2018.1435145.

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Baer, James A. "White Slavery and Mothers Alive and Dead: The Troubled Meeting of Sex, Gender, Public Health, and Progress in Latin America (review)." Journal of the History of Sexuality 11, no. 4 (2002): 674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sex.2003.0026.

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