Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sexual chromosome'
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Molinier, Cécile. "Transitions between reproductive systems in Daphnia." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG003.
Full textTransitions between reproductive systems are very frequent in eucaryotes. Getting a comprehensive view of the actual evolutive advantages and costs of the different reproductive systems requires the understanding of the selective forces shaping such transitions. Over the last decades, empirical studies on the ecology and genetics of reproductive systems focused on long-term consequences and were conducted on natural populations. My PhD thesis aims at showing how early steps during transitions between reproductive systems are a key component to understand their evolution. To this end, I used the water flea; Daphnia spp. as a model system and study the genetic consequences of new reproductive systems. First, I investigated in the literature of asexual animals, whether the traditional view of asexuality as clonality (producing identical offspring) is realistic. This project showed that asexuals retain many features associated with sexuality from which they evolved so that strict clonality is not preeminent. While secondary evolution seems to favor clonality-like reproduction, the first steps of asexual evolution are certainly not clonal, particularly due to recombination. Second, I performed sex-asex crosses in a Daphnia species where obligate asexuals lineages producing “rare males” co-occur with sexuals. I studied the recombination rate of these asexual males and found that asexual males recombine as much as sexual ones, while asexual females recombine much less than sexual females. These results showed that the evolution of suppression of recombination is female-specific in this species and that meiosis modifications are also probably female-specific. The two projects showed that recombination is not exclusive to sexuals. Third, because males transmit asexuality genes via such crosses (a process called contagious asexuality), I also studied the reproductive modes and fitness of lab-generated asexuals compared to natural lineages. Interestingly, whereas natural asexuals are clonal, I found that new asexuals are in majority not clonal and less fit than natural ones. These results suggest that asexual lineages evolve relatively quickly to acquire the characteristics of the asexual lineages observed in natura. Fourth, using another Daphnia species, we investigated the gene expression levels of individuals with an incipient sex chromosome compared to closely related lineages whose sex is environmentally determined. I found that the evolution of genetically determined females that lost the ability to produce males is not determined by a “loss-of-function" mutation but rather by a more complex molecular mechanism. This work illustrates the relevance of using species with polymorphic reproductive systems to investigate the early evolutionary transitions between reproductive systems found in nature
Balinski, Michael A. "Differential Sexual Survival of D. Melanogaster on Copper Sulfate." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1462973269.
Full textSoh, Ying Qi Shirleen. "The genomic and genetic basis of mammalian sexual reproduction : sequence of the mouse Y chromosome, and a gene regulatory program for meiotic prophase." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98632.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Mammalian sexual reproduction requires sexual determination, sexual differentiation, and the production of haploid gametes. In this thesis, I examined the genomic evolution of the mouse Y chromosome, which instructs sexual determination, and genetic regulation of a program of gene expression for meiosis, a specialized cell cycle which gives rise to haploid gametes. Chapter 2 describes the study of the mouse Y chromosome. Contrary to popular theory that Y chromosomes should be degenerate and gene poor, we find that the mouse male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) is almost entirely euchromatic and contains about 700 protein-coding genes. Almost all of these genes belong to three acquired, massively amplified gene families that have no homologs on primate MSYs but do have acquired, amplified homologs on the mouse X chromosome. We propose that lineage-specific convergent acquisition and amplification of X-Y gene families is a result of sex-linked meiotic drive. Chapter 3 describes the gene regulatory program of meiotic prophase. Meiotic prophase comprises a complex chromosomal program results in the production of haploid gametes. This must be supported by a program of gene expression via which the required genes are induced. We interrogated gene expression in fetal ovaries over time and space, and in mutants of Dazl and Stra8 - key genes required for meiotic initiation. We determined that genes are regulated in three classes. Class 1 genes are expressed independently of Stra8, class 2 genes are expressed partially independently of Stra8, and Class 3 genes are dependent on Stra8 to be expressed. All genes require Dazl to be expressed. We propose that the Stra8-independent genes may represent genes required to be expressed prior to or early during meiotic initiation. Following initiation of meiosis, we found that Stra8 is required to induce down-regulation of its own expression. We propose that induction of down-regulation of the initiating signal by itself serves to ensure timely cessation of and one-time activation of the chromosomal program of meiotic prophase.
by Ying Qi Shirleen Soh.
Ph. D.
Morey, Céline. "Caractérisation du rôle de la région en aval du gène Xist lors de l'inactivation du chromosome X murin par mutagenèse ciblée dans les cellules ES." Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05N040.
Full textIn mammals, dosage compensation of X-linked genes is ensured by X-chromosome inactivation wherby one X chromosome in each female embryonic cell (ES) is chosen at random to become silenced. X-inactivation depends on the counting of X chromosomes and on the choice of the inactive X, It is mediated by the expression of the Xist non-coding RNA wich coats the inactive X and by the Tsix antisense transcipt, a Tsix antisense transcript, a Xist regulator. A 65 kb deletion extending 3' to Xist and including both Tsix and the DXPas34 minisatellite, disrupts choice and counting. Using a cre/loxP site-specific re-insertion strategy in XX deleted ES cells we showed that targeting back, at the 65 kb mutated locus, the Tsix antisense transcription fails to retore random X-inactivation. In contrast, normal counting can be restored in XO deleted ES cells. .
BIANCHI, Alessia. "Microchimerism and multiple sclerosis: a study on the impact of the sex of offspring on clinical, radiological, and paraclinical features of maternal disease. A new point of view for the sex differences in Neurological disease." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10447/580074.
Full textSilva, Keteryne Rodrigues da [UNESP]. "Isolamento de sequências repetitivas do genoma de espécies do gênero Ancistrus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/137992.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O DNA pode estar organizado no genoma em sequências de cópias únicas e em sequências que se repetem várias vezes, denominadas sequências repetitivas. Estas sequências são constituídas basicamente por repetições em tandem (satélites, minissatélites e microssatélites) ou dispersas (transposons ou retrotransposons), e parecem estar envolvidas em diversos eventos celulares importantes, como por exemplo nos processos de replicação do DNA, de recombinação, de expressão gênica e de evolução dos cromossomos, auxiliando na manutenção e propagação do material genético celular. Em nível cromossômico parecem ser responsáveis por proporções significativas das variações cariotípicas observadas em diversos grupos. O gênero Ancistrus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) apresenta atualmente 68 espécies nominais, e uma enorme quantidade de espécies ainda não identificadas. Alguns trabalhos vêm utilizando sequências repetitivas também em análises citogenéticas e moleculares para identificação de cromossomos homólogos e marcadores cariotípicos interessantes que podem auxiliar os trabalhos de identificação de espécies. Apesar de serem amplamente estudadas em diversos organismos, há ainda muito a ser entendido sobre essas sequências e sua organização no genoma. Este trabalho teve como objetivo isolar sequências repetitivas no genoma de espécies de Ancistrus, afim de encontrar possíveis marcadores para o gênero, que pudessem contribuir para o entendimento da taxonomia deste grupo, bem como auxiliar no entendimento do processo de evolução dos cromossomos sexuais dessas espécies. Dentre as sequências isoladas está um transposon da família TC1/mariner que se mostrou presente em todos os cromossomos das espécies analisadas e dois DNAs satélites que se apresentam acumulados em regiões centroméricas de alguns cromossomos. Sendo assim, este estudo resultou em dados que poderão contribuir com o entendimento da evolução cariotípica do gênero Ancistrus bem como fornecer mais informações sobre características e evolução dos cromossomos sexuais em peixes.
DNA may be organized in the genome as single copy sequences and as sequences that are repeated several times, called repetitive sequences. These sequences are basically constituted by tandem repeats (satellites, minisatellites and microsatellites) or scattered (transposons and retrotransposons), and seem to be involved in important cellular events such as, DNA replication process, recombination, gene expression and chromosome evolution, assisting in maintenance and spread the genetic material of cells. At chromosome level, seems to be significant proportions of karyotypic variations observed in several groups. The genus Ancistrus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) has, actually, 68 nominal species and several species not identified yet. Repetitive sequences have been used in molecular cytogenetic analysis for identification of homologous chromosomes and interesting karyotypic markers that can assist in species identification works. Despite being widely studied in several organisms, there is still much to be understood about these sequences and their organization in the genome. This study aimed to isolate repetitive sequences in the genome of Ancistrusspecies in order to find possible markers for the genus, which could contribute to the understanding of the taxonomy of this group and to the understanding of the process of evolution of sex chromosomes of these species. Among the isolated sequences, there is a family of TC1/mariner transposon that showed to be present in all the chromosomes of the analyzed species, and two satellites DNAs that have accumulated in centromeric regions. Thus, this study resulted in data that could be contribute to understanding the karyotype evolution of Ancistrus genus as well as providing more information on the characteristics and evolution of sex chromosomes in fish.
Luthringer, Rémy. "Détermination et différenciation du sexe chez l'algue brune Ectocarpus." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066677/document.
Full textGenetic sex determination is usually controlled by sex chromosomes carrying a non-recombining sex-determining region (SDR). Despite the common origin of sex (meiosis) in Eukaryotes, the evolution of sex chromosomes has evolved repeatedly and independently. Our knowledge in sex chromosomes comes mainly from the analysis of diploid systems (XY and ZW sex chromosomes) in animals and land plants. However the recent genome sequencing of the brown alga Ectocarpus, not only opens up the possibility of studying sex chromosomes in a phylogenetic distant group but also of analysing a haploid sex chromosome system (UV sex chromosomes). Indeed in Ectocarpus sex is expressed during the haploid phase of the life cycle, where U and V sex chromosomes are restricted to female and male, respectively. The Ectocarpus sex chromosomes have some unusual evolutionary features such as the size of the non-recombining region, which is surprisingly small for a 70 million year old system. Also the evolutionary aspect of sexual dimorphism was studied by analyzing male and female transcriptomes and by identifying several subtle sexual dimorphic traits. Parthenogenetic capacity is a sexual dimorphic trait in some populations of Ectocarpus. The genetic link between parthenogenesis and sex was analysed and a locus that controls parthenogenetic was located to the Ectocarpus sex chromosome, in the recombining pseudoautosomal region. Fitness analysis strongly suggested that the parthenogenetic locus is a sexual antagonistic locus
Borge, Thomas. "Genetics and the Origin of Two Flycatcher Species." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3919.
Full textIn this thesis, different genetic tools are used to investigate pre- and postzygotic barriers to gene exchange and their role in speciation in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) and the collared flycatcher (F. albicollis). This species complex consists of four genetically distinct clades that apparently diverged in allopatry (I). Sequencing of introns from autosomal and Z-linked genes from the two species reveals signs of selection on the Z-chromosome. Sexual selection acting on Z-linked genes might explain this pattern (II). By using large-scale genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), introgression is observed at autosomal- but not Z-linked loci, mostly from the pied- to the collared flycatcher. Male plumage characters and genes involved in hybrid fitness are largely mapped to the Z-chromosome (III). By studying mate choice of female hybrids I show that there is a link between female preferences and the Z chromosome (IV). The rate of introgression in island versus clinal hybrid zones is consistent with regional differences in hybrid fertility. Asymmetric gene flow from allopatry on the islands may oppose reinforcement, leading to introgression and a partial breakdown of postzygotic isolation. Adaptive introgression may explain the high rate of introgression observed at one of the genetic markers (V). For late breeding female collared flycatchers it appears to be adaptive to use pied flycatchers as social fathers but conspecific males as genetic fathers. Additionally, females in mixed species pairs may reduce hybridization costs by producing an excess of male hybrid offspring that are more fertile than females (VI).
In conclusion, the Z-chromosome appears to play a major role in flycatcher speciation. Sexual selection and reinforcement are important mechanisms in the divergence of these birds. However, gene flow from allopatry, introgression of adaptive genes and adaptive hetrospecific pairing by late breeding collared flycatcher females may work in the opposite direction.
Ruiz, Karine Pequeno Nakao. "Análise molecular de amostras negativas para o antígeno específico da próstata (PSA) coletadas de vítimas de crimes sexuais." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9469.
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The finding of sperm through the screening tests on samples collected from rape victims confirms the occurrence of the sexual act, but its absence usually closes biological research in the crime in question, leaving a gap about the authorship of the crime, as well as about the criminal typification. The present work aimed to analyze the need of implementation in forensic routine of Genetics Laboratories of molecular analysis of negative samples to the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) collected from sex crimes victims. Vaginal swabs were selected and proceedings collected from 200 women who have been victims of those crimes in Paraíba from January 2015 to January 2016. Such materials had been sorted and presented negative result for PSA. Proceeded to the sample quantification by Real-time PCR using the Plexor® HY kit and there was a far greater concentration of autosomal DNA in relation to the male DNA. With the use of thermal cyclers GeneAmp® PCR System 9700, 200 DNA samples extracted from the sperm fraction (SF) were amplified for Y-STR with the use of PowerPlex® Y23 Systems and AmpFlSTR® Yfiler PCR Amplification kits. Such products have been subjected to capillary electrophoresis in genetic sequencer ABI PRISM™ 3500 Genetic Analyzer and the results analyzed by GeneMapper® ID software v 3.2. The fractions analyzed, only two full profiles amplification (1%), 24 (12%) partials, while the 174 remaining samples (87%) did not present any amplification. Screening with PSA testing negative served, statistically, how to determine guiding absence of sperm in swabs of vaginal origin and anally for victims of sex crimes. However, in this study were analyzed samples from rape victims. Due to the large social call caused by this type of crime, any nonzero statistic must be acceptable to a presumptive test. The results obtained have awakened to the need to study a new way of sorting this material, as well as the repetition of some analytical steps in order to get a genetic profile informative for illicit criminal resolution.
A constatação de espermatozoides, através dos testes de triagem, em amostras coletadas de vítimas de estupro confirma a ocorrência do ato sexual, todavia a sua ausência geralmente encerra a investigação biológica no crime em questão, ficando uma lacuna quanto à autoria do delito, bem como quanto à tipificação penal. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a necessidade de implantação na rotina dos laboratórios de genética forense da análise molecular de amostras negativas para o antígeno específico da próstata (PSA) coletadas de vítimas de crimes sexuais. Foram selecionadas swabs vaginais e anais coletados de 200 mulheres que foram vítimas desses crimes na Paraíba entre os meses de janeiro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016. Tais materiais haviam sido triados e apresentaram resultado negativo para PSA. Procedeu-se à quantificação amostral por PCR em tempo real, com uso do kit Plexor® HY e observou-se uma concentração bem maior de DNA autossômico com relação ao DNA masculino. Com uso de termocicladores GeneAmp® PCR System 9700, 200 amostras de DNA extraído das frações espermáticas (FE) foram amplificadas para Y-STR com o emprego dos sistemas PowerPlex® Y23 System e AmpFlSTR® Yfiler® PCR Amplification. Tais produtos foram submetidos à eletroforese capilar em seqüenciador genético ABI PRISM 3500™ Genetic Analyzer e os resultados analisados pelo software GeneMapper® ID v3.2. Das frações analisadas, constatou-se amplificação de apenas dois perfis completos (1%), 24 parciais (12%), enquanto as 174 amostras restantes (87%) não apresentaram amplificação alguma. O teste de triagem com PSA negativo serviu, estatisticamente, como norteador para se determinar a ausência de esperma em swabs de origem vaginal e anal das vítimas de crimes sexuais. Contudo, no presente trabalho foram analisadas amostras provenientes de vítimas de estupro. Devido ao grande apelo social provocado por esse tipo de crime, nenhuma estatística diferente de zero deve ser aceitável para um teste presuntivo. Os resultados obtidos despertaram para a necessidade de estudar uma nova forma de triagem desse material, bem como pela repetição de alguns passos analíticos no intuito de se obter um perfil genético informativo para resolução do ilícito penal.
Guedes, Alexis Dourado [UNIFESP]. "Determinação do fenótipo sexual em uma criança com Mosaicismo 45,X/46,X,Idic(Yp): importância da proporção relativa da linhagem 45,X no tecido gonadal." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2006. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/9326.
Full textWe report here on a girl who, despite her 45,X/46,X,der(Y) karyotype, showed no signs of virilization or physical signs of the Ullrich-Turner syndrome [UTS], except for a reduced growth rate. After prophylactic gonadectomy due to the risk of developing gonadoblastoma, the gonads and peripheral blood samples were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH] and polymerase chain reaction [PCR] to detect Y-specific sequences. These analyses allowed us to characterize the Yderived chromosome as being an isodicentric Yp chromosome [idic(Yp)] and showed a pronounced difference in the distribution of the 45,X/46,X,idic(Yp) mosaicism between the two analyzed tissues. It was shown that, although in peripheral blood almost all cells (97.5%) belonged to the idic(Yp) line with a duplicated SRY gene, this did not determine any degree of male sexual differentiation in the patient, as in the gonads the predominant cell line was 45,X (60%).
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
Nora, Elphège-Pierre. "Architecture chromosomique du locus Xic : implications pour la régulation de l'inactivation du chromosome X." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112130/document.
Full textEarly development of female mammals is accompanied by transcriptional inactivation of one of their two X chromosomes. This event is initiated following mono-allelic expression of the Xist non-coding RNA – what is achieved by the interplay of numerous cis-regulatory elements present within the X inactivation center (Xic), such as its repressive antisense Tsix. Our work aimed at throwing light on the structural landscape that underlies such long-range regulation. Characterization of the three-dimensional architecture of the Xic, by the means of Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C)-based techniques and in situ fluorescence hybridization (FISH), revealed that the respective promoters of Xist and Tsix contact many distal genomic elements within the Xic, and that at least one of such interacting region exerts long-range cis-transcriptional control. Noticeably, Xist and Tsix promoters associate with different sets of elements in their respective 5’ direction that are spread out over several hundreds of kilobases These experiments also revealed unforeseen properties of chromatin architecture. Indeed, the Xic appears to be partitioned in several sub-regions, each spanning between 200kb and 1Mb, inside which chromosomal interactions are preferentially established. The existence of these interaction domains integrates with other structural features of the genome, such as underlying chromatin composition and association with the nuclear lamina, but does not seem to directly depend on them. By analyzing chromosome conformation of the Xic during cell differentiation we document the robustness of this organizational principle, with the noticeable exception of the inactive X chromosome that assumes a folding pattern that is more random than its active homolog. Finally we also bring evidence that variability in the folding pattern of the two X chromosomes in the same cell brings each Tsix allele in association with different sets of chromosomal partners at a given moment, suggesting that the instantaneous structural environment of each allele at the onset of mono-allelic Xist up-regulation is different.By combining approaches at the scale of cell populations on the one hand, and at the single chromatin fiber level on the other, this study provides a first vision of the structural landscape in which Xist regulation takes place, and brings new insights concerning fundamental properties of chromosome organization in mammals
Courret, Cécile. "Bases génétiques et évolution du conflit génétique induit par la distorsion de ségrégation des chromosomes sexuels chez Drosophila simulans." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS495/document.
Full textMeiotic drive is an infringement of the law of allele segregation into the gametes. In heterozygote individuals, the causal genes or genetic elements (meiotic drivers), prevent the production of gamete which does not contain it. Thus, they can spread through populations even if they are deleterious for the carriers.Because they induce sex-ratio bias, sex-linked drivers that are expressed in the heterogametic sex, are an important source of genetic conflict, characterized by the evolution of suppressor which tends to restore a balanced sex ratio. This process can lead to the emergence of new species, evolution of reproductive behavior or sex determination.In Drosophila simulans, X-linked meiotic drivers disturb the segregation of the Y chromosome during male meiosis. The progeny of carrier male is mainly composed of females. One of the drivers is the HP1D2 gene, which encodes a protein that binds to the heterochromatic Y chromosome. The distortion is due to dysfunctional alleles of HP1D2 (low level of expression and/or a deletion of its protein-protein interaction domain). In natural populations where the drivers have spread, they are neutralized by autosomal suppressors and resistant Y chromosomes.The first part of my thesis was focus on the genetic determinism of autosomal suppression. I performed a QTL mapping using recombinant inbreed lines which highlighted the complexity of the genetic determinism of suppression: 5 QTLs and multiple epistatic interaction.The second part is about the Y chromosome, which show important phenotypic variation in the resistance of Y chromosomes to the driver. We studied its molecular and structural variation and the dynamic of resistant Y chromosomes in natural population. The sequencing of different Y chromosomes, sensitive and resistant, allowed us to retrace the evolutionary history of the Y chromosome related to the one of the driver.The last part is a cytological study to compare the localization of the functional and the driver form of HP1D2 in spermatogonia.Generally, results presented here give a better insight regarding the genetic bases and the evolution of the multiple actors of the Paris sex ratio system
Escouflaire, Clémentine. "Détection chez le bovin de polymorphismes génétiques au niveau du génome mitochondrial et des chromosomes sexuels et caractérisation de leurs effets sur les caractères de production, reproduction et santé." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASA015.
Full textIn spite of the roles of the mitochondrial genome and sex chromosomes in the expression of fertility traits and energy metabolism, currently they are not considered in French bovine genomic evaluations. This work is aiming to study the genetic variability of the mitochondrial genome and the X and Y chromosomes, to detect genetic polymorphisms, and to characterize their effects on production, reproduction and health traits. Analysis of uniparental transmission patterns revealed a discrepancy between the low diversity of Y-chromosome haplotypes and the large number of mitochondrial lines in many cattle breeds. Identification of carriers of haplogroups whose divergence predates the domestication of taurine cattle has been made at a very low frequency by genotyping. Initial studies have been carried out to estimate the effect of the variants identified on the mitochondrial genome and the Y chromosome on certain traits of interest to the breeding sector. Then, a reverse genetics approach has been applied to use sequence data to detect candidate mutations responsible for defects and mutations that may have an effect on male or female fertility or lead to an X chromosome inactivation bias. In parallel, the genetic mechanism of an X-linked defect responsible for a case of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia was investigated in a Holstein heifer. In conclusion, several lines for future research are proposed to initiate a better consideration of sex chromosomes and the mitochondrial genome in the selection of cattle
Tomaszkiewicz, Marta. "Molecular characterization of the Y chromosome-linked sex-determining region of the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENSL0791.
Full textThe molecular and evolutionary basis of sex determination in vertebrates needs to be unveiled via comparison of different systems. Fish exhibit hypervariability of sex determination mechanisms. Thanks to the analysis of the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library covering the sex chromosomes of the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus (Rio Jamapa population, XX /XY), three copies of a new gene have been identified in the sex-determining region of the Y but not the X chromosome, and named teximY. Four autosomal counterparts of teximY have been also detected in the genome of the platyfish with one of them, texim1 presenting 95% of cDNA sequence identity with the Y-linked copies. RT-qPCR expression analyses have been performed for each copy in male and female tissues. Two Y-linked teximY copies were preferentially expressed in testis, whereas the autosomal copy texim1 showed preferential expression in male and female gonads. In situ hybridizations with a teximY/1 probe revealed expression in late spermatids and spermatozeugmata. Texim sequences were detected in several fish species, but not in zebrafish, as well as in cephalochordates, urochordates and sea echinoderms but not in tetrapods. Predicted Texim proteins are related to proteins from different origins. Interestingly, texim genes are associated with a Helitron transposon in fish but neither in cephalochordates nor in echinoderms, suggesting capture and mobilization of an ancestral texim gene at the base of the bony fish lineage. TeximY proteins may play a role in Helitron transposition in the male germ line in fish, or texim genes are spermatogenesis genes mobilized and spread by transposable elements in fish genomes
Raynaud, Martine. "Etude du profil d'inactivation des chromosomes X chez les conductrices de pathologies liées au sexe avec déficience mentale." Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR3306.
Full textBhatt, Samarth. "Segregation analysis of paracentric inversions in human sperm." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T002.
Full textGriffin, Robert. "The genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Evolutionsbiologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-258986.
Full textLucotte, Elise. "Détection de processus sexuellement antagonistes dans le génome humain." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066507/document.
Full textSexually Antagonistic (SA) selection can occur when, within a species, the two sexes have different fitness optima for a trait. If a trait under SA selection is encoded by the same set of genes in the two sexes, an Intralocus Sexual Conflict (IASC) can arise, leading to the evolution of sexual dimorphism. A classical theoretical model predicts that the X chromosome should be a hotspot for the accumulation of loci under IASC, as compared to the autosomes. In this dissertation, we first aimed at detecting differences in allelic frequencies between males and females, a signature of IASC, in the human genome using a genome scan. We show that loci exhibiting signatures of ongoing IASC are preferentially located on the X chromosome as compared to autosomes. Moreover, they are enriched in genes involved in the determination of traits known to be sexually dimorphic in humans, including reproduction, metabolism and immune system, supporting an implication of sexually antagonistic selection in the evolution of sexual dimorphisms in humans. One possible mechanism leading to differences in allelic frequencies between the sexes is a sex-specific transmission distortion. Therefore, we aimed at detecting loci for which parents preferentially transmit one allele to their sons and another allele to their daughters in a sequencing dataset containing trios (parents-child). We found that sex-specific transmission distortions are at the origin of a large proportion of the differences in allelic frequencies between the sexes observed in children. This suggests that sexually antagonistic processes on survival may occur between the production of gametes and birth in humans
Decarpentrie, Fanny. "Etudes de gènes des chromosomes sexuels au cours de la spermatogenèse chez l'homme et la souris et implication dans la fertilite masculine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20684.
Full textSex chromosomes undergo many modifications during spermatogenesis, leading to dramatic variations in the expression levels of their genes. In particular, they are inactivated during meiosis with most genes remain silent throughout spermiogenesis. Our study describes specific alternative transcripts produced by X and Y chromosome genes, whose expression indicates roles in early spermatocytes (meiosis) and in spermatids (spermiogenesis). On the X chromosome, we have shown that three widely transcribed genes, Uba1x, Prdx4, and Atp11c, are reactivated in mouse and human spermatids via an alternative transcript that is expressed mainly in the testis. The Prdx4 gene codes two isoforms of the peroxiredoxin 4 that differ in their N-terminal domain. We have raised antibodies specific for each PRDX4 isoform and demonstrate, in mouse, that the reactivated transcript is translated in spermatids, producing a protein in a distinct cellular compartment from the ubiquitous isoform. Altogether, five mutations, affecting the spermatid-reactivated transcripts uniquely, of UBA1x and PRDX4, have been found specifically in our group of infertile men. On the mouse Y chromosome, we have studied Zfy1 and Zfy2, nearly identical testis specific zinc finger genes with long acidic (activation) domains. Zfy2, but not Zfy1, promotes the apoptotic elimination of spermatocytes with an unpaired X chromosome. We have identified an alternatively spliced transcript of Zfy1 that lacks half the acidic domain, and could explain the functional difference between Zfy1 and Zfy2. In human, the ZFY gene is widely transcribed, but we show that ZFY produces a testis specific variant transcript, encoding the same short acidic domain as Zfy1. Our data indicate that the alternative transcripts predominate in spermatocytes and spermatids, in both human and mouse. This provides the first evidence that human ZFY may play a conserved role during spermatogenesis, and contribute to human male fertility
Fontaine, Émeline. "Le variant d'histone H3.3 dans la spermatogenèse : inactivation des chromosomes sexuels et régulation des piARN." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV045.
Full textIn last decades, male fertility has been steadily declining worldwide. Even if environmental factors have an undeniable responsibility, the fact remains that both genetic and epigenetic alterations also seem to be widely implicated. The understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate male fertility is recent but essential to develop a new therapeutic approaches. In this context, the objective of my thesis work focused on the study of the role of histone variant H3.3 in spermatogenesis. H3.3 has the ability to replace the H3 canonical histone in chromatin thus modifying the epigenetic properties of chromatin. H3.3 is necessary for spermatogenesis but its role remains unclear. Used to several mouse models, my thesis work has shown that the H3.3B form is essential for male reproduction and especially for the meiosis/post-meiosis transition. During this transition, there is a strong regulation of piRNAs, retrotransposons and sex chromosomes. Our experiments reveal at the first time that the loss of H3.3B resulted in down-regulation of the expression of piRNA. In contrast, the absence of H3.3B is also associated with increased expression of all sex chromosom genes as well as of both RLTR10B and RLTR10B2 retrotransposons. These expression changes result in altered spermatogenesis and infertility. By ChIP-seq experiments, we observed that H3.3 is markedly enriched on the piRNA clusters, RLTR10B and RLTR10B2 retrotransposons and the whole sexual chromosomes. All these experiments allowed bettering characterizing the regulatory function of histone H3.3B during spermatogenesis. In particular, he demonstrates that H3.3B, depending on its chromatin localization, is involved in either up-regulation or down-regulation of expression of defined chromatin regions. These results show the importance of epigenetic controls during spermatogenesis and open new tracks for understanding the causes of male infertility
Rago, Alfredo. "One genome, two sexes : genomic and transcriptomic bases of sexual dimorphism in species without sexual chromosomes." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7784/.
Full textGregoire, Anne-Sophie. "Mise au point d'une technique de PCR multiplex pour la recherche de microdélétions sur le chromosome Y." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P165.
Full textNascimento, Juliana 1982. "Isolamento, caracterização e localização cromossômica de sequências de DNA repetitivo de Physalaemus ephippifer (Anura Leiuperidae)." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317684.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Os primeiros resultados citogenéticos obtidos para a espécie Physalaemus ephippifer, atualmente alocada no grupo P. cuvieri, mostraram um interessante heteromorfismo cromossômico ligado ao sexo. As 14 fêmeas analisadas presentaram um par cromossômico 8 heteromórfico, enquanto nos 7 machos analisados esse par era homomórfico. A diferença entre os cromossomos das fêmeas era devida à presença de um segmento adicional, composto por uma NOR e uma banda heterocromática a ela adjacente, localizado na região terminal do braço curto de apenas um desses homólogos, denominado de morfo 8b. Apesar desse importante achado, o uso de técnicas citogenéticas convencionais nessa e em outras espécies do grupo P. cuvieri não foram suficientes para esclarecer os mecanismos envolvidos na evolução cromossômica, já que poucos caracteres citogenéticos informativos foram evidenciados e também uma grande variação em relação às NORs foi encontrada. Com a intenção de buscar novos marcadores citogenéticos que auxiliem no estudo dos cromossomos sexuais de P. ephippifer e que colaborem na análise citogenética desse grupo de Physalaemus, foram estudadas sequências de DNA repetitivo isoladas desta espécie. Para tanto, o DNA genômico extraído de duas fêmeas de P. ephippifer, provenientes de Belém (Pará), foi digerido com a enzima de restrição BamHI e os fragmentos gerados foram separados por eletroforese em gel de agarose. Fragmentos posteriormente denominados de Pep194, Pep165 e Pep320 isolados a partir desse gel, foram clonados, sequenciados e localizados in situ no cariótipo de P. ephippifer. A seqüência Pep320 mostrou correspondência parcial com o fragmento EU343727.1 isolado de P. cuvieri, cuja sequência está disponível no GenBank. Apesar desses fragmentos não apresentarem similaridade entre si, as sequências Pep165 e Pep320 foram mapeadas no mesmo sítio cromossômico, correspondente à banda pericentromérica do braço curto do cromossomo 3. Esse resultado levanta um questionamento, ainda não respondido, acerca da organização molecular dessas sequências, que podem estar arranjadas em clusters independentes ou representar partes de uma mesma unidade repetitiva. A sequência Pep194 foi mapeada em regiões coincidentes com as NORs, localizadas no braço longo dos cromossomos identificados como Z e W, e no braço curto do cromossomo W. Apesar deste resultado, a análise da sequência Pep194 não apresentou nenhuma similaridade com regiões codificadoras do DNAr nucleolar, nem mesmo com regiões intergênicas associadas a elas já descritas. Tal sequência apresentou interessante arranjo interno, sendo composta de duas repetições diretas terminais, cada uma com 63 pb, sendo ambas flanqueadoras deuma região interna de 68 pb. Para melhor investigar a organização desta sequência no genoma de P. ephippifer, foram analisados produtos resultantes da amplificação por PCR de segmentos do DNA genômico, efetuada com o auxílio de primers construídos especificamente para se anelarem em regiões internas do segmento isolado. Os resultados obtidos por essa análise evidenciaram a presença de uma unidade repetitiva de 131 pb, que representa parte do fragmento Pep194, diferindo desse por não apresentar uma das regiões de 63 pb. No entanto, não é possível descartar a co-existência de uma unidade repetitiva de 194 pb, não detectada nessas análises. Em paralelo a esses experimentos, sequências pertencentes a elementos retrotransponíveis Rex1 foram isoladas do genoma de P. ephippifer por PCR, clonadas, sequenciadas e mapeadas por FISH em uma região heterocromática pericentromérica do braço curto do cromossomo 3. A análise das sequências desses fragmentos comprovou serem correspondentes a parte da sequência codificadora da enzima transcriptase reversa do elemento Rex1. A fim de verificar a presença desse elemento em outras espécies de Physalaemus, os mesmos primers utilizados nos experimentos com P. ephippifer, foram usados para a amplificação de sequências a partir de amostras do DNA genômico de P. albifrons, P. albonotatus, P. henselli e P. spiniger. A sequência isolada de P. albonotatus apresentou uma deleção interna de cerca de 220 pb quando comparada com as sequências correspondentes, aqui descritas ou disponíveis no GenBank. Isso permite sugerir que, embora derivado de um elemento Rex1, esse segmento provavelmente deixou de ser um elemento de transposição ativo. Embora esse seja o primeiro trabalho que descreve a ocorrência de Rex1 em anuros, a presença desse elemento parece comum, pelo menos no gênero Physalaemus. Além de apresentar similaridade com o segmento de Rex1 e com os fragmentos Pep165 e Pep320, a banda heterocromática pericentromérica de 3p é também o sítio de ocorrência de DNAr 5S. Tal região, reconhecida como DAPI-positiva na presente análise, permite clara distinção entre os cromossomos 3 e 4 de P. ephippifer, frequentemente confundidos se analisados apenas em relação à sua morfologia. As quatro sequências repetitivas aqui isoladas apresentaram-se eficientes marcadores citogenéticos e poderão ser utilizadas para futuros estudos comparativos entre espécies do gênero Physalaemus.
Abstract: Previous cytogenetic studies of Physalaemus ephippifer, a species currently allocated to the group P. cuvieri, showed an interesting female-specific chromosome heteromorphism. In 14 females of P. ephippifer, chromosome pair 8 was heteromorphic with regard to the occurrence of an NOR anda terminal C-band. Such heteromorphism was not found in the seven analyzed male specimens. These findings suggest that the chromosomes of pair 8 may be sex chromosomes in P. ephippifer, characterizing a ZZ ?/ ZW ? sex-determination system in this species. Despite these important data, conventional cytogenetic techniques performed in this and other species of the Physalaemus group were not sufficient to clarify the processes involved in the karyological divergence in this anuran group. Aiming to look for new cytogenetic markers that may help in the study of P. ephippifer sex chromosomes and in the cytogenetic analysis of this group of Physalaemus, we studied repetitive DNA sequences isolated from P. ephippifer. Genomic DNA extracted from two females of P. ephippifer from Belém (Pará) was digested with the restriction enzyme BamHI. The restriction fragments were separated by electrophoresis in agarose gel. DNA fragments, which were ultimately named Pep194, Pep165, and Pep320, were isolated from the gel, cloned, sequenced, and localized in situ in the karyotype of P. ephippifer. The sequence Pep320 was very similar to the fragment EU343727.1 isolated from P. cuvieri. Although Pep320 and Pep165 were totally different in nucleotide sequence, they were mapped on the same chromosome site, which corresponded to the pericentromeric C-band in the short arm of chromosome 3. This raises doubts about the molecular organization of these sequences, which can be arranged in independent clusters, but can also represent partial regions of the same repeat unit. The sequence Pep194 was mapped in regions that coincided with the NORs, located in the long arm of Z and W chromosomes and in the short arm of the W chromosome. However, the Pep194 sequence had no similarity with the coding regions of the nucleolar rDNA or with intergenic spacers associated to them. The restriction fragment Pep194 had an interesting internal arrangement, being composed of two terminal direct repeats, each with 63 bp, flanking an internal region of 68 bp. To further investigate the organization of this sequence in the genome of P. ephippifer, we amplified some Pep194 segments from genomic DNA by PCR using specific primers designed to anneal in inner
Mestrado
Biologia Celular
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
DELICHERE, CATHERINE. "Caracterisation des premiers adnc issus d'un chromosome sexuel vegetal (chromosome y de silene latifolia) et etude des produits du gene sly1." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENSL0100.
Full textAlsiraj, Yasir. "ROLE OF SEX CHROMOSOMES IN SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF ANGII-INDUCED ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pharmacol_etds/22.
Full textBusin, Carmen Silvia. "Estudo citogenetico de especies dos generos Pseudis e Lysapsus (Anura, Hylidae, Hylinae)." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317977.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A posição taxonômica, as relações filogenéticas, a sinonimização de espécies consideradas distintas, a existência de subespécies e as propostas de agrupamentos intragenéricos dos gêneros Pseudis e Lysapsus sempre foram bastante discutidas entre os herpetólogos. Os gêneros Pseudis e Lysapsus já foram considerados membros da família Pseudidae e também da subfamília de Hylidae. Recentemente, foram alocados na subfamília Hylinae como gêneros distintos. Pseudis paradoxa, P. minuta e Lysapsus limellus, já analisados citogeneticamente por outros autores, apresentam 2n=24 cromossomos e Pseudis sp. (aff. minuta), hoje confirmada citogeneticamente como a recentemente descrita P. cardosoi, apresenta 2n=28 cromossomos, com quatro pares adicionais de cromossomos telocêntricos. No presente trabalho foram analisadas, através de coloração convencional dos cromossomos, padrão de distribuição de heterocromatina, número e localização das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (NOR), espécies do gênero Pseudis e do gênero Lysapsus, exceto L. laevis, com o objetivo de contribuir com caracteres citogenéticos para a sistemática e para os estudos de filogenia dos dois gêneros, além de buscar evidências para a compreensão dos processos envolvidos na evolução cromossômica nesses grupos. As análises citogenéticas revelaram que o complemento 2n=24 cromossomos é a condição plesiomórfica tanto no gênero Pseudis quanto no gênero Lysapsus e corroboraram a hipótese de que o cariótipo 2n=28 cromossomos tenha uma origem comum ao cariótipo 2n=24 de P. minuta, pois as bandas heterocromáticas marcadoras dos dois cariótipos não foram detectadas em nenhuma das espécies analisadas no presente trabalho. As análises da morfologia cromossômica e do padrão de distribuição de heterocromatina permitiram a separação inter- e intragenérica nos dois gêneros, exceção feita entre as subespécies Pseudis paradoxa paradoxa e P. p. platensis que apresentaram os dados citogenéticos comuns. As diferenças detectadas no padrão de distribuição de heterocromatina além de permitir a separação das espécies de Lysapsus e de Pseudis permitiu, também, sugerir uma reavaliação do status taxonômico das subespécies L. limellus limellus e L. ,. bolivianus, especialmente da população de L. I. bolivianus de Guajará-Mirim, que apresentaram diferenças na morfologia e padrão de bandamento dos cromossomos 7 e 8, também em relação às outras populações da mesma subespécie. A presença da região organizadora de nucléolo (NOR) nos braços longos dos cromossomos do par 7 é o caráter plesiomórfico tanto no gênero Pseudis como no gênero Lysapsus e a posição que a mesma ocupa ao longo do braço é um dado citogenético importante na separação das espécies de Pseudis. A morfometria cromossômica, padrão de bandamento e posição da NOR nos cromossomos 7 permitiram também verificar a presença de cromossomos sexuais heteromórficos no sistema ZZIZW em P. tocantins, com evidências de que mecanismos de inversão e de ganho de heterocromatina tenham ocasionado a diferenciação dos cromossomos Z e W
Abstract: The taxonomic position, phylogenetic relationships, synonymization of species considered to be distinct, existence of subspecies, and the proposals of intrageneric groups of the genera Pseudis and Lysapsus have always been a matter of discussion among herpetologists. The genera Pseudis and Lysapsus have already been included in the family Pseudidae and also in the subfamily Hylidae. Recently, these two genera have been allocated to the subfamily Hylinae as distinct genera. Pseudis paradoxa, P. minuta and Lysapsus limellus, cytogenetically analyzed by other investigators, show a chromosome number of 2n=24, and Pseudis sp. (aff. minuta), now cytogenetically confirmed as the recently described P. cardosoi, has 2n=28 chromosomes, including four additional pairs of telocentric chromosomes. In the present study, we analyzed the pattem of heterochromatin distribution and the number and location of the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) by conventional chromosome staining in species of the genera Pseudis and Lysapsus, except for L. laevis, in order to add cytogenetic traits to the systematics and to the study of the phylogeny of the two genera, in addition to providing evidence for the understanding of the processes involved in the chromosome evolution of these groups. Cytogenetic analysis revealed that the complement of 2n=24 chromosomes is a plesiomorphic condition both in the genus Pseudis and in the genus Lysapsus, and confirmed the hypothesis that the origin of the 2n=28 karyotype is the same as that of the 2n=24 karyotype of P. minuta since the heterochromatic marker bands in the two karyotypes were not detected in any of the species analyzed in the present study. Analysis of the chromosome morphology and the pattem of heterochromatin distribution permitted the inter- and intrageneric separation of the two genera, except for the subspecies Pseudis paradoxa paradoxa and P. p. platensis which presented common cytogenetic data. In addition to permitting the separation of Lysapsus and Pseudis species, the differences detected in the pattem of heterochromatin distribution also suggested the reassessment of the taxonomic status of the subspecies L. limellus limellus and L. I. bolivianus, especially of the L. I. bolivianus population from Guajará-Mirim, which differed in the morphology and banding pattem of chromosomes 7 and 8 in relation to the other populations of the same subspecies. The presence of the NOR on the long arms of the chromosomes of pair 7 was a plesiomorphic trait both in the genus Pseudis and in the genus Lysapsus, and the position the NOR occupies on the long arm is an important cytogenetic characteristic for the separation of Pseudis species. Chromosome morphometry, banding pattern and NOR position on chromosomes 7 also permitted the detection of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in the ZZlZW system of P. tocantins, with evidence that mechanisms of inversion and heterochromatinization caused the differentiation of the Z and W chromosomes
Doutorado
Biologia Celular
Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
Bustamante, Jacinta Cecilia. "Défaut héréditaire de CYBB et prédisposition mendélienne aux infections mycobactériennes." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05A003.
Full textMendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is a rare syndrome conferring predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria (bacille Calmette Guérin vaccines and environmental mycobacteria), as well as more virulent. M. Tuberculosis and salmonella. Mutations found in six genes involved IL12/IL23-IFNγ mediated immunity. We studied a multiples family in which four otherwise healthy adult males show mycobacterial diseases (BCG-osis and tuberculosis). By multipoint linkage analysis, a maximal Lod score of 1. 93 was found for two candidate regions on X-chromosome. The patients harbor a novel mutation in CYBB (Q231P), which abolishes the respiratory burst in monocyte-derived macrophages. This gene is an essential component of NADPH in phagocytes. Germline CYBB mutations are commonly associated with chronic granulomatous disease. The MSMD-causing mutation in CYBB selectively affects the respiratory burst in macrophages. This experiment of nature indicates that the pathway in human macrophages is crucial for protective immunity to mycobacteria
Picard, Marion. "Etude des bases moléculaires du déterminisme sexuel et de la différenciation chez une espèce hétérogamétique femelle ZZ-ZW : Schistosoma mansoni." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0032/document.
Full textParasitic flatworms include more than 20.000 species that are mainly hermaphrodites. Among them, the hundred species of Schistosomatidae are intriguing because they are gonochoric. The acquisition of gonochorism in these species is supposed to provide genetic and functional advantages to adapt to their hosts: warm-blooded animals. Sex of schistosomes is genetically determined at the time of fertilization (i.e. ZW female heterogametic system). However, there is no phenotypic dimorphism through all the larval stages of its complex lifecycle: sexual dimorphism appears only in the definitive host. The molecular mechanisms triggering this late sexual differentiation remain unclear, and this is precisely the topic of our present work. We performed transcriptomic (RNA-Sequencing and quantitative-PCRs) and structural (ChIP-Sequencing) analyses at different stages of Schistosoma mansoni development. Here, we present data suggesting that the sexual differentiation relies on a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors. In a genetic point of view, we show a sex-associated expression of the DMRT genes (Double-sex and Mab-3 Related Transcription Factors) that are known to be involved in sex determination/differentiation through all the animal kingdom. In addition, we propose new potential sex-determining key genes and a pivotal role of host-pathogen interaction at the time of development. In a structural point of view, we highlight a dynamic status of dosage compensation in females and chromatin modifications in males. This intense remodeling reveals a specific transcriptomic strategy which optimizes male development and beyond that, schistosomes reproductive success
Yano, Cassia Fernanda. "Estudos evolutivos no gênero Triportheus (Characiformes, Triportheidae) com enfoque na diferenciação do sistema de cromossomos sexuais ZZ/ZW." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8567.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Triportheus genus (Characiformes, Triportheidae) presents a particular scenario 1 in fishes, with a ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes system for all species until now investigated. The Z chromosome is metacentric and the largest one of the karyotype, remaining morphologically conserved in all species. In contrast, the W chromosome differs in shape and size among species, from almost identical to markedly reduced in size in relation to the Z, with a clear heterochromatin accumulation associated with its differentiation process. This scenario in Triportheus, along with a well defined phylogeny for this group, provided an excellent opportunity to investigate the evolutionary events associated with the sex chromosomes differentiation, a matter of increasing interest to evolutionary biology in recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the origin and differentiation of sex chromosomes in eight Triportheus species, using diverse conventional and molecular cytogenetics tools, such as C-banding, chromosomal mapping of rDNAs and several other repetitive DNA sequences, comparat ive genomic hybridization (CGH), microdissection of Z and W chromosomes and whole chromosome painting (WCP). The preferential accumulation of repetitive DNAs on the W chromosome highlighted the predominant participation of these sequences in the differentiation of this chromosome. Notably, the differential accumulation of microsatellites, and a hybridization pattern with no direct correlation to the ancestry of the W chromosome, put in evidence the particular evolutionary processes that shaped the sex-specific chromosome among species. The chromosomal mapping of 5S and 18S rDNAs and U2 DNAsn highlighted a very particular scenario in the distribution of these multigene families in Triportheus. Indeed, the variability in number of the rDNA sites on the autosomes, as well as the syntenic "status" of these three multigene families, showed their intense dynamism in the karyotype evolution, revealing a much more complex organization of these genes than previously supposed for closely related species. In addition, the occurrence of U2 DNAsn on the W chromosome of T. albus appears as an evolutionary novelty, while the occurrence of 18S rDNA in the Wq terminal region of all species pointed to a conserved condition for the genus, as well as a peculiarity in the evolutionary process of the W chromosome. Noteworthy, the use of WCP, and especially CGH experiments, put in evidence sequences which are shared by both Z and W chromosomes and sequences that are unique to each one. Thus, the Wq terminal region stood out with a high concentration of female specific sequences, in coincidence with the location of the 18S rDNA genes, allowing inferences about the origin of these cistrons on the sex-specific chromosome. Our data also showed that the ZZ/ZW system had, in fact, a common origin in Triportheus, considering the homologies found in chromosomal paintings using the Z and W probes. Triportheus auritus is the direct representative of the first lineage to differentiate in the genus and WCP experiments, using the Z chromosome probe of this species, have showed how this chromosome is notably conserved in all investigated species. On the other hand, the W chromosome showed variable patterns of homology among species, highlighting the molecular divergence emerged along its evolutionary history. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study allowed to certify the common origin of the ZZ/ZW sex system in Triportheus and to evaluate the intra- and inter-specific genomic homologies and differences between the sex pair, resulting in significant advances in the knowledge of the origin and differentiation of the sex chromosomes among lower vertebrates.
O gênero Triportheus (Characiformes, Triportheidae) apresenta um cenário 1 incomum entre os peixes, com a ocorrência de um sistema de cromossomos sexuais ZZ/ZW para todas as espécies já investigadas. O cromossomo Z é metacêntrico e o maior do cariótipo, permanecendo morfologicamente conservado em todas as espécies. Contrariamente, o cromossomo W apresenta formas variáveis e tamanhos distintos entre as espécies, podendo apresentar tamanho quase idêntico ao do cromossomo Z até acentuadamente reduzido em relação a ele, com um nítido acúmulo de heterocromatina associado ao processo de diferenciação desse cromossomo. Este cenário em Triportheus, juntamente com a filogenia já bem definida para este grupo, possibilitou uma oportunidade excelente para a investigação de eventos evolutivos associados aos cromossomos sexuais, aspecto este que vem despertando interesse crescente na biologia evolutiva nos últimos anos. Assim sendo, a proposta deste estudo foi investigar a origem e a diferenciação dos cromossomos sexuais em oito espécies de Triportheus, usando ferramentas diversificadas da citogenética convencional e molecular, como o bandamento-C, mapeamento cromossômico de DNAr e diversas outras classes de DNAs repetitivos, hibridização genômica comparativa (CGH), microdissecção dos cromossomos Z e W e pintura cromossômica total (WCP). O acúmulo preferencial de várias sequências de DNAs repetitivos no cromossomo W possibilitou destacar a participação preponderante deste componente do genoma na diferenciação do cromossomo sexo18 específico. Notadamente, o acúmulo diferencial de microssatélites colocou em evidência processos evolut ivos específicos do cromossomo W entre as espécies, bem como um padrão acumulativo que não apresenta correlação direta com a ancestralidade deste cromossomo. O mapeamento cromossômico do DNAr 5S e 18S e do DNAsn U2 evidenciou um cenário bastante particular na distribuição dessas famílias multigênicas em Triportheus. A variabilidade em relação ao número de sítios de DNAr nos autossomos, assim como o “status” sintênico dessas três famílias, evidenciaram o dinamismo evolutivo desses genes mesmo entre espécies proximamente relacionadas. Além disso, a ocorrência de DNAsn U2 no cromossomo W de T. albus evidenciou uma novidade evolutiva, enquanto a ocorrência de DNAr 18S na região Wq terminal confirmou uma condição conservada no gênero, assim como uma peculiaridade do processo evolut ivo do cromossomo W, visto que todas as espécies analisadas até o momento são portadoras dessas sequências. O emprego de WCP, e principalmente de CGH, possibilitou demonstrar a localização de sequências que são compartilhadas pelos cromossomos Z e W, bem como de sequências que são exclusivas de cada um deles. Assim, a região Wq terminal se destacou por apresentar uma grande concentração de sequências específicas de fêmeas, em coincidência com a localização do cluster de DNAr 18S, possibilitando inferências sobre a origem destes cístrons no cromossomo sexo-específico. Nossos dados também demonstraram que o sistema ZZ/ZW teve, de fato, uma origem comum em Triportheus, considerando as homologias encontradas nos mapeamentos cromossômicos com sondas dos cromossomos sexuais Z e W. Triportheus auritus é a espécie representante direta da primeira linhagem a se diferenciar no gênero e experimentos de WCP, utilizando a sonda do cromossomo Z desta espécie, mostrou que este cromossomo se encontra notavelmente conservado em todas as espécies investigadas. Por outro lado, o cromossomo W apresentou padrões variáveis de homologia entre as espécies, destacando divergências moleculares diferencialmente moldadas ao longo da sua história evolutiva. Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos no presente estudo possibilitaram atestar a origem comum do sistema ZZ/ZW em Triportheus, bem como avaliar divergências e similaridades genômicas intra- e interespecíficas quanto ao par sexual, obtendo-se avanços significativos no conhecimento da origem e diferenciação dos cromossomos sexuais entre os vertebrados inferiores.
CAPES: 11744/13–8
Martin, Gabriel. "Facteurs de risques de développer une maladie auto-immune chez les hommes? : cas particulier de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0562/document.
Full textFew men are affected by autoimmune diseases (AID), diseases where the immune response is very strong and attacks the host. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, follows this rule with 3 women affected for 1 man. In this thesis, we analyse gender differences and the reasons for such bias. Based on observations in animals, we wondered whether the rare men with RA have an increased copy number of a gene involved in the immune response and carried by the X chromosome (Chr). Unlike women, men have only one X Chr and one copy of this gene. However, we showed by different techniques that these patients had 10% of cells carrying 2 copies of this gene, and that this increase came from cells with 2 X Chr. Our research emphasizes the importance of the X Chr in autoimmunity and opens up a new field of investigation for men with AID
Saut, Noëmie. "Délétions du chromosome Y et infertilité chez l'homme et chez la souris." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX20674.
Full textBadouin, Hélène. "Génomique évolutive chez les champignons Microbotryum : adaptation et chromosomes de types sexuels." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS011/document.
Full textUnderstanding how species adapt to their environment is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Scientists aim to identity the genes underlying key adaptive traits, but also to understand more broadly adaptive processes and phenomena that allow or prevent optimal adaptation. Non-recombining regions are particular for these aspects. They can indeed protect adaptive combinations of alleles from recombination, and conversely, suppressed recombination can lead to degeneration, such as accumulation of deleterious mutations or genes losses. Even sexually-reproducing organisms often possess large non-recombining regions associated with sex ou mating-type determination. In this thesis, I therefore studied signatures of adaptation and degeneration in genomes of plant pathogenic fungi. Fungi of the species complex Microbotryum violaceum, with dozens of host-specific sibling species causing anther-smut disease in the Caryophyllaceae family, are particularly good models for addressing the question of the genomic processes involved in host adaptation. Moreover, they possess size-dimorphic, partly non-recombining mating-type chromosomes. To study the evolution of mating-type chromosomes, degeneration and host-adaptation in the M. violaceum species complex, we used a genomic approach. Using PacBio sequencing, we obtained a complete assembly of the mating-type chromosomes of the species M. lychnidis-dioicae. We showed that the non-recombining regions span 90 % of the mating-type chromosomes, exhibit an exceptional level of rearrangements between the two mating-types, and that hundreds of genes are in a hemizygous state and were therefore probably lost in one of the two mating-type chromosomes. Moreover, comparing a dozen of species of the M. violaceum complex revealed an accumulation of non-synonymous substitutions and of transposable elements in mating-type chromosomes. We also studied degeneration in the context of ionizing radiations, by analysing populations of M. lychnidis-dioicae exposed to different radiation levels in the Chernobyl area. We did not detect any increase in the rate of non-synonymous mutations compared to the control group or with radiation, which suggests that the fungi is radio-resistant or that selection is higher in the Chernobyl area. Lastly, we resequenced dozens of genomes of two sibling species of M. violaceum in order to study host adaptation. Analysing polymorphism patterns, we found several selective sweeps along the genome, at different locations in the two species. We identified candidate genes for host-adaptation in the regions of selective sweeps, based on their expression pattern and on their putative functions. In addition, genes up-regulated in planta exhibited a higher rate of non-synonymous substitutions than other genes, suggesting that many of them are likely involved in host adaptation. This work paves the way to a larger comparison of genomes of different species of the M. violaceum species complex, in order to reconstruct the history of recombination suppression on the mating-type chromosomes on the one hand, and to study the genetic bases of adaptation to different hosts in a complex of phylogenetically close species on the other hand
Cormier, Alexandre. "Le modèle algue brune pour l'analyse fonctionnelle et évolutive du déterminisme sexuel." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066646/document.
Full textGenetically determined sex determination mechanisms, which are controlled by non-recombinant chromosome regions or sex chromosomes, have emerged independently and repeatedly across several eukaryotic lineages. Most of the knowledge acquired in this area has been obtained for a limited number of eukaryotic groups. The availability of a model organism for the brown algae, Ectocarpus, whose genome has been sequenced, allows the development of tools to study these mechanisms in a lineage that is phylogenetically distant from classically studied models. One of the first challenges was to identify the sex chromosomes in Ectocarpus and to carry out a comparative analysis of these genomic structures. Analysis of gene expression in males and females at different stages of the life cycle then allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes. The functions and molecular evolution of these sex-biased genes was then studied. The large amount of data generated during the course of these analyses allowed the establishment of a new version of the genome assembly and refined structural and functional annotation of both coding and non-coding genes in Ectocarpus. This work helped made a significant contribution to knowledge in the field of functional and evolutionary analysis of sex determination in brown algae and a significantly updated the genomic resources available for the model organism Ectocarpus
Exbrayat, Jacques. "Caryotype 48, XXYY : à propos d' une observation." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF11007.
Full textCarpentier, Fantin. "Evolution des régions non-recombinantes sur les chromosomes de types sexuels chez les champignons du genre Microbotryum." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS428/document.
Full textIn sexual organisms, recombination suppression can evolve in specific genomic regions to protect beneficial allelic combinations, resulting in the transmission of multiple genes as a single locus, which is called a supergene. Supergenes determine complex phenotypes, such as gender in organisms with sex chromosomes. Some sex chromosomes display successive steps of recombination suppression known as “evolutionary strata”, which are commonly thought to result from the successive linkage of sexually antagonistic genes (i.e. alleles beneficial to one sex but detrimental to the other) to the sex-determining region. There has however been little empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis. Fungi constitute interesting models for studying the evolutionary causes of recombination suppression in sex-related chromosomes, as they can display non-recombining mating-type chromosomes not associated with male/female functions. Here, we studied the evolution of recombination suppression on mating-type chromosomes in the Microbotryum plant-castrating fungi using comparative genomic approaches. In Microbotryum fungi, mating occurs between gametes with distinct alleles at the two mating-type loci, as is typical of basidiomycete fungi. We showed that recombination suppression evolved multiple times independently to link the two mating-type loci from an ancestral state with mating-type loci on two distinct chromosomes. Recombination suppression either linked the mating-type genes to their respective centromere or linked mating-type loci after they were brought onto the same chromosome through genomic rearrangements that differed between species. Both types of linkage are beneficial under the intra-tetrad mating system of Microbotryum fungi as they increase the odds of gamete compatibility. Recombination suppression thus evolved multiple times through distinct evolutionary pathways and distinct genomic changes, which give insights about the repeatability and predictability of evolution. We also reported the existence of independent evolutionary strata on the mating-type chromosomes of several Microbotryum species, which questions the role of sexual antagonism in the stepwise extension of non-recombining regions because mating-types are not associated with male/female functions. Previous studies reported little phenotypic differences associated to mating-types, rending unlikely any antagonistic selection between mating types (i.e. “mating-type antagonism”, with genes having alleles beneficial to one mating-type but detrimental to the other). The genes located in non-recombining regions on the mating-type chromosomes can be differentially expressed between mating types, but our analyses indicated that such differential expression was more likely to result from genomic degeneration than from mating-type antagonism. Deleterious mutations are indeed known to accumulate in non-recombining regions resulting in modifications of gene expression or of protein sequence. We concluded that antagonistic selection cannot explain the formation of evolutionary strata in Microbotryum fungi. Alternative mechanisms must be therefore be considered to explain the stepwise expansion of non-recombining regions, and they could also be important on sex chromosomes. This work thus prompts for future studies to identify further evolutionary strata not associated with male/female functions as well as to elucidate their evolutionary causes and consequences in terms of genomic degeneration
SLIM, RIMA. "La region pseudo-autosomique des bras courts des chromosomes sexuels humains." Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA077208.
Full textNicolas, Michaël. "Des chromosomes sexuels à la fleur unisexuée chez le genre Silene." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSL0233.
Full textMoretti, Charlotte. "Étude de SLY et de la régulation (épi)génétique des chromosomes sexuels pendant la spermiogenèse." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB113/document.
Full textSex chromosomes in mammals are globally repressed during meiosis (MSCI ) and then partially reactivated in round spermatids prior to the transcriptional activity shut down occurring in spermatozoa. Whereas the MSCI is essential for spermatogenesis, the proportion of reactivated genes and the underlying mechanisms of the sex chromosomes regulation after meiosis is still a conundrum. In mice, deletions of the long arm of the Y chromosome (MSYq-) are responsible for the overexpression of more than hundred sex chromosome genes associated with epigenetic modifications that leads to impaired sperm functions and abnormal chromatin compaction. Sly is one of the five multicopy genes present on MSYq and Sly deficiency (Sly-KD) has recently been showed to be at the basis of the gene deregulation and sperm defects obrserved in MSYq- mice. Additionally, partially deleted MSYq males and Sly-KD mice produce offspring with a sex ratio distortion in favor of females; these observations suggest a postmeiotic intragenomic conflict involving Sly and its homolog Slx, an X-linked multicopy gene. What role for SLY during spermiogenesis? In order to decipher SLY mechanisms of action, we sought to study SLY target genes and partners. We showed that SLY interacts with TBL1XR1, an inherent member of the repressive Ncor complex. Meanwhile, we found that SLY is enriched at the promoter of spermatid expressed genes encoded both by sex chromosomes and autosomes. Additionally, SLY controls genes involved in genetic and chromatin regulation (e.g, H2A variants and DOT1L). We also observed a significant reduction of H3K79me2 levels associated with abnormal histone retention in Sly-KD spermatozoa. We propose that DOT1L, the principal H3K79 methyltransferase identified to date, is essential for chromatin remodeling in spermatids. What are the molecular mechanisms involved in the ongoing intragenomic conflict between SLY and SLX? We showed by co-immunoprecipitation that SSTY, another Y-linked multicopy gene, preferentially interacts with SLX in vivo. Furthermore, both SLX and SLY interact with SPIN1, a homolog of SSTY which is able to recognize H3K4me3. The interactions between SLX/SLY and SPIN1/SSTY could be part of the intragenomic conflict. By re-evaluating several RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq datasets we demonstrated that MSCI does not persist beyond meiosis. We proposed that the intragenomic conflict between SLY and SLX constitutes a considerable selection pressure, partly responsible for the specific epigenetic landscape of sex chromosomes and their enrichment in multicopy genes expressed after meiosis. In conclusion, our work allowed a better understanding of the mode of action of SLX/SLY and the identification of new factors involved in the (epi)genetic regulation during spermiogenesis that are conserved in humans
Seifer-Aknin, Isabelle Esther. "Stratégie d'exploration moléculaire du chromosome Y dans les troubles sévères de la spermatogenèse." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10153.
Full textY chromosome microdeletions are the second genetic cause of male infertility. They are associated to severe spermatogenesis impairment relevant to ICSI techniques. We evaluated the research of Y chromosome long arm microdeletions in France, and then we validated a fast and easy method to facilitate standardization. We also compared technical performances of two commercial kits. The germinal genome was studied by FISH in patients with severe non obstructive oligozoospermia without karyotyping anomaly. We have identified four clinical and / or biological factors associated with higher numbers of aneuploid sperm. Finally, we showed the interest of two combined techniques to detect all the pertial deletions of the AZFc region. In conclusion, in the event of severe spermatogenesis impairment, the Y chromosome has to be screened before Assited Reproductive Techniques
Philippe, Christophe. "Cartographie physique du chromosome X humain : 1) contribution à la cartographie physique de la région q13-q22 du chromosome X humain : 2) analyse de deux cas de pathologies récessives liées à l'X chez des femmes porteuses de translocation (X ; Autosome) équilibrées." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1994_PHILIPPE_C.pdf.
Full textChevret, Edith. "Ségrégations méiotiques des chromosomes sexuels chez les sujets 46,XY et chez les sujets porteurs d'anomalies numériques de ces chromosomes : analyse par hybridation in situ fluorescente (FISH) sur les noyaux de spermatozoides humains." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10072.
Full textMetzler-Guillemain, Catherine. "Etude structurale et fonctionnelle de la vésicule sexuelle au cours de la méiose masculine." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20670.
Full textLeroy, Pascale. "Deux marqueurs moléculaires de la spermatogenèse : isolement et caractérisation de deux cDNA murins hybridant avec une sonde génomique du chromosome Y humain." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112270.
Full textCardoso, Carlos. "Etude fonctionnelle de la protéine XNP impliquée dans les syndromes de retard mentaux liés au chromosome X." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX22065.
Full textHenning, Frederico. "Evolução de cromossomos sexuais em Eigenmannia virescens (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-05032008-163459/.
Full textSex chromosomes have evolved independently several times in all major groups of vertebrates. Highly differentiated sex chromosomes are characterized by extensive differences in morphology and gene content, whereas recombination is restricted to a small homologous region. Recent sex chromosomes are characteristic of fish, and display a high level of homology between X and Y (or Z and W) chromosomes, recombination is restricted only in a small sex determining region. Notably, different sex chromosome systems can be found in closely related groups, such as species or even populations. The genus Eigenmannia comprises a group of morphologically cryptic species that display a variety of diploid numbers and different sex chromosome systems, including XY, ZW and a multiple XY system (with a Y-autosome fusion). These systems are among the most recent known (<16ma) and occur with a lack of phylogenetic pattern, whereas frequently populations bearing heteromorphic sex chromosomes are closest related to populations displaying no sex chromosomes. In the present study, chromosome painting using probes derived from the microdissection of two different sex chromosomes where used to investigate the homology of both systems. Results show that, in fact, they are non-homologous and evolved independently. The Y-autosome hypothesis gained further support from the observation that a chromosome homologous to the Y in a close population is involved in yet a different fusion event. The X chromosome present in the E. virescens karyotype was found to be homologous to acrocentric chromosomes in all populations analyzed, thus supporting the notion that its differentiations is mainly due to the accumulation of heterochromatin. The X heterochromatic block was shown to form a complex pattern of GC-rich sequences, different from what was previously described. Two GC-rich fragments were isolated and sequenced; both showed no similarities to known sequences and to one another. These sequences were shown to be concentrated viii on the two largest heterochromatic blocks, those of the X and n.8 chromosomes besides peri-telomeric regions of seven additional pairs and the putative Y. Curiously, these sequences were detected in only three pairs in the closest population, including an acrocentric pair morphologically similar to undifferentiated sex pair. This suggests that dynamic evolutionary processes of expansion and genomic homogenization have occurred after the separation of these populations.
Pessia, Eugénie. "Comment le X vient-il à la rescousse du Y ? : évolution de la compensation de dosage des XY humains et autres questions sur l'évolution des chromosomes sexuels eucaryotes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10261/document.
Full textThe first part of my thesis concerns two different mechanisms of the Y being rescued by the X. Firstly, I contributed to a controversy on mammalian dosage compensation. During the 60s Susumo Ohno hypothesized a two-step dosage compensation mechanism. In males, the high loss of Y-linked genes led to a dosage imbalance: these genes were previously present in two allelic copies and became unicopy, meaning that their expression has been halved. According to Ohno’s hypothesis, in response to this imbalance the mammalian X would have doubled its expression in the two sexes, resulting in a to high expression in females. This second dosage imbalance would have been resolved by the random inactivation of one of the two Xs in females. Whereas the second part of Ohno’s hypothesis, the X-chromosome inactivation, has been well studied, the first part remained speculative until the 2000s. I studied human X-linked expression data and was able to show, concomitantly with other authors, that the first part of Ohno’s hypothesis is not totally true as only some of the X-linked genes are hyperexpressed. I later participated in the writing of a review aiming to give an alternative hypothesis for the evolution of X-chromosome inactivation in mammalian females than dosage compensation. Secondly, I studied signatures of X-Y gene conversion in several genes within numerous primate species. Myresults led me to discuss if these events were indeed selected for. I hypothesize that these gene conversion events occurred in a neutral manner. These two different studies suggest that the X chromosome may not be as much a help for the Y as has been suggested. Lastly, moving away from model species, I studied the peculiar sex chromosomes of a brown alga: Ectocarpus siliculosus. This work allowed me to test if the current hypotheses on sex chromosome evolution still hold in a eukaryotic group that diverged from animals more than one billion years ago
Nava, Caroline. "Identification de nouveaux gènes et de facteurs de susceptibilité dans les Troubles du Spectre Autistique par étude des microréarrangements génomiques et de l’exome du chromosome X." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066572.
Full textAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by an extreme clinical and genetic heterogeneity. In most cases, the causes of the disorders remain unknown; however, a genetic cause is so far identified in 30% of the patients. Our main objective was to identify genetic factors involved in ASD from a cohort of 205 prospectively recruited patients. More specifically, we have screened the genes encoding Neuroligins and SHANK3, analyzed the copy number variants (CNV) using microarrays and sequenced the exome of chromosome X in selected patients. Candidate genes identified by these approaches were screened in our cohort of patients and functional analyses were performed. Two novel genes on chromosome X were identified: TMLHE, encoding the enzyme catalyzing the first step of carnitine biosynthesis, and SLC7A3, encoding a cationic amino acid transporter. We also report mutations in SHANK3, PHF8 and HUWE1, a 15q11q13 triplication, a 9p24 deletion, a 3q29 deletion, and a 16p11. 2 duplication in four patients; mutations in these genes or these CNV were previously described in patients with ASD or intellectual disability (ID). Finally, we describe two genes, PTGER3 and DOCK10, possibly causing autosomal recessive ASD. This study has allowed the identification of new genes associated with ASD and has confirmed the genetic heterogeneity in ASD and the overlap with genes causing ID. The observation of several genetic factors possibly contributing to ASD in some patients prompted us to discuss oligogenic inheritance models. Finally, this study has assessed the possibility of performing a molecular diagnosis by exome sequencing at an individual scale
Ciaudo, Constance. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de nouveaux facteurs trans impliqués dans le processus d'inactivation du chromosome X murin." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077084.
Full textIn mammals, each cell of the female contains two X chromosomes and hence, potentially a double dose of ail X-linked genes when compared to XY males, who carry a single X chromosome. X-inactivation is the mechanism that ensures the dosage-compensation of X-linked gene products between the two sexes. X-inactivation is under the control of a specific region of the X chromosome, the X inactivation center (Xic), which contains the Xist gene encoding a large noncoding RNA transcript whose upregulation is critical to the initiation of X-inactivation. As an approach to the identification of some of the potential molecular players in this process we have performed comparative transcriptional profiling of mouse 6. 5 dpc (days post-coïtum) female and male embryos using a modified SAGE (Serial analysis of gene expression) technique which allows the analysis of small quantifies of biological material. At 6. 5 dpc, a moment when random X-inactivation of embryonic tissues has just been achieved, some two hundred transcripts that were significantly enriched in the female gastrula compared to its male counterpart could be identified. The validation of an association with the X-inactivation process of a subset of these transcripts has been studied, ex vivo, in differentiating female and male ES cells and in female ES cells. We identified the Eif1 gene involved in translation initiation and RNA degradation. We show here that female embryonic stem cell lines, silenced by RNA interference for the Eif1 gene, are unable to form Xist RNA domains upon differentiation and fail to undergo X-inactivation. To probe further an effect involving RNA degradation pathways, the inhibition by RNA interference of Rent1, a factor essentiel for nonsense-mediated decay and Exosc1O, a specific nuclear component of the exosome, was analysed and shown to similarly impair Xist upregulation and XCI. Inhibition of the function of one or other of these genes leads to a failure of the female cells to undergo X inactivation, suggesting that post-transcriptional nuclear mRNA degradation pathway(s) are essential for the regulation of Xist RNA metabolism and X chromosome inactivation process
Zanni, Ginevra. "Génétique et physiopathologie des dysgénésies du cervelet liées au chromosome X." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05D037.
Full textWe have developed different strategies to define and analyse critical regions of cerebellar dysgenesis on the X chromosome. We have identified by linkage analysis, a new locus for X-linked congenital ataxia in Xq25-q27. By screening OPHN1, a gene originally implicated in non-specific mental retardation, we have identified mutations in 12% of cases with associated cerebellar hypoplasia, outlining its role in human cerebellum development. We have implicated the AP1S2 gene in Fried syndrome, caracterised by mental retardation hydrocephalus, intracerebral calcifications and occasionally vermis hypoplasia, confirming the association between mental retardation genes and cerebellar development anomalies. Beyond the fundamental interest in understanding the genetics and physiopathology of X-linked cerebellar dysgenesis, these studies provide a better diagnostic orientation and a more precise genetic counseling to families with X-linked mental retardation or congenital cerebellar anomalies
Becking, Thomas. "Impact des bactéries féminisantes du genre Wolbachia sur l'évolution des chromosomes sexuels d'isopodes terrestres." Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2299/document.
Full textOniscidea show a remarkable diversity of chromosomal sex determination systems (male heterogamety XX/XY or female heterogamety ZW / ZZ). However, the origin of such diversity is still largely unknown to date. It has been proposed that these different systems may be the product of the coevolution between terrestrial isopods and Wolbachia, a feminizing endosymbiotic bacteria transmitted vertically through oocytes. In order to characterize the impact of Wolbachia endosymbiosis on the evolution of sex determination mechanisms, we used a combination of genomic, transcriptomic and gene expression approaches. First, the genome of the species Armadillidium nasatum (characterized by an XX/XY system) was generated and then structurally and functionally annotated. From this genome, a comparative genomic approach allowed us to characterize sequences Y-linked, in order to better understand the processes involved in the sex chromosome degeneration. In order to identify effectors potentially related to sex determination or differentiation, a candidate gene approach has been used to characterize DM-domain genes, known to be involved in the sex determination pathways of many species, and then to measure their expression over development. Finally, a Oniscidea phylogeny was generated in parallel with sex-reversal experiments in order to characterize the number and the direction of the transitions of heterogenetic systems during the terrestrial isopods evolution. This work emphasize the impact of endosymbiosis on the evolution of host sex determination mechanisms