Academic literature on the topic 'Sexual markets'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sexual markets"
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Satz, Debra. "Markets in Women's Sexual Labor." Ethics 106, no. 1 (1995): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/293778.
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Kao, Grace, Kelly Stamper Balistreri, and Kara Joyner. "Asian American Men in Romantic Dating Markets." Contexts 17, no. 4 (2018): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504218812869.
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Kurmaiev, Petro. "Global market of sexual nature services. Case for Ukraine." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 26 (2020): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.26.02.2.
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The global market of sexual nature services has an impact on the sustainable development pace, covering various spheres of public activity. We understand it as a set of relationships the purpose of which is to meet the needs of a sexual nature on a paid basis. The development of a global market of sexual nature services determines the vector and dynamics of the functioning of national markets. The article is devoted to the research of the market of sexual nature services of Ukraine. Methods of generalization and expert evaluations were used in the research process; for collecting information survey method was used. The article deals with the structuring of the market of sexual nature services of Ukraine with the allocation of markets: prostitution and sex tourism, pornography, trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The quantitative indicators and features of the components of the market of sexual nature services functioning are analyzed. The thesis is based on the further rapid development of the market of sexual nature services and its components in Ukraine. It is indicated by the low efficiency of state regulation of the market of sexual nature services in Ukraine. The negative consequences of the ineffective regulation of the market of sexual nature services, which include the reduction of opportunities for protecting the rights and freedoms for persons involved in prostitution work, pornography and other areas, are presented.
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Nyanzi, Barbara, Stella Nyanzi, Brent Wolff, and James Whitworth. "Money, men and markets: Economic and sexual empowerment of market women in southwestern Uganda." Culture, Health & Sexuality 7, no. 1 (2005): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050410001731099.
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Olivar, José Miguel Nieto, and Natália Farias. "“Sexual Exploitation” as a Logic, and Its Effects of Power in Contemporary Brazil." Social Sciences 10, no. 2 (2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10020041.
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The present article analyzes the category of “sexual exploitation” based upon the practices that are generally pointed to as part of this category, paying particular attention to its implications and effects on the lives of adolescents and upon state, social movement, and academic abilities to understand the social relationships framed by this category. Our analysis is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out between 2010 and 2015 among state agents and youth in the sex markets of two Brazilian cities in the Amazon border region. Our empirical data are connected to national and international literature, institutional documents, and our participation in educational activities regarding “sexual exploitation”. Our work indicates that “sexual exploitation” has been institutionally constructed as a poorly defined device that mobilizes conservative moralities regarding youth, sexuality, money, mobility, and gender experimentation. We also find that the youth involved in sex markets do not recognize the legitimacy of the policies carried out in the name of “combatting anti-sexual exploitation”. We conclude that the performative production of “sexual exploitation” as a logic of governmentality feeds back into an institutional grammar of distancing, perplexity, immobility, and excuses. This grammar does not contemplate—let alone care about—the gender experiences, sexualities, economic lives and affective troubles of the youth it targets for surveillance and tutelage.
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Swetnam, John J. "Women and Markets: A Problem in the Assessment of Sexual Inequality." Ethnology 27, no. 4 (1988): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3773397.
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Monk-Turner, Elizabeth. "Sexual nuances within internal labor markets: ‘The politics of being known’." Social Science Journal 29, no. 2 (1992): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0362-3319(92)90035-g.
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Blute, Marion. "Mating Markets: A Naturally Selected Sex Allocation Theory of Sexual Selection." Biological Theory 14, no. 2 (2019): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13752-019-00315-9.
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Souto García, Andrea, and Graziela Serroni Perosa. "Brasileñas y colombianas en los mercados sexuales/matrimoniales ibéricos: un análisis interseccional." Migraciones internacionales 16 (May 30, 2025): 0. https://doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.3116.
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This research aims to analyze the participation of Colombian and Brazilian migrant women in Iberian sexual/marriage markets. It combines a statistical analysis and an ethnography based on 40 women of Spain, Portugal, and Brazil between 2017 and 2022, to follow the strategies generating superpositions between migration policy and ethnosexualization. The results expose a participation typology in mixed marriages according to the social characteristics of migrant women: marriage as a means of regularization assumed by women in a precarious legal-labor situation; the social downgrading experienced by privileged women; and young childless women’s rejection of mixed marriages. The originality of this work lies in the reconstruction, based on the cross-referencing of different variables from origin to destination—maternity experiences, legal status, race, employment, educational level, nationality of the spouses—of the intersectional logic that governs the Iberian sexual/marriage markets.
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Verma, Aayushi, and Pawan Kumar Misra. "GENDER AND MARKET: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL MARKET AND SHOPPING MALL." UED Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education 11, no. 2 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47393/jshe.v11i2.982.
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This investigation attempts to discover the factors liable for various purchasing conduct of customers of traditional market (tribal market and rural market) and shopping centre and how sexual orientation assumes a significant part in the buyers purchasing motives and decisions. This paper takes into account an assortment of factors that keep on affecting the purchasing motives and decisions with changing marketplaces and with respect to gender contrasts. It investigates how sexual orientation in different aspects are associated with market be it as a consumer or in workforce. The paper likewise examines, how even the items and brands are gendered. This study further investigates shopping propensities in different types of markets in India and endeavours to recognize and differentiate potential contrasts between genders utilizing various studies. The paper attempts to analyse various previous investigations regarding two unique sorts of market and tried to understand consuming behaviour of patrons on these two types of markets.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sexual markets"
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Pitcher, Jane. "Diversity in sexual labour : an occupational study of indoor sex work in Great Britain." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16739.
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While there is a considerable body of academic literature on prostitution and sex work, there is relatively little research exploring the working conditions and occupational structures for men and women working in the indoor sex industry. There is a continuing tension between the theoretical position that considers prostitution as gendered exploitation and that which views commercial sex as work, although more recent studies have begun to explore different labour practices in some types of sex work. This thesis moves beyond previous analyses through framing the research theoretically as an occupational study, encompassing the experiences and transitions of female and male sex workers, as well as a small number of transgender participants, and setting these in the context of broader labour market theories and research. Using a qualitative approach, the study considers diverse labour processes and structures in indoor markets and adult sex workers perceptions of the terms and conditions of their work. The research develops an understanding of sex workers agency in relation to state structures, policy frameworks and varied working circumstances. It theorises the relationship of human agency to social stigma and recognition or denial of rights. It extends on existing classifications of pathways into and from sex work and develops typologies incorporating transitions between sub-sectors in the indoor sex industry, as well as temporary and longer-term sex working careers related to varied settings and individual aspirations. While the research identified gendered structures in indoor markets, which reflect those in the broader economy, the findings also contest gender-specific constructions of exploitation and agency through emphasising the diverse experiences of both male and female sex workers. I argue for development of a continuum of agency, which incorporates interlinking concepts such as respect, recognition and economic status and includes both commercial and private intimate relations. I contend that acknowledgement of sexual labour as work is a necessary precondition for recognising sex workers rights and reducing instances of physical and social disrespect. Nonetheless, this is not sufficient to counter social stigma, which is perpetuated by state discourses and policy campaigns which fail to recognise sex workers voices and, in doing so, create new forms of social injustice.
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Hendriksen, Ellen Setsuko. "Start safe, stay safe condom use at sexual debut, condom use consistency, and longitudinal markers of sexual risk /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1619406851&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Bowring, Natalie Erin. "Back on the market: Understanding heterosexual mature adult protective sexual behaviours." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/202020/1/Natalie_Bowring_Thesis.pdf.
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More heterosexual mature adults are re-entering the dating market with liberal sexual attitudes, low perceptions of risk and limited experiences of condom use. This research uses social marketing and sexual health literature to explore their experiences of condom use. The research revealed that connection, desire, and gratification determine condom use behaviour. Theoretical contributions include: the customer experience elements of condom use, the shared sphere of sexual experience, and the anti-experience of condom use. The result of this research is a deeper understanding of heterosexual mature adult sexual behaviours and complex behavioural experiences that involve more than one person.
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Dobrowolski, Mark Paul. "Population and sexual genetics of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Australia using microsatellite markers." Thesis, Dobrowolski, Mark Paul (1999) Population and sexual genetics of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Australia using microsatellite markers. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1999. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/3327/.
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Phytophthora cinnamomi is a plant pathogen that causes dieback disease in southern Australia. It threatens the biodiversity of many natural ecosystems due to the susceptibility of the native vegetation. If methods of control are to be successful then we must appreciate the genetic variation in the pathogen and the ways in which this variation is generated. Previously, the only genetic markers available to study P. cinnamomi were isozymes, which showed that isolates in Australia were one of three isozyme types.
In this thesis I describe the development of microsatellite DNA markers for P. cinnamomi. Five microsatellites were successfully developed into markers for the nuclear genome and protocols for their use were established. Research into microsatel1ites for the mitochondrial genome is also presented though this was unsuccessful in providing markers useful for population genetic studies.
The developed micro satellite markers were used to study inheritance in sexual progeny of four P. cinnamomi crosses. All but one of 201 progeny germinated were outcrosses. A large amount of non-Mendelian inheritance of the microsatellite alleles was observed. This could be explained by a high frequency of imperfect meiosis (e.g., nondisjunction, unequal crossing over) leading to additions and deletions in the chromosome complement of the sexually derived progeny.
A population genetic study of three intensively sampled P. cinnamomi disease fronts located in southwest Australia is also presented. A total of 647 isolates were analysed from these hierarchically sampled sites with the micro satellite markers along with 133 culture collection isolates from across Australia. This analysis revealed that P. cinnamomi in Australia consists of three clonal lineages, with no sexual reproduction evident, even though both mating types co-occur. However, within these clonal lineages I found evidence for frequent mitotic recombination (mitotic crossing over). This mechanism for producing genetic variation may explain phenotypic variation known to occur within the identified clonal lineages.
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Walters, Jonathan. "Ancient Roman concepts of manhood and their relation with other markers of social status." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272542.
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Feijão, Giovana Lopes 1977. "A vida sexual politicamente correta em revista." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278984.
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Orientador: Maria Filomena Gregori<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T10:11:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: Essa dissertação tem início em outubro de 2004, quando trabalhei como assistente de pesquisa de Maria Filomena Gregori no Projeto Temático Gênero, Corporalidades do Centro de Estudos de Gênero (Pagu). O que essa pesquisa mostrou foi que, no Brasil, observa-se a difusão de um "erotismo politicamente correto" (GREGORI, 2010) pelo universo de produção, comercialização e consumo de bens eróticos, o mercado erótico. Erotismo que tem como características: O sexo/erotismo deslocado do seu sentido de transgressão e cada vez mais associado à fonte de prazer, saúde mental e corporal , em que uma vida sexual ativa se torna possível a todos os corpos e indivíduos, através do exercício e da domesticação desse corpo para o ato. Durante a pesquisa empírica realizada entre lojas e trabalhadores desse mercado erótico [pesquisa realizada de outubro de 2004 a dezembro de 2007], entrei em contato com um grande número de jornalistas e repórteres de revistas, que procuravam lojas de produtos eróticos para realizarem reportagens e matérias sobre sexo. Revistas como Nova, Marie Claire, Claúdia, Gloss. Essa circulação fez surgir a hipótese de que, talvez, extrapolando o mercado erótico, o erotismo politicamente correto também estaria sendo disseminado pelas revistas. Essas revistas poderiam ser vistas como manuais pedagógicos desse tipo de erotismo? Quais as especificidades ele receberia em suas páginas? O objetivo dessa dissertação é observar como e se ocorre a disseminação do erotismo politicamente correto nas páginas de duas revistas de circulação nacional Nova e Men's Health<br>Abstract: This dissertation begins in October 2004, when I worked as a research assistant on Thematic Project: Gender, corporeality of the Center for Gender Studies (Pagu.) What this research showed was that, in Brazil, there the diffusion of a "politically correct eroticism" (GREGORI, 201 O) in the universe of erotic market . Eroticism whose characteristics are: sex I eroticism displaced from their sense of transgression and increasingly more associated with the source of pleasure, mental health and body health. During the empirical research conducted between stores and employees of this erotic market [survey conducted from October 2004 to December 2007], I contacted a large number of journalists and reporters, making in this places articles about sex for magazines. This gave rise to the hypothesis that perhaps extrapolating the erotic market, the "politically correct eroticism" also is being disseminated by magazines. These magazines could be viewed as manuais of this kind of eroticism? The objective of this dissertation is to observe how and if occurs the spread of "eroticism politically correct" on the pages of two magazines Nova and Men's Health<br>Mestrado<br>Antropologia Social<br>Mestra em Antropologia Social
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Marcolongo, Ellen. "The Relationships Between Sleep Disturbances, Depression, Inflammatory Markers, and Sexual Trauma in Female Veterans." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5266.
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The purpose of this secondary data analysis was to assess for the relationships among sleep disturbances, depressive symptoms, inflammatory markers, and sexual trauma in female veterans. This may contribute to an understanding of the physical and mental health effects of sexual trauma in female veterans. Correlational analyses were conducted to evaluate the strength of these relationships. A reported history of sexual trauma was significantly correlated with longer sleep latencies, poorer sleep efficiency, shorter sleep durations, more daytime dysfunction, and poorer overall sleep quality in female veterans. A reported history of sexual trauma was also significantly correlated with depressive symptoms including anhedonia and a negative affect in female veterans. No significant correlations were noted between inflammatory markers and a reported history of sexual trauma in female veterans. Female veterans with a reported history of sexual trauma had more trouble falling and staying asleep, had more trouble functioning during daytime hours, and had total poorer sleep quality. These veterans also appeared depressed and they found normally pleasurable activities unenjoyable. Disturbed sleep and depressive symptoms may be risk factors in the development of chronic health diseases. By assessing and treating the sleep disturbances and depressive symptoms experienced by sexually traumatized female veterans, nurses may help to prevent the development of costly and deadly chronic diseases
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Tadioto, Mateus Vitor. "O lugar discursivo do sujeito no segmento turístico GLS." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1679.
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Esta dissertação filia-se à teoria analítica do discurso proposta pelo filósofo Michel Pêcheux e tem como tema central discussões sobre o processo de estruturação do discurso acadêmico que aborda a segmentação do Turismo no Brasil. Com essa pesquisa, busco contribuir com o estudo do Campo do Turismo a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, com foco específico no estudo do segmento caracterizado como Turismo GLS. Para tanto, busquei em livros – publicados no Brasil e escritos na comunidade acadêmica nacional – textos que relacionassem Turismo com a Comunidade LGBT, objetivando a construção desse conceito de segmento. Dessa busca, relacionei três textos que compõem o corpus de análise, são eles; Angeli (2004 [1999]), Oliveira (2002) e Trigo (2009). A partir do recorte das sequências discursivas das materialidades e da mobilização de conceitos como Formação Social, Formação Ideológica, Lugar Discursivo, Formações Discursivas e Forma-sujeito, desenvolvi um caminho teórico que pretende problematizar a apropriação da sigla GLS – enunciada dentro do Movimento Social como um Lugar Discursivo – pelo Mercado e, consequentemente, pela Academia. A partir desses achados de análise também aponto para o tratamento conceitual dado ao Sujeito nos processos de segmentação do Turismo, processos esses, que remetem ao individualismo e ao pragmatismo, evidenciando que a segmentação ainda situa-se em perspectivas bastante reducionistas. Nesse esforço de problematizar o segmento, o texto resta em aberto, mobilizando outros questionamentos e propostas de novos arranjos na interface Turismo – Análise do Discurso.<br>Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-02-22T12:35:16Z
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Previous issue date: 2017-02-22<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.<br>This dissertation relates to the discourse analysis proposed by the French philosopher Michel Pêcheux and it has as the main theme the discussions on the structuration process of the academic discourse which addresses the segmentation of Tourism in Brazil. With this research, I aim to contribute with the study in the Field of Tourism from a critical perspective, with emphasis on GLS Tourism. For this purpose, I have searched in books (published in Brazil and written within the national academic community) for texts that relates Tourism with the LGBT Community, addressing to the construction of this concept. From this search, I have related three texts which assemble the analysis corpus: Angeli (2004 [1999]), Oliveira (2002) and Trigo (2009). From the view of the materiality‟s sequential discourses and the mobilization of concepts like Social Formation, Ideological Formation, Discursive Place, Discursive Formations and Subject-Form, I have developed a theorical method which intends to discuss the appropriation of the acronym “GLS” (expressed within the LGBT Movement as a Discursive Place) by the Market and, inevitably, by the Academy. From these analysis findings, I also point to the conceptual treatment given to the subject in the processes of segmentation of Tourism, which refer to the individualism and pragmatism, endorsing that the segmentation is still based on too reductionist perspectives. In this effort to question the segment, the text is left open, mobilizing other inquires and propositions of new arrangements within the Tourism – Discourse Analysis interface.
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Prince, Barbara F. "Sexual Minorities and Social Context: An Examination of Union Formation, Labor Market Outcomes, and Coming Out." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1530121583412651.
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Cuenca, Ibáñez José. "Mechanisms of sexual polyploidization and inheritance in triploid citrus populations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/34671.
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Citrus is the main fruit crop in the world and Spain is the 6th producer and the major exporter for the fresh fruit market. Seedlessness is one of the most important fruit quality traits for this market since consumers do not accept seedy fruits. Recovery of triploid hybrids has become an important breeding strategy to develop new seedless citrus varieties and several of them have been already released from citrus breeding programs worldwide. Despite the undisputable importance of polyploidy in plant species, their genetics are much less well known than those of their diploid counterparts.
Citrus triploid hybrids can be routinely recovered from sexual polyploidization (2x ¿ 2x) or interploid crosses (2x ¿ 4x and 4x ¿ 2x). In 2x ¿ 2x sexual crosses, spontaneous triploid hybrids arise from the union of an unreduced (2n) megagametophyte with haploid pollen. In the case of interploid sexual crosses (2x ¿ 4x and 4x ¿ 2x), triploid hybrids result from the fecundation of a diploid gamete arising from the tetraploid parent and a haploid gamete arising from the diploid parent. The genetic and phenotypic structures of triploid populations greatly depend on the parental heterozygosity restitution (HR) in the diploid gamete at each locus, which is mainly affected by the triploid recovery strategy. In 2x ¿ 2x crosses, HR depends on the underlying mechanism leading to the unreduced gamete formation, which are genetically equivalent to First Division Restitution (FDR) or Second Division Restitution (SDR) mechanisms. Moreover, under each restitution mechanism, HR also depends on the locus-centromere genetic distance. In the case of interploid crosses, parental heterozygosity restitution from tetraploid parents depends on the double reduction frequency. In citrus, the unreduced gamete formation mechanism is still controversial; FDR has been the mechanism proposed for sweet orange, whereas SDR has been proposed for clementine. On the other hand, inferring the allelic configurations of genetic markers is a main challenge in polyploidy crops to infer genotypic and gametic structures with the objective to analyze meiosis and inheritance mechanisms.
According to this scientific context, the objectives of the thesis where: (i) to develop a new approach for allele dosis assignation when using co-dominant markers, (ii) to implement and apply methods for the analysis of 2n gametes origin and locate centromeres, and (iii) to take advantage of this knowledge to locate a major gene of resistance to Alternaria Brown Spot (ABS) which is a major constraint for triploid mandarin breeding.
For microsatellite (SSR) markers, we have demonstrated that triploid progeny genotyping can be successfully performed using the microsatellite allele-counting peak ratio (MAC-PR) method. However, SSR analysis remains relatively costly and time consuming compared with actual SNP genotyping methods. Moreover, with the increasing availability of EST databases and whole genome sequences, SNPs have become the most abundant and powerful polymorphic markers that can be selected along the entire genome. In this thesis, a new method based on competitive allele-specific PCR has been developed to assign SNP allele dosage in an accurate, simple, and cost effective way. Combining the MAC-PR and the new developed SNP genotyping methods offers the possibility to utilize a broad range of molecular markers in genotyping triploid genotypes. Both methods have been used in further works included in this thesis.
SDR has been demonstrated as the mechanism underlying unreduced gamete production in `Fortune¿ mandarin by genotyping triploid progenies with SSR markers. In addition, a new method to locate the centromere, based on the best fit between observed heterozygosity restitution within a linkage group and theoretical functions under either partial or no chiasma interference hypotheses has been developed and successfully applied.
To expand the knowledge of the mechanism underlying unreduced gamete formation to other citrus genotypes besides clementines and `Fortune¿ mandarin, a maximum likelihood method based on parental heterozygosity restitution of centromeric loci was developed and successfully applied in sixteen mandarin cultivars. The new method developed in the study allows inferring the restitution mechanism both at population level and even at individual level. Maternal origin of 2n gametes was confirmed for all triploid hybrids and SDR was proposed as the restitution mechanism for all analyzed progenies.
The information acquired from the mode of heterozygosity restitution in citrus was useful to determine the genetic and phenotypic structures of new triploid populations arising from different breeding strategies. We studied these structures for the resistance to Alternaria brown spot (ABS), a serious fungal disease producing necrotic lesions on fruits and young leaves in susceptible citrus genotypes. In the present work, different approaches were combined taking advantage of the particular genetic structures of 2n gametes resulting from SDR to map a genome region linked to ABS resistance in triploid citrus progeny. The monolocus dominant inheritance of the susceptibility, proposed on the basis of diploid population studies, was corroborated in triploid progeny. A 3.3 Mb genomic region linked to ABS resistance was located near the centromere on chromosome III, which includes clusters of resistance genes. SSR and SNP markers were developed for an efficient early selection of ABS resistant hybrids and they are currently used in our breeding program to perform marker assisted selection.
The knowledge obtained in this thesis on the mechanism of sexual polyploidization and inheritance of concrete traits in citrus will allow implementing much more efficient triploid breeding programs on the basis of current and future needs. Indeed, applied outcomes of this PhD are already routinely used in the IVIA triploid breeding program.<br>Cuenca Ibáñez, J. (2013). Mechanisms of sexual polyploidization and inheritance in triploid citrus populations [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34671<br>TESIS<br>Premiado
Books on the topic "Sexual markets"
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Melkas, Helinä. Gender equality and occupational segregation in Nordic labour markets. International Labour Office, 1998.
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Turrittin, Jane Sawyer. Men, women, and market trade in rural Mali, West Africa. Michigan State University, 1986.
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1956-, Bakker Isabella, and Silvey Rachel, eds. Beyond states and markets: The challenges of social reproduction. Routledge, 2008.
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1956-, Bakker Isabella, and Silvey Rachel, eds. Beyond states and markets: The challenges of social reproduction. Routledge, 2008.
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1956-, Bakker Isabella, and Silvey Rachel, eds. Beyond states and markets: The challenges of social reproduction. Routledge, 2008.
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Stryker, Robin. The welfare state, gendered labor markets and political orientations in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Denmark and Britain 1977-1994. European University Institute, 2003.
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MacEwen, Scott Alison, ed. Gender segregation and social change: Men and women in changing labour markets. Oxford University Press, 1994.
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L, Jackson Shelly, ed. Risk markers for sexual victimization and predation in prison. Brunner-Routledge, 2012.
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S, Robinson Lillian, ed. Night market: Sexual cultures and the Thai economic miracle. Routledge, 1998.
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Neitzert, Monica. Are we there yet, Mom?: Labour adjustment and the sexual division of labour. INORD, Laurentian University, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Sexual markets"
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Akanksha, Dani, Pusdekar Yamini, and Deshmukh Vishwajit. "Online Advertising and Mating Markets." In Encyclopedia of Sexual Psychology and Behavior. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_1608-1.
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Alvaré, Helen M. "Abortion, Sexual Markets and the Law." In Philosophy and Medicine. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1602-5_13.
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Denier, Nicole, and Sean Waite. "Sexual Orientation, the Life Course, and Labor Markets: A View from Canada." In International Handbooks of Population. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-87911-1_6.
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Christou, Anastasia, and Eleonore Kofman. "Gender and Migration: An Introduction." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91971-9_1.
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AbstractWhy has it been important to incorporate gender relations into our understanding of migration processes and to engender migration research? The need to do so does not only stem from the fact that women globally make up just under half of international migrants. Gender is one of the key forms of differentiation within societies which interacts with other social divisions such as age, class, ethnicity, nationality, race, disability and sexual orientation. The drivers of migration impact on women and men differently. Women and men circulate distinctively, whether it be between rural and urban areas, intra-regionally or globally. Labour markets are often highly segregated and the possibility of women and men crossing borders may also be restricted or opened up through gendered discourses, practices, and regulations governing the right to move and under what conditions. Migration may in turn change gender relations within households and in the community and impact on gendered and sexual identities.
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Renfree, M. B., G. Shaw, and R. V. Short. "Sexual Differentiation in Marsupials." In Genetic Markers of Sex Differentiation. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1965-6_3.
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Barron, R. D., and G. M. Norris. "Sexual Divisions and the Dual Labour Market." In Sexual Divisions Revisited. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21191-3_7.
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Cabo, Luis L., Ciarán P. Brewster, and Juan Luengo Azpiazu. "Sexual Dimorphism: Interpreting Sex Markers." In A Companion to Forensic Anthropology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118255377.ch13.
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Bhatt, Indu, and Anshul Singh. "Genetic Markers, Sperm Competition." In Encyclopedia of Sexual Psychology and Behavior. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_152-1.
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Crews, David, and James J. Bull. "Evolutionary Insights from Reptilian Sexual Differentiation." In Genetic Markers of Sex Differentiation. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1965-6_2.
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Takács, Judit. "LGBT Employees in the Hungarian Labor Market." In Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29623-4_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Sexual markets"
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Wang, Yichao, Budi Arief, Virginia Nunes Leal Franqueira, Anna Grace Coates, and Caoilte Ó Ciardha. "Investigating the Availability of Child Sexual Abuse Materials in Dark Web Markets: Evidence Gathered and Lessons Learned." In EICC 2023: European Interdisciplinary Cybersecurity Conference. ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3590777.3590812.
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Tepecik, Filiz. "Economic and Legal Aspects of Trafficking in Human Beings." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00780.
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In the next decade, trafficking in human beings is expected to be the largest part of the illegal markets such as drug and arms trafficking. Trafficking in human beings can be done in many different purposes which includes the sexual exploitation, the practices similar to slavery or servitude. The problem is becoming visible both for the Eurasian countries and for Turkey. Despite being an inhuman trade, all parties of the trafficking in human beings are rational economic agents and they are acting according to the rules of supply and demand. Therefore in this paper, this economic structure that nourish the illegal market is primarily be discussed. It is focused on the push and pull factors to this market members and this is tried to shown in a quantitative dimension of the market. Secondly, in order to combat trafficking in human beings, legal and social measures are being taken. These regulations generally aim to find and punish perpetrators, and /or protect victims of trafficking. But these regulations always cause a change of the benefits and the costs of the parties involved in trafficking in human beings. Thus the economic perspective are convenient to analyze these results. Finally, with this paper it is aimed to produce a common ground for people who want to work in this academic field.
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Darii, Alexandra, and Maria Meleca. "Trafficking in human beings." In Simpozion stiintific al tinerilor cercetatori, editia 20. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975359030.08.
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After the declaration of independence of the Republic of Moldova, in 1991, about 800,000 thousand people, ie a third of the active population of the country, emigrated to get rid of an obscure economic situation. As a result, traffickers use this massive, legal and illegal emigration. Thus, according to official estimates, there are over 60,000 thousand victims of trafficking in human beings, with a total population of 3.6 million inhabitants. Therefore, the Republic of Moldova is among the first places in Europe in terms of the number of trafficked persons, as reported As a result, this issue is one of the most pressing and current issues. The Republic of Moldova, considered one of the poorest countries in Europe, on the borders of the European Union, remains one of the most thriving markets for sexual exploitation, forced labor and organ trafficking, according to an AFP survey. Currently, human trafficking is one of the worst problems facing the Republic of Moldova. Although it has recorded, in a record time, unimaginable and unacceptable proportions for our society, the phenomenon is practically not in the attention of local criminologists, without criminological rigorous, it being studied occasionally. No doctoral dissertations on human trafficking have been submitted so far. Although human trafficking is currently a matter of public awareness, the population still perceives the phenomenon superficially, its essence being misunderstood. This problem persists among the employees of the law enforcement bodies. Problems arise regarding the correct legal classification of acts of trafficking in human beings.
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Peng Zhang and Feihu Yang. "Research on sexual discrimination in China's labor market." In 2011 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aimsec.2011.6010492.
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Johner, Kenia, and Cristina Fioreze. "Work and intersectionality: a study with elderly women living in the rurban space of a small municipality." In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-067.
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Abstract The article aims to understand, from the narratives of elderly women who live in the rurban context of a small town, which are the different social markers that intersect with the marker work, and how these intersections are expressed in the lives of these women. This is a qualitative, descriptive, field research, which was developed in the municipality of Coxilha, state of Rio Grande do Sul. The methodology adopted for data collection was the application of 10 semi-structured interviews with elderly women residents of the municipality, preceded by a literature review on the theme. As an analytical concept, intersectionality is used to explore how gender, generation, and territory create fundamentally different experiences, but also inequalities. The main axes for grouping the data are the sexual division of labor, care as work, and rural work. According to the results, we can assess the singularity that the territory creates in the formation of the work experiences of the group of elderly women. Despite being a group where different social markers are present (such as race, social class), rural work, care work and the sexual division of labor are expressed in the same way in this group of women. There is the permanence of asymmetrical relations between men and women (gender) in relation to work, which are configured through their relationship with the studied territory. The findings indicate that the social markers identified (gender, generation, race, and religion) are directly crossed by the manifestations of the territorial context, more specifically, that the social marker of the territory is a catalyst for the other markers.
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Gaspareniene, Ligita, Ilona Michailovič, and Rita Remeikienė. "Violence against women within the context of domestic abuse in Baltic states and its impact on labour market." In XXI International May Conference on Strategic Management – IMCSM25 Proceedings, Bor, 30.05.2025. University of Belgrade - Technical Faculty in Bor, Bor, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/imcsm25061g.
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Domestic violence is a serious problem which is particularly difficult to solve because the cases of domestic abuse often occur at home, and because it requires deep socio-cultural changes in society. This article aims at identifying which types of domestic violence are prevalent in the Baltic States and how their prevalence affects the labour market. The main types of domestic violence include physical and sexual violence (the statistical data on the cases of this violence are available), while the cases of economic and psychological violence are more difficult to detect. Thus, this article focuses on physical and sexual violence against women in domestic environment in the Baltic States. The surveys carried out in the Baltic States reveal that physical injuries are the most common consequence of domestic violence, with a significant number of women feeling that their lives are in danger. Traumas and physical injuries lead to women leaving the labour market or reducing their working time.
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Jankowski, Jakub. "Sexual dimorphism and epigenetic control of the kidney disease marker Klotho." In Genetoberfest 2023. ScienceOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14293/gof.23.18.
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Gabbasova, Irina Maratovna. "TO THE ISSUE OF THE INFLUENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ON ENSURE ECONOMIC SECURITY." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-736/739.
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The article provides statistics describing the current state of the labor market, the sexual and spatial structure of the unoccupied population of the Russian Federation, outlines approaches to the definition of economic security at the macro level. The negative consequences of high unemployment for the economic security of the country have been formulated
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LOREDO NETO, Francisco Antonio, Gabriela Santos FREITAS, Raquel Varella SERAPIÃO, Leticia Patrão GOMES, and Thiago Luiz Pereira MARQUES. "ANALYSIS OF THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF BULLS OF THE TABAPUÃ BREED." In SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2021 INTERNATIONAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE. DR. D. SCIENTIFIC CONSULTING, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.21scon.43_abstract_loredo.pdf.
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Beef cattle is one of the main sectors that drive the national economy, given the great generation of employment, presence in the consumer market, and exports. Among the various services generated, technical assistance to producers stands out, who work in several areas and, especially reproduction, which is a great ally to bovine production, because through it it is possible to monetize the creation with the use of reproducers with high fertility potential boosting livestock productivity. Therefore, the andrological evaluation in the sires is an important factor in selecting superior animals, seeking to improve the fertility of the herd. The present study aimed to analyze the sexual behavior of bulls of the Tabapuã breed, through the libido test, as part of the andrological examination. Ten young bulls of the Tabapuã breed were used, aged between 24-43 months, with an average weight of 375kg, without sexual experience. The libido test was performed from the contact of males with females in estrus and out of estrus to assess sexual interest. It was observed that half of the animals were classified with low libido (50%) and the other part with medium (30%) and high (20%) libido. In addition, it was observed that the most frequent sexual events were the identification of estrus. Finally, given the results of animals classified with low libido, it is suggested that sexual inexperience is correlated, and it is recommended to insert these cattle with high libido bulls so that they can observe the behaviors and gain experience.
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Nita, Dorina. "Exemple de bune practici vizând reducerea discriminării pe piața muncii a persoanelor cu dizabilități." In Economic growth in the conditions of globalization. International Scientific-Practical Conference, XVIth edition. National Institute for Economic Research, 2022. https://doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iv.2022.16.7.
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When we talk about discrimination, regardless of whether it is done in the context of the labor market or otherwise, it is considered a form of marginalization, the application of a differential, prejudicial treatment, receiving a negative connotation. Currently, numerous European legislative acts are dedicated to combating discrimination, being mainly focused on preventing discrimination based on nationality and sex, but not excluding race, ethnic origin, religion or religious beliefs, disability, age or sexual orientation. Starting from the European legislation in force, based on the statistical data provided by Eurostat, reports and case studies that focus on the issue of people with disabilities, this paper aims to reveal a brief picture of the current situation faced by people with disabilities on the labor market, as well as initiatives that can constitute good practice models related to the insertion and retention of these people on the labor market.
Reports on the topic "Sexual markets"
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Peralta García, L., and V. Saiz-Echezarreta. Sociodemographic imagery of women in sexual and erotic ‘markets’ in Moroccan filmography. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2018-1300en.
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Zanoni, Wladimir, Hugo Hernández, José Gomez, and Judith Brito. Unequal Access?: Gender and Sexual Orientation in Ecuador's Rental Market. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013309.
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This paper investigates housing discrimination in Ecuadors rental market against women- led and gay male and lesbian (WGL) families, compared to male-led and heterosexual families. Discrimination in housing markets is a critical quality-of-life issue because it exacerbates social disparities by limiting access to safe neighborhoods, quality services, and economic opportunities for marginalized groups. Using an artifactual field experiment with real estate agents (REAs) in Ecuador, we examine whether discrimination varies by the gender of REAs and explore the underlying mechanisms driving this behavior. Our analysis disentangles the observed discriminatory practices into taste-based prejudice and statistical discrimination (stereotyping). We find that discrimination against WGL families is predominantly driven by stereotypes rather than explicit prejudices. Women-led families are favored, while gay and lesbian families face varying levels of discrimination, with stereotypes significantly influencing REAs decisions. Our work contributes to the literature by providing new evidence on the dynamics of gender and sexual orientation discrimination in a Latin American housing market, evidence that emphasizes the role of stereotyping. These findings have significant policy implications because they highlight the need for interventions that target and dismantle harmful stereotypes to promote equity in housing access.
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programme, CLARISSA. Children Enter the Adult Entertainment Sector and Face Labour Exploitation and Sexual Abuse. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2024.032.
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This is a report of CLARISSA Nepal Action Research Group 8, which is located in a busy commercial, historical and tourist destination in the centre of Kathmandu Valley. The area is famous for its multiple big-scale shopping complexes and wholesale markets and for being a hotspot for street vendors and small-scale Adult Entertainment Sector (AES) venues. As many children and young people work in the AES in this area, the location was selected as one of the most important working locations for CLARISSA Action Research. The theme of this group was 'Children enter the AES through friends, relatives, and unknown persons and face labour exploitation and sexual abuse'.
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Tippery, Nicholas, Nathan Harms, Matthew Purcell, et al. Assessing the genetic diversity of Nymphoides peltata in the native and adventive range using microsatellite markers. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48222.
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Nymphoides peltata (yellow floatingheart), native to Eurasia, is an invasive plant in the USA, where it grows in relatively isolated but widespread populations. The species is capable of sexual reproduction by seed and asexual reproduction through fragmentation. Although N. peltata is recognized as a noxious weed, little is known about its geographic region of origin or its dispersal mechanisms and relative amount of genetic variation in its adventive range. We conducted a genetic analysis of N. peltata by studying 68 localities across the native range and 47 localities in the adventive range, using microsatellite markers to determine genetic variability within and among populations, and to infer regions in the native range from which invasive plants originated. A large number of sites in the USA were genetically identical to one another, and there were two predominant multilocus allele phenotypes that were distributed in the northern and southern latitudes, respectively. Additional USA sites were similar to one of the predominant genetic profiles, with greater genetic diversity in southern populations. The genetically identical sites are consistent with asexual spread, potentially via anthropogenic mechanisms. Plants across the USA range were observed to produce viable seeds, and some genetic variation could be explained by sexual reproduction. All USA plants were more similar to plants in Europe than they were to plants in Asia, indicating that the plants likely were introduced originally from Europe. The existence of two genetic clusters and their similarity to plants in different parts of Europe constitute evidence for at least two N. peltata introductions into the USA.
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Michelmore, Richard, Eviatar Nevo, Abraham Korol, and Tzion Fahima. Genetic Diversity at Resistance Gene Clusters in Wild Populations of Lactuca. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573075.bard.
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Genetic resistance is often the least expensive, most effective, and ecologically-sound method of disease control. It is becoming apparent that plant genomes contain large numbers of disease resistance genes. However, the numbers of different resistance specificities within a genepool and the genetic mechanisms generating diversity are poorly understood. Our objectives were to characterize diversity in clusters of resistance genes in wild progenitors of cultivated lettuce in Israel and California in comparison to diversity within cultivated lettuce, and to determine the extent of gene flow, recombination, and genetic instability in generating variation within clusters of resistance genes. Genetic diversity of resistance genes was analyzed in wild and cultivated germplasm using molecular markers derived from lettuce resistance gene sequences of the NBS-LRR type that mapped to the major cluster if resistance genes in lettuce (Sicard et al. 1999). Three molecular markers, one microsatellite marker and two SCAR markers that amplified LRR- encoding regions, were developed from sequences of resistance gene homologs at the Dm3 cluster (RGC2s) in lettuce. Variation for these markers was assessed in germplasm including 74 genotypes of cultivated lettuce, L. saliva and 71 accessions of the three wild Lactuca spp., L. serriola, L. saligna and L. virosa that represent the major species in the sexually accessible genepool for lettuce. Diversity was also studied within and between natural populations of L. serriola from Israel and California. Large numbers of haplotypes were detected indicating the presence of numerous resistance genes in wild species. We documented a variety of genetic events occurring at clusters of resistance genes for the second objective (Sicard et al., 1999; Woo el al., in prep; Kuang et al., in prepb). The diversity of resistance genes in haplotypes provided evidence for gene duplication and unequal crossing over during the evolution of this cluster of resistance genes. Comparison of nine resistance genes in cv. Diana identified 22 gene conversion and five intergenic recombinations. We cloned and sequenced a 700 bp region from the middle of RGC2 genes from six genotypes, two each from L. saliva, L. serriola, and L. saligna . We have identified over 60 unique RGC2 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis surprisingly demonstrated much greater similarity between than within genotypes. This led to the realization that resistance genes are evolving much slower than had previously been assumed and to a new model as to how resistance genes are evolving (Michelmore and Meyers, 1998). The genetic structure of L. serriola was studied using 319 AFLP markers (Kuang et al., in prepa). Forty-one populations from Turkey, Armenia, Israel, and California as well as seven European countries were examined. AFLP marker data showed that the Turkish and Armenian populations were the most polymorphic populations and the European populations were the least. The Davis, CA population, a recent post-Columbian colonization, showed medium genetic diversity and was genetically close to the Turkish populations. Our results suggest that Turkey - Armenia may be the center of origin and diversity of L. serriola and may therefore have the greatest diversity of resistance genes. Our characterization of the diversity of resistance genes and the genetic mechanisms generating it will allow informed exploration, in situ and ex situ conservation, and utilization of germplasm resources for disease control. The results of this project provide the basis for our future research work, which will lead to a detailed understanding of the evolution of resistance genes in plants.
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Muñoz, Ercio, and Melanie Saavedra. How Much Should We Trust Non-Probabilistic Web-based Surveys on LGBTI People? Evidence from Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013242.
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Although many web-based non-probabilistic surveys are the only source of data on gender and sexual diversity in many countries, there is little evidence of their accuracy in characterizing LGBTI people. This paper studies how precisely the experiences of LGBTI people are captured by web-based non-probabilistic surveys. We compare several statistics about LGBTI people obtained from a web-based non-probabilistic survey with over 14,000 respondents to statistics derived from a large-scale, nationally representative survey with more than 44,000 respondents that was specifically designed to characterize this population. We find important differences in the relative sizes of the subgroups that are part of the LGBTI population and in their characteristics. Our results illustrate how the self-selection inherent in non-probabilistic web-based surveys can result in a characterization of LGBTI people that assigns them higher educational attainment and better labor market outcomes than the probabilistic benchmark while, at the same time, significantly overstating life dissatisfaction, mental health issues, and the prevalence of self-reported experiences of bullying and harassment. These results suggest that while we can learn something about the direction of the gaps between LGBTI people and the general population on self-reported indicators, researchers and policymakers need to be careful in interpreting the levels of such gaps.
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Sabogal-Cardona, Orlando, Lynn Scholl, Daniel Oviedo, Amado Crotte, and Felipe Bedoya. Not My Usual Trip: Ride-hailing Characterization in Mexico City. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003516.
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With a few exceptions, research on ride-hailing has focused on North American cities. Previous studies have identified the characteristics and preferences of ride-hailing adopters in a handful of cities. However, given their marked geographical focus, the relevance and applicability of such work to the practice of transport planning and regulation in cities in the Global South is minimal. In developing cities, the entrance of new transport services follows very different trajectories to those in North America and Europe, facing additional social, economic, and cultural challenges, and involving different strategies. Moreover, the determinants of mode choice might be mediated by social issues such as the perception of crime and the risk of sexual harassment in public transportation, which is often experienced by women in large cities such as Mexico. This paper examines ride-hailing in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City, unpacking the characteristics of its users, the ways they differ from users of other transport modes, and the implications for urban mobility. Building on the household travel survey from 2017, our analytical approach is based on a set of categorical models. Findings suggest that gender, age, education, and being more mobile are determinants of ride-hailing adoption. The analysis shows that ride-hailing is used for occasional trips, and it is usually done for leisure and health trips as well as for night trips. The study also reflects on ride-hailings implications for the way women access the city.
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Hulata, Gideon, Thomas D. Kocher, Micha Ron, and Eyal Seroussi. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Determination in Cultured Tilapias. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697106.bard.
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Tilapias are among the most important aquaculture commodities worldwide. Commercial production of tilapia is based on monosex culture of males. Current methods for producing all-male fingerlings, including hormone treatments and genetic manipulations, are not entirely reliable, in part because of the genetic complexity of sex determination and sexual differentiation in tilapias. The goals of this project are to map QTL and identify genes regulating sex determination in commonly cultured tilapia species, in order to provide a rational basis for designing reliable genetic approaches for producing all-male fingerlings. The original objectives for this research were: 1) to identify the gene underlying the QTL on LG1 through positional cloning and gene expression analysis; 2) to fine map the QTL on LG 3 and 23; and 3) to characterize the patterns of dominance and epistasis among QTL alleles influencing sex determination. The brain aromatase gene Cyp19b, a possible candidate for the genetic or environmental SD, was mapped to LG7 using our F2 mapping population. This region has not been identified before as affecting SD in tilapias. The QTL affecting SD on LG 1 and 23 have been fine-mapped down to 1 and 4 cM, respectively, but the key regulators for SD have not been found yet. Nevertheless, a very strong association with gender was found on LG23 for marker UNH898. Allele 276 was found almost exclusively in males, and we hypothesized that this allele is a male-associated allele (MAA). Mating of males homozygous for MAA with normal females is underway for production of all-male populations. The first progeny reaching size allowing accurate sexing had 43 males and no females. During the course of the project it became apparent that in order to achieve those objectives there is a need to develop genomic infrastructures that were lacking. Efforts have been devoted to the development of genomic resources: a database consisting of nearly 117k ESTs representing 16 tissues from tilapia were obtained; a web tool based on the RepeatMasker software was designed to assist tilapia genomics; collaboration has been established with a sequencing company to sequence the tilapia genome; steps have been taken toward constructing a microarray to enable comparative analysis of the entire transcriptome that is required in order to detect genes that are differentially expressed between genders in early developmental stages. Genomic resources developed will be invaluable for studies of cichlid physiology, evolution and development, and will hopefully lead to identification of the key regulators of SD. Thus, they will have both scientific and agricultural implications in the coming years.
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Elizur, Abigail, Amir Sagi, Gideon Hulata, Clive Jones, and Wayne Knibb. Improving Crustacean Aquaculture Production Efficiencies through Development of Monosex Populations Using Endocrine and Molecular Manipulations. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613890.bard.
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Background Most of Australian prawn aquaculture production is based on P. monodon. However, the Australian industry is under intense competition from lower priced overseas imports. The availability of all-female monosex populations, by virtue of their large size and associated premium prize, will offer competitive advantage to the industry which desperately needs to counteract competitors within this market. As for the redclaw production in Israel, although it is at its infancy, the growers realized that the production of males is extremely advantageous and that such management strategy will change the economic assumptions and performances of this aquaculture to attract many more growers. Original objectives (as in original proposal) Investigating the sex inheritance mechanism in the tiger prawn. Identification of genes expressed uniquely in the androgenic gland (AG) of prawns and crayfish. The above genes and/or their products will be used to localize the AG in the prawn and manipulate the AG activity in both species. Production of monosex populations through AG manipulation. In the prawn, production of all-female populations and in the crayfish, all-male populations. Achievements In the crayfish, the AG cDNA library was further screened and a third AG specific transcript, designated Cq-AG3, had been identified. Simultaneously the two AG specific genes, which were previously identified, were further characterized. Tissue specificity of one of those genes, termed Cq-AG2, was demonstrated by northern blot hybridization and RNA in-situ hybridization. Bioinformatics prediction, which suggested a 42 amino acid long signal anchor at the N-terminus of the deduced Cq-AG2, was confirmed by immunolocalization of a recombinant protein. Cq-IAG's functionality was demonstrated by dsRNA in-vivo injections to intersex crayfish. Cq-IAGsilencing induced dramatic sex-related alterations, including male feature feminization, reduced sperm production, extensive testicular apoptosis, induction of the vitellogeningene expression and accumulation of yolk proteins in the ovaries. In the prawn, the AG was identified and a cDNA library was created. The putative P. monodonAG hormone encoding gene (Pm-IAG) was identified, isolated and characterized for time of expression and histological localization. Implantation of the AG into prawn post larvae (PL) and juveniles resulted in phenotypic transformation which included the appearance of appendix masculina and enlarged petasma. The transformation however did not result in sex change or the creation of neo males thus the population genetics stage to be executed with Prof. Hulata did not materialized. Repeated AG implantation is currently being trialed. Major conclusions and Implications, both scientific and agricultural Cq-IAG's involvement in male sexual differentiation had been demonstrated and it is strongly suggested that this gene encodes an AG hormone in this crayfish. A thorough screening of the AG cDNA library shows Cq-IAG is the prominent transcript within the library. However, the identification of two additional transcripts hints that Cq-IAG is not the only gene mediating the AG effects. The successful gene silencing of Cq-IAG, if performed at earlier developmental stages, might accomplish full and functional sex reversal which will enable the production of all-male crayfish populations. Pm-IAG is likely to play a similar role in prawns. It is possible that repeated administration of the AG into prawn will lead to the desired full sex reversal, so that WZ neo males, crossed with WZ females can result in WW females, which will form the basis for monosex all-female population.
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Pawlowski, Wojtek P., and Avraham A. Levy. What shapes the crossover landscape in maize and wheat and how can we modify it. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600025.bard.
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Meiotic recombination is a process in which homologous chromosomes engage in the exchange of DNA segments, creating gametes with new genetic makeup and progeny with new traits. The genetic diversity generated in this way is the main engine of crop improvement in sexually reproducing plants. Understanding regulation of this process, particularly the regulation of the rate and location of recombination events, and devising ways of modifying them, was the major motivation of this project. The project was carried out in maize and wheat, two leading crops, in which any advance in the breeder’s toolbox can have a huge impact on food production. Preliminary work done in the USA and Israeli labs had established a strong basis to address these questions. The USA lab pioneered the ability to map sites where recombination is initiated via the induction of double-strand breaks in chromosomal DNA. It has a long experience in cytological analysis of meiosis. The Israeli lab has expertise in high resolution mapping of crossover sites and has done pioneering work on the importance of epigenetic modifications for crossover distribution. It has identified genes that limit the rates of recombination. Our working hypothesis was that an integrative analysis of double-strand breaks, crossovers, and epigenetic data will increase our understanding of how meiotic recombination is regulated and will enhance our ability to manipulate it. The specific objectives of the project were: To analyze the connection between double-strand breaks, crossover, and epigenetic marks in maize and wheat. Protocols developed for double-strand breaks mapping in maize were applied to wheat. A detailed analysis of existing and new data in maize was conducted to map crossovers at high resolution and search for DNA sequence motifs underlying crossover hotspots. Epigenetic modifications along maize chromosomes were analyzed as well. Finally, a computational analysis tested various hypotheses on the importance of chromatin structure and specific epigenetic modifications in determining the locations of double-strand breaks and crossovers along chromosomes. Transient knockdowns of meiotic genes that suppress homologous recombination were carried out in wheat using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing. The target genes were orthologs of FANCM, DDM1, MET1, RECQ4, and XRCC2.